Soluble eggshell membrane protein (SEP) prepared was subjected to spectral analysis, and the O2· radical scavenging activities of both SEP and its hydrolysates prepared by different enzymes were assayed by chemiluminescence method. SEP mainly consisted of collagen type I and the structure of collagen triple helices were remained according to the UV and FI-IR infrared spectral analysis. SEP and peptides derived from it both showed high O2·radical scavenging activity and the trypsin hydrolysate (TH) presented the highest activity of scavenging O2·radical, with an IC50 of 0.270 mg/ml.

Aloe has been used in Chinese traditional medicine for over two thousand of years. Polysaccharides as main active components in Aloe vera L. have aroused much interest. Aloe polysaccharide (AP-1) was extracted from fresh leaves of threeyear- old transgenic Aloe vera L. by cold ethanol precipitation. The amount of total carbohydrates in AP-1 was measured by phenolsulfuric acid method to be 57.3%. AP-1 was proved to be a mixture of acetylated β-D-pyranmannans and the molecular weight was within the range of 12900－13100 dalton detected by IR spectrometry analysis. The amount of total carbohydrates in AP- 2 was increased by 9.6% when compared with that in AP-1 after purification by Sevag method. Neutral polysaccharide (AP-3) and acidic polysaccharide (AP-4) were obtained from AP-2 by DEAE Sephadex A-25 and AP-5 and AP-6 were obtained from AP-3 by Sepharose CL-6B. The monosaccharide composition analysis indicated that AP-3 was structurally identified as a polymannan type polysaccharide and the bioactivity of AP-5 was deduced to be higher than that of AP-6.

The effect of trehalose and frozen storage on the composition of volatile flavor compounds in filling-containing frozen dough products with and without trehalose (PFFD) and filling-containing dough products with trehalose (PFD) were studied by solid phase micro-extraction (SPME)/GC-MS. A total of 73 compounds were identified and alcohols, alkenes, aldehydes, aromatic and heterocyclic compounds were important contributors to the flavor of products. Twenty-four compounds comprised approximately from 79% to 90% of the total peak area and ethanol, hexanal and 3-methyl-1-butanol were the three most abundant compounds. Trehalose-containing samples had several unique aroma compounds such as ethyl-benzene, benzaldehyde and 2-decenal. Frozen storage exhibited a very significant impact on primary volatile flavor compounds in the products from filling-containing frozen dough. After 35 days of frozen storage, the level of ethanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol rose remarkably while hexanal fell down.

Differences in the physio-chemical properties of slowly digestible starch (SDS) prepared from maize and waxy maize starch (WMS) were investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction, and Brabender viscometer. The data from SEM revealed that SDS granules were irregular and angular in shape and packing of starch granules was loose. The Xray diffraction patter showed significant alteration of SDS in comparison with native starch as well as the reduction in the crystallinity to 29.65%. The starch gelatinization of SDS was found to occur at 72.5 ℃ and the maximum viscosity reached 41 BU at 77.5 ℃. The starting gelatinization time of SDS was a little earlier than that of the native starch while the time required to reach the maximum viscosity was longer. Obvious polarized light cross was observed in native starch granules instead of SDS. The specific volume of SDS was reduced from 1.8 cm3/g of the origin starch to 1.25 cm3/g as well as the decrease of solubility from 14.78% to 1.36%. The transmittance and whiteness of SDS were found to be reduced from 12.2% of native starch to 1.63% and from 97.2 to 81.6, respectively.

The peptides derived from egg white proteins were fractionated on Sephadex G-25 gel filtration column and the fraction with the highest DPPH· radical scavenging activity was purified on Sephadex G-15 gel filtration column. A total of 7 fractions were obtained by Sephadex G-25 gel filtration chromatography and fraction 3 showed the highest antioxidant activity with a DPPH· radical scavenging rate of 63.80% at 3 mg/ml. Fraction 3 was further separated into 4 subfractions, among which, subfraction 3-1 and 3-2 showed higher DPPH radical scavenging activities and the DPPH radical scavenging rates at 3 mg/ml were 84.02% and 81.17%, respectively. According to RP-HPLC chromatogram subfraction 3-1 had a high homogeneous composition.

The chemical and physical characteristics of 6 local commercial varieties of tomato including lycopene content, total soluble solid, conversion per-mu yield, vitamin C content, ratio of sugar to titrimetric acid, firmness, a*/b* value, peeling and thickness of flesh were analyzed to comprehensively evaluate the suitability of these varieties for canned, concentrate and juice processing by grey correlative degree analysis. The results showed that the variety of Tunhe No.8 followed by Shifan No.27 was most suitable for tomato concentrate and juice processing due to the superior processing characteristics like high conversion permu yield, TSS, and lycopene content. Liger 87-5 was the most suitable variety according to the requirement stipulated in the Chinese national standard QB/T 1394-91 for whole canned tomato while Tunhe No.8 was the best among the 6 varieties for canned pieces tomato due to easy peeling.

The process of heat transfer during Chinese cooking was studied. The effects of cooking fire temperature, pot wall temperature and oil medium on the readiness of sliced pork loin were investigated. Significant interactions among these factors were observed. A single-factor experiment design combined with multi-factor experiment was adopted to optimize the optimum parameters for controlling heat transfer. A mathematical model was established to predict the response to the readiness of sliced pork loin.

Dietary fiber was prepared from wheat bran and the effects of ultrafine comminution and freeze-grinding on its physicochemical properties were studied. The results showed that the average particle sizes of ultrafine and freeze-ground dietary fibers were 20.861 and 13.382 μm, respectively. Ultrafine comminution and freeze-grinding both were able to increase content of soluble dietary fiber, swelling capacity and adsorption capacity of heavy metal ions while the ultrafine and freezeground dietary fibers displayed lower water- and oil-holding capacities. The cholesterol adsorption capacity was slightly reduced in while a slight increase in cation exchange capacity was observed. The freeze-ground fiber had better physicochemical properties than the ultrafine. X-ray diffraction patterns showed that ultrafine comminution and freeze-grinding did not alter the polymeric crystalline state of dietary fiber.

Qualities of 123 samples of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim and Zanthoxylum schinifolium Sieb. et Zucc from different areas of China were investigated and the color difference was measured using a colorimeter and the contents of volatile oil and numb-taste components were determined by HPLC. The quality difference and correlation of samples of the two Zanthoxylum varieties were analyzed based on DPS. The results showed the coefficient of variation of volatile oil and numb-taste components were both lower than 5% and the contents of volatile oil in Zanthoxylum schinifolium Sieb. et Zucc and Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim were 5.278 ml/100 g and 2.211 ml/100 g, respectively while the contents of numb-taste components were 14. 797 mg/g and 9.390 mg/g, separately. There were not significant correlations between the content of volatile oil or the content of numb-taste components and the four color characteristics (ΔL, ΔA, ΔB, and ΔE) for both Zanthoxylum schinifolium Sieb. et Zucc and Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. However, a significant correlation (P ≤ 0.01) was observed between the contents of volatile oil and numb-taste components in Zanthoxylum schinifolium Sieb. et Zucc while no correlation was found in Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. Samples of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim from different areas showed significant difference in the content of volatile oil, but not in the content of numb-taste components while samples of Zanthoxylum schinifolium Sieb. et Zucc from different areas showed significant differences both in the contents of volatile oil and numb-taste components.

The corn silks were ground by ultrafine comminution and the effect of particle size on physical properties of corn silk powder such as expansibility, water-holding capacity, water retention capacity and lipid adsorption capacity were studied. The results indicated the corn silk powder with a particle size of 0.147 mm (100 mesh) demonstrated the highest expansibility, water retention capacity and lipid adsorption capacity.

The aim of this study was to develop soy protein isolate (SPI) edible films that can be used as food refreshing materials. The SPI edible films modified by different concentrations of glycerol and oleic acid (OA) were prepared. The film-forming dispersions were characterized in terms of the group changes by FT-IR analysis. The appearance, tension strength (TS), water vapor permeability (WVP), optical properties, peroxide value (POV) and contact angle of different films were evaluated. The addition of OA promoted changes in the arrangement of groups on the surfaces of film-forming dispersion (FFD) particles. Microstructure analyses indicated that the OA-treated SPI films had a rougher surface. As regards the film properties, the addition of OA caused a decrease in TS and WVP. The mechanical and optical properties of the films were closely related with their microstructure. In addition, both pH value and temperature had direct effects on the film-forming features of FFD.

Pulsed pressure caused by the continuous high-pressure jet of reciprocating pump was applied to treat raw milk for sterilization. The effects of feed temperature, pressure and treatment time on the activity of lactoperoxidase in raw milk were investigated by single-factor and quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design methods. When raw milk was pressurized at 40－ 80 MPa for 4 min at 35 ℃, the activity of lactoperoxidase elevated significantly. While at the same temperature, pressure treatment at 60 MPa for 2－8 min led to sustained marked decline of the activity of lactoperoxidase (P ＜ 0.05). The highest activity of lactoperoxidase was attained by instantaneous 20 MPa pressure treatment at 45 ℃. The significant sequence of the three factors affecting the activity of lactoperoxidase (Y) was as follows: feed temperature (A) > pressure (B) > treatment time (C) and all these factors had a significant interaction effect, which could be described by a regression equation: Y = 62.70－9.43A2－7.96B2 + 3.44C2.

The atmospheric pollution of Urumqi city is being a serious problem due to the expansion of industrial area, increasing number of vehicles and population density. We analyzed 8 trace elements including Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, K, Mg, Ca and Na in 6 lichen species collected from non-polluted areas of August First forest farm by inductively couple plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The results showed that different species of lichen had different accumulation capacities to the same elements and even the same variety of lichen showed various accumulation abilities to various trace elements. It is suggested that the lichen species of Xanthoria elegans (Link) Th. Fr. can be used as a bio-indicator in monitoring of heavy metals pollution.

Anthraquinone pigments were extracted from Polygonum multiflorum Thunb., a traditional Chinese herb, with absolute ethanol. The factors involved with the stability of the anthraquinones pigments were discussed including light, temperature, pH, oxidants, reducing agents, food additives and metal ions. Obvious damage effects were observed on the anthraquinones pigments by temperature, light, oxidants, and Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ metal ions while reducing agent, citric acid, sugar, sodium benzoate, and Al3+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ metal ions exhibited protective effects.

Rheological properties of wall materials have a direct impact on the efficiency of microencapsulation. In order to provide a theoretical basis for the application of microencapsulation in the field of fluid bed technology, the static and dynamic rheological characteristics of wall materials used to prepare microencapsulated garlic powder were determined. The apparent viscosity with different concentrations of ethyl cellulose (EC), cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) as well as the addition of polyethylene glycol solution were measured separately using AR1000 rheometer and the dynamic rheological properties of CAP wall material added with polyethylene glycol were studied. Our results suggest that EC solution and CAP solution both belong to kinds of shear-thinning pseudoplastic fluid. Both 3 % EC solution and 10 % CAP solution had low viscosity so as to meet the technological requirements for microencapsulation. With the increase in amount of added PEG, both the energy storage module (G ') and loss modulus (G ") displayed a downward trend. The apparent viscosity of CAP solution with PEG was further reduced, which was favorable to increase the embedding effect of garlic powder.

The antioxidant activity in vitro of total saponins from dried ripe fruits of Gardenia jasminoides was comprehensively evaluated in terms of the, ·OH and O2· radicals scavenging activities and the protection effect against Cu2+-induced LDL oxidative modification. Saponins were obtained using petroleum ether by soxhlet extraction and then subjected to purification with cation exchange column followed by D1400 macroporous resin. Total saponins from Gardenia jasminoides fruits exhibited strong antioxidant activity against free radicals of O2· and ·OH and significantly inhibited Cu2+ induced LDL oxidation in a concentration-dependent manner.

The interaction between fenthion and calf thymus DNA in physiological buffer (pH 7.4) was investigated by UVvis spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, viscosity measurement, salt effect, phosphate effect and KI fluorescence quenching effect. The fluorescence intensity of fenthion was significantly reduced with the addition of DNA. The binding constant and number of binding sites of fenthion with DNA were calculated as being 1.14×104 L/mol and 0.958, respectively. There were no obvious fluorescence quenching effect found on the emission peak of DNA-ethidium bromide (EB) system when fenthion was added, suggesting that there is no competition for DNA binding between fenthion and EB. Neither the relative viscosity of DNA nor the fluorescence intensity of fenthion and fenthion-DNA showed significant changes with the addition of fenthion and sodium chloride. The quenching effect of I― on the fluorescence intensity of fenthion was increased in the presence of DNA. Based on the above results, it can be inferred that fenthion and DNA interact in a groove-binding mode.

The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and DPPH· scavenging activity of plum fermented wine were measured using chemical simulation system. A HPLC method was developed for the determination of content of lyoniresinol in plum fermented wine. The HPLC separation was preformed on a XDB-C18 (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm) at 30 ℃ using a mobile phase composed of a mixture of methanol and water (25:75, V/V) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min, and lyoniresinol was detected at 202 nm. The IC50 of scavenging DPPH· radicals was 2.84% and the TAC was measured as being (18.785 ± 0.722) mmol/ml by FARP method. The lyoniresinol content was 0.772 mg/L. In general plum fermented wine has stronger antioxidant activity.

The effects of shear velocity, normal stress and moisture content on the measurement of angle of internal friction of wheat, paddy and corn were investigated by single-factor method. A shear velocity of 5.20 mm/min was found to be the best for the measurement of angle of internal friction. The angles of internal friction of wheat, paddy and corn all declined with the increase in normal stress and shear velocity. An upward trend of angle of internal friction was found in both wheat and corn as the moisture content went up, which, however, appeared to have little influence on the angle of internal friction of paddy. Four mathematical models describing the relationships of angle of internal friction with normal stress, shear velocity and moisture content were developed for each of the grains.

This study investigated the radical scavenging activity including·OH, H2O2, NO2, and O2· and reducing power of five brands of commercial grape wines made in China by spectrophotometry. All the brands of grape wines had varying radical scavenging activities and reducing powers. The activities of scavenging ·OH and O2· radicals and the reducing power were significantly positively correlated to the procyanidin content, respectively while no significant correlation of the procyanidin content was found to the scavenging activities to NO2 and O2· radicals. This might be due to the synergetic effect of procyanidins and other phytochemicals contained in grape wines and further studies need to be done to make clear the mechanisms of radical scavenging activity of grape wines.

Total polysaccharides extracted from seedlings of Dendrobium huoshanense C.Z. Tang et S.J. Cheng were subjected to a sequential precipitation with ethanol at 40%, 50%, 60% and 80% to obtain four fractions of S1, S2, S3 and S4. The antioxidant activities of both the total polysaccharides and four polysaccharide fractions were evaluated in vitro by radical scavenging assay such as O2·, H2O2 and ·OH, reducing power, anti-lipid peroxidation induced by Fe2+-VC and anti-erythrocyte hemolysis induced by H2O2 assays. The four fractions exhibited different antioxidant activities, and among them fraction S1 with the highest relative molecular mass had the strongest scavenging activities to H2O2 and ·OH radicals with IC50 values of 0.15 mg/ml and 1.81 mg/ml, respectively and the highest reducing power and anti-lipid peroxidation induced by Fe2+-VC which reached 0.312 at 1 mg/ml and 45.67% at 0.5 mg/ml, respectively. The results showed that the antioxidant potential of polysaccharides from Dendrobium huoshanense is presumably related to their relative molecular mass.

The in vitro assimilation of resistant starch (RS) and normal starch of wheat, corn and sweet potato was investigated using NMR and MRI. A more remarkable decreasing tendency of T22 and a more remarkable increasing tendency of T23 were observed in normal starch in comparison with RS. NMR presents obvious advantages in studying water mobility and distribution to account for the interactions among components in a food system. In addition, RS was more resistant to in vivo digestion than normal starch.

The polysaccharide PMEP-1 was isolated from Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers. through hot-water extraction and subjected to Sevag deprotein, dialysis, ethanol precipitation, DEAE-52 cellulose ion-exchange column chromatographic analysis and Sephadex G-100 column chromatographic analysis. This polysaccharide was found to be highly homogeneous with a relative molecular mass of 43600 and a specific rotation of +257.0 (C = 0.001, H2O) and the yield reached 1.58%. The chemical structure of PMEP-1 was analyzed by chemical methods (including partial hydrolysis with acid, methylation reaction, periodate oxidation, and Smith degradation) and instrument analysis methods (using IR, GC-MS, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR). The polysaccharide PMEP-1 was found to be composed of Ara, Man, Glc and Gal with a molar ratio of 1: 2.37: 4.79: 3.09 and be a complex heteropolysaccharide with highly ramified structure, whose main chain was formed by a mixing linkage of α-1,4-glucose, α-1, 6-galactose, α-1,2-mannose and α-1,5-arabose and whose side chains were attached at α-1,2,6-mannose, α-1,4,6-glucose and α-1,2,6-galactose.

The adsorption properties of polysaccharides from Morinda officinalis (MOP) onto an ion exchange adsorbent, DEAE Sepharose CL-6B, were studied. The effects of pH and ion strength on equilibrium adsorption capacity, isotherm and dynamic curve were discussed by static adsorption experiments. The equilibrium adsorption data obtained could be described well by the Langmuir isotherm equation with high correlation coefficients, suggesting the presence of monomolecular adsorption. The fitted curves could visually demonstrate the influences of pH and ion strength on MOP adsorption onto DEAE Sepharose CL-6B. This adsorbent exhibited better adsorption performance to MOP under higher pH and lower ion strength of buffer solution.

Fresh daylily flowers were processed into powder by the following procedures of blanching, drying and comminution, and the powder was extracted with different solvents. The suppression effects of daylily flower extracts on nitrosation were evaluated in terms of the nitrite scavenging activity and nitrosamine synthesis inhibiting activity determined by spectrophotometric method. The 70% methanol extract of daylily flower obtained by the water bath extraction for 0.5 h in an ultrasonic filed had high nitrite scavenging activity and nitrosamine synthesis inhibiting activity, reaching 66.9% and 54.7%, respectively. The nitrite scavenging activity and nitrosamine synthesis inhibiting activity of daylily flower varied slightly during fridge storage. Among four cultivars (Mengzihua, Baihua, Xiye and Daogan) of daylily flowers, Daogan had the highest nitrite scavenging activity and nitrosamine synthesis inhibiting activity and Xiye the lowest. Stream blanching treatment could maintain higher nitrosamine synthesis inhibiting activity than boiling water blanching treatment, although daylily flowers treated by them both had lower nitrosamine synthesis inhibiting activity than unblanched ones. A highest nitrosamine synthesis inhibiting activity was found in freeze-dried daylily flowers in comparison with sunlight-dried ones followed by hot air-dried ones. In general daylily flowers possess some nitrosamine synthesis inhibiting activity which is affected by cultivars and blanching, drying and cool storage treatments.

Aqueous extract of Dictyophora echinovolvata fruitbody was prepared by boiling water extraction and its antibacterial activity against 5 species of common food-borne pathogenic bacteria was investigated by agar diffusion plate method. Additionally, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and thermal stability as well as antibacterial pH range of this extract were also analyzed. The extract of Dictyophora echinovolvata fruitbody displayed the highest inhibitory effect against Vibrio parahaemolyticus, followed by Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7 while no significant bacteriostatic effects were observed on Salmonella enteritidis and Staphylococcus aureus. This extract possessed quite lower MIC values, wide antibacterial pH range and the strong thermal stability.

Enteromorpha prolifera (Muell.) J.Ag. (EP) was extracted with a mixture chloroform and methanol (1:1) in a Soxhlet extractor, and then dispersed in water and partitioned with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and n-butanol successively. The antioxidant activity (AA) of both chloroform-methanol extract and its four fractions including petroleum ether fraction (PEF), ethyl acetate fraction (EAF), n-butanol fraction (BF) and aqueous residue (AR) was evaluated by TBARS and Schaal methods, and compared with that of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and gallic acid (GA). Fraction BF exhibited higher inhibition activity on linoleic acid peroxidation than GA at 0.4, 2, 10 and 50 μg /ml and than BHT at 0.4, 2 and 10 μg /ml while lower inhibition activity on lard peroxidation than BHT at the same concentration levels tested.

A polysaccharide from Chinese pine pollen was obtained through hot water extraction, ethanol precipitation, Sevag deproteinization and Sephadex G-100 chromatography and was analyzed structurally by IR spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy and gas chromatography (GC). The polysaccharide was highly heterogeneous and was mainly composed of rhamnose arabinose, xylose,mannose,glucose and galactose. Besides, GC analysis revealed that the polysaccharide contained an unknown monosaccharide with a small peak area suggesting low content. No characteristic absorption of nucleic acid or protein in the polysaccharide was observed in its UV-vis spectrum and it exhibited characteristic IR absorption of polysaccharide.

Two natural yellow pigments were extracted from acid and sweet pomegranate rinds with ethanol, respectively and their stability was analyzed under different conditions. The two pigments both had good water solubility, thermoresistance, light resistance and oxidation resistance with a maximum absorption at 370 nm were found to be stable in acidic and basic media and in the presence of food additives (NaCl, citric acid and sucrose). Metallic ions such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Co2+ and Zn2+ were favorable to color maintenance of the two pigments while reductant (Na2SO3) and Fe3+ displayed negative effect on the stability. Acid and sweet pomegranate rinds are abundant, cheap, and natural resources for the production of yellow pigments that can be used as food additives and colorants.

The relaxation characteristics of dough with addition of different types of resistant starches (RS) were investigated by low field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of dough was not related to RS type. However, with the increase of RS content, the Tg slightly increased. Therefore the storage at temperature below Tg may be beneficial to prolong the shelf life of dough.

Low field (0.01 to 0.5 Tesla) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) instrument has spread out its applications in many fields such as food manufacture, petroleum industry,agriculture, matireal research and so on because of its low cost and easy maintenance. For the purpose of explaining the dynamic water absorbing process of mung beans from a new point of view, lowfield NMR technology was adopted in this study. Mung beans were immersed in watre and taken out every 0.5 hfor the testing of FID signal and T2 relaxation time and every 1 h for the NMR imaging. The water absorption of mung beans has a quick rise after 3 hours and enters into a stable period after 5.5 hours. There are three states of water in the mung beans including capillary water T21, free water T22 and bound water T23. Capillary water T21 exhibited a wave-like movements change and free water T22 and bound water T23 had a similar change: stable-rising-stable. Free water as a good solvent participates in different types of biochemical reaction and therefore the increase of proton density value (signal value) of free water was the biggest. The NRM images showed that the watrer absorbing of mung bean was started hilum. Our study results prove that low-field NMR technology also can be applied in the studies of seed immersion of other grains.

We investigated the enzymatic hydrolysis of buckwheat albumin to produce antioxidant peptides. In order to obtain the highest degree of hydrolysis (DH) and O2· scavenging activity of buckwheat albumin hydrolysates, an optimal enzyme was screened from alkaline protease, trypsin and papain, and the parameters of hydrolysis catalyzed by screened enzyme were optimized by single-factor method and orthogonal array design. Subsequently, the buckwheat albumin hydrolysates were separated by Sephadex G-25 column chromatography, and fractions obtained were analyzed for their molecular weight and O2·, ·OH and DPPH· scavenging activities. Higher DH and O2· scavenging activity of buckwheat albumin hydrolysate were achieved using alkaline protease in comparison with other two enzymes. The optimal parameters for improved hydrolysis of buckwheat albumin by alkaline protease were determined as follows: temperature 50 ℃, pH 10, substrate concentration 20 g/L, enzyme concentration 10% and hydrolysis time 2 h, and the DH reached 17.57% and the O2· scavenging ratio was 37.06% under these conditions. Two fractions, namely fractions Ⅰ and Ⅱ, were obtained from the hydrolysates, whose molecular weights were 20.89 – 204.2 kD and 219 – 691 D, respectively. The O2·, ·OH and DPPH· scavenging activities of fractionsⅠand Ⅱwere all higher than those of the hydrolysates and higher activities of scavenging the three free radicals were found in fraction Ⅱ when compared with fraction Ⅰ. The radical scavenging efficiency of fractionⅡ decreased in the following order of O2·＞·OH ＞ DPPH· and the IC50s were 0.072, 0.19 and 0.32 mg/ml, respectively.

PCR inhibitory substances in the genomic DNA extracted from brown rice, polished rice and rice bran were analyzed and the inhibition mechanisms were explored. PCR inhibitors were mainly observed in rice bran. Indirect evidence also proved that PCR reaction was inhibited via the inhibition of Taq polymerase. PAGE and EMSA analysis revealed that macromolecules may not be the PCR inhibitors in rice.

To obtain high degree of hydrolysis (DH) and concentration of amino acid nitrogen, we optimized the hydrolysis catalyzed by alkaline protease of ground whole tilapia. The effects of three crucial variables including temperature, pH and hydrolysis time on the hydrolysis were investigated by single-factor method while the effects of dosage of enzyme and protein concentration were analyzed by response surface methodology (RSM) where the interaction between the two factors was also considered. Under the optimized conditions including dosage of alkaline protease 23740 U/g protein, protein concentration 2.76%, 55 ℃, pH 7.5 for a hydrolysis of 8 h, a concentration of amino acid nitrogen of 1.43 mg/ml and a DH of 33.35% were achieved, and the total volatile basic nitrogen reached 0.034 mg/ml.

Enzymolysis was applied to prepare antibacterial peptides from Tenebrio molitor protein. Tenebrio molitor protein was hydrolyzed with eight proteases respectively and among them trypsin was found to have the best comprehensive performance confirmed by the antibacterial activity and SDS pattern of corresponding hydrolysates as well as peptide concentration in their solution. The trypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of Tenebrio molitor protein was optimized to attain the highest antibacterial activity using response surface design and a regression model for antibacterial activity as a function of substrate concentration, enzyme dose and hydrolysis duration were built up. Under optimized conditions: substrate concentration 11.84%, enzyme dose 4.05‰, pH 8.5 and temperature 40 ℃ for a hydrolysis duration of 5.86 h, the actual diameter of antibacterial circle of hydrolysates reached 16.54 mm, close to the predicted value of 16.98 mm.

A novel β-glucosidase-producing Bacillus strain ZL-110 was isolated from basic soil. The taxonomic position of this bacterium was investigated on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Comparative computer database analyses revealed that the bacterium is a Bacillus subtilis strain. Based on the alignment of 16S rRNA sequences, we concluded that the novel B. subtilis strain ZL-110 is most closely related to the B. subtilis reference strain M01. SDS-PAGE analysis indicated that this β- glucosidase has a MW of 43 kD. When salicin was used as a substrate, the optimum reaction conditions for this enzyme were pH 7.0 and 50 ℃. In addition, this neutral enzyme demonstrated excellent thermostability.

Twenty chitosanase-producing bacterium strains were isolated from Lianyungang seaside. Among them strain S-1 had the highest chitosanase-producing capacity and was identified as Bacillus sp. based on its morphological, physiological and biochemical properties as well as 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Single-factor method and orthogonal array design were adopted to optimize the medium composition and fermentation parameters to maximize chitosanase activity, respectively. The optimal medium for enzyme production consisted of 15 g/L shrimp- and crab-shell powder, 10 g/L NH4NO3, 3 g/L yeast extract, 1.4 g/L K2HPO4·3H2O, 5 g/L NaCl,1.4 g/L MgSO4·7H2O and 1 g/L glucose at an initial pH of 6.0 and the optimal filling volume was 100 ml in 500 ml flask. After cultivation at 32 ℃ for 72 h, the maximal chitosanase activity was observed to be 6.4 U/ml. This strain has promising potential in the industrial production of chitosanase.

Three different commercial cellulase preparations were used to prepare complex enzyme to increase the hydrolysis efficiency of cellulase. The formulation of cellulose complex was optimized by mixture design to attain the maximum concentration of reduced sugar in hydrolysate solution and a mathematical model describing the relationship of concentration of reduced sugar with volumes of mixed cellulases was developed. A mixture of Zesheng cellulase and Genencor cellulase at a volume ratio of 1:1 resulted in the maximum hydrolysis efficiency higher than that of individual cellulase by 39.5%. Mixture design is available for the optimization of cellulase complex formulation.

Mycobacterium sp.BD 696-6, a mutant strain of Mycobacterium sp.BD 696-6 that can effectively convert sterols into androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (AD), was immobilized by entrapment in calcium alginate gel capsules. AD was produced from rapeseed sterols by the fermentation of immobilized Mycobacterium sp.BD 696-6. The effects of initial pH of fermentation medium, temperature, substrate concentration and fermentation time on AD yield were investigated by sing-factor method. In addition, the storage stability and repeated usability of immobilized Mycobacterium sp.BD 696-6 were evaluated and gel capsules embedding Mycobacterium sp.BD 696-6 cells after fermentation were observed under scanning electron microscopy. An AD yield of more than 78% was obtained by the fermentation under substrate concentration 0.5%, initial pH 8.5 and temperature 32 ℃ for 144 h which was shortened by 24 h when compared with the fermentation time of free cell. Immobilized Mycobacterium sp. BD696-6 showed excellent storage stability and after used repeatedly 9 times its mechanical strength and AD conversion capacity had no marked decrease. SEM images revealed that the nutrients for calcium alginate-immobilized Mycobacterium sp. BD 696-6 could be freely transported.

A strain of Rhodotorula sp. was mutagenized with UV radiation and the mutant stain was adopted to produce carotenoid. The effects of glucose concentration and initial pH of fermentation medium, temperature and fermentation time on carotenoid production were investigated by single-factor method. An orthogonal array design leading to a set of 9 combinations of the four variables was conducted to attain the highest carotenoid yield. The UV mutagenization for 30 s resulting in about 80% mutation rate was chosen to obtain high-yield carotenoid-producing mutant strains. The optimal conditions for improved carotenoid production was determined as follows: glucose concentration 2.5%, initial pH 5.0, temperature 28 ℃, and fermentation time 120 h. Under these conditions, the carotenoid yield was found to reach 11.61 mg/L, higher than that by starting stain.

The isolation and culture conditions of endophytes from branch and leaves of Pseudolarix kaempferi Gord. were investigated. Plant materials were sterilized by surface treatment with 75% ethanol, sodium hypochlorite solution and sterilized water. The optimal surface sterilization intensity for isolating endophytes was determined in a progressive decrease way with biological safety cabinet sterilization detection control, washing liquid sterilization detection control and tissue blotting sterilization detection control. The effects of three various media on isolation of endophytes were compared. A short-time sterilization with high concentration sodium hypochlorite solution was more suitable for the isolation of endophytes than a long-time sterilization with low concentration. The growth of fast-growing endophytes was inhibited in a 10% PDA medium supplemented with potassium benzylpenicillin and streptomycin sulfate at 22 ℃ and thus slow-growing ones could obtain some growing space, which was beneficial to maximize the separation of endophytes. The accuracy of isolation of endophytes was guaranteed by the setting of three detection controls.

The selenium tolerance of Bifidobacterium animalis 01 isolated from feces of long-life persons living in Bama area of Guangxi in China was investigated and the conditions for selenium enrichment in this strain were optimized by single-factor and orthogonal array methods. The maximum concentration of selenium in the culture medium was 12 μg/ml for Bifidobacterium animalis 01. The optimal conditions for selenium enrichment in Bifidobacterium animalis 01 were determined as follows: Se(Ⅳ) concentration 8 μg/ml, inoculation amount 5%, adding selenium to the medium at the 6th h of culture, and culture time 48 h. Under these conditions, the selenium content in Bifidobacterium animalis 01reached (898 ± 74) μg/g and the conversion rate of selenium was (28.1 ± 2.4)%.

Preparation, regeneration, UV mutagenization of Ganoderma lucidum protoplast were studied to obtain high-yield strains producing organogemanium. Under optimized conditions for the preparation and regeneration of Ganoderma lucidum protoplast including cell age 96 h, lywallzyme concentration 2%, glusulase concentration 1%, cellulase concentration 1%, and temperature 31 ℃for an enzymolysis duration of 2 h, the protoplast yield and regeneration rate were found to be 4.33 × 106 protoplasts/ml and 0.00275%, respectively. When Ganoderma lucidum protoplast was irradiated for 30 s with 15 W ultraviolet lamp 30 cm away from it, the lethality was 66.7% and three high-yield strains were obtained after two passages, the organogemanium contents in whose dried mycelia were higher than that of starting strain by 113.58%, 105.87% and 103.86% separately.

The high-copy-number plasmid PBJPIM, containing the S.aureofuscus PimM gene under the promoter PermE , was constructed. This fragment was ligated with pSET152, resulting in plasmid PBJPIM, and the plasmid PBIPIM was introduced into wild-type S.aureofuscus SYAU0709 via E.coli — Streptomyces aureofuscus conjugation. The aureofuscin yield was found to be increased by 3 — 4 times in some transformants when compared with that in the strain SYAU0709. Our study demonstrates that PimM gene can promote aureofuscin biosynthesis and the recombinant strains obtained have highly stable heritage.

The effects of Astragalus polysaccharide on serum lipid profile in 101 volunteers only with dyslipidemia (67 men and 34 women) were studied. The subjects were randomized into placebo control group and test group in a double-blind way administered with 3 g of Astragalus polysaccharide mastication tablet orally per day for 45 days. The venous blood was collected before and two months after administration of Astragalus polysaccharide, and the biochemical indexes were assayed and the reduction or increase efficiency of functional indexes (i.e., total cholesterol, triglyceride, and high density lipoprotein) and the total hypolipidemic efficiency were measured. The experimental results demonstrate that Astragalus polysaccharide has auxiliary effect on reducing serum total cholesterol without any adverse effects on subjects’health.

To understand the immunoregulatory function of lactoferricin, its effects on spleen index, thymus index, cellular immune response, humoral immune function and phagocytic function of mononuclear macrophage in mice with low immunity were investigated. In the present study, animal model with low immunity was established by administering Balb/c mice with cyclophosphamide (CY) by intraperitoneal injection and the mice were administered by gavage with different doses of lactoferrcin (400, 40, and 4 μg/ml). Our study demonstrates that the administration dose of lactoferricin of 40 μg/ml has positive effects on all of the aforementioned indexes, suggesting that lactoferricin is able to enhance the immunoregulatory function in a dosedependent manner.

Objective: To explore the effect of Ciwujia glycosides on D-galactose-induced subacute intoxicating rats. Methods: Subacute intoxication models of rats were constructed by administering them with 100 mg/(kg bw·d) of D-galactose through intraperitoneal injection. Healthy SD rates were randomly divided into 5 groups of 8 rate each (half female and half male): control group, subacute intoxication model group, and low-, medium- and high-dose-treated groups administered with 3.6, 7.2, and 14.4 g/(kg bw·d) of Ciwujia glycosides by gavage, respectively. After continued administration for 8 weeks, all the rats were sacrificed, and then the thymus index and spleen index were measured and the proliferation capability of T lymphocyte, tissue SOD activity and MDA concentration, and serum interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations were assayed. Results: Pronounced rises in thymus index, proliferation capability of T lymphocyte, tissue SOD activity and serum IL-2 concentration and falls in tissue MDA concentration and serum IL-6 concentration were observed in Ciwujia glycosides-treated rats in comparison with subacute intoxicating ones. Conclusion: Ciwujia glycosides can effectively scavenge free radicals and improve the immune system in D-galactose induced subacute intoxicating rats.

Cape Jasmine Fruit was extracted with 75% ethanol in a 27.0 kHz ultrasonic field, and the extract was defatted by extraction with petroleum ether and purified by extraction with ethyl acetate followed by water saturated n-butanol. Finally, geniposide and gardenia yellow were separated from the extract by preparative HPLC. The effects of the geniposide and gardenia yellow obtained on sleep latency period and sleep time of mice were investigated to evaluate their sedative activities. Healthy ICR mice were randomly divided into six treatment groups including geniposide-low (65 mg/kg bw), geniposide-medium (650 mg/kg bw), geniposide-high (1950 mg/kg bw), gardenia yellow-low (30 mg/kg bw), gardenia yellow-medium (300 mg/kg bw), gardenia yellow-high (900 mg/kg bw) groups and one control group (administered with distilled water). All the mice were administered by gavage for 28 days. The sleep latency periods of the gardenia yellow-low, gardenia yellow -medium and gardenia yellow-high groups were shorter than those of the control group by 18.2% (P < 0.05), 21.4% (P < 0.01) and 26.2% (P < 0.01), respectively. Meanwhile, the sleep time was also prolonged by 32.4% (P < 0.05), 48.1% (P < 0.01) and 52.4% (P < 0.01), respectively. These results demonstrate that the gardenia yellow from Cape Jasmine Fruit possesses potent sedative activity.

In order to provide scientific reference for the safety assurance of storage and consumption of milk powder, the factors affecting survival of Citrobacter freundii in milk powder contaminated by it artificially were explored including cool storage at 4 ℃, freezing storage at －18 ℃, temperature of water for dissolving milk powder, D value of standard culture, water activity (aw) and pH. The results showed that at the 15th week of cool storage, the CFU of Citrobacter freundii declined to one tenth of the value before storage, that is, D4℃ was 15 w, and mould was observed to grow at the 18th week. culture at 4 ℃. Freezing storage caused a slight decline in the colony of C.freundii. However, a significant reduction in colony of C.freundii. was found when the water temperature was higher than 55 ℃. The D55 ℃ and D60 ℃ were 70 and 7 s, respectively. At aw≤ 0.76, the higher the aw was, the bigger the reduction in CFU of this bacterium was within the extended storage and a converse pattern was observed at aw ≥ 0.75. The pH range of 3.5－9.5 was optimum for the growth of C.freundii. In summary, newly packaged milk powder is suitable for preservation at room temperature for a short period of time and the milk powder should not be preserved for more than 18 w at refrigerate temperature after being opened. The safe central temperature for dissolving milk powder is 60 ℃.

The effects of L-theanine on barbiturate-induced sleeping time, subthreshold barbiturate-induced sleeping time and barbiturate-induced sleeping latency period in mice were investigate. Healthy ICR mice were randomly divided into four groups of 12 mice each: control group fed with distilled water and three treatment groups fed L-theanine at low-, medium-, and highdoses of 50,100 and 200 mg/(kg bw·d). for 30 days. L-Theanine was able to improve sleep function of mice to a certain extent and the best effect was found in the medium-dose-treated mice. However, no direct hypnotic effect of L-theanine was observed while it was able to prolong the sleeping time induced by pentobarbital sodium [that of the medium-dose-treated mice reached (40.3 ± 26.0) min] and to enhance the sleeping rate induced by barbital sodium at the threshold dose (that of the medium-dosetreated mice reached 33.3%). L-Theanine also could significantly decrease (P ＜ 0.05) the sleeping latency period induced by barbital sodium [that of the medium-dose-treated mice reached (30.32 ± 4.8) min].

Figwort root, the dried root of Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl, is a traditional Chinese medicinal material, which has been widely used for clinical purposes due to its functions of cooling blood, nourishing Yin, purging pathogenic fire and detoxicating. This study aimed at making clear whether the polysaccharide from figwort root has antifatigue effect. A total of 90 Kunming male mice were randomly divided into five groups: sedentary control group of 10 mice, swimming control group of 20 mice orally administered with normal saline, and three swimming model groups of 20 mice each orally administered with high, medium and low doses of the polysaccharide from figwort root, respectively. After 30 min weight-loaded swimming training every day for three weeks, the exhaustive swimming time of mice was measure and the blood sugar, muscle glycogen, liver glycogen and blood lactic acid were assayed. Obvious increases in the contents of muscle glycogen and liver glycogen were observed in medium and low-dose polysaccharide-administered swimming model mice in comparison with swimming control group, accompanied with sharp reduction of accumulation of the blood lactic acid and marked prolongation of the exhaustive swimming time, but the blood sugar remained constant. This study showed that the polysaccharide from figwort root has a certain antifatigue effect.

Objective: To study the neuroprotective effect of polysaccharide of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz on focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion in rats. Methods: Rats were subjected to 1 h middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) using an intraluminal nylon filament followed by 24 h reperfusion. Twenty-eight male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham group, reperfusion group, distilled water group and polysaccharide of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz group. The neurological deficit score was determined and the contents of water and total sodium, potassium were detected and pathological changes were observed in the ischemic brain tissues. Results and the neurological deficit scores in Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz group were significantly lower than those in reperfusion group and distilled water group (P＜0.05). The injured neurons in Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz group were significantly fewer than those in reperfusion group and distilled water group (P ＜0.01). The contents of water and total sodium in Polysaccharide of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz group were significantly lower than those in reperfusion group and distilled water group (P＜0.01). The total potassium in polysaccharide of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz group was significantly higher than that in reperfusion group and distilled water group (P ＜ 0.01). Conclusion: polysaccharide of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz can show neuroprotective effect on focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion via alleviating brain edema, decreasing injured neurons and improving neurologic impairment.

The dried mycelia of Diasporangium sp. recombinant strain D-A1 which was a hybrid of Aspergillus niger and Diasporangium sp. obtained by genome shuffling was analyzed for their general nutritional ingredient and their regulation effect on blood lipids and prevention effect on atherosclerosis in mice were studied. The dried mycelia of the recombinant strain D-A1 contained 15.21% protein and 30.34% lipid of which arachidonic acid accounted for 16.75%. Obvious preventions in ascension of total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) were found in high-fat model mice fed 1.2 g/kg of the dried mycelia of the recombinant strain D-A1 for 35 days. The low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level of mycelia powder-fed group was reduced by 70.94% when compared with that of the high-fat diet model group, while the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level was found to be enhanced by 42.58%. The mycelia powder of Diasporangium sp. recombinant strain D-A1 has a high nutritional value, which can prevent hyperlipemia effectively, and exhibits remarkable regulation actions to the blood lipid metabolism disorder of mice.

This study investigated the hypoglycemic effect of polysaccharide extracted from fruit body of Pleurotus citrinopileats on diabetic mice to provide theoretical reference to the development of functional food or natural drug can reduce blood glucose. Mouse models of diabetes were constructed by administering alloxan to mice through intraperitoneal injection. Pleurotus citrinopileats polysaccharide at doses of 100 and 400 mg/kg bw was given to the diabetic mice by intragastric administration for 30 d, and low- and high-dose polysaccharide treated groups were obtained. At the same time, 100 mg/kg bw of glybenzoylamide was given to the diabetic mice which were recognized as drug-treated group, and normal control group and Pleurotus citrinopileats polysaccharide control group given dose of 400 mg/kg bw were also constructed. The fasting blood glucose level and glucose tolerance capacity were determined at appointed time and the contents of saccharified hemoglobin and liver glycogen in sacrificed mice were assayed. After the diabetic mice were treated for 30 d with Pleurotus citrinopileats polysaccharide, the clinical symptoms of diabetes were obviously improved when compared with those of diabetes model group, the fasting blood sugar level and area under the blood glucose curve were significantly decreased (P < 0.01), and the contents of GHB and liver glycogen came back to the normal level. Moreover no significant changes in blood glucose index were found in Pleurotus citrinopileats polysaccharide control group in comparison with normal control group.

Oat β-glucan, a kind of functional factor with high quality, has aroused increasing interest of research in its high application value and bright development future. This paper summarizes the current research advances in β-glucan including molecular characteristics, physical and chemical properties, and preparation and determination methods. Moreover its physiological function and application in food production are described in detail.

Alkaloids, widely existing in natural plants, are compounds containing basic nitrogen atoms. Most of alkaloids are pharmacologically active ingredients in many medicinal plants due to their significant physiological activity. Many alkaloids can be extracted from natural plant materials and purified by modern separation technology. It is of vital significance to develop their medicinal value for meeting the increasing requirements for natural medicines and healthcare products, speeding traditional Chinese medicines entry into the world market and promoting economic and social benefits of natural products. This paper mainly summarizes the recent progresses in the medicinal function and separation and purification technology of alkaloids.

In order to understand the influence of U.S. food labeling technical trade measures on Chinese food export, we summarized U.S. food labeling management systems and the composition of technical trade measures and statistically analyzed the cases of unqualified food labeling in Chinese food export detained by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) during 2003 to 2007 via three aspects of unqualified batch, reason and food species. The results showed that Chinese unqualified food labeling batches accounted for 8.78％ of the whole detained products, the food label inspection revealed several striking and crucial issues like unqualified additives, nutrition labeling and information labeling problems, and seven species of food contributed to 87.6％ of  total unqualified labeling food export to U.S.. According to these results, we conclude that U.S. food labeling technical trade measures have a great impact on Chinese export food trade and positive countermeasures should be taken by Chinese governments, associations, chambers of commerce and industries.

This paper summarizes high technologies widely used in food research and introduces the application of food technology, ultra-high pressure sterilization, ultra-fine comminution, food packaging technology and food preservation technology in development of military food for the purposes of raising the scientific and technological level and ensuring the quality, function and safety of military food, and the future development of military food was proposed as well.

Combined nonthermal sterilization technologies are emerging and promising technologies for food sanitation and widely applied for sterilizing solid foods. This paper summarizes mainly the application of combination of ultrasonic with high pressure, combination of radiation with high pressure, combination of high pressure with CO2, combination of high pressure with modified atmosphere packaging and combination of radiation with modified atmosphere packaging in food sterilization. These combinied technologies can enhance the efficiency of inactivating microorganisms and enzyme while minimize the intensities and cost of each individual nonthermal technology.

Food and Chinese traditional medicine was recognized from cold, cool, warm, and hot properties according to the physiological responses of human body in traditional Chinese culture. The chemical basis of these physiological properties is expounded in this paper based on the research achievements in food science and modern pharmaceutical studies on Chinese traditional medicine. This paper presents the chemical basis of the concept of phlogistic food and points out that advanced glycation endproducts, acrylamide, and trans-fatty acid contaminations and destruction and loss of vitamins during immoderate food processing are attributed to the real causes of junk foods.

Gas chromatography (GC) is commonly used in the analysis of aroma compounds and retention index (RI) is one of the most important parameters in qualitative analysis by GC. GC-MS with RI has a very distinct advantage in the determination of aroma compounds. RI can be obtained by experiments or prediction and the data from experiments are more reliable. However, RIs of some compounds are difficult to obtain by experiments. Presently, RI prediction is still at the exploratory stage but many prediction models are available and RIs of some specific compound species can be accurately predicted. RI makes a great contribution to aroma research, especially in the determination of unknown natural aroma compounds with complicated compositions. The establishment of RI database will be very helpful for rapid detection of aroma compounds.

Naturally occurring angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides are potential antihypertensive agents that haven been applied in functional foods or nutraceuticals. The review discusses the research status of plant protein-derived ACE inhibitory peptides from the following aspects of plant protein source, protein extraction, protein enzymolysis and ACE purification and preparation of ACE inhibitory peptides from bee pollen protein. Meanwhile, the promising development prospect of ACE inhibitory peptides derived from plant and bee pollen protein was pointed out.

The efficient conversion and utilization of renewable lignocellulosic biomass is the hot research interest of the world. Cellooligosaccharides obtained from the enzymatic hydrolysate of lignocellulosic biomass are functional oligosaccharides. Cellooligosaccharides would be degraded into oligomers with lower degree of polymerization, furfural, levulinic acid, and other polyhydroxy acid, aldehyde or ketone in the presence of acid, alkali, hydrolase or oxidant. This paper is aimed to overview the research advances in degradation reaction of cellooligosaccharides under different conditions.

This article mainly introduces the recent research progress of membrane condensation of tea extracts: the application of ultrasound in membrane separation and the preparation of tea extracts and the feasibility of application of ultrasound to membrane condensation in preparation of tea extracts was also analyzed.

Shigella is a common pathogenic bacteria species causing human intestinal diseases and ranks first in diarrhea-causing bacteria in China. For the efficient prevention, treatment and control of water or food-borne infectious diseases, it is of very important significance to rapidly detect and identify Shigella in water or food. The paper reviews the recent advances in detection methods of Shigella species and describes the advantages of these methods as well.

Plant cellulose, a renewable resource in regarding to the sustainable development, plays an important role in development of national economy. In this paper, the application of cellulose and its derivatives in fields of food and medicine is reviewed from two aspects of chemical structures and physicochemical properties.

Listeria monocytogenes, an emerging bacterial foodborne pathogen, has been widely recognized throughout the world. WHO also listed it as one of the 1990s four pathogenic bacteria species in food. In recent years, greater progresses have been made in the separation and detection methods of Listeria monocytogene known as one of research hotpots on food sanitation and epidemiology. In addition to the conventional detection methods, new methods have been proposed to detect Listeria monocytogene based on its biochemical characteristics, immunogenicity using modern molecular biological techniques. This paper presents a systematic review on various detection methods of Listeria monocytogene.