The hollow globular chitosan was made by injecting mixture of 15% NaOH and 30% CH3OH into 25% chitosan solution. Thenβ-glucosidase was immobilized by the coupling effect of 4% gluluraldehyde and the hollow globular chitosan. It was found that the optimum reaction temperature and pH and relative activity of immobilized β-glucosidase are 68 ℃, 4.0 and 87.9%, respectively. The soybean isoflavone glucoside was firstly extracted with a yield of 4.0 mg/g from soybean meal by 60% alcohol at 50 ℃, and then hydrolyzed by immobilizedβ-glucosidase at 70 ℃ for 1 h. After treatments of ultrafiltration and immobilized yeast fermentation, finally soybean isoflavone with the purity of 94% was obtained.

The nutritional value and functional properties of storage protein in double-low rapeseed meal were investigated. Albumin and globulin, two kinds of storage protein, were isolated from an industrial defatted, dehulled and cold pressing rapeseed meal (Brassica napus), and their contents account for 20.8% and 60.2% of total storage protein, respectively. Meanwhile, the main anti-nutrition factors were removed during the isolation process. The determination of amino acids showed that the amino acid composition of this storage protein is balanceable and fits close to FAO/WHO standards for composition pattern of essential amino acids. Moreover, the functional properties of the storage protein such as solubility, oil binding capacity, foam ability, foam stability, emulsifying property and emulsion stability were also discussed in the present study.

With titanium dioxide (TiO2) nano-particles as raw material and sodium alginate (SA) as matrix, SA/TiO2 nano-composites were prepared by blending method. Then the nano-composites were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), thermogravimetry (TG), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results indicated that some wave numbers of FTIR characteristic peaks of SA are changed evidently because of the introduction of nano-TiO2, and the nano-TiO2 particles may well dispersed in the SA/TiO2 nano-composites. Moreover, the thermal stability and the mechanical performance of SA/TiO2 nano-composites are better than those of pure SA film.

Difficult control of reaction parameters and no accurate detection method for products are two main problems in the synthesis of the nitrosohaemoglobin (HbNO). In the present study, using duck blood and NaNO2 as main material, the synthesis technology of HbNO was studied, the effects of some factors on the synthesis were investigated, and the main factors were optimized. The results showed that the optimum NaNO2 content, ascorbic acid addition and pH value are 0.53 ml, 275.85 mg and 4.51, respectively, and the corresponding response value, namely the absorbance at 540 nm of wavelength is 0.91.

The microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) and solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) processes of essential oil from cumin seed were optimized through orthogonal test respectively, and the quality of essential oil was analyzed by GC with the content of cuminaldehyde as the evaluation index. Results showed that the optimum conditions of MAHD extraction are as follows: extraction time 90 min, microwave power 300 W, ratio of solvent to raw material 6:1, and under these conditions the extraction yield and the content of cuminaldehyde are 3.501% and 19.121％, respectively. The optimum conditions of SFME extraction are as follows: extraction time 45 min, soaking time 30 min, microwave power 200 W, and under these conditions the extraction yield and the content of cuminaldehyde are 2.461% and 23.910％, respectively.

The content of polysaccharide of Ganoderma atrum was determined by the method of improved phenol-sulphate acid. On the basis of single-factor tests, orthogonal design was applied to analyze the effects of ethanol concentration, extraction time and broth pH value on the extraction rate of polysaccharides. The results showed that the optimum ethanol concentration, extraction time and broth pH value are 80%, 19 h, and 5.5, respectively. Under these conditions, the extraction yield of extracellular polysaccharide is 5.2343 g/L. At the concentration of 40 mg/ml, the hydroxyl and DPPH radicals-scavenging activities of the polysaccharide are 39.85％ and 23.4％, respectively. It indicated that the extracellular polysaccharide produced by Ganoderma atrum has a significant antioxidant activity.

Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used for separating and purifying the phytosterol from apple seed oil. The antimicrobial activities of the phytosterol against different microbes were determined and the effects of pH and temperature on the antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus were investigated. The results showed the optimal developer and color agent for TLC are aether-petroleum aether mixture (3:7, V/V) and ferric chloride. The bacteriostatic experiment showed the phytosterol has strong inhibitory effects against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis with the MICs of 18  μg/ml and 30μg/ml, respectively, and has weak inhibitory effects against Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus, but has no inhibitory effect against Aspergillus niger. The antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus is strongest when pH value is 5 to 6, and would not be affected in a certain temperature range. In conclusion,the phytosterol from apple seed oil has wide antimicrobial spectrum and the antimicrobial activity is effective at normal temperature.

The ultrasonic-assisted ethanol extraction technology of limonin from Xxiangxi ponkan peel was optimized through orthogonal test, and the effects of particle size of peel and extraction times on the extraction rate of limonin were also investigated. The results showed that the optimal extractant, ratio of material to extractant, extraction time, temperature, particle size and times are 80% ethanol, 1:7, 30 min, 50 ℃, 80 mesh and 4 times, respectively. Moreover, the contents of limonin in Xiangxi ponkan fruit at different growth periods, and peel and seed of different citrus varieties were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the content of limonin in citrus seed is great higher than that in peel, especially which in Xiangxi pokan seed is the highest (0.0169%) among all tested samples. Following with the maturation of Xiangxi pokan, the content of limonin presents a downtrend.

Pumpkin seed oil was extracted by ultrasound method, in this study. Effects of extraction solvent, extraction temperature, and extraction time, ratio of liquid to material, ultrasonic frequency and power on oil yield were investigated by single-factor test and orthogonal design. The results showed that the optimal extraction solvent is petroleum ether. The significance sequence of other five factors affecting oil yield is as follows: ratio of liquid to material > extraction time > extraction temperature > frequency and power of ultrasound, and their optimum levels are 6:1 (V/W), 35 min, 60 ℃, 59 kHz and 280 W, respectively. Under these conditions, the oil yield reaches 39.04%.

Millet peptides were prepared by means of alcalase hydrolysis, and the optimum enzymatic hydrolysis parameters were determined by single-factor test and orthogonal design. Then their scavenging activity to surperoxide anion radical and hydroxyl radical were detected by nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test and deoxyribose method, and the extent of erythrocatalysis and the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver mitochondria were detected by spectrophotometric method. The results showed that the optimum preparation conditions for millet peptides are hydrolysis with 5% of concentration ratio of enzyme to substrate at pH 8.5 and 40 ℃ for 3.5 h. The scavenging activity of millet peptides to DPPH radical, superoxide anion radical (O2·) and hydroxyl radical (·OH) are 68.93%, 40.06% and 48.63%, respectively. Moreover, the millet peptides can effectively inhibit the hemolysis of red blood cells and the damage of mitochondria. Therefore, they have significant antioxidation.

The objective of this study was to extract and purify procyanidins from litchi chinensis pericarp and evaluate their antioxidation. The results showed that the optimum conditions based on single factor and orthogonal test are as follows: thrice extracting litchi chinensis pericarp with 20 times volume (V/W) of 80% ethanola at pH 6.0 for 120 min at 50 ℃. Under these conditions, the extraction yield is more than 90%. Then the extract was concentrated and separated by column packed AB-8 resins. The purity of the obtained extract is 87.45%, and the yield of procyanidins is 1.3%. The procyanidins of litchi chinensis pericarp have strong scavenging effects to DPPH radicals.

Objective: To produce a large scale of succinic acid through the bioconversion of crop straw. Methods: Crop straw was pretreated by steam-explosion method. Then Trichoderma viride was used to degradating crop straw in the first-step fermentation and Actinobaccillus succinogenes was used for producing succinic acid in the second-step fermentation. Results: The yield of pentose and hexose is about 49.4 g/L when the conditions of first-step fermentation were as follows: fermentation at 30 ℃ for 36 h, then enlargement of the broth by 8 times of volume and hydrolysis at 55 ℃ for 24 h. The yield of succinic acid is about 67 g/L when the second-step fermentation condition was as follows: jar pressure of CO2 0.11 MPa, rotation rate 250 r/min, and fermentation at 37 ℃ for 40 h. Conclusions: The two-step fermentation technology is worth extending to industrial production of succinic acid from crop straw.

To develop a new calcium supplement, the low molecular γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) was used as a carrier to bind calcium ion. The preparation technology, structure characterization and biologic activity were primarily studied. The results showed that the best binding rate is 54% when carboxyl and calcium ion are bound at the molar ratio of 1:2. The γ-PGA-Ca displays slow-release activity, which does not depend on gastric acid and can release calcium ion in both acid and neutral solutions. The mice experiment indicated that this new calcium supplement can be absorbed by mice and increase both of calcium and phosphonium contents in mice bone. In conclusion, the present study lays a new way to obtain a new calcium supplement, which can sustainedly release Ca2+ without depending on gastric acid and may be absorbed by organism to increase the calcium and phosphonium contents in bone.

In order to meet the demand of water holding capacity (WHC) in meat product processing, the effects of phosphates on cooking loss, yield and sensory evaluation score were investigated, and the proportions of sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium polyphosphate and sodium pyrophosphate were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) in the present study. The results showed that the optimum proportions of compound phosphates (sodium hexametaphosphate:sodium polyphosphate:sodium pyrophosphate ) are 20:28:13 for the minimum cooking loss and 10:30:19 for the maximum yield of sausage, respectively. Moreover, when the proportion of sodium tripolyphosphate and sodium pyrophosphate is 1:1, the sausage of sensory evaluation is the best. When the proportion of sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium polyphosphate and sodium pyrophosphate is 10:30:11, the yield of sausage is the maximum and the sensory evaluation is the best. When the proportion of sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium polyphosphate and sodium pyrophosphate is 10:30:17, not only the cooking loss is the minimum but both of yield and sensory evaluation are the highest.

Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the supercritical CO2 extraction conditions of effective components from propolis. The effects of pressure, temperature and CO2 flow rate on the yield were investigated. Results showed that the yield decreases with the rise of extraction temperature, while it firstly increases with the increase of pressure and CO2 flow rate until certain high levels of pressure and CO2 flow rate and then begins to decrease. Moreover, the optimum pressure, temperature and CO2 flow rate are 33.4 MPa, 45.4 ℃ and 16.8 L/h, respectively. Under such conditions, the yield reaches 19.62 g/100 g propolis after extraction for 120 min. The GC-MS analysis indicated that the main components in the extract are alkanes, cosanols, cinamyl cinnamate, chrysin and chrysin 5-methyl ester.

Single-factor test combined with orthogonal test design was applied to analyze the effects of solid-liquid ratio, temperature and extraction time on the extraction rate of soluble polysaccharides from navel orange peel. Results showed that the three factors significantly affect the extraction rate, and the order of effect degree is as follows: temperature > extraction time > solid-liquid ratio. The optimal extraction process is with a solid-liquid ratio of 1:40, extracting navel orange peel at 95 ℃ for 3 h. Under these conditions, the extracting rate of soluble polysaccharides is 6.82%.

Effects of extraction temperature, extraction time, ratio of water to material and extraction times on extraction rate of polysaccharide from Coprinus comatu were investigated respectively in single-factor tests, and then other three key factors except extraction times were optimized through response surface methodology with three factors and three levels based on the principle of Box-Behnken design. The results showed that the optimum extraction temperature, time, ratio of water to material and times are 94.5 ℃, .4 h, 15.5:1 and 2, respectively. Under the above conditions, the extraction rate of polysaccharide from Coprinus comatu reaches 6.16%, which is improved by 7.13% through optimization.

Objective: To explore the extraction technology of anthocyanidin from red peel of Nanguo pear in Anshang city of Liaoling province. Methods: Effects of several factors, such as extraction solvent composition, extraction times, temperature, extraction time, ratio of material to extraction solvent and pH value of extraction solvent on anthocyanidin yield, and then other four key factors except extraction solvent composition and extraction times were optimized through orthogonal test. Results: The optimum extraction process of anthocyanidin is as following: extracting red peel of Nanguo pear with 0.1% HCl-methanol solution at pH 4.0 at a ratio of material to extraction solvent of 1:4 twice at 50 ℃ for 240 min, and under the above process the anthocyanidin yield reaches 40 mg/g. Conclusion: This extraction technique is simple and reasonable, and the detected data are credible.

Based on single-factor test and orthogonal test, microwave-assisted extraction conditions of total flavonoid  from peanut hulls were optimized. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions are as follows: taking 50% alcohol as extraction solvent, microwave power 700 W, radiation time 4 min and material to extraction solvent ratio 1:30 (g/ml). Under the above conditions, the yield and spike recovery of total flavonoid are 0.48 mg/g and 93.3%, respectively. Compared to ethanol reflux extraction, microwave-assisted extraction not only can reduce the extraction time from 4 h to 4 min but improve the yield by 2.4 times. Furthermore, the purification of total flavonoids from peanut hulls by macroporous adsorption resin was also investigated in the present study. Using the luteolin content as the index, the capabilities of static adsorption and desorption were examined. The results showed that the D101 resin is the best among chosen 7 resins for the purification, and both of contents of total flavonoid and luteolin are promoted by 4 to 5 times after purification.

Pectin was extracted from banana peel by four different methods, and their extraction efficiencies were compared. The pectin structure was analyzed with Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. Furthermore, the effects of pectin concentration and modified starch on the properties of edible pectin film were investigated, the preparation conditions of the edible pectin film were optimized through single-factor and orthogonal test, and scanning electronic microscope was used to observe the cross-section structure and analyze the tensile strength (TS) of the film. The results showed that all the products are pectin extracted from banana peel by four different methods. Under the same extraction temperature, time and substrate concentration, the extraction efficient of the hydrochloric acid hydrolysis and salting-out method is the highest with an extraction rate of 1.311%. In the extraction efficient of ethanol precipitation method, sulfurous acid is better than hydrochloric acid as extraction agent. When the pectin concentration is more than 1%, TS and elongation at break (EB) both raise with the increase of the pectin concentration. Also, TS and EB are improved following with the increase of thickness of films and the amount of modified starch. The main sequence of the factors affecting TS of pectin film is as follows: glycerol concentration > pectin concentration > crossed-starch concentration. Especially, the structure and TS of films prepared by pectin, glycerol and crossed-starch are the best, and the optimum concentrations of pectin, glycerol and crossed-starch are 2.4%, 0.5% and 1.0%, respectively.

The effects of four factors such as temperature, sodium hydroxide concentration, time and ratio of material to sodium hydroxide solution on the yield of polysaccharide from Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss) Benth were investigated, and these factors were optimized through orthogonal test. The results showed that ratio of material to sodium hydroxide solution is the most distinct factors affecting the polysaccharide yield, and the optimum ratio of material to sodium hydroxide solution, extraction time, temperature and sodium hydroxide concentration are 1:20, 3 h, 80 ℃ and 0.6 mol/L, respectively. Under the above conditions, the yield of polysaccharide is 12.58%. Two protein removal methods of Sevag and TCA were compared. The results indicated that the Sevag method has the advantage of the lower loss, but consumes more time and solvent, while the TCA method has a higher efficiency to remove protein and may save a lot of time and solvent. Altogether, the TCA method is better for removing protein from polysaccharide.

In this study, the contents of the main ingredients in red Toona sinensis burgeon were measured, and the results showed that the contents of total water, protein and fat are 83.7%, 23.2% (dry weight) and 10.4% (dry weight), respectively. Red Toona sinensis burgeon is rich in the necessary amino acids(threonine, lysine, leucine, and phenylalanine)and unsaturated fat acids(linoleic acid and linolenic acid). By using the response surface methodology, the optimal extraction condition of flavonoids from red Toona sinensis burgeon was determined as follows: taking 82% ethanol as extractant, ratio of extractant to material 19:1, temperature 60 ℃, and extraction time 15 min. Under these conditions, the yield of total flavonoids is 98.27% ± 0.31% and the total flavonoid content is 3.1% (dry weight).

The repeated freezing and thawing technique was taken to break cell wall of chlorella and then the algae oil was extracted with ethanol. The effects of ethanol concentration, ratio of material to solvent, times of freezing and thawing, and extraction temperature on the oil yield were investigated. The results showed that the optimum ethanol concentration, ratio of solvent to material, times of freezing and thawing, and extraction temperature are 95%, 3:1 (V/W), once, and 45 ℃, respectively. Under these conditions, the algae oil yield reaches 24.28%. Compared to traditional methods, the combined method of repeated freezing-thawing and ethanol extraction can completely extract the algae oil with a high yield, and is suitable for large-scale industrial production.

The preparation process of fat substitute through complex coacervation of gelatin and gum Arabic were optimized via orthogonal test. The production yield of fat substitute is up to 4.93 when the process parameters are as follows: pH 4.25, ratio of gelatin to gum arabic 1:1, stirring temperature 50 ℃, stirring speed 100 r/min, standing time 0.5 h, and concentration of gelatin- gum arabic mixture 2%. The obtained product appears like cream and the average particle diameter per unit volume is about 10 μm, which can meet the characteristic demand of fat substitute in food industry.

the extraction conditions of 4-hydroxyisoleucine from Trigonella foenungraecum planted in Tianshui of Gansu province were optimized by uniform design based on single factor tests of several factors such as  ratio of extractant to material, extraction time, temperature and extraction times. The results showed that the optimum ratio of water to material, extraction time, temperature and extraction times are 10:1 (ml/g), 2 h, 90 ℃ and twice, respectively. After concentration, the water extract of Trigonella foenungraecum was added with 90% ethanol, and then the mixture was centrifugalized to remove Trigonella foenungraecum gum. Subsequently, the supernatant was adsorbed with 732 strong acid styrene cation exchange resin. The desorption conditions of 4-hydroxyisoleucine were investigated. The results showed that the optimal addition amount of 90% ethanol is 5 times of volume of water extract of Trigonella foenungraecum. The optimal desorption conditions are as follows: ammonia water pH 9, its total amount for desoprtion 800 ml, and its flow rate for desorption 0.6 ml/min. Under the above conditions, the content of 4-hydroxyisoleucine in final product is about 40%. After used repeatedly 5 times, the resin needs regenerating.

Liquation, saccharification and purification of puffed corn meal were studied, and a new technology for producing sugar from puffed corn meal through liquation with medium-temperature α-amylase and gluten separation by sieving was developed. The results showed that using puffed corn meal as raw material instead of common corn meal, the liquation yield of starch is increased 7.82%, the saccharification time is reduced by 16.7%, and the final DE value of saccharification is up to 97.4. Furthermore, the production cost is reduced by 20% compared to traditional wet processing of starch sugar. Altogether, this new technology is energy-saving, water-saving and environment-friendly and has nice comprehensive benefit. 

A systemic approach for purification of natural α, α＇ and β subunits from soybean protein β-conglycinin was established using a combination of ion exchange chromatography and metal chelating chromatography.Then, purified subunits were returned to natural conformations via gradual dialysis against buffers containing decreased concentration of urea. Furthermore, immunological activities of purified subunits were determined with the antiserum which was prepared through immunizing rabbit with β-conglycinin. Results showed that α, α＇ and β subunits can be purified effectively from β-conglycinin by ion exchange chromatography and metal chelating chromatography. The production yield by this method is high and prepared subunits are highly pure. The subunits can specifically bind to β-conglycin antiserum and have immunological activity.

To improve the extraction yield of high-quality almond oil with low residual oil and reserve high natural activity in protein cake, an extraction method combining hydraulic pressing of almond with alcohol soaking-pressing of almond cake was explored. Almond was pressed at an 8-16-24-32-48-64 MPa static pressure gradients for 30 min, and then the obtained almond cake was soaked in 95% alcohol solution for 20 min, followed by the second pressing at an 8-16-24-32-48 MPa pressure gradients for 20 min. Results showed that the almond oil extraction yield is 74.15% by primary pressing, and the residual rate of oil in the cake is 23.99%. In the alcohol soaking-pressing stage, the best solid-liquid ratio is 3.5:1 (m/m), and the oil extraction yield reaches 62.53%, while the residual rate of oil is reduced to 10.57%. In conclusion, using the method of combining hydraulic pressing with alcohol soaking-pressing, the total extraction yield of almond oil reaches 90.32%.

For exploring a rapid determination of reducing sugars, a correlation model of near-infrared spectrum and reducing sugar content in honey was established and the reducing sugar contents in honey samples were predicted by using Fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR) combined with partial least squares (PLS). The spectra of honey sample with reducing sugars content between 61.3% and 75.22% were scanned and the 11992.1 cm-1 to 7494.6 cm-1 spectrum was selected. Through preprocess of second derivative and 10 factors, the model was established by using PLS. The results of cross validation showed that the model of the calibration coefficient of determination (Rcal), root mean standard error of estimation (RMSEE), validation coefficient of determination (RCV), root mean standard error cross validation (RMSECV) are 99.71 %, 0.27 %, 98.44 % and 0.45 %, respectively. The model was used to verify samples and the statistical results showed that there is no significant difference between the predictive and chemical values. Altogether, this method is fast and accurate for quantitative analysis of reducing sugars content in mass honey samples.

Objective: To establish a new method for the effective separation and sensitive detection of four fluorouinolones (ofloxacin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin) residues in chicken by using molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction-HPLC. Methods: Water-compatible molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were synthesized in methanol-water systems with enrofloxacin as templates and methacryclic acid as functional monomers, and their characteristics were investigated and evaluated. The chicken samples were extracted with acetonitrile, purified by molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction column with mixture of acetonitrile and trifluoracetic acid (99:1, V/V) as elution solution, and then the eluent was separated by HPLC and detected by fluorescence method. Results: The MIPs have good adsorption specificity to six fluoroquinolones. For the higher affinity site, Kd1 is 7.19×10-5  mol/L, and Qmax,1 is 110.19  μmol/g; For the lower affinity site, Kd2 is 2.44×10-3  mol/L, and Qmax,2 965.51 μmol/g. Excellent linear relationships may be obtained in the range of 1.0 to 500 μg/kg (r ≥ 0.9991). The determination limits (S/N= 3) are in the range of 0.06 to 0.09  μg/kg. The mean recoveries range from 75.3% to 88.5% with relative standard deviations below 6% (n = 3). Conclusion: The effective separation and sensitive detection of the four fluorouinolones in chicken can be archived by using the water-compatible molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction-HPLC.

A method based on headspace solid - phase microextraction (HS-SPME) was developed to analyze limonene in navel orange juice, and some key factors such as SPME fiber, temperature, time and NaCl concentration were investigated. The optimum conditions of SPME-GC are extraction at 50 ℃ for 30 min with addition of 0.3 g/ml NaCl in 100μm of PDMS fiber. The study on recovery of standard addition, linear range and repeatability showed that this method has high sensitivity, precision and good liner relationship, and can be used for detection of limonene in orange juice.

The aim of this experiment was to establish rapid detection methods of okadaic acid (OA) in shellfish in order to ensure edible safety. The OA was coupled with human IgG as immunity antigen and with BSA as detection antigen by active ester method. The Balb/c mice were inoculated with the prepared antigen. The hybridoma secreting monoclonal antibody against OA was constructed by the cell-fusion technology and the specialities of the monoclonal antibody were analyzed. The ELISA method was established for detecting OA after ascites was prepared and purified. At the same time, the HPLC-MS/MS method was also set up. Some shellfish samples were detected by the two methods. The linear regression equation of ELISA method is y ＝ －34.212x ＋ 83.49 (y is optical density at 490-nm wavelength, and x is OA concentration, μg/L) with the determination coefficient of 0.9784, which shows good linearity over the concentration range of 0.4 to 25μg/L, and the detection limit to OA is 0.18 μg/L. The linear regression equations of HPLC-MS/MS method are y ＝ 193.07x － 780.6 (Q1/Q3: m/z 827.4～m/z 723.5) and y ＝ 83.021x － 335.6 (Q1/Q3: m/z 827.4～m/z 809.5), where y is peak height, and x is OA concentration, μg/L. Both the equations have the same determination coefficients of 0.9991, show good linearity over the concentration range of 10 to 800  μg/L. The detection limit to OA is less than 2 μg/L and the stand average RSD is 4.34%. Two shellfish samples were the positive result by ELISA method, and one of them was verifed by HPLC-MS/MS. The two methods both can be used for detecting OA and provide experimental foundation to establish standard detection method for OA in shellfish.

Objective: To establish an efficient method for simultaneously detecting both of monascine and ankaflavine in monascus pigments by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Methods: With the self-made pigments as reference substances, monascine and ankaflavine were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed adopting SHIM-PACK HRC-ODS C18 column and methanol-water (80:20, V/V) mixture as mobile phase under the condition of flow rate 1.0 ml/min and detection wavelength 394 nm. Results: The method has a good linear relationship in the range of 10 to 500 mg/L. The regression equation of monascine is Y = 0.00015x + 0.82365 with the determination coefficient of 0.99988, and the regression equation of ankaflavine is Y = 0.00031x－0.45 with the determination coefficient of 0.99987. Their relative standard deviations are both less than 4%. The detection results of monascine and ankaflavine contents in monascus pigment products collected from some companies in China by this method are satisfying. Conclusion: This method has a good reproducibility and stability, and can be used for detection of monascine and ankaflavine and analysis of compositions and quality of monascus pigment products.

n the aqueous medium at pH 5.0 and in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SLS), the energy transfer from acridine orange (AO) to eosin Y(EY) enhances the fluorescence of EY, and the addition of nickel (II) makes EY occur fluorescence quenching at 541 nm. The degree of quenching and the content of nickel is linear. A new method for determine trace nickel based on energy transfer was established. The results showed that when the content of nickel is in the range of 0.001 to 0.1 μg/ml, its relationship with the intension of fluorescence quenching (△F) fits to Bill law, and its detection limit is 0.53 ng/ml . For 11 times determination of 1  μg standard nickel (II), the relative standard deviation is 2.4%. To determine the content of nickel in plant samples, the relative error is less than 3%, which meets the requirement of trace analysis.

A quantitative method to detect the transgenic component in soybean by using real-time PCR technique based on fluorescence dye SYBR Green was investigated in this study. The endogenous lectin gene and transgenic target CP4EPSPS gene were amplified through the design of specific primers, and the transgenic content was then calculated according to the standard curve equation. Meanwhile the specificity of PCR amplification was analyzed with corresponding melting curves .The results showed that the standard curves of lectin and CP4EPSPS genes have good linear relationship, and their R2 values are 0.9984 and 0.9953, respectively. Moreover, the recovery rate of the method is between 95% and 110% and the detection limit is 0.01%. In conclusion, this method is fast, sensitive, simple, accurate, specific and of high throughput, and can be used to quantificationally detect transgenic components in soybean products. 

The eel samples were purified by solid phase extraction (SPE) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) respectively, and then benzimidazole anthelmintics residues in them were determined by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method. Therefore, two detection methods with two different pre-treatments were developed and compared for the quantitative determination of residues of six benzimidazole anthelmintics including mebendazole (MEB), albendazole (ALB), oxibendazole (OXI), oxfendazole (OXF), fenbendazole (FEN) and flubendazole (FLU). The results of eight repeated tests for three levels (2.0, 4.0 and 8.0  μg/kg) of six benzimidazole anthelmintics showed that both of detection limits of two methods are below 2.0  μg/kg, and both of recoveries are between 70% and 110% with a RSD of less than 15%. All of these indexes accord to the requirements of the residue detection.

The aroma constituents of Oriental Beauty tea and Tieguanyin tea were determined by HS-SPME/GC-MS. Results showed that there are many differences in aroma constitutes between oriental-beauty tea and Tieguanyin tea. The aromatic compounds of Oriental Beauty tea are much richer than those of Tieguanyin tea, and the contents of alcohol, ketones and phenolic compounds are higher but the contents of ester and hydrocarbon compounds are lower than those of Tieguanyin tea. The major aromatic compounds of Oriental Beauty tea are geraniol, butylated hydroxytoluene, β-linalool, trans-linaloloxide, linalool oxide I, and 3,7-octadiene-2,6-diol-2,6-dimethyl, while the major aromatic compounds of Tieguanyin tea are trans-nerolidol, α-farnesene, indole, butanoic acid, 2-methyl-2-phenylethyl ester, and phenylethyl butyrate.

In the present study, a method for determining the contents of copper, zinc, iron, manganese, calcium and sodium in buckwheat, oat and barley by ICP-AES coupled with microwave digestion was developed. The operating parameters of ICP-AES were optimized and the effects of kinds and dosages of digestion solution on the determination results were investigated. Finally, a mixture digestion solution of HNO3 and HClO4 (10:3, V/V) was chosen. The detection limits of these six elements were between 0.005 μg/ml and 0.021 μg/ml, all the relative standard deviations (RSD) are less than 8%, and the recovery is 95.6% to 103.9%. In conclusion, this method can be used to determine trace elements in buckwheat，oat and barley with satisfactory results.

The total sugar in yacon, the root of Saussurea involucrata Kar. et Kir. et Maxim was extracted with hot water, and then its compositions were determined by HPLC at 35 ℃, with ZORBAX Carbohydrate column (4.6 × 150 mm, 5 μm) as the stationary phase and 75% acetonitrile solution as the mobile phase. This method is simple, accurate and reliable for the detection of the sugar compositions in yacon. Furthermore the changes in sugar compositions of tyacon stored at 4 ℃ and room temperature were investigated. The obtained results can provide the theoretical guidance and experimental basis for the storage of yacon and more information for better use of yacon.

The dynamic and final residues of chlorbenzuron in apple and soil were determined by HPLC. The minimum detectable amount is 1ng, the lowest detectable concentration is 0.1mg/kg, the average recovery from apple and soil is 91.3% to 99.9% and the variation coefficient is 0.51% to 2.44%, which meet the requirements for pesticide residue analysis. Moreover, the half lives of chlorbenzuron are 6.9 d and 25.6 d in apple and soil, respectively. Its degradation rate in soil is significantly faster than in apple. When 25% chlorbenzuron suspension diluted by 1500 times was applied, its residue is 1.2315 mg/kg in apple while not detected out in soil after 14 days.

A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) coupled with solid phase extraction method was developed for determining the residual ractopamine in sausage. Sausage samples were extracted with methanol, hydrolyzed with β-glucuronidase, purified by solid phase and detected by the multiple reaction monitoring mode. After investigation of matrix effect, the quantitative correction method was confirmed. The results showed that the peak area and concentration of ractopamine present a good linear relationship in the concentration range of 0.5 to 4μg/kg (R2 > 0.99), and the detection limit is 0.15 μg/kg.

Two extracts were obtained from Zanthoxylum bungeanum by supercritical CO2 extraction method under low and high pressure conditions, respectively. Then their chemical components were detected by GC-MC, and their relative contents were analyzed by chromatographic peak area normalization method. The results showed that the yield of low pressure extraction is 5.0%, and there are 50 kinds of chemical components but no polyene amides in the extract; while the yield of high pressure extraction is 2.0%, and there are 13 kinds of chemical components in the extract and the content of polyene amides is higher.

A new catalytic kinetic spectrophotometric method was proposed for determining trace ascorbic acid based on the catalytic effect of ascorbic acid on the oxidation of potassium dichromate with rhodamin B in nitrate acid solution. Good linearity is obtained in the concentration range of 0.20 to 4.0 μg/ml of ascorbic acid, and the detection limit is 0.050 μg/ml. The method is used to determine trace ascorbic acid in fruits and juice with satisfactory results.

The method for determination of diethylstilbestrol (DES) residues in aquatic products by UPLC-MS/MS was developed. The DES residues were extracted with ethyl acetate, purified with SLH solid phase extraction cartridge, determined by UPLC-MS/MS and quantified by external standard method. When adding diethylstilbestrol to samples in a range of 0.1 to 1.0 μg/kg, the recoveries are above 75%, the relative standard deviations are between 5.5% and 9.2%.

Eight organic acids (tartaric, malic, citric, succinic, lactic, acetic, fumarate and oxalic acids) in grape wine were directly determined by using capillary zone electrophoresis, and some important parameters including the types and concentrations of the running buffer, pH, surfactant, working voltage and working temperature were also systematically investigated. The linear range is wide, all of the correlation coefficients (r) are between 0.9990 and 0.9998, the relative standard deviation of migration time and peak area are 0.68% to 1.02% and 3.68% to 5.41% respectively, and the recovery ranges from 91.9% to 116.9%. The method is simple, rapid and accurate, and can quickly control winemaking process and detect wine quality.

The chemical compositions of essential oil extracted from Vetiveria zizanioides by distillation method and organic solvent extraction method were analyzed by using GC-MS and compared. There are 21 kinds of compounds such as isoeugenol etc. isolated and identified in the two essential oils. The verivert oil obtained by distillation method contains 2 terpenoid compounds, accounting for 12.68%, but the verivert oil obtained by organic solvent extraction method contains 13 terpenoid compounds, accounting for 18.6%. There are more alcohols and ketones in the later, which meets the demands of international market much more. Both the two verivert oil contain isoeugenol, vanillin analogues, furfural analogues, guaiacol analogues, dihydrobenzofuran and 3-methyl-N- phenyl-pyrrole-2,4-diketone.

The chemical constituents of Chinese eaglewood wood, the wood containing resin of Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg were analyzed by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) coupled with dynamic headspace sampling (DHS). There were totally 54 compounds found in the Chinese eaglewood wood, in which, the main constituents are 25 sorts of terpene (sesquiterpene mostly) , 7 sorts of aromatic compound, 8 sorts of aldoketones, 6 sorts of ordinary fatty acid ester, and 8 sorts of small amount of cycloalkane and heterocyclic compounds. Especially, it was the first finding of 16 constituents including α-muurolene, β-humulene, bicyclosesquiphellandrene, α-cubebene, β-myrcene, naphthalene-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8-octahydro-7-methyl-4-methylene-1-(1-methylethyl) and 1(2H)-naphthalenone-octahydro-4a-methyl etc. The results showed that this GC-MS coupled with DHS has a relatively high sensitivity and pertinence, and can be used for identifying the quality of Chinese eaglewood wood.

Abstract: The procedure of colorimetric analysis of mycelium trehalose of Grifola frondosa was investigated in the present study. The results showed that when Grifola frondosa mycelium sample solution is added with anthrone-sulfuric acid reagent at half of its volume, heated at 100 ℃ for 5 min and then analyzed at 625 nm, the trehalose content in Grifola frondosa mycelium is determined as 3.88 mg/ml, and the average recovery is 106.5%. Also, the stability and repeatability of this method are good. In conclusion, this method is convenient, rapid, accurate and suitable for the determination of rehalose content in Grifola frondosa mycelium.

Via Maillard reaction, enzymatic hydrolysates of pork protein, amino acid and reducing sugar were taken to prepare pork flavor. Through orthogonal test, according to the sensory evaluation score of flavoring, the best conditions for preparing pork flavor were decided as follows: hydrolyzing pork with papain plus peptidase R (5:1) at the enzyme dosage of 0.3% at 55 ℃ for 6 h; Maillard reaction with enzymatic hydrolysates of pork 100.0 g, yeast extract 20.0 g, glucose 10 g, VB1 2 g, Gly 7 g, Ala 5 g, Arg 2 g, Pro 5 g, Asp 5 g, Cys·HCl 9 g, IMP plus GMP (1:1) 1.5 g, monosodium glutamate 4 g, xylose 1.5 g, NaCl 1.5 g, water 25 g, oxided tallow 5 g at 125 ℃ for 60 min. Then aroma constituents of pork flavor were extracted by simultaneous steam distillation/extraction (SDE) and dynamic headspace sampling (DHS), and analyzed by gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) and mass spectrometry (MS).  Meanwhile, the key aroma compounds were screened by aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) and dynamic headspace dilution analysis (DHDA). As a result, 30 odor-active compounds were identified by SDE-GCO-MS, and 40 odor-active compounds were detected by DHS-GCO-MS. Among them, 24 common aroma-active compounds were detected by both of the methods. Moreover, the highest FD factors are 2-pentyl-furan, hexanal and 1-octen-3-ol, which make an important contribution to the integrated aroma of the pork flavor and have been reported as the key aroma compounds in the references related to natural pork aroma. 

A capillary gas chromatography (CGC) was developed for the determination of chlorothalonil and five pyrethroids in carrot. The sample was extracted and purified by matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) with ethyl acetate as the eluent, separated by DB-5 capillary vessel column, analyzed by GC- μECD, and quantified by external standard method. The results showed that the recovery of spiked sample is 80.5% to 107.6% with a relative standard deviation less than 7%, and the detection limit is 0.003 to 0.006 mg/kg. The method is simple, raid, sensitive, accurate and suitable for the detection of chlorothalonil and pyrethroid pesticides in vegetables.

This study investigated the quality difference of natural apple essence prepared from different apple varieties and processing seasons, by different production equipments and technologies. 11 kinds of characteristic aroma components such as ethyl acetate, 2-methylbutyl acetate, 2-hexenal, butyl butanoate, ethyl hexanoate, hexyl acetate were determined as the representative aroma components by using solid-phase micro-extraction and GC-MS combined with GC-olfactory method, which can provide the scientific standard for evaluating the quality of natural apple essence.

A method for determination of sulfonamide residues in fishery products by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with fluorescence detector was established. The homogenized sample was extracted with ethyl acetate, back extracted with 2 mol/L hydrochloric acid, degreased with hexane, derived with fluorescamine, separated by reverse-phase chromatographic column, determined by a fluorescence detector and quantified with an internal standard of sulfamete. The results showed that the linear ranges of sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole are between 0.01 mg/kg and 0.2 mg/kg, and their linear correlation correlations are over 0.9934. Furthermore, in the ranges of 0.01 to 0.2 mg/kg, their average recoveries are between 83.0% and 91.3% with the RSDs of 3.89% to 8.80%, and their detection limits are 0.01 mg/kg.

The quantitative determination of inosinic acid and inosine was conducted by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)．The separation was carried out with analytical Kromasil C18 column (5 μm, 4.6 mm×250 mm), the mobile phase consisted of methanol and water (95:5, V/V), the flow rate was 1 ml/min and UV detection was performed at 254 nm. The results showed that there are good linear relationships between inosinic acid concentration and its HPLC peak area and between inosine concentration and its HPLC peak area in the range of 12.96 to 207.50 mg/L and 1.40 to 22.42 mg/ L, respectively. The average recovery rates were 97.98% and 98.26% for inosinic acid and inosine respectively．This method is fit for the quantitative analysis of inosinic acid and inosine in muscle of animals.

Essential oils were extracted by steam distillation method from the autumn leaves and stems of Michelia alba DC., respectively. Then the volatile components in the two extracts were analyzed using GC-MS combines with computer search and their relative contents were identified by peak area normalization method. The results showed that there are 63 and 78 compounds in the essential oils from leaves and stems of Michelia alba DC., respectively, whose relative contents in the essential oils are 95.7 % and 97.3 %, respectively. Moreover, the main aroma components in the two kinds of essential oils are almost the same, including linalool, caryophyllene, nerolidol, germacrene D, β-cubebene, (E)-ocimene, α-humulene and eucalyptol.

A method for the determination of carbofuran and carbaryl in fruit and vegetable juice was established by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The samples were extracted with the mixture of methanol and dichloromethane (1:99, V/V). After cleanup with amino column and concentration to constant volume, the carbofuran and carbaryl extracted into the organic phase was analyzed quantificationally by external standard method. The results showed that the detection limits of the two pesticides were 0.002 mg/kg and 0.0008 mg/kg, and their average spike recoveries range from 77.1% to 94.5% with the relative satandard deviation of 1.3% to 9.0%.

A rapid determination method of sulfur dioxide (SO2) residues in nut fruits by an improved pararosaniline hydrochloride colorimetry combined with ultrasonic-assisted mercury-free reagent extraction was developed. In order to extract SO2 residues effectively from samples, accelerative ultrasonic extraction was performed in EDTA-2Na solution instead of Na2HgCl4 which has been widely used. This method has a good linearity(R2 = 0.9995)for the concentration of sulfur dioxide ranging from 0 to 10μg, and its detection limit is 0.8 mg/kg. The average spike recoveries of SO2 in different nut fruit samples are between 89.17% and 104.72% with the RSD of 3.29% to 7.42%. This method has good repeatability and causes less pollution. Therefore, it is suitable for the determination of sulfite in nut fruits.

Objective: To investigate the drug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in animal food in Sichuan, and analyze the Staphylococcus aureus contamination situation. Methods: 2560 samples of animal food (from pig, cattle and chicken ) were collected from December 2006 to September 2007 in Sichuan, then the isolation and identification of Staphylococcus aureus were conducted using selective medium and biochemical test. Results: 118 doubtful strains were isolated according to the growth characteristics on Baird-Parker plate. Among them, 108 strains were regarded as Staphylococcus aureus based on the results of Gram staining, hemolytic crisis and coagulase experiments stipulated in the GB (Chinese national standard), but 113 strains were regarded as Staphylococcus aureus by CHROMagar chromogenic medium and fork index identification stipulated in the TH-16S, whereas only 76 strains, 64% of 118 doubtful strains were further identified as Staphylococcus aureus by 16 biochemical experiments stipulated in the TH-16S. According to GB, the positive rate of SA in 2560 samples was 4.21%, in which, the positive rate of Staphylococcus aureus in raw milk was the highest (10.54%), followed by the pork (7.11%), and that in fresh eggs was zero. Conclusion: The biochemical phenotype of Staphylococcus aureus in Sichuan animal food is complicated, which indicates defects of the conventional phenotypic analysis. The contamination of Staphylococcus aureus in various places shows certain differences. Compared to other reports, the positive rates of Staphylococcus aureus in Sichuan animal foods is relatively low.

The volatile components in Lentinus edodes during different periods of drying process were extracted by solid phase microextraction (SPME), determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and then quantitatively analyzed by total ion current chromatographic peak area normalization method. The results showed that the main components in Lentinus edodes are sulfur and eight-carbon compounds. Among them, dimethyldisulfide, dimethyltrisulfide, methylthiodimethyltrisulfide, 1,2,4-trithiolaneandlenthionine are the characteristic volatile components. Especially, sulfur and heterocyclic compounds are the most important volatile components in Lentinus edodes.

The casein method was established to determine the content of tannin in pomegranate peel in different areas of Xinjiang. The results showed that there is good relationship between gallic acid concentration and absorbance of gallic acid-phosphomolybdiumtungstic acid-sodium carbonate system at 760-nm wavelength in the linear range of 1.02 to 6.12μg/ml (R2 = 0.9993); The average spike recovery is 97.4% with the RSD of 1.21% (n = 6); The contents of tannin in pomegranate peel in Pishan and Cele counties are lower than those in Shufu, Shule and Yecheng counties. The method is accurate, credible and reproducible, so it can be applied to the quality control of pomegranate peel as medicinal material.

 The hyperoside contents in different parts of Poacynum hendersonii (Hook.f.) Woodson were measured by HPLC method, and the total flavoniod contents were determined by spectrophotometry at 400-nm wavelength. The results showed that the hyperoside content in the leaves is higher, about 0.24%, while almost no hyperoside is found in the flowers, stems and roots. Similarly, the total flavonoid content in the leaves is also higher, about 3.54%, while that is lower in the flowers, stems and roots.

Six sample pretreatment methods for colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic detection of chloranphenicol in honey were compared through colour observation of the test strip with the naked eye and detection of chloranphenicol recovery rate with image analyzer and with ELISA kit, combined with the characteristics of immunochromatographic test strip. The results showed that the highest recovery rate of chloranphenicol can be achieved by the following pretreatment method: weighing 4 g of samples into 15-ml centrifuge tube, and then adding 2 ml of distilled water and oscillating vigorously to make the honey fully dissolved; adding 8 ml of ethyl acetate, and then overturned oscillating for 8 min; standing the tube until the upper organic phase clarified; aspirating 5 ml of organic solvents into the 5-ml centrifuge tube, and then blow-drying it with hair dryer; adding 160  μl of PBST buffer to dissolve residue, and then adding 1 ml of hexane and oscillating fully; standing the tube, and then aspirating the lower water layer to detect chloranphenicol.

In this article, a study on extraction, clean-up and ultra-performance liquid chromatographic analysis was carried out. The samples were dissolved using water and extracted by dichloromethane / hexane (1:1，V/V). The sample emulsification was removed by absolute ethanol and was cleaned up by reverse-phase column, while the two residues were eluted off via SPE cartridge with acetonitrile and evaporate to dryness on nitrogen dry evaporator, and residues were dissolved in 80% acetonitrile (acetonitrile/water, 80:20，V/V) and passed through 0.22 μm filter for determination by a ultra-performance liquid chromatography UV detection. A XTerra Shield RP18 column(2.1mm×50mm，1.7μm)was as chromatographic separation column, water and acetonitrile were as mobile phase under gradient elution. The total analysis time was less than 4 min. The recoveries is 75.7%～82.8%. The limit of detection for the method was 10μg/kg.

The peach fruits of cultivar “Yuhua No. 3” were used to investigate the effects of changes of active oxygen and mitochondria respiratory metabolism-related enzymes on the maturation of peach fruit. Significant peaks of respiratory intensity lagged behind the rapid change of fruit firmness exist, and there is an accumulation trend in the content of active oxygen along with the intensification of peach fruit maturation. The results also showed that the content of Ca2+ in mitochondria increases during the maturation of peach fruits, while the activities of SDH, CCO, H+- ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase decrease at different degrees in the later period of maturation. It is preliminarily revealed that there is a close relationship between active oxygen metabolism and mitochondrial respiration, and both of them probably play an important role in the ripening and aging of peach fruit.

In the present study, the effects of different temperatures (15 ℃ or 5 ℃), waxing and mechanical damage on the changes in the activities of peroxide (POD), polyphenol oxidases(PPO), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) as well as the incidence of peel pitting in “Fengjie” navel orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) fruits. The results showed that the incidence of peel pitting is greatly enhanced by waxing and mechanical damage, which indicates that waxing and mechanical damage may be the important factors inducing peel pitting, while the low temperature (5 ℃) can decrease the incidence of this disease. Moreover, mechanical damage distinctly stimulates the increase of the activities of POD and PAL, and the PPO activity is promoted by both of waxing and mechanical damage, while the 5 ℃ storage treatment inhibits the PPO activity. It is suggested that the enzyme activities of POD, PPO and PAL are highly related to peel pitting occurred on “Fengjie” navel orange fruits.

The effects of tea fungus on polyphenol oxidase activity, L* value, vitamin C content and issue hardness during the ripening process of fresh-cut potato stored at 4 ℃ for 5 days were investigated. The results indicated that the tea fungus could significantly inhibit the polyphenol oxidase activity of potato, and positively keep the content of vitamin C and issue hardness of potato, but has little effects on the L*-value. In conclusion, tea fungus can prevent the browning of fresh-cut potato, which may be due to the fermentation of black tea soup by tea fungus.

For blueberries immersed in high fructose corn syrup (70±1 °Brix), the osmotic dehydrating temperature influences the content of vitamin C in the blueberries, especially at 65 ℃ vitamin C is lost largely, while at 45 ℃ its loss is the lowest. Moreover, the stability of anthocyanin in dried blueberries stored at 5±1 ℃ is better than that stored at 22±1 ℃. During the storage with light, the content of anthocyanin in dried blueberries decreases rapidly, while stored in the dark it decreases slowly.

The effects of heat treatment temperature, time and storage time on the color of fresh-cut Chinese water chestnut were studied by using a central composite rotation design. Three second order quadratic equations of fruit discolouration, a * and b * values for heat treatment were established, and the significance of model and fitting degree were analyzed through response surface method with SAS 9.0 software. The key factors and their interactions affecting fresh-cut water chestnuts were also discussed through the response surface and contours. Results indicated that heat treatment temperature and the interaction of temperature and storage time are the key factors, and the optimum heated temperature, time and storage time for inhibiting fruits browning are 52 to 55 ℃, 20 to 22 minutes and 3 days, respectively.

In order to obtain low oil content potato chips that still retain the desirable texture and flavor, vacuum microwave drying-vacuum frying-vacuum microwave dehydration process was employed. The optimum transition points of three stages combination process were obtained by optimizing the process conditions. The optimum process conditions of three stages combination process are vacuum microwave pre-drying at 1.4 W/g microwave power and 0.06 MPa vacuum degree for 8 min, then vacuum frying at 100 ℃ and 0.09 MPa vacuum degree for 15 min, followed by vacuum microwave post-drying at 2.4 W/g microwave power and 0.095 MPa vacuum degree for 4 min. The moisture contents of potato slices are about 68% and 10%（wet basis.）in the transition points of three stages combination process sequently.

Taking transparency, dissolving speed, water vapor permeability (WVP) and oil permeation coefficient as the indexes, the effects of solid-liquid tatio, thickener (CMC and sodium alginate), glycerol and besswax on the prformance of films were discussed, and a kind of edible films made from dietary fiber with low cost and good performance was developed. Through single-factor and orthogonal tests, the best ingredient compositions are confirmed as followes: solid-liquid ratio 1:35, thickener 1% (the raito of CMC to sodium alginate is 3:1), glycerol 1.5%, and beeswsx 0.5%. The transparency, dissolving speed, water varpor permenability and oil permeation coefficient of films processed under the above formula are 13.872%, less than 30 s/g, 0.612 g·mm/m2·d·kPa and 4.016 g·mm2·d, respectively.

Walnut polypeptides were prepared via hydrolysis of walnut protein with neutral protease, and the prepared polypeptides were used to develop a new wine. The results showed that the optimum hydrolysis reaction conditions are as follows: substrate concentration 3% and enzyme amount 6500 U/g, hydrolysis temperature 50 ℃, pH 7.5, hydrolysis time 4 h, and the degree of hydrolysis reaches 11.6%. Moreover, the optimum inoculation amount, pH, fermentation temperature and time for producing walnut polypeptideins wine are 0.05%, pH 4.0, 24 ℃ and 6 days, respectively. In order to mitigate the bitterness of the original wine, 0.6% β-CD and 4% sucrose are added and the final product has a good mouth feel.

High fiber corn yogurt was processed through experimentation engineering, the optimum condition was determined through orthogonal test. The corn juice to milk is 1:1 (V/V), the amount of corn dietary fiber is 10%, the experimentation period is 6 h, the amount of starter is 4%, the taste of fiber corn yogurt is smooth and fine,  the texture construction is homogeneous,the corn odor is weak and standard, the flavor is unusual.