8种经济鱼类肌肉营养组成比较研究

doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201321016

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

对中国市场8种不同来源的经济鱼类肌肉营养成分进行测定和比较，分别是：淡水养殖的鲤鱼、乌鳢和鳙鱼；海水养殖的鲈鱼和半滑舌鳎，海洋野生的大黄鱼、带鱼和银鲳。结果表明：肌肉(鲜样)中的蛋白质含量以乌鳢(16.21%)最低，鲈鱼(21.31%)和带鱼(20.83%)较高；而3种海洋野生鱼类脂肪含量普遍较高，其中最高的是带鱼和大黄鱼，分别达到7.90%、5.10%，海水养殖的半滑舌鳎脂肪含量最低，仅为0.92%。虽然3种淡水养殖鱼类的多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFAs)含量比例比海洋鱼类高，但其n-3/n-6比值(0.09～2.20)远低于海洋鱼类(7.47～11.60)。所有被测鱼类肌肉中PUFAs的主要成分均包括二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)和二十二碳五烯酸(EPA)，且DHA含量高于EPA。鲤鱼肌肉中n-3不饱和脂肪酸及EPA+DHA含量最低。肌肉干质量中氨基酸总量(TAA)和必需氨基酸(EAA)总量以2种海水养殖鱼类含量最高，其次是3种淡水养殖鱼类，而3种海洋野生鱼类TAA和EAA含量最低。与国际标准WHO/FAO比较，8种被测鱼类肌肉均含有氨基酸平衡的优质蛋白。从各营养元素组成综合来看，海水养殖的鲈鱼蛋白质含量及有益不饱和脂肪酸比例均较高，3种海洋野生鱼类(大黄鱼、带鱼和银鲳)含有更多的n-3 PUFAs和较高含量的粗脂肪。

关键词: 鱼, 肌肉, 营养成分, 品质评价

Abstract:

The biochemical composition, including fatty acids and amino acids profiles in the muscles of eight species of fish
available on the market in China was examined. The eight species studied included fish farmed in freshwater (Cyprinus carpio,
Ophiocephalus argus, Aristichthys nobilis), fish farmed in seawater (Lateolabrax japonicus, Cynoglossus semilaevis), and
wild fish from the Yellow Sea (Pseudosciaena crocea, Trichiurus haumela, Stromateoides argenteus). Data suggested that the
lowest protein content on a wet weigh basis was observed in the muscle of O. argus (16.21%) farmed in freshwater, while the
highest was marine fish: L. japonicas (21.31%) and T. haumela (20.83%). Three species of marine wild fish were found to have
abundant lipids in their muscles. The highest lipid content was found in T. haumela (7.90%) and P. crocea (5.10%) caught in the
Yellow Sea, while the lowest was noted in the muscles of C. semilaevis (0.92%) farmed in seawater. The percentage of polyunsaturated
fatty acids (PUFAs) in freshwater fishes was also found to be higher than in marine fish in the current study, but
the ratio of n-3 to n-6 in marine fish (7.47—1.60) substantially exceeded that found in freshwater fish (0.09—2.20). The main
PUFAs from all fish species tested were docosahexaenoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA), and the percentage of DHA in
the lipids was higher than that of EPA. The lowest DHA/EPA ratio was noted in C. carpio (2.65) from freshwater. A relatively
higher DHA/EPA ratio was currently observed in the lipids of P. crocea (23.05), O. argus (23.02), and L. japonicas (22.49).
Three freshwater fishes were rich in linoleic acid (LA, C18:2n6c). The contents of n-3 PUFAs and (EPA + DHA) in the muscle of
C. carpio were found to be lowest. The lowest total amino acid (TAA) content on dry weight basis was noted in the muscles of
T. haumela (62.74%), and the highest was found in C.semilaevis (77.36%). C. semilaevi also had the highest content of essential
amino acids (EAA) (32.09%) while S. argenteus had the lowest EAA content (26.20%). The TAA and EAA contents of reared
fish, including freshwater fish and marine fish, were both higher than those of the marine wild fish tested. The predominant
amino acids among the essential amino acids of all fish species tested were threonine, leucine, and lysine while the nonessential
amino acids were glutamic acid and aspartic acid. Farmed marine fish were found to be richer in amino acids than fish farmed
in freshwater and wild marine fish in the current experiment. When compared with the FAO/WHO reference pattern established
for pre-school children (2—5 years old), all the amino acid scores exceeded 100 with the exception of phenylalanine and tyrosine,
leucine for A. nobilis, and isoleucine for C. semilaevis. Thus, the protein in the eight fish species available on the Chinese
market was well-balanced in terms of essential amino acids. In this study, L. japonicas from seawater showed better nutritional
quality than other fish. Three marine wild fish species (P. crocea, T. haumela, and S. argenteus) were more abundant in n-3
PUFAs, and had high levels of lipids.

Key words: fish, muscle, nutritional composition, nutritional evaluation

中图分类号:

Q959.483

许星鸿1，刘翔2. 8种经济鱼类肌肉营养组成比较研究[J]. 食品科学, 2013, 34(21): 75-82.

XU Xing-hong1，LIU Xiang2. Nutritional Composition of Muscles from 8 Species of Economic Fishes[J]. FOOD SCIENCE, 2013, 34(21): 75-82.

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