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15 January 2011, Volume 32 Issue 1
Basic Research
Forces Involved in Gel Formation of Gelatin-Myofibrillar Protein Mixtures
YANG Yu-ling,DONG Qiu-ying,WANG Su-ya,DONG Zhe,MA Yun,ZHU Bing
2011, 32(1 ):  1-4.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101001
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The values of gel hardness and storage modulus G ' of compound gelatin-myofibrillar protein gels formed in the attendance of different reagents were measured in order to understand the forces involved in the gel formation. It was found that adding urea distinctly decreased gel hardness. This suggests that hydrogen bond is the most important force responsible for gel formation and maintenance at low temperatures. Gel hardness could be changed by adjusting pH or by separately adding DTT, potassium bromate or SDS, indicating all electrostatic force, disulfide bond and hydrophobic interaction make a contribution to gel formation and maintenance. Increasing pH during heating treatment resulted in a lower G' value. Additions of DTT, SDS and urea were all able to decrease G'value, and the most obvious decrease was observed when SDS was added. Therefore, it can be concluded that hydrophobic interaction plays the most vital role in the heat-induced gel formation between gelatin and myofibrillar.

Assessment of total phenolic content, in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of grape residues extract
LIU Yun,QIU Nong-xue*,YANG Xi-yu
2011, 32(1 ):  5-9.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101002
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The extract extracted from grape residue left after making wine with 70% ethanol under the assistance of ultrasonic was tested for its total phenolic content and in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities in the present study. Total phenolic quantification was performed using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. FRAP assay was used for the assessment of total antioxidant capacity, and the abilities to scavenge DPPH, superoxide anion, hydroxyl and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate (ABTS) radical free radicals and to inhibit β-carotene/linoleic acid system were also measured. The inhibitory effects against five tested strains including Gram positive and negative strains were evaluated. It was found that the extract contained 106.4 mg/g total phenolic content, and had a FRAP value of (3.215 ± 0.017) mmol/g and IC50 values of 20.5, 52.5, 566.4 mg/L and 16.8 mg/L for DPPH, superoxide anion, hydroxyl and ABTS free radicals, respectively. The IC50 value of the extract forβ-carotene/linoleic acid system was 28.2 mg/L. It presented the best inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus aureus, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 900 μg/L, followed by Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Aspergillus flavus. To sum up, the extract has excellent antioxidant performance, and its inhibitory effect against Gram positive strains is higher than that against Gram negative strains, but its anti-fungus effect is relatively weaker.

Appropriate Sample Sizes for Risk Assessment of Mercury Exposure in Milled Rice
SONG Wen1,CHEN Zhi-jun2,WANG Min2,QIAN Yong-zhong2,XU Chen-wu1
2011, 32(1 ):  10-13.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101003
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The mercury exposure in milled rice has become a hotspot in risk assessment. Considering the positively skewed contamination data, an economic and effective assessment must be based on an appropriate sample size. With the benefit of computer simulation, this paper set out to study the relationship between sample size and percentile estimate with Weibull distribution, which was used to fit the mercury contamination data. The simulation results showed that accurately estimating a higher percentile of positively skewed distribution, specially the one on the right side of peak, would require a larger sample size. And a larger sample size always resulted in a more accurate and more stable estimated percentile. As sample size increased to exceed 400, 700 and 1500, estimates of P95, P97.5 and P99 could obtain guaranteed accuracy and precision respectively, while a sample size of 1500 could only satisfy the accuracy but not precision of P99.9 estimates. Furthermore, insufficient samples would always lead to an underestimate of high percentile, and then lead to an underestimate of risk. When it comes to risk assessment of mercury exposure in milled rice, the in-depth study of sample size promises not only a possibility of an accurate result, but also an economical resource allocation.

Comparative Study on Bacteriostasis of Different Preservatives for Three Typical Spoilage Bacteria
CHEN Nan-nan1,XU Xin1,SHANG Feng-cai1,HUANG Qin1,CHEN You-liang2,LI Wei-fen1,*
2011, 32(1 ):  14-18.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101004
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Objective: The inhibitory effects of twenty-three food preservatives on three typical spoilage bacteria were evaluated and compared. Methods: The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of different preservatives for Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis and E.coli were determined by micro-dilution assay. Results: Among the 23 tested food preservatives, Nisin and ε-poly-L-lysine had the best inhibitory effect on Micrococcus luteus (G+ cocci), and their MICs were both 12.5 μg/mL. For Bacillus subtilis (G+ bacillus), the best antimicrobials were calcium propionate, diacetyl, citric acid, citral and D-sodium isoascorbiate, presenting an identical MIC of 6.25μg/mL. As for E.coli (G- bacillus), hydrogen peroxide and diacetyl were the best preservatives, with an identical MIC of 25μg/mL. Conclusion: The bacteriostasis of various tested preservatives for the three typical spoilage bacteria is irregular and their combined use seems to be an approach for more effective bacteriostasis.

Isolation, Purification and Composition Analysis of an Antioxidant Polysaccharide Fraction from Momordica charantial
CHEN Hong-man,YANG Jia-ying,KAN Guo-shi,REN Da-ming
2011, 32(1 ):  19-22.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101005
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The crude polysaccharide (MCP) extracted from the fruits of Momordica charantial was subjected to DEAE-cellulose column chromatographic separation and Sephadex G-100 column chromatographic fractionation and a polysaccharide fraction with a high ability to scavenge superoxide anion and hydroxyl free radicals, named MCP Ia, was obtained. According to UV spectroscopic analysis and cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis, MCP Ia was a single composition. Its monosaccharide composition was determined by HPLC to consist of L-rhamnose, D-xylose, D-fructose and D-galactose, in a molar ratio of 4.4:2.3:1:5.7, with the possibility of containing glucose. The IR spectral analysis showed that there were intramolecular hydrogen bond and intermolecular hydrogen bond in MCP Ia. In addition, the existences of stretching vibration of the carbon-hydrogen and deformation vibration of hydroxyl group and characteristic absorption of ribofuranoside were also demonstrated. Therefore, MCP Ia is a typical polysaccharide.

Functional Properties of Walnut Protein Hydrolysates Produced with Neutral Protease
ZHANG Ran1,2,YAN Wen-hui1,QI Bin1,2
2011, 32(1 ):  23-26.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101006
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Walnut protein was hydrolyzed with neutral protease to eight different degrees of hydrolysis (DHs), and the hydrolysates obtained were comparatively characterized for their solubility, emulsifying properties, foaming properties, surface hydrophobicity and nitrogen recovery. All eight walnut protein hydrolysates presented a much higher solubility than walnut protein, reaching higher than 85%. The hydrolysate with 9.29% DH had the strongest emulsifying capacity and foaming capacity. Increasing DH resulted in a lower surface hydrophobicity but a higher nitrogen recovery, reaching 88.42% at a DH of 11.76%.

in vitro Antioxidant Activity Evaluation of Elution Fractions of Ethanol Extract from Eucommia ulmoides Leaves on XDA-8 Type Macroporous Resin
DONG Wen-bin1,2,LIU Di2,*,YANG Jin1,XU Xian-meng1
2011, 32(1 ):  27-30.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101007
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The crude ethanol extract from the leaves of Eucommia ulmoides was applied to XDA-8 type macroporous resin, followed by gradient elution with different concentrations (20%, 40%, 60% and 80%) of ethanol, and four fractions were obtained. The abilities of the four fractions to scavenge hydroxyl, superoxide anion and DPPH free radicals were measured. Meanwhile, the contents of polyphenols and total flavonoids in them were determined. It was found that all the four fractions had excellent scavenging effect on hydroxyl, superoxide anion and DPPH free radicals in a dose-dependent way. This biological activity might be related to total flavonoids and polyphenols, and polyphenols play a leading role. After eluting XDA-8 type macroporous resin with different concentrations of ethanol, eluates were obtained as antioxidants with different chemical composition.

Purification and Antioxidant Activity of Globulins from Naked Oat Seeds
LIN Rui,ZHANG Mei-li*,ZHANG Jia-chao
2011, 32(1 ):  31-34.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101008
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A crude globulin extract from naked oat seeds was prepared by Osborne method and purified by salting-out and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration chromatography, and the crude extract was separated into two fractions (I and II). The crude globulin extract, its salting-out purification product and fractions I and II were subjected to SDS-PAGE analysis and antioxidant activity evaluation. Oat seed globulins exhibited 60% degree of saturation with ammonium sulphate. The molecular weight distribution of fraction I consisted of 44, 34 - 29kD and25 kD, and that of fraction I was 25, 23, 19 kD. Among the four materials, fraction I had the strongest scavenging effect on hydroxyl, superoxide anion and DPPH free radicals, with IC50 values of 3.73, 0.016 mg/mL and 1.033 mg/mL, respectively, and its hydroxyl free radical scavenging effect was higher than that of VC. However, the free radical scavenging effect of fraction II was lower than those of all three other materials.

Adsorption Behavior and Mechanism of Zinc (II) on β-Cyclodextrin Polymer Microspheres
LI Zhong-jin,YANG Wei,LIU Yan,ZHAO Yan,LI Jian-ji
2011, 32(1 ):  35-38.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101009
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The static adsorption behavior of Zn2+ on β-cyclodextrin polymer (β-CDP) microspheres prepared by crosslinking of β-cyclodextrin with epichlorohydrin and subsequent reversed-phase emulsion polymerization was investigated, and the isothermal adsorption curves and the adsorption thermodynamics and kinetics characteristics were measured at different temperatures. Meanwhile, structural changes in β-CDP microspheres before and after Zn2+ adsorption were examined through FT-IR spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction (XRD) observations and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and the adsorption mechanism was also discussed. The results showed that the adsorption of Zn2+ on β-CDP microspheres complied with both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm adsorption equations. The enthalpy change (ΔH), entropy change (ΔS) and free energy change (ΔG) for Zn2+ adsorbed by β-CDP microspheres at different temperatures were all negative, meaning that the adsorption of Zn2+ on β-CDP microspheres is a spontaneous and exothermic process. β-CDP microspheres adsorbed Zn2+ mainly through physical adsorption, coordination adsorption, and so on, which could enhance the thermostability of crosslinked chains and damage the crystal structure of β-CDP microspheres.

Effect of Different Drip Irrigation Regimes on Antioxidants in Pear-jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill. cv. Lizao)
YU Jin-gang1,WANG Min1,*,LI Yuan-nong2,WU Chun-sen1,GAO Qing-han1
2011, 32(1 ):  39-44.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101010
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Objective: To provide a scientific basis for pear-jujube production with both high fruit yield and quality under watersaving irrigation. Method: The fruits of seven to eight year old dwarfing close planting pear-jujube trees receiving three drip irrigation regimes (assigned into the experimental groups), which were different in irrigation amount and frequency, or receiving no irrigation treatment (assigned into the control group) were measured for the content of total phenolics, total flavonoids and vitamin C, phenolic composition, and the antioxidant properties including the abilities to inhibit lipid peroxidation and scavenge DPPH and ABTS free radicals and reducing power. Results: Under the drip irrigation regimes designed in our study, irrigation amount and frequency had no significant effect on total phenolic content. But the contents of total flavonoids, vitamin C, and the three main compounds of flavonoids in pear-jujube fruits, catechin, epicatechin and rutin, were all significantly affected by different drip irrigation regimes. The four models of antioxidant capacity all showed significant discrepancies (P < 0.05) among different regimes, which were significantly correlated with total flavonoids content, but neither antioxidant capacity and total flavonoids content linearly increased with increasing irrigation amount and frequency. Conclusion: Irrigation with appropriate amount and frequency is an important guarantee for the high-fruit-yield and water-saving production of high-quality jujube.

Comprehensive Quality of Chicken Ham Sausages
FU Qing-quan,ZHOU Hong*
2011, 32(1 ):  45-48.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101011
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Physico-chemical parameters, sensory evaluation, textural characteristics, microstructural characteristics and color of three kinds of commercial chicken ham sausages were studied in this study. The results showed that the three kinds of chicken sausages were significantly different in hardness, gumminess, chewiness, lightness and whiteness, while no significant difference observed in springiness and cohesiveness. For each of them, the values of harness, gumminess and chewiness were decreased sequentially. Chicken ham sausages A and B exhibited comparatively better physichemical parameters. Sausage A was the best in aroma; the sausage with the best mouthfeeling, microstructure and color was sausage B; and the tenderness of sausage C was the best. Considering collectively, sausage B has the best comprehensive quality.

Baicalin: Chemical Modification and Structure-antioxidant Activity Relationship
HAN Bao-rui
2011, 32(1 ):  49-51.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101012
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of sugar chain structure in baicalin on its antioxidant activity and further explore its structure-antioxidant activity relationship. Partial 6-carboxy groups on the sugar chains in baicalin were selectively esterified by chemical synthesis. Baicalin and its derivatives were structurally characterized by means of TLC and 13C NMR techniques, and their antioxidant activities were measured on a Photochem antioxidant analyzer. The derivatives synthesized through selective esterification were identified to be ethyl ester (2), n-butyl ester (3) and benzyl-ester (4). Baicalin had higher antioxidant activity than them, indicating that 6-carboxy group is essential for the antioxidant activity of baicalin.

Effect of Irradiation on Functional Properties of Soybean Protein Isolate
MO Dan,HUANG Xing-jian,DUAN Ya-qing,PAN Si-yi*
2011, 32(1 ):  52-55.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101013
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Soy bean isolate (SPI) was subjected to irradiation treatment for physical modification in the present study. Changes in water and oil binding capacity and emulsifying properties were measured before and after irradiation treatment. Meanwhile, Statistical correlations between water and oil binding capacity and emulsifying properties were analyzed. No obvious change inwater binding capacity was observed after irradiation treatment. Irradiation treatment at a dose of 4 kGy resulted in the lowest oil binding capacity and the highest emulsifying capacity. Moreover, the emulsifying capacity and emulsion stability of SPI could be both increased by decreasing oil binding capacity and increasing irradiation dose.

Monosaccharide Composition and Antioxidant Activity in vitro of Polysaccharides from Different Parts of Ganoderma atrum
ZHANG Hui,YAN Yan,NIE Shao-ping,CHEN Yi,XIE Ming-yong*
2011, 32(1 ):  56-61.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101014
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In this study, the molecular weight distribution and monosaccharide composition of polysaccharides from the pileus, stipe and spore of Ganoderma atrum were analyzed by using high performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) and gas chromatography (GC), respectively. Significant differences were found among the polysaccharides from the three different parts of Ganoderma atrum, which were also tested for their antioxidant activity. The polysaccharide from Ganoderma atrum pileus possessed the best hydroxyl free radical scavenging activity and reducing capacity (FRAP). The polysaccharide from the stipe of Ganoderma atrum showed the best abilities to scavenge DPPH and hydroxyl free radicals and to inhibit heat-induced oxidation in a β-carotene/linoleic acid model system. However, the polysaccharide from the spore of Ganoderma atrum had worse antioxidant effect in vitro but remarkably better metal ion chelating capacity in comparison with the ones from the pileus and stipe of Ganoderma atrum. This study will provide useful references for making full use of Ganoderma atrum resources.

Rheological Properties of the Exopolysaccharide Produced by Streptococcus thermophilus ST1
ZHANG Tie-hua1,2, ZHANG Chun-hong2,LIU Di-ru2,ZHANG Xue1,LI Da1,YANG Zhen-nai1,2,*
2011, 32(1 ):  62-65.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101015
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In this study, the rheological properties of the neutral exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by Streptococcus thermophilus ST1 isolated from spontaneously fermented products were studied. The results showed that the aqueous EPS solution was a typical non-Newtonian pseudoplastic fluid, and its flow behavior was affected by concentration, temperature, shearing time and pH. The viscosity of EPS solutions increased when the concentration was increased. The higher the concentration was, the more serious the phenomenon of shear thinning was. The viscosity of EPS solutions had little change with good temperature resistance at 10 - 80 ℃. With increasing shearing time from 0 to 900 s, the solution viscosity always showed a downward trend. The viscosity of the EPS solution at pH 4 was relatively stable, while the viscosity at pH 7 and pH 10 greatly decreased with increasing shear rate. The viscosity of skim milk was significantly increased by adding 1 g/100 mL EPS. However, as the shear rate was increased, the viscosity-enhancing effect became smaller.

Effect of Esterification of Solubility and Antioxidant Properties of Dihydromyricetin
LI Wei1,ZHENG Cheng2,NING Zheng-xiang3,WAN Duan-ji4,*
2011, 32(1 ):  66-69.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101016
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The molecule of dihydromyricetin (DMY) was chemically modified with lauroyl chloride, producing dihydromyricetin laurate (DMYL). The solubility and antioxidant properties of DMY andDMYL were explored. The results showed that the solubility of DMYL in oil phase increased 20 - 300 times when compared with DMY. The solubility of DMYL in oil phase increased with the increase of esterification degree. The scavenging effects of DMYL on DPPH free radicals and H2O2 in polar solvents were both weaker than those of DMY, decreasing with the increase of esterification degree. However, the inhibitory effect of DMYL on lecithin peroxidation induced by Fe2+/VC was markedly superior to that of DMY and not affected by the esterification degree. It is suggested that the antioxidant properties of DMY and DMYL are influenced by both solubility and the amount of hydroxyl groups.

Changes in Chemical Composition and Texture of Sufu (Fermented Tofu) during Processing
ZHOU Ying,PAN Si-yi*
2011, 32(1 ):  70-73.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101017
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In this experiment, we studied the changes in chemical composition and texture parameters of sufu (fermented tofu) during processing. The results showed that: 1) the contents of protein and fat progressively decreased, and pH initially increased, followed by a decrease, and the contents of free amino acids and free fatty acids gradually increased during the fermentation of sufu; 2) the chemical constituents in sufu with lower salt contents were all higher, of which the ripening period was shorter; 3) the hardness of sufu first increased and then decreased during its fermentation, and the adhesiveness displayed a gradual increase, while the springiness gradually decreased; 4) sufu showed little changes in both harness and springiness during the last 10 days of post-ripening; and 5) higher salt content in sufu resulted in higher hardness and springiness but lower adhesiveness.

Separation and Identification of Two Functional Components in Purple Sweet Potato
DING Li-qing,DU Qi-zhen*
2011, 32(1 ):  74-77.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101018
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The two functional components including methyl caffeate and ethyl caffeate in purple sweet potato were obtained sequentially by extraction with hot ethanol, reextraction with ethyl acetate and high-speed countercurrent chromatographic (HSCCC) separation. The two compounds were identified by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, ESI-MS and element analysis.

Effect of Pulsed Electric Field Treatment on Asparagine-Fructose Model Maillard Reaction
HE Xiang,YU Shu-juan*,SHI Wen-hui,FENG Yao-hua
2011, 32(1 ):  78-81.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101019
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Pulsed electric field treatment was applied to enhance asparagine-fructose model Maillard reaction. The effect of pulsed treatment time on the pH, browning degree (A294 nm), acrylamide and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (HMF) contents determined by HPLC and DPPH radical scavenging capacity of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) between asparagines and fructose and fructose consumption were analyzed at the same field intensities (5, 10, 15 kV/cm and 20 kV/cm) using 60 ℃ water bath heating as the control. The Maillard reaction between asparagines and fructose was markedly promoted by pulsed electric field treatment. Browning degree and DPPH radical scavenging capacity after the reaction were both positively correlated with pulsed treatment time or field intensity. Besides, almost neither acrylamide nor 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde was detected in MRPs derived from pulsed electric field treatment at different field intensities or from water bath heating.

Effect of Different Treatments on Lipoxygenase Activity in Winged Bean
ZHENG Bing-fu1,LIAO Lu-yan2,JIANG Li-wen1,2,*
2011, 32(1 ):  82-85.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101020
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After being subjected to wet heat treatment or treatment with different pH solutions, metal complexing agents or sulfhydryl agents, winged beans were defatted with petroleum ether, vacuum dried, powdered and soaked in 0.01 mL/L, pH 7.0 PBS solution with gentle stirring to extract lipoxygenase (Lox) into the supernatant. The enzyme solutions obtained were comparatively measured for their Lox enzyme activity to probe the effects of different treatments on the stability of Lox in winged beans. The Lox from winged beans treated with pH 8-9 solutions had the highest relative enzyme activity, suggesting that this enzyme is stable in this pH range, whereas pH values below 3 could dramatically inactivate it. Also, the enzyme was greatly inactivated by 90 ℃ heat treatment. Pairwise combined uses of sulfhydryl agents (L-cysteine and thioglycol) with metal complexing agents (citric acid, EDTA and tartaric acid) gave better inactivating effect on the enzyme as compared to their sole uses.

DPPH Radical Scavenging Mechanism of Ascorbic Acid
LI Xuan-jun,CUI Sheng-yun*
2011, 32(1 ):  86-90.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101021
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DPPH radical scavenging properties of antioxidants are generally evaluated by determining absorbance (A517 nm) at 517 nm wavelength. Herein, the radical scavenging mechanisms of ascorbic acid on DPPH radicals were investigated by UV-Vis spectrometric, electrochemical and mass spectrometric determinations. It was found that DPPH existed in two different forms, radical form (DPPH·) and highly conjugated form (DPPH+), and ascorbic acid could scavenge both of them in the solution. Generally, the two forms of DPPH were at equilibrium in the solution. This makes it possible to indirectly evaluate DPPH radical scavenging properties of the same kinds of antioxidants based on A517 nm changes of DPPH+, but for different kinds of antioxidants, it is impossible to correctly evaluate radical scavenging properties because of their different relative scavenging effects on the two forms of DPPH.

A Comparative Study of Different Methods for Determining the Elastic Modulus of Dry Vermicelli
JIANG Song,LIU Rui-xia,ZHAO Jie-wen
2011, 32(1 ):  91-94.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101022
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Elastic modulus is the inherent basic characteristics of vermicelli. It is not only an important parameter indicating quality evaluation, but also one of the principal indexes deciding dry vermicelli texture. Three methods, three-point bending, compressive rod post-buckling and tensile method, were followed in the determination of dry vermicelli elastic modulus on TA-XT2i texture analyzer to establish the best methods for determining the elastic modulus of different shaped forms of dry vermicelli. Tensile method was found to be a method most suitable for the determination of various shaped forms of dry vermicelli among the three methods and give an elastic modulus of 1.419 × 109 N/m2 (9.57% moisture content). However, the best method for determining straight line-shaped vermicelli was compressive rod post-buckling, and its best test conditions were sample length of 100 mm and rotational angle of 20°. Moreover, a significantly linear negative correlation (R2 = 0.9510) between moisture content and elastic modulus was found in the present study, and the linear regression equation was as follows: E = (- 0.1812ω + 3.237) × 109.

An Improved Sensory Comprehensive Evaluation Method for Chopped Hot Pepper Based on Fuzzy Mathematics
HU Xuan,XIA Yan-bin*
2011, 32(1 ):  95-98.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101023
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An improved fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was developed and used to evaluate the sensory quality of three different brands of chopped hot pepper in this study. Meanwhile, the texture and color of these samples were determined using a texture analyzer and a colorimeter to further verify the accuracy of evaluation results. The results showed that the improved fuzzy evaluation method had high accuracy in dealing with high degree of fuzzy comprehensive sensory evaluation problems.

Different Cultivars of Eggplants: A Comparative Study of Anthocyanidin Content and Stability in Fruit Skin
ZHOU Bao-li,ZHANG Qi,YE Xue-ling,CHEN Zhi-xia
2011, 32(1 ):  99-103.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101024
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The fruit skins of different five cultivars of eggplants were extracted with hydrochloride acid-acidified ethanol (1:9, V/V) under the assistance of ultrasonic to comparatively determine anthocyanidin contents in them and evaluate the effects of natural light exposure ways, indoor natural light exposure in combination with heating at different temperatures for 1 h, pH, metal ions in solution, common food additives, oxidizers and reducers on the stability of the extracted anthocyanidins. The skin of Brown eggplant contained the largest amount of anthocyanidins among five cultivars. The content of anthocyanidins in purple eggplant skin was approximately 86.48%-82.74% higher than that in green eggplant skin. The anthocyanidins extracted from the fruit skins of five cultivars of eggplants were all kept stable under light avoiding, low-temperature, weakly acidic and weakly alkaline conditions. Mg2+ had color-enhancing effect on them, while the presence of Mn2+, Zn2+ or Cu2+ made the color lighter. VC also did so. All sucrose, citric acid and sodium benzoate could protect the color to some extent. However, no resistance to oxidizers or reducers was observed. These data suggest that anthocyanidins derived from eggplant skin have extensive application prospects.

Effect of Simultaneous Addition of Vitamins C and E and Tea Polyphones on N-Nitrosodimethylamine Residue in Salted Pork
XING Bi-liang,XU Xing-lian*
2011, 32(1 ):  104-107.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101025
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Additions of three antioxidants, vitamins C and E and tea polyphenols together to the curing agent were used for the traditional processing of salted pork to investigate the effect of their amounts on N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) residue in salted pork by single-factor experiments. NDMA residue was gradually decreased with increasing amounts of VC (VE and tea ployphenols both fixed at 300 mg/kg) and VE (VC and tea ployphenols fixed at 400 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg, respectively) additions up to 500 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, respectively, and then tended to be stable at higher levels. As the amount of added tea ployphenols (VC and VE fixed at 400 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg, respectively) increased, NDMA residue displayed a tendency to first decrease, reaching its minimum at 300 mg/kg, and then increase.

Monascus Pigment Staining as A Warning Method for Nitrite in Food
YANG Hui-ping1,HUANG Jie2,LIU Jin-cai1,SONG Wei1
2011, 32(1 ):  108-111.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101026
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In order to avoid food poisoning for eating nitrite by mistake, Monascus pigment staining was used to provide a warning method for nitrite in food. Monascus pigments and sodium nitrite were homogeneously blended in three different ratios (1:10000, 5:10000 and 10:10000, m/m), and the effects of direct sunlight, illumination light (in a place free from direct sunlight), darkness, temperature, pH and sodium chloride on the stability of the resulting staining products. The staining product with 1:10000 Monascus pigments/sodium nitrite ratio presented the best stability in the dark, and the storage condition for stabilizing the staining product with 5:10000 Monascus pigments/sodium nitrite ratio (m/m) best was free from direct sunlight.

Bioengineering
Microbial Diversity of Tianyuan Jiangyuan Soybean Paste during Fermentation as Analyzed by PCR-DGGE
GAO Xiu-zhi1,2,WANG Xiao-fen2,LIU Hui1,TONG Qi-gen1,WANG Xiao-dong1,
2011, 32(1 ):  112-114.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101027
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The microbial diversity of Tianyuan Jiangyuan soybean paste was analyzed by PCR-DGGE (polymerase chain reaction- denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) technique. The results showed that Bacillus licheniformis (98%) and the closely related species of uncultured Leuconostoc sp. clone (100%) were the dominant bacteria during soybean paste fermentation. Bacillus assisted with fungi in decomposing proteins and starches in the raw materials. Leuconostoc sp. contributed to the formation of flavor compounds in soybean paste. The closely related species of Aspergillus oryzae (99%) were the dominant fungi during soybean paste fermentation. It mostly decomposed proteins and starches in the raw materials.

Optimization of Culture Medium and Liquid-state Fermentation Conditions for Polygalacturonase Production by Thermophilic sporotrichum
ZHANG Hui,SANG Qing,LIU Jin-sen,SUN Zhan-bin
2011, 32(1 ):  115-119.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101028
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Thermophilic sporotrichum was cultured in a liquid medium with shaking for polygalacturonase production in this study. To improve polygalacturonase production, the culture medium composition and four fermentation conditions were optimized. The optimal culture medium composition found was composed of wheat bran 1.5%, (NH4)2SO4 0.5%, apple peel powder 3%, KH2PO4 0.1% and MgSO4·7H2O 0.025%, pH 6.0. The optimal values of the volume of the medium in a 250 mL conical flask, fermentation temperature and duration and shaking speed were determined to be 45 mL, 50 ℃, 96 h and 170 r/min, respectively. The fermentation broth obtained under the optimized conditions presented a polygalacturonase activity of 2768.97 U/mL.

Screening and Breeding of High-yield Triterpenes-producing Ganoderma lucidum Mutants Induced by Lithium Chloride
DONG Yu-wei,MIAO Jing-zhi,LU Zhao-qi,CAO Ze-hong,GAO Ming-xia
2011, 32(1 ):  120-123.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101029
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Lithium chloride was used to induce the mutation of Ganoderma lucidum protoplasts in order to obtain high-yield triterpenes-producing mutants. The results showed that the optimal mutation condition was treatment with 0.3% lithium chloride, resulting in 72.8% fatality rate. The first generation of the mutant obtained exhibited intra- and extracellular triterpenes yields of 55.33 mg/g and 14.88×10-2 mg/mL, higher than those of the original strain by 461.72% and 136.57%, respectively. In comparison with the original strain, the second and third generations exhibited increases by 483.05% and 496.04% in intracellular triterpenes yield and by 158.66% and 171.38% in extracellular triterpenes yield. Therefore, it can be concluded that the mutant induced by 0.3% lithium chloride is genetically stable.

Synthesis and Identification of the Artificial Antigens for Sunset Yellow and Tartrazine
LIN Fei,LIU Li-qiang,KUANG Hua,PENG Chi-fang,SONG Shan-shan,HU Jin-wei,XU Chuan-lai*
2011, 32(1 ):  124-126.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101030
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This study was aimed to develop suitable complete antigens based on either sunset yellow or tartrazine, two pigment compounds. Based on the chemical structural characteristics of the target molecules, we used various activation methods including succinic anhydride and mixed anhydride to acquire complete antigens. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was served as the carrier protein to couple with the haptens. The results from ultra-violet spectral and high perform liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses showed that the immunogen based on tartrazine was synthesized successfully. The coupling ratio of tartrazine to the carrier protein was 12, while that was only 6 for sunset yellow-BSA conjugate. The tartrazine-BSA conjugate prepared in this study can be used to induce the generation of the specific antibodies against tartrazine in animals.

Optimization of L-Lactic Acid Fermentation of Corn Steep Liquor
DING Juan,WEI Min,ZHANG Li
2011, 32(1 ):  127-130.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101031
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Corn steep liquor was utilized by Streptococcus thermophilus as the main nitrogen source to produce L-lactic acid in the present study. To improve L-lactic acid production, the culture medium composition was optimized by response surface methodology. The optimal culture medium composition was determined to be composed of glucose 84 g/L, corn steep liquor 41 g/L, ammonium sulfate 1.3 g/L, and pH 6.5. An L-lactic acid yield of 11 g/L was obtained using the optimized medium, approximating to that (9.02 g/L) obtained using beef extract to substitute ammonium sulfate without any changes of three other factors, which resulted in a large reduction of production cost but effectively elevate productivity.

Ion Exchange Resin Separation and Purification of ε-Poly-L-lysine from the Fermentation Broth of Streptomyces violaceusniger
ZONG Hong,ZHAN Yao,WU Xiang,A Ru-han,FENG Feng-qin*
2011, 32(1 ):  131-134.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101032
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The high-yield ε-poly-L-lysine-producing Streptomyces violaceusniger strain isolated and preserved in our laboratory was cultured to produceε-poly-L-lysine in this study. The mycelia-free supernatant obtained after the centrifugal separation of the fermentation broth was ultrafiltrated through 5 kD (larger than the molecular weight of ε-poly-L-lysine) polysulfone membrane and the filtrate was collected. The static adsorption and desorption characteristics of the filtrate on three different types of ion exchange resins were compared, and the dynamic adsorption and desorption of the filtrate on the selected resin were studied with respect to the effect of operation conditions on adsorption quantity and recovery. Based on the results from static adsorption and desorption, weakly acidic cation exchange resin HD-2 had excellent separation performance onε-poly-L-lysine. The best purification process forε-poly-L-lysine was that the sample to be separated was applied to a 22 mm×300 mm HD-2 column with a flow rate of 3 mL/min, followed by 0.1 mol/L NaCl elution with the same flow rate. Aε-poly-L-lysine recovery of 92.0% was achieved using the optimized purification process.

Comparative Analyses of 26S rDNAD1/D2 Sequence, Metabolic Fingerprint and Bio-defense Capability of Three Strains of Cryptococcus laurentii
YAO Zi-peng1,2,GUO Xiao-min1,2,WANG You-sheng1,2,*,LI Li-ping1,2
2011, 32(1 ):  135-140.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101033
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Three different strains (numbered as 001#, 010# and 012#) of antagonistic yeast Crytococcus laurentii were investigated to understand their phylogenetic relationships and metabolic fingerprints in Biolog microbial identification system and biodefense efficacies against the main pathogens of fruits and vegetables. The results indicated that strains 001# and 010# had a close phylogenetic relationship and there were 43 optimal and 13 utilizable carbon sources in both of their carbon source metabolic fingerprints. However, strain 012# was quite different from strains 001# and 010# in carbon source utilization. The biodefense efficacies of these three strains against the mains pathogens in pear, nectarine and asparagus exhibited a quiet difference, which might be related to the utilization of different types of carbon source in different antagonistic strains and the type and amount of special carbon sources in fruits and vegetables. Meanwhile, the difference in biodefense efficacy could be induced by different types and amounts of carbon sources in fruits and vegetables, which reveals the relationship between metabolic characteristics and evolutionary distance of strains. These investigations provide a theoretical fundamental for studying biodenfense mechanisms of antagonistic strains.

Protoplast Fusion and Regeneration of Agrocybe aegerita and Copyinds comatus
JIANG Li,HUANG Jian-wei,CI Ling-kun,LU Yun-feng
2011, 32(1 ):  141-144.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101034
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In this study, the preparation, fusion and regeneration of protoplasts from Agrocybe aegerita and Copyinds comatus were explored. Protoplasts were prepared from the four-day-old mycelia through hydrolysis for 4 h with a mixture of 1% pectase and 1% snailase both in 0.6 mol/L mannitol stabilizing the osmotic pressure (1:1, V/V) at 30 ℃. The optimal protoplast infusion conditions were determined to be: fusion at 30 ℃ for 30 min in the presence of 35% PEG (PEG4000) and 0.2 mol/L CaCl2 (pH 10) as the fusogenic agents. Inactivated protoplasts were used as the marks to pick fusants out, which were then regenerated on PDA plate medium. After the regeneration of fusants, a comparison of colonial phynotype and antagonistic experiments were made to validate them.

Screening, Preliminary Identification and Ultraviolet Mutagenesis of A High-yield Astaxanthin-producing Bacterium
HOU Xu,MIN Wei-hong*,ZHAO Jun,FANG Li
2011, 32(1 ):  145-148.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101035
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A high-yield astaxanthin-producing bacterial strain, named CTD004, was isolated from the soil in our university in this study, which exhibited an astaxanthin yield of 28.8 mg/L according to the UV-vis spectrophotometric measurement. The strain was preliminary identified to belong to the genus of Pseudomonas and be closely related to the strain GQ120653.1 based on colonial morphology and Gram staining observations, physiological and biochemical tests and 16S rDNA sequence phylogenetic analysis. The genetic mutagenesis of the strain was induced by UV light radiation to obtain a new strain with higher ability to produce astaxanthin. The optimal dilution multiple of suspended cells was 10-6, and the optimal induction time was 15 s. The astaxanthin yield of the mutant strain obtained was 64.6 mg/L, 35.8 mg/L higher than that of the starting strain. After 5-generation passage, the mutant strain still had excellent genetic stability.

Strain Screening and Optimization of Fermentation Medium for Higher Production of Glucose Oxidase
HAN Jian-chun,FENG Zhen,ZHANG Hong-wei
2011, 32(1 ):  149-153.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101036
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Glucose oxidase (GOD) has gained considerable commercial importance due to its multitude of applications in the food, pharmaceutical, biotechnology and other industries. In the present investigation, a high GOC-producing strain was isolated from the soil of Wenwu Xuefeng farm in Fuzhou, and the fermentation medium was optimized by response surface methodology for higher GOD production by the isolated strain. The optimal medium composition determined consisted of glucose 109.41 g/L, complex nitrogen source (proteose peptone + (NH4)2SO4, 3:1, m/m) 37.36 g/L, Tween-80 37.15 g/L, MgSO4·7H2O 0.7 g/L, KH2PO4 2 g/L and KCl 0.5 g/L. A maximum GOD enzyme activity of 1.54 U/mL was obtained using the optimized fermentation medium, 31.6% higher than before optimization.

Production and Identification of Monoclonal Antibodies against Organophosphate Insceticide Triazophos
WEI Qian-ni1,HUANG Kui-ying2,LEI Hong-tao1,*,FAN Xiao-bo3,SUN Yuan-ming1,
2011, 32(1 ):  154-157.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101037
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In this study, artificial antigens for organophosphate insecticide triazophos including one immunogen and two coating antigens were prepared. The hapten (TZPM-Hap) of organophosphate insecticide triazophos was coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA) by the active ester method to prepare the artificial immunogen TZPM-A-BSA. Coupling of TZPM-Hap to ovalbumin (OVA) by the active ester method or the mixed anhydride method produced the two coating antigens TZPM-A-OVA and TZPM-M-OVA, respectively. Balb/c mice were immunized with the immunogen, and the splenocytes of the immunized mice were fused with Sp2/0 cells to generate monoclonal antibody (McAbs). A hybridoma cell line (FC3) secreting antitriazophos McAbs was obtained, whose subtype was IgM. Compared with TZPM-M-OVA, better sensitivity in the icELISA format using TZPM-A-OVA was found, which demonstrated 9.7μg/L of IC50, 1.0μg/L of LOD, and 2.5-100.0μg/L of work range (IC20-IC80). The McAbs showed no obvious cross-reactivity with other structural-related organophosphate pesticides. The result indicated that one hybridoma cell line with high specificity and sensitivity was obtained, which will be of importance to develop an ELISA kit for triazophos in the future.

Batch Fermentation Kinetics for Glutathione Production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae
ZHENG Li-xue,WANG Li-mei,MEI Yan-zhen,QI Bin*
2011, 32(1 ):  158-161.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101038
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A kinetic model of glutathione production by batch fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y518 was studied by using malt sprout extract as the carbon source in a 7.5 L fermenter. The kinetic models for cell growth, glutathione production and substrate consumption were developed respectively by Logistic equation, Luedeking-Piret equation and materials balance equation through optimal parameter estimation and nonlinear fitting. The optimal set of parameters was estimated by fitting the model to experimental data. The results predicted by the model were in good agreement with the experimental observations and showed that the models could provide a reasonable description for the batch fermentation of glutathione.

Preparation of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Using Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus Y-2 Cells
YANG Sheng-yuan1,LU Zhao-xin2,LU Feng-xia2,BIE Xiao-mei2
2011, 32(1 ):  162-167.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101039
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Theγ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesis was conducted through biotransformation of Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus Y-2 cells to explore the effects of pH, reaction temperature, salts, surfactant, substrate concentration, strain concentration and addition of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) on the production of GABA. Results indicated that the optimal reaction system included 25 g/L wet cells, 40 mmol/L BaCl2, 0.02% Triton X-100, 47.5 g/L L-monosodium glutanate, and 90.0 g/L L-glutamic acid. The optimal reaction conditions of this reaction system were reaction temperature of 40 ℃, reaction pH of 4.5, stirring speed of 100 r/min and reaction time of 72 h. Under these optimal conditions, the yield of GABA was up to (87.16 ± 4.33) g/L and biotransformation rate of GABA in moles was (97.60 ± 4.71)%. The total productivity of the cells was (48.42 ± 2.41) mg/(h·g).

Factors Affecting the Labeling of Lactic Acid Bacterial Cells with 5-(and) 6-Carboxyfluorescein Diacetate
WANG Qing-mei1,CHEN Qing-sen1,*,LIU Wei-yang2
2011, 32(1 ):  168-172.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101040
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The co-cultured cells of Lactobacillus bμlgaricus1.1480 and Streptococcus thermophilus6038 were labeled with different concentrations of 5-(and) 6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate (5(6)-cFDA) in different solvents in order to explore the affecting factors of 5(6)-cFDA labeling. The initial percentages of lactic acid bacterial cells labeled with 5(6)-cFDA in double distilled water, PBS or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were 94.8%, 95.2% and 99.77%, respectively, which were decreased to 51.53%, 55.6% and 96.7% after 30 days. The cell suspension at a cell density of 1.0 × 106 cells/mL was added with different volumes of 5 mg/mL 5(6)-cFDA to desired final concentrations (1.09 × 10-7, 2.17 × 10-7, 4.35 × 10-7, 6.25 × 10-7, 8.7 × 10-7 and 10.87 × 10-7 mol/L). The diluted cell suspension containing 6.52×10-7 mol/L 5(6)-cFDA showed the best labeling efficiency and there was a linear relationship between cell labeling efficiency and the final concentration of 5(6)-cFDA ranging between 1.09 × 10-7 and 6.25 × 10-7 mol/L. It was also demonstrated that a cell density between 1×106 and 1×107 cells/mL was suitable for flow cytometric (FCM) determination of living cells, with a high labeling efficiency. The buffer at pH 7 had the smallest effect on cell viability and fluorescence intensity and the resulting labeling efficiency reached 98.3%.

Molecular Biological Identification of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Fermented Camel Milk as A Kazakh Traditional Food in Xinjiang
WU Yun1,HUANG Peng2,LI Yuan1, ZHANG Xiao-yan1,XU Zhen-zhen1,WANG Bing-feng2,SHI Jing1
2011, 32(1 ):  173-176.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101041
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The genetically stable and vigorous lactic acid bacteria strains isolated from fermented camel milk made by Kazakh herdsmen in Xinjiang autonomous region were cultured sequentially in MRS medium and seed medium, followed by DNA extraction, PCR amplification and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The sequencing results were submitted to NCBI database for sequence alignment. The phylogenetic tree based on 16S rDNA sequence established with the MegAlign Fasta software showed that similarity was 94.6% for strain isolate A3 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (HM162419) and 96.6% for strain isolate B1 and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis (EU872262).

Changes in Basal Components and Protease Activity at Different Stages of the Traditional Processing of Yongchuan Douchi
SUO Hua-yi1,2,LU Lu1,2,WU Jia-min1,2,KAN Jian-quan1,2
2011, 32(1 ):  177-180.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101042
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Douchi, a soybean product originated in China, has been consumed since ancient times as a food seasoning. Douchi displays greatly improved nutrition as compared with raw material bean. Studying the changes in the nutritional components of Douchi during its processing is necessary for us to improve product quality. The influence of fermentation on the basal components of naturally fermented Yongchuan Douchi was investigated by measuring the changes in water content, total acidity, amino acid nitrogen and protease activity during the processing of Douchi. The results showed that water content was decreased from 52.30% to 32.91% during qu-making stage, and kept at around 50 % during post-fermentation stage. The content of total acids was increased rapidly during the early stage of post-fermentation, followed by a slow decrease during the later stage and reached 2.12 g/100 g (calculated as lactic acid) at the end of ripening. The content of total amino acid nitrogen increased generally during post-fermentation stage, from 0.18 g/100 g to a maximum of 0.98 g/100 g. We found that acid protease activity ascended rapidly during the first two days of qu-making stage, while neutral protease activity and alkaline protease activity also exhibited a sharp increase from days 7 to 10 with the reproduction of Mucor. Addition of salt during follow-up fermentation stage resulted in a rapid descent in the activities of all the three enzymes.

Comparative Study of Fermentation Performance and Metabolic Flux of Two Higher Succinic Acid-producing Mutant Strains of Actinobacillus succinogenes 130Z
WU Ya-hua,SHI Ya-zhong,WU Shan-shan,QIAN Shi-quan
2011, 32(1 ):  181-184.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101043
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The original strain of Actinobacillus succinogenes 130Z was illuminated under ultraviolet light for gene mutagenesis, and two mutant strains resistant to fluoroacetic acid alone or in combination with allyl alcohol were screened. The 72 h fermentation broths of the original strain and the two mutant strains were centrifugated to harvest the supernatants, which were sampled for organic acid composition determination, the measurement of related enzyme activities and metabolic flux analysis. The malate dehydrogenase (MDH) from the fluoroacetic acid-resistant mutant strain was increased by 159.2% and the mutant strain resistant to both fluoroacetic acid and allyl alcohol showed increases in MDH activity by 165.8% and in pyruvate carboxylase (PC) activity by 1226.4% but 78.0% decrease in alchol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity as compared to the original strain. The utilization rate of glucose in the original strain was lower, utilizing 100 g of glucose to produce 47.0 g of succinic acid, which was 25% lower than that in the bi-resistant mutant strain, producing 58.8 g of succinic acid through utilizing 100 g of glucose in 1 L of the medium (namely 58.8 g/L succinic acid yield).

Bacterial Diversity of Salted Mudsnail and Crab Paste
ZHANG Chun-dan1,CHEN Yan1,QUAN Jing-jing1,XU Jia-jie1,SU Xiu-rong1,*, ZHANG Chao-hua2,QIN Xiao-ming2
2011, 32(1 ):  185-188.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101044
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In order to improve quality control technology, decrease total number of bacteria and ensure food safety during the processing of raw seafoods into commercial products, the investigation on bacterial diversity of salted mudsnail and crab paste was performed based on molecular biological principles. The results indicated that 21 bacterial species in salted mudsnail were detected and the predominant bacterium was identified as Psychrophilic bacilli (Psychrobacter sp.). Totally 12 bacterial species were detected in crab paste and the predominant bacterium was identified as Staphylococcus equorum.

Preparation and Enzymatic Properties of Tryptophanase from Escherichia coli
PANG Min,LI Chao-sheng,FENG Rui-cai,JIANG Shao-tong*
2011, 32(1 ):  189-192.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101045
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The suspension of cultured Escherichia coli was subjected to cell disruption and enzyme separation/extraction to prepare tryptophanase. The preparation process was investigated and the crude enzyme solution obtained was characterized for its enzymatic properties and reaction kinetic characteristics. Among four cell disruption methods, 50 ℃water bath heating and adding TritonX-100 were considered to be two better methods than adding SDS and microwave treatment due to ease of operation, mild reaction, good preservation of enzyme activity, and so on, and 50 ℃water bath heating method was selected in this study. Fractional salting-out with ammonium sulphate was the best method for the separation of tryptophanase among three methods. The enzyme revealed an optimal reaction temperature of 45 ℃ and was stable in a pH range of 5.5 to 7.5. Its maximum tolerant and optimal reaction temperatures were 65 ℃ and 45 ℃, respectively. K+ and NH4+ could effectively elevate the activity of the enzyme, whereas the enzyme was remarkably inactivated by Na+. Kinetic studies demonstrated that the kinetic parameter Km of the enzyme towards the substrate L-serine was much larger than that towards indole.

Study on the Anti-Aeromonas hydrophila Effect in vitro of Lipopeptide from Bacillus subtilis fmbJ
YANG Li-li1,LU Feng-xia1,BIE Xiao-mei1,HE Yi-jin2,WANG Tian1,LU Zhao-xin1,*
2011, 32(1 ):  193-198.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101046
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This paper describes the in vitro anti-Aeromonas hydrophila effect of the purified lipopeptide produced during the fermentation of Bacillus subtilis fmbJ. The inhibition zone method was adopted for the determination of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). The antibacterial activity of lipopeptide was also evaluated based on the influences on the morphosis and membrane permeability of Aeromonas hydrophila. The results showed that Aeromonas hydrophila was sensitive to the lipopeptide, with 20 μg/mL MIC and 32 μg/mL MBC. The lipopeptide induced the cell membrane permeabilty of Aeromonas hydrophila, which caused the death of cells for the leakage of intro-cellular ions, proteins and nucleic acids. Further observations under scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) indicated that the lipopeptide led to the lack of cell wall, flagella lost and unclear intra-cellar components in Aeromonas hydrophil. As a result of effective antibacterial activity, the tested lipopeptide could be applied in prevention and control of aquatic animal diseases caused by Aeromonas hydrophila infection.

Study on Alkaline Protease from Bacillus licheniformis A
ZHANG Wen-jie,GAO Xiang,SUN Jing,JIANG Li-yan,DING Jin-feng,YUE Fu-peng,SU Xiu-rong*
2011, 32(1 ):  199-202.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101047
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The alkaline protease produced by the fermentation of Bacillus licheniformis A, a strain isolated from the hydrolysate of 60Co-irradiated Acaudina leucoprocta was salted out from the fermentation supernatant with ammonium sulfate. After DEAESepharose ion exchange chromatographic separation and subsequent Sephadex G-75 gel permeation chromatographic purification, an alkaline protease yield of 5.8% was achieved. The alkaline protease was determined by SDS-PAGE to have a molecular weight of 35 kD. The optimal reaction temperature and pH of the enzyme were 50 ℃ and 11, respectively. The enzyme had perfect thermostability and a certain level of resistance to oxidation.

Nutrition & Hygiene
An Experimental Animal Investigation on Toxicity and Blood Lipid Modulating Effect of Kadsura coccinea Fruit
LI Zhi-chun1,2,SUN Jian1,2,*,FENG Yi3,ZHUO Shao-yuan3,LE Ning3,YAO Jin-yan4,LONG Xing4
2011, 32(1 ):  203-205.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101048
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The aim of this study was to investigate the toxicity and blood lipid modulating effect of ripe Kadsura conccinea fruit in vivo by maximal tolerance dose (MTD) test and 30-d feeding test in mice. Blood lipid changes in mice were analyzed during 30 days of Kadsura conccinea fruit feeding. The results showed MTD was > 20 mL/kg for both male and female mice, indicating that Kadsura conccinea fruit was non-toxic. Kadsura conccinea fruit had significant effect on neither mouse weight nor viscera but could obviously reduce the level of cholesterol in mouse blood. Thus, it can be considered that ripe Kadsura conccinea fruit deserves to be exploited as a rare wild fruit with the benefits of non-toxicity and modulating blood lipids.

Evaluation of the Safety of Germanium-enriched Barley Seedlings
DU Rong,WANG Xiao-jie*,XIAO Yan-yan,WANG Shou-hai,MIN Feng-xia
2011, 32(1 ):  206-209.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101049
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Objective: Safety evaluation of germanium-enriched barley seedlings (EGBS) was conducted by investigating the toxicological effect of EGBS in mice. Methods: The acute toxic effect of EGBS in healthy mice orally administered different doses of EGBS for 20 successive days was evaluated, and for the evaluation of genetic toxic effect, mouse bone marrow micronucleus and chromosomal aberration tests were used. Results: All EGBS dose groups presented a median lethal dose (LD50) >1 g/mL and normal animal body weight gain, without any symptoms of poisoning. The incidences of mouse bone marrow micronucleus and chromosomal aberration in all EGBS dose groups were varied in a normal range and did not exhibit a significant difference (P > 0.05) as compared with the control group (treated with normal saline). Conclusion: No phenomena of mouse death and chromosomal aberration observed in this experiment suggest that EGBS have no acute and genetic toxic effects on mice and is safe in the tested dose range.

Suppressive Effect of Rhizoma sparganii Flavonoids on HeLa Cells (I): Induce M Stage Arrest and Cell Apoptosis
SUN Jie,WANG Shao,GUO Bin,WEI Ya-hui*
2011, 32(1 ):  210-214.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101050
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Objective: To explore the toxicity effect and mechanisms of Rhizoma sparganii flavonoids (RSF) on HeLa cells. Methods: The effect of RSF at a concentration range of 11.7 to 750μg/mL on the proliferation of HeLa cells was evaluated. The toxic mechanisms were elucidated by immunofluorescence, flow cytometry and karyotype analysis. Results: RSF at a concentration higher than 188μg/mL could significantly (P < 0.01) inhibit the proliferation of HeLa cells in a dose-dependent manner, and increase the proportion of apoptotic bodies (P < 0.01). Compared with the control group, the RSF treatment groups at doses of 375μg/mL (RSF-375) and 750μg/mL (RSF-750) revealed a significant decrease of HeLa cells number at M stage (P<0.01), disappearance of intracellular interaction and an increase of cell volume. In addition, RSF-375 and RSF-750 also showed irregular morphological changes, an increase of synaptics and higher moving trend of microfilament, which were observed in monitoring the specific immnuofluorescence of microtubule protein. Conclusion: RSF is a group of bioactive components against HeLa cervical cancer cells, with the physiological functions of significantly inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis by interfering the mitosis of HeLa cells.

Anti-fatigue Effect of Red Beet Juice
ZU Yuan-gang1,2,YANG Hui-jie1,2,ZHANG Lin1,2,YANG Feng-jian1,2
2011, 32(1 ):  215-217.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101051
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Objective: To investigate the anti-fatigue effect of red beet (Beta vulgaris var. rubra) juice in mice so as to provide an experimental basis for the development of anti-fatigue health beverages based on the material. Methods: Healthy male mice were randomly divided into 4 groups including high-, middle- and low-dose groups (treated with red beet juice at dose of 16, 8, 4 mL/(kg·d)) and control group (treated with distilled water). All the four groups were treated by gavage for continuously 30 days and tested for their weight-loaded swimming times as well as blood urea nitrogen, blood lactic acid and hepatic glycogen levels. Results: Red beet juice significantly prolonged the exhaustive swimming time of mice, decreased the contents of both blood urea nitrogen and blood lactic acid and increased the content of hepatic glycogen. Conclusion: Red beet juice has antifatigue effect in mice in a dose-dependent manner.

Anti-fatigue Effect of Black Tea
HUANG Ye-wei,ZHANG Dong-ying,SHAO Wan-fang*,YUAN Sai-yan
2011, 32(1 ):  218-220.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101052
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Objective: To check if black tea has anti-fatigue effect on mice or not, which will provide a theoretical basis for clarifying the exploitation value of the resource to be developed into healthcare products. Methods: Kunming mice were randomly divided into four groups with 20 mice in each group. The mice in three experimental groups were administered with different doses of  black tea extract once per day for consecutively 30 days and the mice in the control group were treated with normal saline. After the last administration, the weight-loaded swimming time, blood lactic acid (BLA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), blood lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), muscle glycogen (MG) and liver glycogen (LG) of each group of mice were determined. Results: Compared with the control group, the three-dose black tea treatment groups revealed a prolonged swimming time, reduced contents of BLA and BUN, and increased LDH activity and MG and LG contents. Conclusion: Black tea has strong anti-fatigue capability.

Effect and Mechanism of Resveratrol on Insulin Sensitivity in Insulin-resistant KKAy Mice
SUN Yan-shuang1,CHEN Si-fan1,ZHU Wei2,ZHENG Lin1,ZHANG Zi-li1,LING Wen-hua1,FENG Xiang1,*
2011, 32(1 ):  221-224.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101053
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Objective: To investigate the effect of resveratrol on insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant KKAy mice and to probe the mechanism. Methods: A total of 36 7-week-old KKAy mice were randomly divided into 3 groups, which were fed standard AIN93G diet or standard AIN93G diet with resveratrol at contents of 2 g/kg and 4 g/kg diet. Totally 12 C57BL/6J mice were used as the control. The 12 h fasting levels of blood glucose and serum insulin and glucose and insulin tolerance at 0, 6 weeks and 12 weeks of drug intervention were determined to evaluate the effect of resveratrol. The expression of silent information regulator(sirt-1) and phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) in liver were examined by western blotting. Results: Resveratrol significantly improved insulin sensitivity of KKAy mice, ameliorated glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance, and enhanced the expression level of sirt-1 and phosphorylation of IRS-1 in liver. Conclusion: Resveratol may ameliorate insulin resistance and glucose tolerance disorder of mice due to its promotion effect on the expression of sirt-1 in liver and activation effect on the proteins related to insulin signaling.

Inhibitory Effect of Flavonoids from Tartary Buckwheat Sprouts on Proliferation of Human Breast Cancer Cells
ZHOU Xiao-li1,WANG Qing1,2,YANG Yan-li3,LI Zong-jie1,TANG Wen1
2011, 32(1 ):  225-228.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101054
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The contents of total flavonoids, quercetin and rutin in the powders of tartary buckwheat sprouts germinated for 1 through 6 days were determined using spectrophotometery and HPLC. The anticancer effect of total flavonoids from tartary buckwheat sprouts on human breast cancer MCF-7 cells was evaluated by MTT assay. Results indicated that the ethanol extracts (rich in flavonoids) from all the tartary buckwheat sprouts exhibited an obvious inhibitory effect on the proliferation of MCF-7 cells, especially for the extract from tartary buckwheat sprouts germinated for 3 days with a rutin/quercetin ratio of 0.92:1. Meanwhile, a synergistic effect of rutin and quercetin on the proliferation of MCF-7 cells was observed. Moreover, a similar inhibitory effect between ethanol extracts from tartary buckwheat sprouts and the standard samples of quercetin and rutin on the proliferation of MCF-7 cells was observed. Therefore, these investigations demonstrate that the major components in tartary buckwheat sprouts contributing to the inhibitory effect on tumor are quercetin and rutin.

Pollution Analysis and Safety Evaluation of Roasted Sweet Potato
LU Hai-bo1,ZHANG Ling2,YIN Li-fang3,CHI Mei-li2,CHEN Chuan-qi2,MA Gui-fu2
2011, 32(1 ):  229-231.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101055
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In order to understand the pollution problem of roasted sweet potato, the contents of sulfur, copper, lead, mercury and arsenic in sweet potato roasted by coal fire were analyzed. The safety evaluation of roasted sweet potato was conducted according to national food hygienic and vegetable quality grade standards. Results indicated that the skin, subcutaneous meat and central layer meat of roasted sweet potato were highly polluted by sulfur and heavy metals with comprehensive pollutant indexes of 209.1, 24.0 and 3.9, respectively.

Effect of Algae Powder on Nutritional Components of Xianju Chicken
WANG Pei,ZHANG Wei,YU Hai-wen,XU Jia-jie,SU Xiu-rong*
2011, 32(1 ):  232-235.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101056
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In order to explore the role of algae in feed additives, the meat composition of Xianju chicken fed Enteromorpha sp. or Gracilaria sp. were analyzed by liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results indicated that both Enteromorpha sp. and Gracilaria sp. powders could obviously increase the contents of total protein, crude fat, myosin, betaine, hexanal, ethyl acetate and 2-methyl acrylate in chicken meat. The contents of essential amino acids such as threonine, valine and arginine exhibited a significant improvement in chicken fed Enteromorpha sp. powder; whereas, threonine, isoleucine and glutamic acid in Xianju chicken fed Gracilaria sp. A total of 45 and 33 flavor components were detected in breast meat and leg meat of chicken, respectively. As a conclusion, Enteromorpha sp. powder has an obvious promoting effect on the accumulation of hydrocarbons, alcohol and sulfur compounds in chicken meat, while, Gracilaria sp. powder has an obvious promoting effect on the accumulation of aldehyde, ester and acetate. Therefore, the feeding of algae powder will facilitate the accumulation of nutrients in chicken meat.

Assessment of Zn Bioavailability in Wheat Flours Using an in vitro Digestion/Caco-2 Cell Model
LEI Ji1,ZHANG Ming-qiu2,ZHANG Yong3,HUANG Cheng-yu2,*,BAI Lin2
2011, 32(1 ):  236-239.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101057
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Zinc bioavailability in 10 wheat flour varieties was assessed by using an in vitro/Caco-2 cell culture model to provide scientific foundation for further human trials and reach nutritional purpose in wheat breeding. Zn bioavailability (Zn BV) was defined as the percentage of the amount of zinc applied to Caco-2 cell monolayer and was consumed by the cells. Significant differences were detected in Zn BV among 10 wheat flour varieties, among which Zhongyou 9507 from Anyang had the highest Zn BV, which would be further tested in human trials for nutritional function study.

Reviews
Research Progress on Affecting Factors and Mechanisms of Yogurt Post-acidification
WU Lan,CHEN Xia,YANG Mei,SHAO Yu-yu,BAO Wei-chen,LIU Na,ZHANG He-ping*
2011, 32(1 ):  240-245.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101058
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Post-acidification is one of the most important factors affecting starter culture selection for the production of yogurt. In this paper, the affecting factors and related genetic mechanisms of starter culture post-acidification are summarized and reviewed. This paper will offer references for fundamentally solving and controlling starter culture post-acidification for the production of high-quality yogurt.

Research Progress of Cantonese Sausage
WU Yan-tao1,MU Tong-na1,LI Bei2,SUN Ting1,CAO Bao-sen1
2011, 32(1 ):  246-250.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101059
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Cantonese sausage is a traditional Chinese curing meat product in China. Extensive attention has been recently paid to its product quality. Therefore, Cantonese sausage has already gained in-depth investigation. The quality properties, preparation processing, formula improvement, physiological and biochemical change trend and mechanisms of Cantonese sausage are reviewed in this paper, which will provide a theoretical reference for the future research and development of Cantonese sausage.

Research Progress of Peanut Protein Film
LIU Yuan-yuan,WANG Qiang*,WANG Chun-yan
2011, 32(1 ):  251-255.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101060
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Compositions and functional characteristics of peanut protein, film-forming mechanism of peanut protein and major properties including tensile strength, elongation rate during breaking, and water vapor permeability of peanut protein film have been reviewed in this paper. Meanwhile, the physical and chemical factors affecting the film-forming properties of peanut protein and the application of peanut protein film coating in the preservation of fruits and vegetables are discussed. Moreover, the current problems and future development trends of peanut protein film are proposed.

Research Progress of Protemics Applied to Clarify the Relationship between Cardiovascular Diseases and Trans-fatty Acids
YU Hua-hong,LI Xiang-mei,LIU Rong
2011, 32(1 ):  256-259.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101061
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In recent years, a large number of studies have demonstrated that trans-fatty acids are harmful to human health, and the impact of trans-fatty acids on cardiovascular tissues have been fully evaluated. However, some negative data need to be explained. As an effective analytical technique, proteomics has been widely applied in the investigations of human diseases. Due to its successful application in the field of nutrients, we have undertaken the combinatorial studies of trans-fatty acids and proteomics, which will be benefited to explore a new breakthrough. In this paper, the source of trans-fatty acids, hazards and corresponding proteomics are reviewed.

Research Advance in Chemical Properties, Pharmacological Activity of Straw Mushroom as well as Fresh Keeping and Processing Technologies for It
LIU Xue-ming,LIAO Sen-tai,CHEN Zhi-yi
2011, 32(1 ):  260-264.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101062
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The chemical properties and pharmacological activities of straw mushroom Volvariella volvacea are reviewed in this paper. Meanwhile, its fresh-keeping and processing technologies have also been discussed. Straw mushroom is an edible fungus growing at higher temperature and it is difficult to keep fresh. Straw mushroom is rich in nutritional and functional components including edible fiber, protein, amino acids, dextran and sterols, which have biological activities such as antioxidant, immunomodulation and anti-tumor activities. The major fresh-keeping methods for the mushroom include cold storage, air-modulated storage, irradiation, and chemical treatment. The processing of straw mushroom is still at the primary stage and urgently needs in-depth processing technologies.

Application of Near-infrared Spectroscopy in Food Adulteration Detection: A Review
WANG Xiao-yan,WANG Xi-chang*,LIU Yuan,LU Ye
2011, 32(1 ):  265-269.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101063
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In recent years, food adulteration has been a serious problem in China. Currently the common detection methods for food adulteration are both time and effort consuming, and need large amount of chemicals. Near-infrared spectroscopy achieves the rapid, nondestructive, and on-line detection for food adulteration. This paper summarizes the application of nearinfrared spectroscopy in adulteration detection for liquid foods such as edible oil, milk, honey, and beverages, as well as solid foods including meats, powdered milk, tea, and wheat flour. Meanwhile, limitations of near-infrared spectroscopy in adulteration detection are analyzed. Finally, this article outlines further study directions and proposed some suggestions.  

Review on Detection Techniques for Fat in Milk
YANG Li-zhi,CHEN Zhi-wei*
2011, 32(1 ):  270-273.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101064
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Fat is an important nutrient component of dairy products, and the category, content, and fat composition is closely related to nutrient requirement in human. However, the kinds and contents of fatty acids in milk are changed after fermentation. The article introduces differences in fat composition between dairy products and others, as well as the impacts of fermentation on dairy fats. The research progress of fat detection techniques, including high efficiency liquid chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and infrared spectroscopy (IRS) is reviewed.

Research Progress on Anti-carcinogenic Mechanism of Phytoestrogens
WEI Hua-bo1,2,MA Hai-rong2,*,WANG Zhen-hua1,*
2011, 32(1 ):  274-277.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101065
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Phytoestrogens are natural heterocyclic and phenolics compounds which are similar to estrogens structurally and functionally. Phytoestrogens have both estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activity, and have a two-way regulation ability and protective function from hormone-associated disease. In addition, experimental and epidemiological evidence has implied that phytoestrogens reduce the occurrence of cancer, and inhibit the growth and proliferation of tumor cells, including mammary cancer, prostate cancer, endometrial carcinoma, ovarian cancer, colon carcinoma, leukemia, and hepatic carcinoma and gastric cancer. However, the anti-tumor mechanism of phytoestrogens is still unclear. The review summarizes the current research progress on the role phytoestrogens plays in cancer prevention and tumor resistance and its mechanism. In our view, phytoestrogens are potential candidates to prevent and treat tumor.

Applications and Prospects of Biotechnology in Military Food
HAO Li-min1,CHEN Qiang1,LU Ji-ke2,CAO Xiao-hong3,WANG Shuo3,LIU Jia-xi1,MU Jun1
2011, 32(1 ):  278-282.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101066
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This article reviews the application prospects of genetic engineering, cell engineering, enzyme engineering and fermentation engineering in military food. New materials and technology in military food derived from biotechnology mainly include ingredient feedstock for functional food, new type antiseptic materials, new packaging materials, food additives and rapid detection of military food safety. Biotechnology can improve food product quality and nutrition structure as well as overall performance, thus promoting the conversion of military food from nutritional type to functional type. Therefore, future military food will be developed creatively in the integration and coupling of biotechnology.

Research Progress of Edible Multi-modified Starches
XU Zhong,ZHAO Dan,WANG Duo,LIU Nan,WANG Hui,CHE Chun-bo,YANG Ping
2011, 32(1 ):  283-285.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101067
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Edible modified starches mainly function as thickening agents, gelatinizers, cohesive agents or stabilizers to substitute some expensive materials for manufacturing processed food products, reducing production cost, improving product quality and increasing economic profit. This paper introduces the current research situation of multi-modified starches at home and abroad, and proposes their development prospects.

Research Progress of Relationship between Intramuscular Collagen and Meat Quality
CHANG Hai-jun1,2,WANG Qiang3,XU Xing-lian2,ZHOU Guang-hong2
2011, 32(1 ):  286-290.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101068
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Intramuscular collagen is an important component for muscle tissue and a major composition of intramuscularly connective tissue. Collagen plays important roles in maintaining muscle structure, flexibility, strength and texture. The protein affecting meat tenderness is called background hardness (also basic hardness), and its effect on meat tenderness is mainly dependent on its content, thermal solubility and stability, cross-linking degree, and so on. Here, studies on the relationship between characteristics of intramuscular collagen and meat tenderness are summarized, and the future research direction is prospected.

Research Progress on Structures, Functional Characteristics of Steroidal Saponins in Asparagus officinalis L.
ZHANG Ruo-jie,WANG Lu-feng,XU Yong-xia,XU Xiao-yun,PAN Si-yi*
2011, 32(1 ):  291-296.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101069
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The methods for the extraction, separation, purification and structural identification of steroidal saponins in Asparagus officinalis L. are summarized in this paper. Meanwhile, current research achievements in their structural identification are also reviewed. The structures and biological properties of 27 kinds of known steroidal saponins are discussed in detail, which will provide a reference for future analysis and research.

Research Advance in the Effects of β-Cyclodextrin and Its Derivatives on Fluorescence Enhancement
ZHANG Min1,ZHANG Yu-hao1,2,MA Liang1,2,*
2011, 32(1 ):  297-301.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101070
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β-Cyclodextrin and its derivatives with special structures can enhance the fluorescence intensity of a variety of fluorescence materials, which can significantly improve the determination sensitivity in the fields of chemical industry, medicine and cosmetics. However, it was still at the elementary stage with unclear mechanisms in the detection of food. In this paper, the enhancement effect of β-cyclodextrin and its derivatives are analyzed and current problems in the evaluation of food safety are discussed, which will provide a promising research direction.

Research Progress in Physiological Characteristics and Gene Sequencing of Bile Salt Hydrolase from Lactic Acid Bacteria
ZHANG Hong-xing1,WANG Nian1,LIU Yong2,LIU Li1,TENG Guo-xin3,LIU Hui1,*
2011, 32(1 ):  302-305.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201101071
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Bile salt hydrolase is an enzyme found in in vivo or in vitro investigations on some lactic acid bacteria and also found in relevant products, and has the ability to reduce cholesterol in media and serum. The enzyme breaks the acyl bond between the amino acid group and the central group in steroid to release deconjugated bile acid. Solubility of deconjugated bile salts is lower than that of conjugated bile salts so that the deconjugated bile salts are hard to be absorbed in the intestinal tract and are the secreted in feces. Physiological characteristics and molecular biological information of bile salt hydrolase are reviewed in this paper, which will provide a reference for future studies.