30% Fraction Hf2 of how pectin that confers the property of high viscosity to haw pectin was digested by by pectolyase. Chemical structure analysis by GLC and MS showed that Hf2 is a polygalacturonan,in which about 1/3 of the main chain is composed of (1→4)-linked GalA,and 2/3 is composed of (1→2)-linked GalA and Rha. The analysis also suggested that (1→5)-linked Arabinan and 4-O-substituted galactose,4-O-substituted mannose etc. residues should be present as side chains in the moiety of Hf2 of haw pectin.

The grapefruit seed extract (GSE),a natural plant extracts from the edible plants used as an extremely potent broad-spectrum bactericide,and fungicide should be very effective for the fruit preservation. In this study,Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) and persimmon (Diospyris kaki L.) easily undergone deterioration,were selected as model fruits. Eight fungi familiar to the rotting cause of grape and persimmon were used to testify the antifungal activity of GSE. The results of antifungal assay by the agar diffusion method indicated that GSE can efficiently inhibit the growth of tested fungi. The values of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) also range from 39.06×10-6 to 625×10-6 as demonstrated by the similar results with the data taken from agar diffusion assay. In the storage application assay of both grape and persimmon,the obvious differences in sensory quality and microorganism indexes between the GSE treated fruits and control fruits support that GSE has both the strong antifungal activity and antioxidative activity. Polyphenolic compounds,rich in GSE used as the main effective antioxidative component,are capable to prevent fungal infection in storage to a large extent and to postpone ripening and aging of fruits effectively by scavenging the free radical and impacting a series of enzyme relating to postharvest physiological metabolism of fruits,particu-larly in the key parts liking stem and calyx. The obtained results also indicated that GSE can decrease browning and rot ratio,prolong the preservation period,ensure the quality of grape and persimmon and can be used as an effective and safe preservative.

Flavonoids of Artemisia argyi (FAA) were investigated for their radical scavenging activity in vitro by using four chemiluminescence systems. The results showed that FAA can effectively scavenge O2-·,·OH and H2O2,and reduce or prevent DNA oxidative damage caused by ·OH. The 50% inhibition concentrations(IC50) are 151.17,15.34,0.23 and 15.46 mg/L. Compared with VC,FAA have higher antioxidant activity are effective and multifunctional natural antioxidants and radical scavengers,and are worth further exploiting and utilizing.

Water adsorption characteristics,including adsorption kinetics and isothermal water adsorption curve of soy protein isolate (SPI) film were studied in this experiment. The results showed that relative humidity (RH) and plasticizer content significantly affect the time when moisture of SPI film reaches balance. The lower RH and plasticizer content,the shorter the moisture balance time,per contra,the longer. TGase treatment significantly decreases moisture adsorption rate and balance moistures content of SPI film. The isothermal water adsorption data are mathematically fitted to GAB model.

Pumpkin powder was produced by using neutral proteinase to hydrolyze pumpkin pulp and then freeze-drying,and pumpkin polysaccharides were extracted. In order to understand the hypotensive effect and potential antitumor effect of the pumpkin powder,its effects on the activities of ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) and ALP (alkaline phosphatase) were investigated. The scavenging effect of the pumpkin powder was determined on hydroxl radical (·H),which is produced by Feton reaction,and its total reducing power was determined by FRAP method. The monosaccharide composition of the pumpkin polysaccharides was analyzed by paper chromatography method. The results showed that the pumpkin powder can inhibit the activities of ACE and ALP and has hypotensive effect and potential antitumor effect. The pumpkin polysaccharides have antioxidant activity,which are composed of galactose,glucose,arabinose and rhamnose.

The reults of bacteriostatic experiment of anthocyanins from purple sweet potato indicated that their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) on Staph.aureus is 200μg/ml. The observation under transmission electron microscope (TEM) was carried out and the growth curve of Staph.aureus was analyzed. It was indicated that the anthocyanins might change the permeability of cell membrane and make cell excrescent to inhibit cell division. As a result,cytoplasm becomes thin,disas-sembles and even dies. SDS-PAGE analysis suggested that the anthocyanins have some effects on synthesized quantities of some proteins,but no disappearence of special protein lines is found.

The stability of vegetable and fruit beverage is the key in its preparation process. The stabilities of suspension and storage of pumpkin-banana juice and carrot-banana juice were investigated. The results showed that the stability of pumpkin-banana juice is good when 0.1% xanthan gum and 0.15% arabic gum are added,and the stability of carrot-banana juice is also good when xanthan gum amount is exchanged with arabic gum amount. The absolute Zeta electric potentials of emulsions of two mixed juices are larger than 30 mV,indicating good stability of the vegetable and fruit beverages.

Pea sprouts fiber was added in to flour to make dough. The effects of its addition on dough texture and bread quality were investigated in this study. With the increase of the fiber added into flour,the viscosity of the dough increases gradually,but the resilience decreases,and no significant changes are observed on its springiness and chewiness. The addition of the fiber brings into negative effect on bread volume expansion,and decreases hardness and fracturability of bread crust. A slight decrease in hardness of bread crumb is observed as fiber addition amount in a certain range. A significant prevention of bread aging is achieved by adding the fiber. A experimental basis for enrichment of dietary fiber into bread product was bulit in this study.

The effects of ultraviolet irradiation,temperature,CuCl2 solution amount and air oxidation on peroxide values of the original kiwifruit juice and the one added with aloe extract were investigated. The experimental results showed that peroxide value of the kiwifruit juice added with aloe extract is 11.12 % lower than that of original kiwifruit juice under ultraviolet light at room temperature for 7 h. Heated at 100 ℃ for 7 h,the peroxide value of the kiwifruit juice added with aloe extract is 7.24 % lower than that of original kiwifruit juice. Oxidized by 0.1 mol/L CuCl2 solution and air for 7h,the peroxide values of the kiwifruit juice added with aloe extract are 23.01% and 7.74% lower than that of original kiwifruit juice,respectively. The hydroxyl free radical scavenging ability of the kiwifruit juice added 20 ml aloe extract is 6.19 times that of original kiwifruit juice.

The antioxidatnt activities (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity,reducing power,and DPPH· radical scavenging activity) of ethanol extracts from dandelion pollen,wild chrysanthemum pollen,peach pollen,hawthorn pollen,wild ageratum pollen,yellow roses pollen,wild rose pollen,amboyna pollen,mixed pollen and schisandra pollen were studied. The result showed that the ethanol extracts from the ten kinds of bee pollens all exhibit strong Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacities,reducing powers and DPPH· radical scavenging abilities. Therefore,all the ethanol extracts of the ten kinds ot bee pollens are excellent naturala ntioxidants.

Oglu-1,a main constituent of Oglu,was obtained by multiple ethond precipitation and column chromatography. It was found that Oglu-1 is composed of glucose units only and joined by β-D-(1→4) and β-D-(1→3) linkage with the linkage number ration 2.1:1 by using the methods of UV,IR,1HNMR,13CNMR and HLPC. The average molecular weight of Oglu-1 is 4.49×105 determined by GPC-LLS. The Oglu-1 is semi-flexible chain,which was proved by the Mark-Houwink equation (η =0. 161Mw0.585) and the relation model of Mw-1/2. The molecular chain conformation of Oglu-1 was observed directly by AFM,and its length(250 nm),width(5～10 nm) and high (2～3 nm) obtained respectively. The CD spectrogram showed that the asymmetry,conformation of Oglu-1 may be influenced by average molecular weight,pH,and temperature etc.

The antioxidant activities of some polyphenols,such as tea polyphenol,gallic acid,quercetin,kaempferol,apigenin and vitamin E (as a control),were evaluated by different chemical methods,including α-deoxyribose assay,pyrogallol autoxidant assay,DPPH radical scavenging assay,ABTS radical scavenging assay and reducing power assay,and SAS software was applied to analyze the correlation between the results obtained by these methods. It was found that all the polyphenols have antioxidant activity,especially higher scavenging ABTS·+ activity. Tea polyphenol,gallic acid,quercetin are higher in antioxidant activity than the others. SAS analysis indicated that the result obtained by reducing power assay has extremely significant positive correlation with that obtained by DPPH· assay or ABTS+· assay(p<0.01). Meanwhile,the result obtained by ABTS+· assay has significant positive correlation with that obtained by DPPH· assay or α-deoxyribose assay(p<0.05).

Antioxidation of extract from Fructus rhodomyrti on oil was studied in this study. The results showed that the extracts from Fructus rhodomyrti by water,alcohol,methanol,50% methanol,n-hexane and acetic ester have antioxidation on lard and peanut oil. In comparison,it was found that the effects of antioxidation of 50% methanol and water extracts are better,and the 50 % methanol extract is the superior one.

Stability of β-carotene emulsion was evaluated by Turbiscan analyzer in this study. Tween-80,polyglyceride and sucrose ester were used for preparating β-carotene emulsion with different contents of β-carotene under homogeneous conditions. The results showed that the Turbiscan analyzer can determine quickly and accurately the best stability of β-carotene emulsion prepared under the conditions of Tween-80 as emulsifier,content of β-carotene 2% and homogenization pressures of the first,the second and the third 30,50,45 MPa respectively.

Objective: To compare the antioxidant activities of different kinds of vegetables and fruits respectively. Methods: The DPPH and FRAP methods were used to measure the antioxidant activities of 15 kinds fruits and 33 kinds of vegetables. Results: The plum is the strongest and shuijing pear is the weakest in antioxidant activity among the fruits t for scavenging DPPH free radicals; Among the vegetables,the kidney bean is the strongest in scavenging DPPH free radicals,and cucumber and sponge gourd are the weakest. The orange has the strongest of total antioxidant activity among the fruits,and crystal pear and bergamot pear have the weakest total antioxidant activities. The chillis has the strongest total antioxidant activity among the vegetables,and sponge gourd and cucumber are the weakest in total antioxidant activity. Conclusion: some vegetables and fruits possess strong antioxidant activities and are worth studying fwrther.

Ginseng flowers were extracted by using 50% ethanol aqueous solution to prepared ginsenoside extract. The yield of ginsenoside is 8.17%. The ginsenoside extract added into Fenton reaction system can scavenge hydroxyl free radical (·OH) efficiently. The scavenging effect increases with the addition amount of the ginsenoside extract rising,and is up to the highest at the addition amount of 5% (content of ginsenoside 12.30μg/μl).

Carrot juice was pressurized under different ultra-high pressure processing conditions and the aim was to study the effects of ultra-high pressure physical energy on the carotenoid geometric isomers in the carrot juice. The carotenoid geometric isomers in the juices treated by 100,300,500 and 700 MPa for 5min were separated respectively by HPLC equipped with a photodiode array detector and a C30 column. According to the chromatographic behavior,spectral characteristics and geometrical transition of the carotenoid geometric isomers catalyzed by iodine,the isomers of all -trans-β-carotene,15-cis-,13-cis-,9-15-di-cis-,9-cis-β-carotene,and all -trans-α-carotene were identified respectively. The results showed that to some extents,the ultra high pressure physical energy can lead to the isomerization of all-trans-carotenoids such as 9-,13-,15-carotenoids with low bond energies or the degradation to some small molecular fragments.

The content of momordicosides in Momordica charantia L. extract by 70% ethanol was determined by colorimetry to investigat respectively their stabilities to high temperature,high humidity,ultraviolet irradiation time and pH value. The main assessment indexes were appearance characters,melting points,moisture absorption and content of momordicosides. Momordicosides exist steadily below 50 ℃ and between pH 6.0 and pH 9.0 in dry and airtight environment. And the content of momordicosides is not influenced by ultraviolet irradiation time. So the application of the momordicosides in health food industry has feasibility.

The ethanol soluble fraction in water extracts from hybrid edible gourd has some antimicrobial effects against 7 bacteria and 3 fungus,but no antimicrobial effects against 2 yeasts. The minimum inhibitory concentration to 7 bacteria and 3 fungus are 60～100 mg/ml and 70～80 mg/ml,respectively.

The minimum inhibition concentrations (MICs) of single clove essential oil,single cinnamon essential oil and their comination were determined by the same ratio dilution method respectively,and their combined antiseptic effects were evalu-ated by fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC). The results showed that the combined use of colve and cinnamon essential oils has synergetic inhibition effect on Bacillus subtilis,Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces rouxii,and plus effect on Escherichia coli,Penicillium sp and Saccharomyces cerevisiae,but no antagonistic effects on all the tested microorganisms in this experiment. The combined use of colve and cinnamon essential oils shows different inhibition effects on different bacteria. Compared with single use of colve or cinnamon essential oil,their combined use shows 8-time inhibition effect on Bacillus subtilis,and 4-time inhibition effects on Staphylococcus cremoris,Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces rouxii.

By gel permeation chromatography (GPC),it was found that microwave irradiation causes serious degradation of starch molecules in short time. Proper degradation is beneficial to the formation of resistant starch (RS). At different water contents,the extents of degradation are different. For example,at 85% water content the extent is the most serious but at 45% water content the extent is the most slight. 75% water content is the most suitable and the maximum yield of RS is achieved.

The Chinese white cabbage was treated by nanomaterial device (TiO2-ZnO compound) at different temperatures. The effects of temperature on the photocatalytic degradation of eleven organophosphorus pesticide residues in the vegetable treated by the nanomaterial device were discussed. The results indicated that the degradation rate increases with the temperature decreasing from 30℃ to 0℃. The longer the treatment time,the higher degradation rates of the pesticide residues,and the increases of the degradation rate tend to flat after 1 hour. The 400 W ultraviolet mercury lamp irradiation can raise the degradation rates of the organophosphorus pesticide residues in the vegetable.

The electronic absorption spectral shifts of all-E-β,β-carotene and ψ,ψ-carotene in supercritical carbon dioxide were studied. Experimental results indicated that hypsochromic spectral shifts of all-E-β,β-carotence and ψ,ψ-carotene in CO2 phase are observed in comparison of those in hexane. Additionally,bathochromic spectral shifts of the tested carotenes are observed while pressure and temperature variations-induced increase in the density of CO2 takes place. Both of the spectral shifts are considered fundamentally to be related with polarizability term (further referred to the refractive index) variation of CO2 according to the established spectral theory of carotenoids in organic solvents.

The addition of soybean protein isolate (SPI) and the treatment of ultra high pressure (UHP) are important methods to improve the water-binding capacities (WBC) and textural properties of meat products. The effects of added concentration SPI (0,0.5%,1.0%,1.5%,2.0%,2.5% and 3.0%) and 300 MPa on colour,WBC and textural properties of chicken muscle gels (CMG) were investigated. The results showed that the lightness of unpressurized CMG decreases with the SPI concentration rising,while water-binding capacity enhances. Both the changes are significantly observed under over 2.5% SPI addition. The over 1.5% addition of SPI can enhance significantly hardness,springiness,cohesiveness and chewiness of CMG alone. The hardness,springiness,cohesiveness and chewiness of pressurized CMG at 300 MPa increase obviously under 2.0% SPI addition,but the cooking loss of CMG decreases significantly,and hence the yield of CMG increases. However the lightness of CMG reduces significantly.

Nitrite is a potentially toxic and carcinogenic substance,so it is very important to reduce the nitrite content in pickle for the protection of food safety. Cabbage and radish were used as raw materials to produce pickles by natural fermentation method respetively. The effects of sodium erythorbate addition and fermentation temperature on the nitrite content in the pickles were studied. The results showed that sodium erythorbate can effectively reduce the content and improve the speed of degradation of nitrite; Fermentation temperature of nitrite has a significant effect on the formation: the higher temperature,the less nitrite content,and vice versa.

The study was designed to track the changes of meat color and tenderness of chilled beef and pork within the first postmortem 120 h. The results showed that there are significant differences in pH value,L,a and b values,moisture content and shear force value between the beef and the pork. As the aging time prolonging,the meat lightness rises,but the redness and shear force value decline. Under the same conditions,the pork has a greater change in shear force than the beef within postmortem 120 h.

The antioxidant activities in vitre of the petroleum ether,EtOAc,BuOH and H2O extracts of the folk edible flowers of Juglans regia L. were studied by the DPPH radical scavenging activity method,respectively. It was found that the edible flowers of Juglans regia L. exhibit good scavenging activity on DPPH radical. The IC50 value of the EtOAc extract is 30.7μg,which shows a higher activity than BHA.

The native breed small-tail han sheep was studied on composition,texture properties and meat quality in different parts of ovine carcass (back,lumbar,ribs,front legs,hind legs,and tendon). Sensory evaluation of the products processed by meat cuts was conducted. The results showed that the six anatomical parts can be classified to two groups: legs and trunk,according to physico-chemical properties and texture properties. Between two parts for legs and trunk,the fat content of meat,color,water-holding capacity,share force,muscle fiber diameter and density are significantly different (p<0.05). The fat content in muscle affects the flavor of mutton products,and it can be used as the main index for flavor evaluation. Shear force,muscle fiber diameter and density can be used as the main index for muscle tenderness evaluation. The parts of lumbar and ribs haves higher fat content and water-holding capacity,thinner muscle fiber diameter and smaller shear force,and they have good meat qualities such as intenderness and flavor. The parts of lumbar and ribs are the best raw materials for processing the products of barbeque or rinsed mutton.

Technological extraction of flavonoids in rape bee pollen was studied by using the methods of ethyl alcohol extraction and water precipitation combined with macroporous resin concentration and ethyl alcohol elution,and the satisfying results were obtorined. The transfer rate of flavonoids in rape bee pollen is over 70%,and the content of flavonoids is over 50%. Rutin,quercetin,kaempferol and isorhamnetin are separated from extracts by the methods of column separation and stepping elution of organic solvent. Rutin,quercetin and kaempferol are verified by appraisal of nuclear magnetic resonance. Meanwhile,β-sitosterol and β-stigmasterol are separated by the methods of concentration and elution. The bioactive substances are verified by nuclear magnetic resonance.

Fresh sword jackbean was used as material,and the best technological conditions for the extraction of sword jackbean lectin(SJL) were obtained in this study. The best conditions are as follows: extracting time 2.5 h,extracting temperature 22℃,concentration of NaCl in formic acid solution 0.20 mol/L,formic acid concentration 0.7 mol/L and ratio of material to water 1:50 (W/V). Under these conditions,the hemagglutinating activity of SJL is 102.96 HU/g,and the extraction mass of protein is 11.15 mg/g. By ammonium sulfate fractionation and dialysis,crude product of SJL is got. HPLC analysis showed that the preliminary product of SJL comprises a number of proteins with different molecular weights,in a wide range,from about 150000D to 1300D. The protein with the molecular weight of about 7100D accounts for 22.65%,and the protein with,the molecular weight of about 36000D accounts for 15.55%. The results showed that the content of sword jackbean lectin in the initial isolate is high.

The fermentation technology of strawberry wine by fruit wine yeast XEC.19 was studied. The results showed that the optimal technological processes are as follows: juicing strawberry (no need of blanching)→adding 0.025% pectinase to treat the strawberry juice for 2 h at 40 ℃ and then filtrating the juice→adding K2S2O3 (terminal concentration 80 mg/L) to the filter of juice→adjusting sucrose degree of the jiuce to 20 g/100 ml by once and then adjusting initial pH to 3.2 with citric acid→main fermentation temperature at 21 ℃ for 7 d→adding 0.10% benotonite to clarify the brut wine→post-fermentation→aging→flavoring the wine→sterilization. The obtained strawberry wine with alcohol quantity 10% and sugar content 4.5% has the characters of full-bodied flavor,dark red colour,high quality and good clarification level.

Orthogonal design was carried out to optimize the ultrasonic extraction method of Lonicera japonica Thunb and spray drying method of Lonicera japonica Thunb. instant tea. Identification of the tea using caffeotannic acid and the reference herb of Lonicera japonica Thunb by thin layer chromatography (TLC) was performed. The contents of caffeotannic acid was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The optimized extraction method is as follows: using 10 times of water to extract for 3 times,1 h for each time. The optimized spray drying method is as follows: Outlet temperature 200 ℃,spraying pressure 180kPa. Can relative density of materials was 1.10mg/ml.The characteristic spots of Lonicera japonica Thunb could be detected in thin layer chromatogram. The linear range of caffeotannic acid content is from 0.984 to 5.24μg(r=0.9999),and the average recovery is 100.5% (RSD=1.84%).

In this study,garlic slices were dried by hot air and vacuum respectively. With thiosulfinates content in dried garlic as index,the optimal conditions of hot air drying and vacuum drying were determined using response surface analysis software separately. The results showed that on the conditions of thickness of garlic slices 2.7 mm and drying temperature 45 ℃,the best effect of hot air drying is achieved,and the optimal conditions of vacuum drying are thickness of garlic slices 3 mm and drying temperature 41℃.

The lactic acid fermentations of single honey,honey plus soyeban proteain single milk and honey plus milk were studied respectively.The reducing sugar contents at the beginning and the end of fermentation ang the lactic acid content at the end of fermentation were determined,and the changes of reducing sugar and lactic acid contents were trackingly detected. It was found that inthe case of enough nitrgen source existing,the reducing sugar in honey can be utilized by Lactobacillus as carbon source and changed into lactic acid.

Starch was treated by a mixture of glucoamylase and amylase,and then was oxidized by sodium metaperiodate,to prepare high-powered strach-based carrier for immobilization of enzyme. The effects of different parameters including degree of hydrolysis,reaction time,temperture,pH,concentration of sodium metaperiodate and molar ratio of sodium metaperiodate to starch on the capability of the carrier were studied. The carrier has powerful capability of immobilizing of enzyme because of its powerful adsorption ability and a great amount of aldehyde groups.

The crosslinked carboxymethyl double modified starch (CCMS) was made from cassava starch with epichlorohydrin as crosslinking agent and chloroacetic acid as carboxyme thylating agent. The degree of substitution of product was determined by the precipitation method of copper salt. The optimal conditions are as follows: reaction temperature 55 ℃,reaction time 4 h and ratio of starch:ClCH2COOH:NaOH 1.00:0.44:0.44. The DS is about 0.79 under these conditions. Compared with native starch,CCMS shows higher viscosity,paste transparency and thermostability. CCMS possess the stronger environment adaptability with good application performance. The FTIR results showed that the peak at 1008～1164 cm-1 is enhanced,indicating the group of carboxymethyl has been introduced in starch molecule. The DSC results indicated that cross-linked carboxymethyl starch has a higher gelation temperature and can be gelated more easily.

The degradation efficiency of captan residue contained in apple was determined by using ozone in water. The results showed that with the concentration of ozone,ozone treatment time and temperature increasing,the captan residue in apples decreases gradually. The optimal technological conditions of degradation are: initial concentration of ozone 6 mg/L,pH 11,temperature 40 ℃,and time 30 min. The captan residue in apple is not found,which is treated by ozone under the above conditions.

Soybean cake,soybean power and soybean peel were hydrolyzed by Protease M "Amano" G to prepare soybean polypeptides,respectively. For the three raw materials the effects of dispersion consentration,dispersion time,dispersion temperature,hydrolysis temperature,hydrolysis time,hydrolysis pH value,enzyme amount on the hydrolysis degrees of raw materials,bitters and flavors of the soybean polypeptides were discussed. The result showed that the soybean polypeptides have special flavor and no bitter on higher hydrolysis degree. Finally,the distrbution of molecular weight and the IR spectra of the soybean polypeptides were determined.

The effects of temperature,time,solvent-solid ratio and pH on extraction rate of inulin from Jerusalem artichoke Tubers were discussed. By response surface methodology (RSM) the optimal extraction conditions of inulin are as follows: natural pH,time 20 min temperature 76.7℃ and solvent-solid ratios of 10.56:1 (V/W). Under these conditions,the extraction rate of the inulin reaches the maximum,83.6%.

Under the fixed conditions of 10% substrate,Flavourzyme -Papain ratio 1:1,the effects of pH,enzyme amount,temperature,reaction time on hydrolysis degree of Procambarus clarkii byproduct were investigated,and these factors were optimized by orthogonal test. The optimal substrate concentration was also determined. Results showed that the optimal hydrdysis conditions are,pH 7.0,amount of compound enzyme1.5%,temperature 50～55℃,time 5 hours and substrate concentration 25%. The maximum hydrolysis degree reaches 26.2%.

Dietary fider was extracted from burdock hydrolyzed by enzymes in this study. The plant protease and glucoamylase were used to hydrolyze respectively protein and starch after pretreating burdock. The soluble dietary fiber was precipitated by using 95% ethanol and then washed by using ethanol and acetone to remove fat-soluble substances. After drying and ashing,the residue was purifed dietary fiber. The results showed that the optimal techological conditions for preparing burdock dietary fiber are as follows: plant protease amount 6%,glucoamylase 1.2%,pH 7.0,time 4 h and temperature 50℃. The yield of the burdock dietary fiber is 63.74%.

The carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) made from modified beet fiber and the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were used to prepare compound packaging films in the different proportions. The results indicated that under the conditions of CMC amount 30%,ammonia water 0.75%,concentration of film-forming solution 5%,and glutaraldehyde amount 6%,the prepared com-pound film has better oxygen and water barrier perfor mance.

The process technology,ACE inhibitory activity and purification of ACE inhibitory peptide of vinegar-egg were studied. The results showed that the optimal process conditions of vinegar-egg are as follows:soaking time 36 h,vinegar-whole egg ratio 3.0 ml/g,vinegar-liquid egg ratio 2.5 ml/g,and temperature 20～25℃; The IC50 of vinegar-egg hydrolysates is 174.68 mg/ml and the IC50 of vinegar-egg-yolk hydrolysates is 183.72 mg/ml. The hydrolysates were seperated by Sephadex G-50. Two components the are obtained,in which the ACE inhibitory activity of the second component is higher. The amino acid of the second component was analysed.

Using cellulase and xylanase to degrate the corn bran which is treated by amylase and protease,water-soluble dietary fiber could be obtained. The orthogonal test was adopted to explore the best technological conditions of enzymolysis process,in order to enhance the conversion rate of water insoluble dietary fiber that the result indicated that the optimal enzymolysis conditions are as follows: temperature 45℃,pH 4.8,solid-liquid ratio 1:12,enzymolysis time 8 h,and addition amount of cellulase and xylanase 1% and 0.3 % respectively. The maximum conversion rate of water insoluble dietary fiber reaches 6.57%. The addition amount of cellulase has the most significant influence to the experimental result. 更多还原

In order to extract insoluble dietary fiber from coconut residue,monofactorial tests were carried out based on component analysis of coconut residue to determine the appropriate levels of factors influencing proteolysis and adipolysis,orthogonal test was accomplished to optimize technological conditions of one-step zymohydrolysis and the product’s function was determined too. Results indicated that coconut residue contains 14.8% protein,35.5% fat,22.3% dietary fiber and 20.8% other carbohydrates; The appreciate conditions of proteolysis and adipolysis are pH 8.0～9.0,enzyme dosage 5.0%～6.0%,45～ 55℃ and reaction time 4.0～5.0h,and pH 7.0～9.0,enzyme dosage 5.0%～6.0%,40～45℃ and reaction time 4.0～5.0 h respectively; The optimized conditions of one-step zymohydrolysis are pH 8.5,enzyme dosage 5.5%,48℃ and reaction time 3.5 h and the removal rates of protein and lipid are 89.1% and 83.6% respectively; The water holdup,swelling rate,viscosity and purity of IDF product are 3.25g/g,3.45ml/g and 1.66mPa·s and 80.3% respectively.

Ultrasonic was used to extract oil from Passiflora edulis seed in this study. The effects of ultrasonic power,ultrasonic time,extraction temperature and materials to organic solvent ratio on Passiflora edulis seed oil yield were investigated,and these factors were optimized by orthogonal test L9(34). The optimal conditions of ultrasonic-assisted extraction are ultrasonic power 250 W,extraction time 35 min,extraction temperature 45 ℃,and materials to cyclohexane ratio 1:8(W/V). The assistant effect of ultrasonic shortens extraction time from 4 h to 35 min and increases Passiflora edulis seed oil yield from 24.11% to 24.27%,but does not change the quality of Passiflora eduliss eed oil.

In this study,methanol,acetic acid and phosphate solution were used for extracting antimicrobial peptides from dry skin of Rana chensinensis respectively. For the three extraction processes,the important process parameters such as temperature,time,extraction solution to material ratio and pH were optimized respectively by using orthogonal test L9(34) with antibacterial activity of the purified product as test index. The results showed that the optimal conditions of the methanol extraction method are 0 ℃,24 h,extraction solution to material ratio 22.5:1,and pH 5.4; For the acetic acid extraction method,they are 0 ℃,24 h,extraction solution to material ratio 22.5:1,and pH 3.0; For the phosphate solution extraction method,they ar 20 ℃,24 h,extraction solution to material ratio 22.5:1,and pH6.4. Among the three methods,the antibacterial activity of the extract obtained by the methanol extraction method is the highest. The specific antibacterial activity is increased by about 5 times through Sephadex G-25 chromatography. The purified product has some antibacterial effects against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

The techniques such as microwave treatment,ultrasonication and enzymatic hydrolysis were used to develop instant pumpkin powder. Among the three techniques,the microwave treatment is the best one in term of quality. The technologcial conditions of microwave treatment were optimized by single-factor and orthogonal design. The results showed that the treat-ment effect of pumkin pulp is the best by microwave in total power for 30 min with the material to liquid of 1:1.5.

The effects of grinding degree of dried ginger,extraction pressure,extraction temperature,extraction time and flow rate of CO2 on extraction rate of ginger essential oi by supercritical CO2 method were explored,and the main parameters were optimized by orthogonal test. The results showed that under the condions of extraction pressure 30Mpa,extraction temperature 45℃,extraction time 2.5h and flow rate CO2 380 kg/h,the extraction rate of the ginger essential oil reaches 1.81%.

This study aimed to optimize the process of using Jin orange as raw material to produce vinegar by alcohol and acetic acid fermentations. The results showed the optimal conditions of pectinase hydrolysis are amount of pectinase 0.127%,temperature 45.5 ℃,and time 3.3 h; The optimal technological parameters of alcoholic fermentation are amount of yeast 3%,temperature 28 ℃,and initial sugar content 16%; The optimal technological parameters of acetic fermentation are amount vinegar agarics 8%,temperature 32.5℃,and alcohol content 7%. When the amount of chitosan is 0.05%,the effect of clarificationi s good.

The hydrogenation process of soybena PC-70 was optimized through single factor and orthogonal tests. The results showed that the optimal process conditions are as follows: using Pd/C as catalyst with the amount of 3.5 percent,H2 pressure in reactor 2 MPa,reaction temperature 65℃,reaction 70min,and stirring speed 180 r/min. The obtained product is yellowy with the iodine value of 40.38 gI2/100g.

To obtain the rice starch with satisfactory surface effect and small size effect,milling superfine comminution technique study was employed in this study,and the particle size,hydratability and powder characteristics of the rice starch were determined. The results showed that the particle size of rice starch is decreased by superfine comminution technique from 2639.9 nm to 166.8 nm. With the particle size decreasing,the hydratability increases remarkably. The specific surface increases from 0.9393 m2/g to 1.3523 m2/g,the expansive force increases from 1.3 ml/g to 2.32 ml/g,the water retention ability increases from 2.17 g/ g to 4.44 g/g,the powder fluidity and filling performance increase,and the dispersion increases from 83.1% to 87%. These results indicated that the obtained superfine rice starch has satisfactory physico-chemical characteristics,can be widely applied in the future.

The supercritical CO2 extraction technologey was employed to extract oil from Ficus pumila L.seed. The effects of frinding degree,extraction pressure,extraction temperature,CO2 flow rate and the extraction time on the extraction rate of the Ficus pumila L. seed oil were discussed emphatically,and they were optimized by orthogonal test. The results showed that the optimal conditions of supercritical CO2 extraction are as follows: grinding degree 40 meshes,extraction pressure 25MPa,extraction temperature 40℃,CO2 flow rate 25L/h and extraction time 90 min. The maximum extraction rate of the Ficus pumila L.seed oil reaches 20.93%.

Using potato starches in Western Hubei province as material,the cold-water-soluble potato starches was processed by microwave treatment combined with 1,3-propanediol. The optimized technological conditions by orthogonal test L9(34) are as follows: water-propanediol ratio(V/V) 1:1,extracting time 17.0 min by microwave,and starch milk concentration 12%(W/V). The solubility of the obtained cold-water-soluble potato starch is 84.0%.

Macroporous resin was used to separate aureofuscin from fermentation broth of Streptomyces aureofuscus.n.sp,and hgih performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was adoted to determine aureofuscin quantitatively. The results showed that separation effect of aureofuscin is good by macroporous resin. The maximum absorption of aureofuscin is at 302.5 nm wavelength. The normalization analysis of HPLC indicated that aureofuscin content in the obtained sample by macroporous resin separation is 98%.

Through single factor test and uniform design,the factors affecting the extraction rate of egg yolk lecithin such as acetone volume,extraction time of acetone,ratio of alcohol to acetone-insoluble substance,extraction time of alcohol,concen-tration of alcohol and temperature were investigated. The optimized technological parameters are as follows: ratio of egg yolk powder to acetone 9:1,extraction time of acetone 60 min,ratio of alcohol to acetone-insoluble substance 11:1,concentration of alcohol 95%,extraction temperature 35 ℃ and extraction time of alcohol 2 h.

Using chloroform as solvent,Under the extraction conditions of extraction time 10 h,size of betel nut power 20 to 40 mesh,the betel nut oil extraction rates of two varieties of Hainan and Thailand were compared by different drying methods. Results showed that the betel nut oil extraction rate of Thaiand variety is higher than that of Hainan variety,and the oil extraction rate of one variety of betel nut dried by hot air is higher than that of the same variety of betel nut dried by microwave.

Corn powder was used to prepare whole glucose powder. This study focused on the saccharification and decolourization of liquefied starch powder. The optimized technological parameters of saccharification are as follows: tempera-ture 59 ℃,60 hours,pH 4.8,amount of diastase 300 U/g and amount of pullulanuse 0.1 ASPU/ml. The optimized technological parameters of decolourization are as follows: amount of active carbon 3%,temperature 85 ℃,time 20 min and pH 4.6.

The factors such as extraction agent,liquid ratio,ultrasonic time,and ultrasonic power affecting on the agglutinin extraction from Phaseolus vulgaris were investigated. The effects of hemagglutination culture time and the centrifugal speed on hemagglutination effect and dry weight were also discussed. The results showed that saline as the extraction agent,the optimal extraction conditions determined by orthogonal test are: material-liquid ratio 1: 10,ultrasonic time 30 min,and ultrasonic power 350 W. The hemagglutination culture time and centrifugal speed are 3 h and 3000 r/min,respectively.

High pressure processing,heat processing and freezing processing were adopted to treat pure pineapple juice respectively,and their effects on the sensory qualities and preservation properties of the pure pineapple were investigated. The results showed that high pressure processing,heat processing and freezing processing have no significant effects on the color and appearance of the pure pineapple juice; There are no significant differences on flavor,taste and overall score between the pure pineapple juice processed by heat processing or freezing processing,and the untreated pure pineapple juice. Significant differences on flavor,taste and overall score of the pure pineapple juice processed by high pressure processing are tasted out compared with the untreated pure pineapples juice. Both heat processing and high pressure processing can lower down the viable count significantly,and freezing processing can lower down the viable count after the storage of 7 days at -18℃,but has no obvious effect on the viable count at the beginjing. So freezing processing is more suitable for processing pure pineapples juice.

The extraction technology of total alkaloids from Zanthoxylum bungeanum was optimized by orthogonal design. The optimal extraction are determined as: 70% alcohol as extraction solvent,pH 3,extraction time conditions 4 h,and material-liquid ratio 1:20. The extraction rate of total alkaloids 0.938% under these conditions.

The co-crystallizing and co-melting temperatures of Stichopus japonicus are determined as -15℃ and -13℃ respectively by electrical resistance method. Based on them,The freeze-drying technology of Stichopus japonicus is determined as follows: prefreezing the Stichopus japonicus of 12 to 15 mm thickness for 1h at -34℃,then increasing temperature to -25℃ and keeping for 42 to 48 h,and then rising the temperature to 25℃ and keeping for 6 h. The moisture content of the freeze-dried product is less 10%. The rehydration ratio is about 35%,and the weight gain rate is 60% to 65%. According to determina-tion results by texture analyzer,the hardness,adhesiveness,chewing and gumminess decline,but the springiness rises,and cohesiveness and resilience are almost invariant.

The supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) and microwave were used to extract teaseed oil respectively,and their extraction conditions were optimized by orthogonal test respectively. The optimal SC-CO2 extraction conditions are determined as follows: extraction pressure 35 MPa,extraction temperature 45 ℃,separation temperature 30 ℃,extraction time 80 min,material particle size 40 meshes and CO2 flow rate 25～35 kg/h.The optimal microwave extraction conditions are determined as follows: cyclohexane as extraction solvent,ratio of solvent to material 5.0,microwave power 700 W,radiation time 50 s,radiation times 6 and material particle size 40 meshes. The yields of tea seed oil obtained by SC-CO2 and microwave are 28.07% and 27.16 %,respectively. The extraction time by microwave is shorter than that by SC-CO2,while the quality of tea seed oil by SC-CO2 is better than that by microwave. So the SC-CO2 extraction is a better technique for extracting oil from tea seed.

The extractionl process of polysaccharides from Aloe vera L. was optimized by single factor test and orthogonal test in this study. The results showed that the optimal conditions for extracting polysaccharides from Aloe vera L. by hot water extraction method are as follows: material-liquid ratio 1:6,temperature 65℃,time 60 minutes,and pH 9.0. The optimal conditions for extracting polysaccharides from Aloe vera L. by ultrasonic-assisted extraction method are as follows: material-liquid ratio 1:4,ultrasonic power 100 W,pH 9.0,and time 6 minutes. The ultrasonic-assisted extraction method is better than the single hot water extraction method due to its much higher extraction rate.

Objective:To investigate the effect ultra high pressure processing(UHPP) combined with nisin on B. subtilis AS 1.140. Method: All experiments were designed according to pentagonal concept of RSM. Result: The pressure and nisin concentration are the most significant factors affecting UHPP sterilization to Bacillus subtilis,and their significance order is pressure>nisin concentration; The regression equation (model) for UHPP sterilization to B. subtilis was established,and also verified to be good for prediction in the range of experimental conditions; Nisin can be more effective to synergize sterilization of UHPP to B. subtilis than temperature; The increase of sterilization rate (the change of log-circles) is higher in nisin concentration of 0.00～0.05mg/ml than in that of 0.50～0.15mg/ml.

The effects of mainly processing operations such as color protection,harding,seasoning,frying on the quality of fried purple sweet potato were investigated by single factor,and the processing operations were optimized by orthogonal and uniform test designed methods in this study. The results showed that the optimal process conditions are using citric acid 0.6% and 0.3% VC in the color protection,0.4% CaCl2 for 20 min in the harding,immersing in 8% sucrose solution for 15 min and frying at 180℃ for 20s.

This study aimed explore the effects of three different drying methods including vacuum and heating drying,vacuum freeze drying and hot air drying and physico-chemical factors on the functional properties of quail egg-white protein. The results showed that the viscosity of vacuum freeze dryied quail egg-white protein is 54mPa·s,the emulsification is 8 ml/g,and the water holding capacity is 2.03 g/g; By vacuum and heating drying,the vicosity of the dried quail egg-white protein is 62mPa·s,the emulsification is 6 ml/g,and the water holding 0.57 g/g; And the vicosity of the hot air dried quail egg-white protein is 64mPa·s,the emulsification is 4 ml/g,and the water capacity is 0.56 g/g. The emulsification of vacuum freeze dryied quail egg white has a sharp increase when its concentration is lower than 6%,and is the highest when pH value is at the isoelectric point 4.5. Besides,when the concentration of NaCl increases from 2% to 12%,the emulsification decreases. The water holding capacity of vacuum and heating dried quail egg white increases with the temperature rising,is higher at a proper concentration of NaCl,and is the smallest when pH value is at isoelectric point.

The extraction technology of pigment from west plum pericarp was optimized by L9 (33) othogonal test,and the stability of the pigment was studied. The results showed that the optimal technological conditions are as follows: tempera-ture 70℃,time 5 hours,0.5 percent hydrochloric acid-ethanol (V/V) as extraction solution and ratio of material to extraction solution 1:10. The maximum absorption wavelength of the pigment is 538 nm. It is stable to Zn2+,K+,Ca2+,Mg2+,Na+ and Cu2+.Its stability is affected significantly by pH,but good at pH<4. Fe3+,oxidant,reductant and light have hypochromic effect on the pigment.

The microwave-assisted extraction technology of polysaccharides from fruits of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus Seem. was optimized by using single factor and orthogonal tests. The optimal extraction conditions are determined as follows: liquid-solid ratio 1:30 (g/ml),microwave power middle-high,and time 150s. Under the above conditions,the extraction rate of polysaccharides is 2.72%.

The effect of fat pork on properties of silver carp surimi-protein soybean composite product was studied,as well as the effects of the improvers,carrageenan and gellan gum. The results showed that addition of carrageenan or gellan gum is helpful to improve the properties of silver carp surimi-protein soybean composite product added with fat pork,such as enhance the gel stength,decrease the water loss rate and increase the folding performance. For only adding gellan gum,when the surimi-soybean protein-sweet potato starch-fat pork ratio is 85g:5g:10g:5g,0.2g gellan gum can improve the properties of the composite product to the utmost extent. For only adding carrageenan,when the surimi-soybean protein-sweet potato starch-fat pork ratio is 85g:5g:10g:10g,the improvement effect of 1g carrageenan is the best.

The waxberry juice from Jingzhou county of Hunan province was fermented by grape wine yeast to produce dry red wine. The effects of fermentation temperature at 15,20,25,30 and 35℃ and the initial yeast concentration at 1.0×105,1.0×106,1.0×107 and 1.0×108 cells/ml on the quality of the dry red waxberry wine were discussed by single factor test. The malolactic fermentation was carried out to decrease the acidity of the dry red waxberry wine by using lactic acid bacteria after main fermentation. The results showed that the endemic color and flavor of waxberry is preserved by regulating the initial yeast concentration to 1.0×107 cells/ml and keeping fermenting at 20℃. The total acid is reduced by 13.84% through the malolactic fermentation (MLF),and the pH value reaches 3.68. The waxberry wine product is elegant,clarifying,mellow and concordant.

Ginger is usually by preserved salting,but in the processing,salt needs removing to between 3% and 5.5%. In this study,the immersion method was used to desalt and the desalination process was optimized by orthogonal test with contents of gingerol and salt as test indexes.The results showed that the best conditions of desalination technology are as follows: solid-liquid ratio 1:4,temperature 30℃,and soaking time 40 min.

Objective: To optimize ethanol extraction technology of total flavonoids from Portulaca oleraceaL.. Methods: The ethanol extraction technology of total flavonoids from Portulaca oleraceaL. was optimized by orthogonal test,and the cellulase hydrolysis conditions were optimized by quadratic regression model in four variables-orthogonal test results. Results: The optimal conditions of ethanol extraction technology are as follows: material-liquid ratio 1:30,extraction temperature 60 ℃,time 60 min,and ethanol concentration 60%. The optimal cellulase hydrolysis conditions for extracting the total flavonoids from Portulaca oleraceaL. with ethanol are as follows: cellulase amount 1.9‰,hydrolysis temperature 47 ℃,pH 7.0,and time 0.7 h. Conclusion: The cellulase-assisted method is much better than the ethanol extraction method.

The ultrasonic method was applied to extract of total saponins from snap bean. Regarding the content of total saponins in snap bean as the index of investigation,the factors such as the ultrasonic temperature,ultrasonic powerand,ultrasonic time affecting the content of total saponins were studied. Single and orthogonal tests were performed to optimize the extraction conditions. The optimal conditions are determined just as follows: ultrasonic temperature 50 ℃,ultrasonic power 80%,and ultrasonic time 50 min. The total snap bean saponins content in obtained extract 3.416mg/g. By the common solvent method the content of total saponins is 3.463mg/g.Ultrasonic can not increase the extraction rate of total snap bean saponins remarkably,but can shorten the extraction duration and lower the extraction temperature.

Fresh jujube as raw materials,the effect of different drying methods on nutrional and aroma components of jujube were studied. Different drying methods have great different effects on the nutritional and aromatic components of jujube. The contents of pectin,total acid,reducing sugar and total sugar decline after jujubes are dried. There is a large degradation of pectin when jujubes are dried at 35 ℃. The content decreases of reducing sugar,total sugar and total acid are minor.There are great effects of different drying methods on different aromatic components of jujube,not only on the types of aromatic components,but also on the contents of the aromatic components. Low-temperature drying can protect the nutritional and aromatic components. On the conditions of this experiment,35℃ is the optimum drying temperature.

Microwave preheating and enzymatic clarification were used in the production process of concentrated Dangshan crisp pear juice. It was found that the juice yield of the Dangshan crisp pear preheated by microwave for 40 s is 91.46%,and the transparent effect is also increased to some degree. The optimal clarifying conditions are complex pectinase amount 0.02%,clarifying time 12 hours and temperature 50 ℃. Under these conditions,the transparency is 97.4%. After the clarification,the glucose content is 5.569%,and the loss quantity of vitamin C is 3.18 mg/100 g and the loss rate is 14.36%,while the content of vitamin C is 22.14 mg/100g before the clarification.

By single factor test,the technology conditions for defatting lobster processing wastes are determined as follows: cyclohexane alkyl as defatting solvent,temperature 60℃,time 60 min,and ratio of liquid to solid 5:1. By single factor and orthogonal tests,the optimal conditions of ultrasonic-assisted alkaline extraction of protein from the defatted lobster processing wastes are determined as follows: treatment time of ultrasonic 10 min,alkali lye concentration 0.8%,extraction temperature 70℃,extraction time 30 min,and ratio of material to liquid 5: 1. Under these conditions,the protein extraction rate is 78.6%.

The angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inbibitory peptide with the highest ACE inhibitory activity was isolated and purified from peanut peptides,the byproducts in the aqueous enzymatic extraction process of oil from peanut. The amino acid sequence of this peptide is Tyr-Gly-Asn-Leu-Tyr.

The microwave and ultrasonic methods were used to extract pumpkin seed oil respectively,and their extraction conditions were optimized by orthogonal test. The results showed that the optimal conditions of the microwave extraction are as follows: petroleum ether as extraction solvent,mass ratio of raw material to extraction solvent 1:7,microwave irradiation time 7 min and power 640 W. For the ultrasonic extraction,they are as follows: petroleum ether as extraction solvent,mass ratio of raw material to extraction solvent 1:7 and soaking time 24 h. The oil extraction rates are 39.98 % and 38.77 % for the microwave and ultrasonic extraction methods under the optimal extraction condtions,respectively.

Depending on the detection of RP-HPLC,the change trend of the extraction rate of anthocyanins from Vaccinium uliginosum L. with the hydrochloric acid concentration was investigated. The best hydrochloric acid concentration is determined as 1.5 mol/L. The Vaccinium uliginosum L.extracts were purified by AB-8 macroporous resin,polyamide resin (eluted with 80% or 40% ethanol solution) and combination of the two resins,respectively,and four anthocyanins samples were obtained and then detected by RP-HPLC. The results showed that the anthocyanins purity of the four samples are 13.36397%,36.95687%,13.21466% and 8.559135%,respectively. According to the above results,the polyamide resin is apparently better than AB-8 macroporous resin in the purification of anthocyanins,and the anthocyanins purity is increased by 23.5%.

The effects of modified corn starch,dough conditioner and sucrose fatty acid ester (SE) on the water holding capability of dough by using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology were studied and the results measured by it were compared with those measured by texture analyzer to determine the optimum proportion of each additive. By orthogonal test,it was found that when the ratio of modified corn starch to wheat flour is 4:46,the content of dough conditioner is 0.5%,and sucrose fatty acid ester is 0.5 %,the dough has a state of lower spin-spin relaxation time,higher amplitude of proton signal,better cohesive ness,smaller hardness,moderate viscosity,lower water activity and dough gluten completly being formed,and its water holding capacity and texture are the best.

The effects of quality of wheat,temperature of wheat moistening and moisture content of wheat on the growth of surface mould of wheat were studied. The results showed that the quality of wheat takes the most significant effect on the growth of surface mould,followed by the temperature of wheat moistening and the moisture content of wheat in turn.

The extraction technique of chlorophyll from zingiber leaves was studied,and the sodium copper chlorophyllin was prepared and its stabilities were analyzed tentatively. The results showed that the optimal extraction of chlorophyll conditions are determined as follows: using the mixture of acetone and 95﹪ alcohol with 2:1 ratio as extraction solvent,ratio of material to solvent 1:30,extraction temperature 60℃ and extraction time 5 h. The product of sodium copper chlorophyllin prepared according to the technics of saponifyication at first and then copper substitution shows some acid stability and thermal stability below 90℃.

The thermostable recombinant xylanase B (XynB) from Thermotoga maritima MSB8 was immobilized on nikel-chelated Eupergit C 250L,and then used to hydrolyze the autohydrolysis explosion liquor of corncob (AELC) for continuous production of xylooligosaccharides,especially xylobiose. The immobilized XynB had a good operation stability and still retained its relative activity of 92% after 15 cycles of hydrolysis at 90 ℃. The immobilized XynB retained 83.6% of its initial hydrolysis activity even after 168 hours of hydrolysis reaction and demonstrated a half-life time of 577.6 hours (24 days) for continuous hydrolysis. HPLC analysis showed that xylobiose (49.8%) and xylose (22.6%) are the main products during continuous hydrolysis. Xylobiose was absorbed on an activated charcoal column and eluted with a linear gradient of ethanol to obtain xylobiose with 84.7% yield,and 97.2% purity. Therefore,the immobilized XynB can be applied for the efficient production of xylobiose from AELC.

An efficient triglyceride-degrading bacterium BC1 was screened from the clay and was identified as Bacillus cereus. Mutant strain BC1-6 with the steady character of high triglyceride-degrading was screened by ultrasonic-DES multi-mutation on strain BC1. Its degradation rate was increased by 36.5% compared with that of strain BC1. The results showed that the optimal fermentation conditions are pH 6.5,37℃ and 160 r/min. The best carbon and nitrogen source are glucose and tryptone respectively. 1 to 5 mmol/L Fe2+ and 5 mmol/L Ca2+ could improve its degradation,but 1 to 5 mmol/L Zn2+ and Mg2+ have different inhibition effects on its degradation ability.

Objective: To prepare and identify monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) against purified egg white extract. Methods: BALB/c mice were immunized with purified extracts of eggs,and hybridoma cell lines were obtained by fusing immunized mouse spleen cells with myeloma NS-1 cells. The specificities of McAbs were characterized by indirect ELISA and Western Blotting. Results: Two hybridoma cells,5E12 and 4F1,which secreted the McAbs (both are IgG1) against extracts of eggs,are obtained. The titers of 5E12 and 4F1 are 1:3000 and 1:30,respectively. Western Blotting analysis showed that 4F1 can recognize a target molecule with relative molecular mass of 45 kD. The tesults of indirect ELISA showed that the titers of two McAbs are 1:3000 and 1:300,respectively. Conclusion: Two McAbs,5E12 and 4F1,against extracts of eggs are prepared successfully,which provides valuable experiment foundation for quickly measuring allergen in foods as well as for isolating,purifying and identifying allergens.

105 strains of lactic acid bacteria were isolated and identified from dairy products and sour cabbage soup in Bayanhaote fo Inner Mongolia,and a strain producing thermoduric proteinase,named Enterococcus faecium,was screened from the lactic acid bacteria by detecting hydrolysis circle of proteinase and its activity. The experimental results revealed that the optimal conditions for producing thermoduric proteinase are as follows: glucose as carbon and peptone plus beef extract plus yeast powder as nitrogen sources,carbon-nitrogen ratio 0.8; inoculum size 4%,pH 7.0,fermentation temperature 45 ℃ and fermentation time 30 h. Under these conditions,the yield of thermoduric proteinase is 13.13 U/ml. It was found that K2HPO4 and MgSO4 can promote the production of thermoduric proteinase. The activity of this enzyme is the highest at pH 7 and 50 ℃. Based on the above results,the strain is promising in producing thermophilic proteinase.

Response surface analysis was used to optimize the fermentation medium for chitosanase production by Aspergillus fumigatus K1. In the first step,fractional factorial design was adopted to screen out the important factors affecting chitosanase production,which were beef extract and CaCl2. The path of the steepest ascent was utilized to approach the optimal region of the chitosanase production. At last,the optimal composition of the fermentation medium was obtained by central composite design and response surface analysis for chitosanase production by Aspergillus fumigatus K1. The optimal culture medium (%,W/V) consisits of : chitosan 1.5,beef extract 2.1,KH2PO4 0.1,MgSO·4 7H2O 0.1,CaCl2 0.4 and Tween 0.1. After optimization,the yield of chitosanase production is 44.24 U/ml,2.4 times higher than that in the original medium.

Textural analysis and sensory analysis,as well as determination of soluble nitrogen,amino acid nitrogen,peptide nitrogen and free amino acid contents were condcted to investigate the effects of Staphylococcus condimenti and Macrococcus caseolyticus on the proteolysis of the Cantonese sausage. Results indicated that the content of oligopeptide increases,but the contents of branched-chain amino acids decrease,and no significant changes are found on AN and PN. The two strains can improve the flavor and textural qualities of Cantonese sausage. Although the proteolysis of Cantonese sausage is weak because of the processing conditions and technology,the inoculation of the two strains is important for the flavor of the sausage.

In this study,the isolation and purification process of cell-envelope proteinase (CEP) from Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis is determined as follows: suspending the washed Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis cells by 50 mmol/L Tris-HCl (pH7.8) in lysis buffer solutio(n50 mmol/L Tris-HCl,2 mmol/L EDTA,100 mmol/L NaCl,0.5% Tritonx-100 and 1 mg/ml lysozyme,pH 8.5)at the ratio of 1:20 (g/ml)and then incubating the suspension for 3 h at 37 ℃,centrifugating the suspension and then collecting the supernatant (crude cell-envelope proteinase solution),fractionally precipitating the cell wall proteinase by adding 25%,45% and 65% ammonium sulfate into the supernatant,and purifying the crude proteinase by DEAE-Sephadex A-25 and Sephacryl-S-300 HR column chromatography successively. The enzyme is purified by about 74 folds from the crude cell-envelope proteinase solution and the the recovery of activity is about 14.87%. The purified enzyme showes a single protein band on native PAGE pattern,and it has a monomer structure and the molecular mass of about 53 kD by SAS-PAGE. The angiotensi converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory rate of whey protein hydrolyzate by the purified enzyme is 45%.

The effects of sodium glutamine with different concentrations on mixotrophic culture of S. platensis were studied. The results showed that when 3g/L glucose is appended,the content of chlorophyll is 1.9 times of that in control,but the content of phycobiliprotein is only 1.13 times. At the fixed concentration of 3g/L glucose,among the sodium glutamine concentrations 0,0.2,0.6,0.9,1.2,1.5 and 2g/L,1.2g/L is the best,according to the standards of the cell dry weight,the contents of chlorophyll and phycobiliprotein,pollution level of S. platensis.

In this study,wild-type L actobacillus rhamnosus was treated respectively by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and nitrosoguanidine (NTG) to obtain mutant strains,and then they were subjected to recursive protoplast fusing. The acid tolerance and thermotolerance of the wild-type L actobacillus rhamnosus are improved by genome shuffling. A library that is more likely to yield positive results was created by using fusing the lethal protoplasts obtained from the strains treated by both UV irradiation and heat. After three rounds of genome shuffling,the strains that could grow at pH 3.6 were obtained. The L-lactic acid production is 3.4 times of that of the wild-type strain and the temperature is increased to 40 ℃. The results of shake-flask fermentation showed that the shuffled strains have the same pathway producing L-lactic acid as the wild-type one.

The aim of this study was to screen Lactobacillus planetarium strains which can produce conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) from naturally fermented Chinese sauerkraut juice by determining the CLA content of fermentation liquild with spectrophotometry,and identify the strain with the highest CLA-producing capacity by determining and analyzing its lactic acid-producing capacity; cell and colony morphology,and biochemistry and physiological characteristics. Eighteen CLA-producing bacterium strains were isolated with the yield varying from 0.094 mg per10 ml medium to 0.6213 mg per10 ml medium. One of the CLA-producing strains,X11,has the highest capacity to produce CLA. X11,and by being cultured in 10ml culture solution with 25μl linoleic acid for 24 h at 30 ℃,can produce 0.6213 mg CLA per 10 ml medium. The yield of X11 converting linoleic acid into CLA is 2.75%. Its configuration,lactic acid-producing,and biochemical and physiological characteristics lead to the identification of X11 as Lactobacillus plantarium.

The optimal impurity removal technology of waste beer yeast paste is determined as removing the impurity by twice sieving the waste beer yeast paste with the yeast concentration of 8% at 80 meshes. Based on the above technology,after using 5% tartrate to debitter for 30 min,the yields of the purified beer yeast cells from four kinds of waste beer yeast paste (whole barley,adjuvant,wheat and rye) are up to 23%～46%. Through orthogonal test,the optimal technological conditions for extrcting RNA from the purified beer yeast cells by salt fractionation at high temperature are determined as follows: extraction time 5 h,temperature 100 ℃,concentration of yeast 4% and concentration of NaCl 12%. The extraction rate of RNA reaches 13.8%.

The plate culture and liquid culture were adopted to investigate the effects of different concentrations of several mineral elements on the exopolysaccharide production and mycelial growth of Pholiota adiposa in this study. The results of monofactorial analysis showed that the optimal concentrations of several mineral elements for mycelial growth on plate medium are NaNO3 0.5%,Na2HPO4 0.05%,FeSO4 0.012%,MgSO4 0.24%,and ZnSO4 0.018% respectively; As far as liquid culture is concerned,the optimal concentrations for producing exopolysaccharide are NaNO3 0.70%,Na2HPO4 0.05%,FeSO4 0.006%,MgSO4 0.20%,and ZnSO4 0.006% respectively,and the optimal concentrations for mycelial growth are NaNO3 0.5%,Na2HPO4 0.05%,FeSO4 0.012%,MgSO4 0.24%,and ZnSO4 0.018% respectively.

Postharvest pathogenic fungi were iolated and identified from "Sannian" mango from Yuanjiang county of China’s Yunnan province. By the filter paper dispersion method,the antimicrobial effects of 25 kinds of plants extracts by water or ethanol on the pathogenic fungi were investigated respectively. The results showed that the four pathogenic fungi are Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.,Diplodia mangiferae,Macrophoma mangiferae Hingoroai & Sharma and Phompsis mangiferae Ahmad. The extracts with antimicrobial effects on Colletotrichum gloeosporioide sPenz.are 100 g/L water extract of Coptis chinensisF ranch,100 g/L water extract of Alpinia officinarum Hance,6.25 g/L ethanol extract of Forsytia suspense (Thunb.)Vahl,50 g/L ethanol extract of Eugenia caryophyllata Thumb. and 25 g/L ethanol extract of Pogostemon cablin Benth; 100 g/L water extract of Stemona jacponica (Bl.) Miq and 12.5 g/L ethanol extract of Pogostemon cablin Benth have antimicrobial effects on Diplodia mangiferae; 12.5 g/L ethanol extract of Forsytia suspense (Thunb.) Vahl,25 g/L ethanol extract of Pogostemon cablin Benth and 50 g/L ethanol extract of Eucalyptus globulus Labill have antimicrobial effects on Macrophoma mangiferae Hingoroai & Sharma; 25 g/L ethanol extract of Forsytia suspense (Thunb.)Vahl,50 g/L ethanol extract of Eugenia caryophyllata Thumb. and 6.25 g/L ethanol extract of Pogostemon cablin Benth have antimicrobial effects on Phompsis mangiferae Ahmad.

The main processing technology and conditions of alcohol fermentation in Chinese jujube vinegar production with damaged or defective Chinese jujubes were studied. The conditions of drying jujubes,different extraction ways of jujube juice,selection of yeast species,both proportion and inoculum size of lactic acid bacteria and yeast,fermentation temperature and fermentation time,and changes of alcohol and sugar contents in alcohol fermentation were explored. The results showed that the optimal conditions for drying jujube are 90℃ and 60 min. The reducing sugar content of jujube juice reached as high as 98.6g/L by combination of cooking and enzymolysis method. The optimum yeast is FH1,the optimum proportion of which to lactic acid bacteria is 3:2,and the inoculum size of their mixture is 3%. The optimal fermentation temperature is 28℃,and the fermentation time is 7 days. Under the above conditions,the alcohol yield is 7.2%.

In order to promote the growth of Lactobacillus acidophilusL 101 (LAL101),six growth promoters (tomato juice,carrot juice,cap fungus juice,soybean sprout juice,beer and isomaltooligosaccharide) were selected and applied to basal medium (MRS) with different ratios. The effect of each promoter on the growth of LAL101was evaluated in single factor tests and the optimal combination of these growth promoters were optimized by orthogonal tests. The results showed that when LAL101 is incubated at 38 ℃ for a period of 14 h under non-pH-controlled condition,the better growth of LAL101 is observed in basal medium supplemented with 10% (V/V) soybean sprout juice,which shows the best promotion effects among the selected ones,with the viable count being 4.034×109 CFU/ml. The maximum growth of LAL101 is observed,when basal medium is supplemented with the best combination of four growth promoters,soybean sprout juice 5% (V/V),cap fungus juice 10% (V/V),tomato juice 10% (V/V) and isomaltooligosacharide(10g/L),and when LAL101 is incubated at 38℃ for a period of 14 h under non-pH-controlled condition,the viable count reaches 5.25×1010 CFU/ml. The results of this study can provide the necessary technological parameters for the growth of LAL101 in production.

Six key effect factors to RAPD-PCR including Taq enzyme dosage,template DNA dosage,magnesiumion concentration,dNTPs concentration,arbitrary primer concentration and annealing temperature were optimized one by one,in order to establish the optimal RAPD-PCR system for RAPD diversity analysis among some varieties of Agaricus bisporus. The gradient treatments of the six factors were established as follows:(1) 7 gradient annealing temperatures 33.5,36.5,38.3,40.1,43.7,45.4 and 48.1℃; (2) 6 gradient concentrations of magnesiumion 0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5 and 3 mmol/L; (3)5 gradient dosage of Taq enzyme 0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0 and 2.5 U; (4) 5 gradient concentration of dNTPs 0.10,0.15,0.20,0.25 and 0.30 mmol/L; (5) 5 gradient concentration of primers 0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4 and 0.5μmol/L; (6) 7 gradient dosage of template DNA with 100,20,4,0.8,0.16,0.032 and 0 ng.The results showed that 20μl volume of the reaction system consists of 2.0μl 10×buffer,1.5 unit Taq DNA enzyme,80 ng template DNA,2.0 mmol/L MgCl2,0.2 mmol/L is dNTPs,0.3μmol/L arbitrary primer,adding ddH2O to 20μl final volume. The thermal programmer of RAPD-PCR is 5 min denaturation at 94 ℃,then 1 min denaturation at 94 ℃,1 min annealing at 44 ℃,1 min 50 s polymerization at 72 ℃,for 40 cycles,and final polymerization at 72 ℃ for 7 min.

The separation and extraction of phycocyanin from S. platensis were studied. MTT and ELISA assays were employed to evaluate the effects of S.platensis phycocyanin and its hydrolysates by trypsinase on the cell growth and on the Caspase-3 activity of HeLa cells. The results indicated that the purified phycocyanin and its hydralysates have obvious inhibition effects on the proliferation of HeLa cells in vitro. The inhibition rates on HeLa cells of 100 mg/L the phycocyanin and its hydralysates are 29.2% and 56.5%,respectively. It was also found that the Caspase-3 activity of HeLa cells treated with phycocyanin (100 mg/L) after12 h rises obviously.

 Two lactases were prepared by permeabilied cell treatment and extraction combined with purification methods separately. The enzymatic properties of the two lactases were analyzed and compared. The results showed that their optimum pHs and temperatures are similar respectively. The pH stability and thermal stability of the lactase in permeabilized cells are greater than those of the purified enzyme respectively. Both the activities of the two lactases are enhanced by metal ions,such as K+,Mn2+,Mg2+and Ca2+,whereas they are strongly inhibited by Cu2+,and the purified enzyme activity is more greatly affected by metal ions than lactase in permeabilized cells. Maltose,glucose and other sugars have inhibitory effects on both of the two enzymes. The Km values and Vmax values of the two of lactases determined under the same reaction conditions are different.

The acid phosphatase (E.C.3.1.3.2) was purified from Apostichopus japonicus by following procedures: ammonium sulfate fraction precipitation,ammonium sulfate precipitation and gelfiltraction chrcmatography on Sephadex G-200. The purified acid phosphatase shows a single electrophoretic band on PAGE pattern. The enzyme has a maximum absorption peak at 220 nm and 280 nm respectively and its fluorescence emission wavelength is 300 nm and its fluorescence excitation wavelengths are 306.3 nm and 606.3 nm. The isoelectric point is 4.2. The optimum pH of the acid phosphatase is 4.4 when pNPP is used as substrate and the optimum temperature is 45 ℃. The initial velocity is 0.2591μmol/min and the Michaelis-Menten kinetics (Km) is 0.816 ×10-4 mol/L. The heavy metal ions,such as Hg2+,Ag+,Cd2+ and Pb2+ inhibit the activity of the enzyme obviously,and the order is: Hg2+>Ag+>Pb2+>Cd2+.

It was found that only fewer isomerizations take place during the melting of β-carotene. When heating β-carotene solution at 40 ℃ for one week,products with molecular weight (MW) from 251 to 5283 are created,and when solid β-carotene was heated at 40℃ for one week,products with MW from 431 to 11511 are produced by serious oxidation and polymerization. In a sense polymerization might be dominant path of β-carotene producing byproducts during thermal processing according to analysis of functional groups of the byproducts,while the mechanism should be researched further.

High performance liquid chromatography method (HPLC) was used for determination of benzo (α) pyrene in fried food. The collected fried foods from 15 areas of Guiyang were pretreated by ultrasonic extraction and saponification,and the working conditions of HPLC are as follows: Diamonsil C18 (4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm) as separation column. CH3CN-H2O as mobile phase,gradient elution,excitation wavelength of fluorescence detector 385nm and its detection wavelength 405 nm. The calibration curve is linear in the range of 0.050～1.0μg/ml,Y =2×107X+ 31012,r=0.9990; At the standard addition levels of 0.005,0.015 and 0.05μg,the recoveries are 118.08%,100.67% and 104.54%,respectively. These results showed that the method has higher precision and accuracy in determination of benzo (α) pyrene. The contents of benzo (α) pyrene in fried foods in Guiyang are between 1.04～5.09μg/kg,and the average level is 2.87μg/kg. There are different degrees effects on people’s health by security of traditional fried food,and that food security is warned at the place of complex people.

Fat-soluble components in the fresh stem of Artemisia selengensis from Poyang Lake were extracted with organic solvent and partitioned between organic solvents and water. The fat-soluble components were esterified and then analyzed by gas chromatography-mass.26 fat-soluble components are identified respectively.

Objective: To determine flavonoids content in rape bee pollen by HPLC and analyze the effects of six cell wall-breaking techniques on flavonoids extraction from rape bee pollen. Methods: The HPLC conditions were as follows: reversed-phase C18 column as separation column,methanol:0.4% phosphoric acid (60:40) as mobile phase,detection wavelength 370 nm,quercetin and kaempferol as external standards and flow rate 0.5 ml/min.The adopted wall-breaking techniques were ultrasonic method,enzymolysis method,temperature difference method,temperature difference-ultrasonic method,temperature difference-enzymolysis method and integrated method of the threee single methods. Results: The flavonoids content of original rape bee pollen is 2.2447 mg/g by HPLC. The flavonoids contents of wall-broken rape bee pollen by the above-mentioned methods are higher 12.4%,8.3%,23.1%,25.4%,28.1% and 31.5% than 2.2447 mg/g respectively,and the wall-breaking rates of these methods are 52.66%,41.31%,76.94%,78.66%,83.13% and 86.8% respectively. Conclusion: The HPLC method can provide scientific indexes for developing functional components of rape bee pollen. The higher wall-breaking rate,the more flavonoids released from rape bee pollen.

Monoclonal antibody against hepatitis A virsus (HAV) was labeled with horseradish peroxides (HRP) in glutaraldehyde,and a double-antibody sandwich ELISA (DAS-ELISA)method for detection of the HAV was developed. The optimal working concentration for HRP-antibody at a dilution of 1:100 is determined,and the lowest detection amount of the HAV dissolved in PBS is determined as 2μg/ml. When adding the inactivated HAV to strawberry juice,the detection limit of the antigen is 4μg/ml by ELISA. The ELISA is convenient,reliable and suitable method for detection of HAV in strawberries.

This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of BacT/ALERT 3D system used in detection of commercial sterilization of konjac cans. 59 samples of konjac cans were incubated according to the method with BacT/ALERT 3D system and GB/T4789.26 method. 19 positive samples detected by BacT/ALERT 3D system were tested and analyzed by Japanese test method and GB/T4789.26 method. The results showed that BacT/ALERT 3D system combined with validity test by Japanese method can rapidly and truly detect microorganism in konjac cans,and there are higher false negative rates when the konjac cans with high pH value are detected for commercial sterilization by GB/T4789.26 method.

Electronic nose of AIRSENSE’s PEN3 was used to determine the odor differences among 52 samples of bee propolis samples from 14 different areas in China. It was found that bee propolis samples can be distinguished according to different odor by electronic nose.

A new rapid determination method of ascorbic acid content in vegetable by potassium permanganate titrimetry was studied. Based on KMnO4 quantitatively oxidating ascorbic acid to dehydro-ascorbic acid at room temperature,after masking interfering ions,the metaphosphori extraction solution of sample can be titrated with KMnO4 standard solution directly to determine ascorbic acid content according to color change. The method was applied for the determination of ascorbic acid in vegetable with the relative standard deviation of less than 1.0% and the recoveries of standard addition of 93.8%～101.2%. It has the characteristics of easy operation,fast determination and little disturbance. The determination results are consistent with those by China national standard method with both relative deviations of less than 2.5%.

The essential oil from the yellow and purple skin onions was obtained by steam distillation,followed by solvent extraction,and analyzed by capillary GC-MS. The results showed that the yield of the essential oil from the yellow skin onion is 1.78%,and 20 compounds are identified. The yield of the essential oil from the purple skin onion is 3.24%,and 10 compounds were identified. The main chemical components of the extract from the yellow skin onion are found to be flavonoids,alkanes and amines compounds,while the main chemical components of the extract from the purple skin onion are found to be diethylene glycol bulk,diphenyl and dipropyl disulfide compounds.

This study aimed to establish the methods for quantitative analysis of isoflavones of Heshui Pueraria thomsonii. with puerarin as standard,the quantitative analysis of isoflavones in the ethanol extract from Heshui Pueraria thomsonii was conducted by ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry and HPLC. The results showed that higher recovery (99.4 %) of the HPLC method was achieved under the conditions of mixture of methanol and water (60:40,V/V) plus 0.25 % acetic acid as mobile phase,flow rate 1.0 ml/min and UV detection wavelength 250 nm,and the recovery of the UV method is also higher (98.7 %),but the determination results of the isoflavones content by this method are higher than those determined by HPLC.

The essential oil in Yuhuan shaddock peel was extracted by the simultaneous distillation-extraction method. The extraction solvent was removed by rotary evaporation. The chemical constituents of the volatiles from the Yuhuan shaddock peel were identified and determined by means of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS).29 compounds are confirmed,in which the main components are alpha-pinene,D-limonene and bata-myrcenc etc. The percentages of the above compounds in the essential oil were obtained by the method of peak area normalization.

The pumpkin,kidney bean,cowpea,tomato,cabbage,amaranth,carrots,lettuce and leek growing around manganese mining,area were collected to determine the concentrations of manganese,iron,zinc,copper,lead,cadmium and other heavy metals in them by the method of wet digestion respectively. The determination results were compared with those in the national health standards and national vegetables nutrients. At the same time,the evaluation was made with pollution index. The results showed that the pollution extent of vegetables around the manganese mining processingarea in Zunyi was: manganese>cadmium>zinc>railiron>copper>lead. Among them,the amaranth,lettuce,and cabbage suffer the most serious manganese pollution,and the pollution indexes reach 29.663380,16.162590 and 15.898370,respectively; The cabbage and amaranth suffer the most serious of cadmium pollution,and the pollution index reach 12.252500 and 11.171000,respectively. The vegetable samples do not suffer lead contamination. Few vegetables samples suffer mild copper pollution.

The volatiles of "Xiaosannian" mango fruits from China’s Yunnan province at commercial ripe stage (CRS) and full ripe stage (FRS) were captured in airtight head-space vials by dynamic adsorption method respectively,and then analyzed by using thermal-desorption cold trap gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TCT-GC/MS). The results showed that esters are rich in the volatiles of" Xiaosannian" mango fruits at both CRS and FRS. Terpenes content is higher in the volatiles of both mango pulp and peel at CRS than at FRS. Methacrylic acid ethyl ester exists in the volatiles of mango peel at both CRS (3.01% )and FRS (5.68%),which is transformed into crotonic acid (0.16% at CRS) or isocrotonic acid (4.15% at FRS) in mango pulp.

To investigate the influence of natural aging on flavor components in Hippophae rhamnoides L. wine,gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combined with headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) technology were used to analyze flavor components in Hippophae rhamnoides L. raw wine and its natural aging wine. The results showed that 18 kinds of flavor components in raw wine and 26 ones in aging wine are identified according to total peak areas of 93.84% and 92.45 % respective1y. Alcohols (2 kinds) and esters (15 kinds) make the most important contribution to raw wine flavor. Meanwhile,alcohols (2 kinds),esters (17 kinds) and benzene compounds (4 kinds) make the most important contribution to natural aging wine flavor. According the relative contents,the first three components are 3-methyl-1-butanol (24.63 %),octanoic acid,ethyl ester (21.63 %) and hexanoic acid,ethyl ester (14.13 %) in raw wine respective1y; the first three components are 2-propenoic acid,3-phenyl-,methyl ester (38.85 %),3-methyl-1-butanol (9.33 %) and hexanoic acid,ethyl ester (8.47 %) in natural aging wine respective1y. In addition,13 kinds of flavor components such as 2-methyl-propanoic acid-methylbutyl ester,6,7-dimethyl-3H-isobenzofuran-1-one,1,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-benzene,p-di-tert-pentyl-benzene etc.,which are not detected in raw wine,are detected in natural aging wine. It indicated that the natural aging is very important to flavor components formation of Hippophae rhamnoides L. wine.

The volatile oil from mango peel was obtained by using simultaneous distiliation and extraction (SDE) and then its compositions were analyzed by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The yield of the volatile oil is 2.5%. 51 peaks are separated and 36 compounds are indentified by using capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The main composition are γ-terpinene (31.49 %),3-carene(8.51%),tetradecanoic acid(5.07%)、limonene (3.47%),ocmene(2.77%).

A method for determination of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid in fresh Fructus chaenomeles was established. The determination by RP-HPLC was carried out on Agilent C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm) column. The mobile phase consisted of methanol-0.5% HAc water (85:15) with the flow rate of 0.6 ml/min. The column remained at 35℃ and the detection wavelength was at 210 nm.The calibration curve is linear in the range of 0.162～6.48μg for oleanolic acid (R2= 0.9997),with the regression equation being y= 512802x+19211. The average recovery is 100.2% (RSD=0.9%,n=6). The calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.391～15.62μg for ursolic acid (R2= 0.9998),with the regression equation being y = 50865x-5090.4. The average recovery was 100.0% (RSD=1.1 %,n=6). These conclusions showed that this method is simple,accurate and reproducible for quantitative analysis of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid in fresh Fructus chaenomeles.

The genome DNAs of five pathogenic Vibrios were extracted by kit method,including Vibrio cholerae,V. parahaemolyticus,V. vulnificus,V. alginolyticus and V. mimicus,and their five pairs of special primers were composed,respectively. The MPCR-DHPLC detection methods among the five vibrios were developed after the PCR reaction systems were optimized. The detection sensitivity of duplex PCR-DHPLC is 100 CFU/ml. The developed MPCR-DHPLC method has good application merit on detecting the Vibrios in foods.

The essential substances from Yuanhuang pear and Whangkumbae pear were obtained by using solid phase microextraction (SPME) respectively,and their chemical components were separated and identified by GC-MS respectively. The experimental results demonstrate that the main aromatic components of Yuanhuang pear are ethyl acetate,ethanol,alpha-farnesene,hexanoic acid,ethyl ester,butanoic acid,ethyl ester,octanoic acid,ethyl ester and butanoic acid,2-methyl,ethyl ester. The aromatic main components of Whangkumbae pear are ethyl acetate,ethanol,alpha-farnesene,hexanoic acid,ethyl ester,butanoic acid,ethyl ester and butanoic acid,2-methyl,ethyl ester.

Objective: To conduct the possibility assessment for lutein quantification by hight performance liquid chromatographyevaporative light scattering detector (HPLC-ELSD). Method: ELSD conditions on C30-HPLC were as follows: drift temperature 45 ℃,sprayer temperature 40 ℃ and gain1. According to the peak area of all E-lutein on ELSD chromatogram,carrier gas flow rate (represented with pressure) was optimized. Under fixed chromatographic conditions,a regression of injection amount with peak area by ELSD was assessed for lutein. Additionally,the detection limit was determined. Results: Under optimized carrier gas pressure (30 psi),a linear correlationship between injection amount (in the range of 10～100μg) of all E-lutein and peak area by ELSD appears at a confidence level. Conclusion: It is possible for ELSD to be applied in lutein quantification by HPLC according to the linear relationship between peak area by ELSD and injection amount in a lutein amount range.

Near infrared spectroscopy models for nondestructive detection of sugar content and acidity of Nanguo pears were established based on the spectrum recorded by Purespect near infrared instrument and the content of soluble solids (SSC),reducing sugar (RSC),and titratable acidity (TA) and pH value determined by chemical methods. Based on the comparison results of correlation coefficient of calibration (Rc),correlation coefficient of prediction (Rp),root mean standard error of calibration (RMSEC),root mean standard error of prediction (RMSEP) and sum of residual error,the best parameters which were used for building up NIR models were confirmed. Results showed that the RC and RP value of SSC are higher than those of RSC,and the residual error is better distributed Therefore,SSC is the optimum parameters. NIR models for detection of sugar. RC value of pH is higher than that of TA,RP of both TA and pH are above 0.9,and the residual error sum of TA is better than pH. Considering the purpose of practice application,TA is the optimum parameter for NIR models for detection of acid.

Volatile components of ’Jinzhen’ durian inner-fruit and peel were captured by closely and circularly head-space way in adsorbent tubes,and then analyzed by thermal-desorption cryo-trapping gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TCT-GC/ MS). Results showed that esters are rich especially in durian peel volatiles,in which propanoic acid ethyl ester (47.37%) accounts for nearly half. Sulfocompounds in durian fruit volatiles are diethyl disulfide (8.03%),ethyl n-propyl disulfide (0.06%),diethyl trisulfide (2.24%) and 3-ethyl-2,4-dithiahexan-5-one (1.19%). It was suggested that smell and taste components are quite different fruit flavors (susbtances) and much more investigations should be payed on the relation ship between fruit olfactory quality and human health.

The essential substance from Hongwangjiang apple was obtained by using solid phase microextraction (SPME),and its chemical components were separated and identified by GC-MS.The experimental results confirmed the presence of 17 volatile components extracted by SPME. The main components are butanoic acid,2-methyl-hexyl ester (20.16%),butanoic acid,hexyl ester (14.91%),alpha.-farnesene (14.57%),acetic acid,hexyl ester (14.48%),1-butanol,2-methyl-acetate (4.8%),hexanoic acid,hexyl ester (4.34%),butyl 2-methylbutanoate (3.31%),acetic acid,butyl ester (2.44%) andbutanoic acid,butyl ester (2.42%),which accounts for 85.9 % of the total.

Objective: To simultaneously determine two spice components,vanillin and vanillin alcohol in food by HPLC. Method: The HPLC conditions were as follows: Using Hypersil BDS-C18 column,mixture of sulfuric acid solution at pH 2.3 and acetonitrile as mobile phase,adopting gradient elution and detection wavelength of diode array detector 260 nm. Results: The lowest limit of detection is 0.5 ng for vanillin alcohol,and 3.0 ng for vanillin by this method. The linearity of standard curve is fine,the coefficient correlation exceeds 0.9996,the recovery rate is between 93.4% and 98.4%,and the relative standard deviation is less than 2.75%. Conclusion: The method is simple,rapid,accurate and sensitive.

The crude sapogenins extracted from dried "Enwuyemi" Gynostemma pentaphyllum leaves were recrystallized and separated by Sephadex G-15 to obtain sapogenin monomers. According to the detection results by mass spectrometer,the obtained 3,7,12-hydroxy-24-acetyl-sapogenin is of the molecular weight 435 D and the most possible molecular formula C26H43O5,whose 17th place is combined with octane having ester group. And 7-8-carbonyl-11-hydroxy-3-acetyl-sapogenin is also found,whose molecular weight and most possible molecular formula are 501 D and C32H53O4 respectively,and whose 3rd place is combined with ester group. Both of them are identical with the parent nucleus of original variant of Gynostemma pentaphyllums apogenins,and are tipical ginseng sapogenins. The combination of 17th or 15th place ofthe two formers with octane and the combination of 17th place of the latter with octane might reveal the reason of their no bitterness.

In order to establish the quantitative detection method of E.coli O157:H7 in foods by using double antibody sandwich ELISA,the IgY produce by chicken against E.coli O157:H7 specific lipopolysaccharide was used as capture antibody,and the HRP-IgY was used as detection antibody. In the conclusion,when the quantity of E.coli O157:H7 in foods is more than 104 CFU/ ml,it can be dectect directly by double antibody sandwich ELISA,but when the quantity of E.coli O157:H7 in foods is less than 104 CFU/ml,the food must enrich the bacterium for 14 h,and then be detected by double antibody sandwich ELISA.

A high performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector for determining the content of melamine in fresh milk and dairy produce was studied. Referring to FDA method and NY/T 1372—2007 of determination melamine,the chromatogram conditions for determining the content of melamine were discussed and the predisposal method of melamine in fresh milk and dairy product was optimized. The optimal detection conditions are determined as follows: 0. 02mol/L ammonium sulfate-methanol (94: 6,V/V) as mobile phase,and detection wavelength 203 nm. The good linearity is in the range of from 0.1 to 150 μg/ml,the detection limit is 0.5 mg/kg,the average recoveries of melamine are above 91%,and the regression equation is y=2.37×105x+1.21×104 with the coefficient 0.9998. The method is simple,rapid,sensitive and exact with convenient sample treatment method feasible. It is suitable for the determination of melamine in fresh milk and dairy product.

A simple and sensitive method was established for the separation and detection of 6 organic acids (oxalic acids,tartaric acid,malic acid,formic acid,succinic acid and acetic acid) by nonsuppressed ion exclusion chromatography with conductometric detection. The effect of benzoic acid concentration,flow rate and column temperature on the separation of organic acids was investigated by using Ion Pac ICE-AS6 as analytical column and diluted benzoic acid of lower background as eluent. Through the test,the optimal separation of six organic acids was achieved with 1.0mmol/L benzoic acid solution as the eluent at a flow rate of 0.45 ml/min,and column temperature at 35℃. Detection limits for the organic acids ranged from 0.0341 to 0.9045 mg/L,the relative standard deviations were between 0.13% and 5.12%,and the recovery rates were between 90.75% and 108.5%,the measuring method was provided with better accuracy and precision. The organic acids in 23 Jiangxi wine samples from the five different manufacturers were analyzed with satisfactory results.

Objective: To study the effects of anthocyanin-rich exact from black rice (AREBR) on serum lipid level in patients with hyperlipidemia. Methods: 102 hyperlipidemic patients were randomly assigned to orally receive AREBR (1000 mg/d; n=51) or placebo (n=51) for 45 days. Results: Compared with placebo group,the TC,TG levels of AREBR group are significantly lower(p<0.01),with the respective decrease rates of 10.27%±4.14% and 16.30%±9.32%,but the HDL-C level does not change with total effective rate of 60.78%. Conclusion: AREBR can decrease the serum lipid level effectively.

To investigate the preventive and curative effects of rape bee pollen on alcoholic liver disease (ALD) of rats,ALD models of rats were established by intragastric infusion of 42° liquar. After four weeks,the activities of serum ALT,AST,MDA,GSH-ST,GSH and TG were determined. Meanwhile,the pathological changes of liver were observed under light microscope after HE staining. Compared with that in the control group,the level of serum TG significantly increases,and the content of GSH-ST significantly decreases due to alcoholic injury. The groups of rape bee pollen extract except group C can significantly increase the level of GSH-ST in blood serum. The group of B,Cand D can decrease the level of TG in blood serum. The group of B,and C can increase the level of GSH in blood serum. The results showed that rape bee pollen and its different extracts can reverse the damage caused by alcohol,especially for the group C,D and E.

Objective:To study the effects of Radix Cynanchi Bungei polysaccharides (RCBPs) on transformation of T lymphocytes of rabbit phtohemagg luti and immune function in mice. Methods: Three doses of RCBPs (2,4 and 6 g/L) were respectively put into bottle with Pgytohemagg lutinin (PHA) and rabbit blood. The effect of RCBPs on immunity in vitro was studied by observing transformation of T lymphocytes; The dosages of RCBPs (150,100,50 mg/kg·d) were given to mice orally for seven days.The effects on immune function in the mice were investigated. Results: Three doses of RCBPs can significantly promote (p<0.01) the ability of rabbit T lymphocytes. The RCBPs can improve the Thymus and spleen indexes,the celiac macrophage ability of engulfing CRBC,the delayed type hypersensitivity ability and the macrophage-engulfing carbon granula ability. Conclusion: The RCBPs has certain activity of immune regulation.

Objective:To observe the effect of phytoestrogens (genistein,Gen,daidzein,Dai,quercetin,Que,and curcumin,Cur) on DNA damage and proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Methods: MCF-7 breast cancer cells were cultured with 3,9,27 and 54 μmol/L Gen or Dai or Que or Cur on 24,48 or 72 h. The proliferation and DNA damage of MCF-7 breast cancer cells were observed by MTT test and single cell gel electrophoresis assay (SCGE). Results: The proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells significantly increases when they are treated with Que or 3 μmol/L Gen or Dai or Cur,but it significantly decreases when the MCF-7 breast cancer cell are treated with 54 μmol/L Gen or Cur. The comet tail length (CTL) in MCF-7 breast cancer cells significant increases when they are treated with 27 μmol/L and 54 μmol/L Gen or Cur and show dose-response and time-response relationships,but it does not significanly change when the MCF-7 breast cancer cell are treated with Dai or Que. Conclusion: 27 μmol/L and 54 μmol/L Gen or Cur can induce DNA damage and inhibits the proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Dai or Que does not cause DNA damage and promotes the proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells at the low concentration of Dai.

The antifatigue effects of L-carnitine from mutton were determined by parallel and crossover experiments respectively. The effects on swimming time,body index,physiological and biochemistrical indices in serum,contents of L-carnitine and fragments of fatty acid in leg muscle was observed. The results showed that L-carnitine can prolong the average swimming time,decrease the body weight and abdomen fat weight,and decrease the contents of CHO,TC,urea nitrogen and lactic acid in serum. The content of L-carnitine is significantly related to the swimming time by results of HPLC. L-carnitine hsa significant antifatigue effect and can supply energy by participate in fatty acid metabolism.

To compare the effects of yellow soybean,black soybean and Semen sojae Preparatum on non-enzyme glycation in vitro and in vivo,diabetes mellitus model of mice was established by intraeritoneal injecting of alloxan,and the mice were given intragastrically with yellow soybean,black soybean group and Semen sojae Preparatum group (18.5 g medicinal material/kg·d) for 56 days,while the normal and model group were treated with water. Subsequently,the levels of serum and aortic advanced glycation end products(AGEs) were assayed. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and D-glucose were incubated,simultaneously adding yellow soybean,black soybean and Semen sojae Preparatum extracts of different concentrations respectively. The fluorescent values were determined after the glycation systems were established for 90 days. The results showed that the aortic AGEs are low in the above legume groups,and the serum AGEs are low except the black soybean group; The above mentioned groups can inhibit the non-enzyme glycation reaction in vitro,and the lowest concentration is between 1～100 mg/ml. Semen sojaeP reparatum is more effective in inhibiting non-enzyme glycation than yellow soybean and black soybean,and no differences were found between yellow soybean and black soybean group. It was thus concluded that Semen sojae Preparatum can markedly inhibit the reaction of non-enzyme glycation,which might be more useful in health care.

Objective:To investigate the effects of nutritient (Tianshengwuweiyin) combined with exercise on blood lipid of hyperlipemia model rats. Method: The serum CHO,TG,LDL-c,Apo-A and Apo-B levels of the rats fed with high fat diet were determined,which were interfered by the Tianshenguweiyin combined with medium intensity exercise. Results: The Tianshenguweiyin can reduced obviously the serum CHO and LDL-c levels of the hyperlipemia rats,but has no effects on their TG levels. The medium intensity exercise can reduce the TG level. Both of them can effectively upgrade the Apo-A level and Apo-A/Apo-B value,and decrease the Apo-B level. The middle-dose Tianshenguweiyin combined with medium intensity exercise can reduce remarkably the CHO,TG,LDL-c and Apo-B levels,and decrease the Apo-B level and Apo-A/Apo-B value. Conclusion: The Tianshenguweiyin combined with medium exercise for 60 minutes can improve the blood lipid of the hyperlipemia model rat all round.

Objective:To explore the effects of peptides produced from Spirulina protein hydrolyzed by pepsin on concentrations of IL-1β,IL-6,IL-12,IFN-γ,TNF-α,IL-1Ra,IL-4,IL-10 and TGF-β in rabbit serum. Methods: protein was extracted from Spirulina by salting out method,and then hydrolyzed by pepsin. The hydrolysate was administered to rabbits by gavage,intraperitoneal injection and ear vein injection respectively. At 3,2 and 2 h after administration respectively,ELISA kit was used to determine the concentration changes of IL-1β,IL-6,IL-12,IFN-γ,TNF-α,IL-1Ra,IL-4,IL-10 and TGF-β in rabbit serum. Results: The concentrations of IL-1β,IL-1Ra,IL-4,IL-6 and IL-12 decrease,but the concentrations of TNF-α,IFN-γ and IL-10 increase,and the concentration of TGF-β has no obvious change. In intraperitoneal injection group,concentrations of IL-4,TNF-α,IL-1Ra (also in ear vein injection injection group),IL-6 (also in ear vein injection injection group) and IL-1β have significant changes,which show that the peptides play an important regulatory role in the cytokine network by mucosal immune system. The effect of intraperitoneal injection is the most markable,followed by ear vein injection and gavage administration successively. As a whole,the concentrations of most cytokines decrease,but the concentrations of TNF-α,IFN-γ and IL-10 increase. It suggests that the peptides produced from Spirulina protein hydrolyzed by pepsin play an important regulatory role for body immune function by regulating cytokines level. Conclusion: Among the three administra-tion methods,the intraperitoneal injection has the most obvious effects,because direct administration to intestinal mucosal is possibly the most effective way. So the peptides produced from Spirulina protein hydrolyzed by pepsin have the promise of drug development.

Rabbits were fed with nourishing food (yam) and heat-clearing foods (balsam pear,buckwheat and yoghourt). The change regularities of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokine in the rabbit serum and rabbit body temperature were investigated,and the causal relationship of the foods with rabbit body temperature and cytokine network was expolred to reveal the immunoregulation of the foods. After 24 h of being fed with yam,the body temperatures of the rabbits rise. The concentrations of the cytokines such as IL-1ra,IL-4,TGF-β,TNF-α,INF-γ and IL-12 decline,but those of IL-6,IL-10 and IL-1β are reverse. After 24 h of being fed with yoghourt,the body temperatures of the rabbits decilne,the concentrations of the cytokines such as IL-1ra,IL-4,TGF-β,IL-1β,TNF-α and INF-γ decline,but those of IL-6,IL-10 and IL-12 rise. After 24 h of being fed with balsam pear,the body temperatures of the rabbits decline the concentrations of the cytokines such as IL-1ra,TGF-β,IL-1β,TNF-α and INF-γ decline,but those of IL-4,IL-6,IL-10 and IL-12 rise. After 24 h of being fed with buckwheat,the concentrations of the cytokines such as IL-1ra,IL-4,TGF-β,IL-1β,TNF-α and INF-γ decline,butthose of IL-6,IL-10 and IL-12 rise. It is clearly that the functional foods can regulate the complicated cytokine network to control the immunosystem and the body temperature of animal. The results revealed that the animal body temperature can be changed by feeding different functional foods,which follow the traditional Chinese experience laws about negative "(Yin") or positive "(Yang") of foods. Therefore the causal relationship of food-animal body temperature-immunoregulation maybe really exist by the interaction between food and mucosal immunosystem.

The distribution of main nutritional and functional components and nutritional value of Morinda citrifolia fruit and leaves were analyzed in the study,helping develop Morinda citrifolia food. The results showed that Morinda citrifolia fruit and leaves have higher nutritional value. The protein,fat,water content,essential amino acids and trace elements contents in the leaves are significantly higher than in the fruits (p<0.05),while VC and reducing sugar contents are significantly lower those that of the fruit (p<0.05). Both the fruit and the leaves have rich trace elements,and their contents are higher in the leaves. In the same variety,the main nutrional and functional components are different in different parts. The nutritional and functional value of Morinda citrifolia fruit and leaves showed that they have promising development prospect.

Objective: To observe the regulation of germanium-enriched barley seedling (GBSE)on the immune function of mice by detecting the cellular immunity and humoral immunity. Methods: After given different dose of GEBS by gavage,a series of items were detected on mice,including phagocytosis test of macrophage on abdominal cavity,quantity and classification of white blood cell (WBC),titer of antibody,quantity of antibody forming cell and weights of immune organ. Results: Three doses of GEBS all can obviously increase phagocytic function of macrophages (p<0.01) and increase the quantity of WBC (p< 0.05); The medium dose and high dose increase the titer of anti-CRBC antibody (p<0.01) and the quantity of antibody-forming cell (p<0.01) obviously; The low dose and medium dose increase spleen index (p<0.01) and the low dose group increase liver index (p<0.05). Conclusion: GEBS can improve cellular immunity and humoral immunity of mice obviously,which is positively related to the dose of GEBS; GEBS can also increase the weight of immune organ,and there is certain correlationship between the weight gain and the dose of EGBS.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of CGMP with different doses on microflora in caecum of mice.126 BALB/c mices were randomly divided into six groups (control groups and treatment groups). The control 1 group was administered only with normal fodder. The control 2 group was administered physiological saline at the dose of 0.2 ml/d. The treatment groups were administered the equal volume of CGMP with different concentrations for 15d. At 0 (before terminating),3,5,7,10,15 and 22 d (after terminating CGMP for 1 week) the microflora in the caecum of the tested mice was analyzed respectively in each group. The results showed that in the middle dose group (100 μg/d),the numbers of Bifidobacterium (p<0.05) and Lactobacillus increase (p<0.01),but those of Enterobacter,Enterococcus,opportunistic pathogenesis decrease (p<0.05),compared with the controls groups. The results prove that appropriate dose of CGMP has the function of regulating the intestinal flora,stimulating Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus to grow,and inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria.

For ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFO),a representative substance of perfluorooctane salts,the acute oral toxicity of rat LD50 is 584 mg/kg with 95% reliability (430～94 mg/kg). It is a slight skin irritant substance,with reproductive toxicity,germ cell mutagenicity,specific target organ systemic toxicity of single exposure and repeated exposure. The detection results of APFO in liver and serum also prove its specific target organ systemic toxicity and reproductive toxicity.

The fresh sprout of Lycium chinense Mill after removing rotten and yellow leaves were packed in plastic bags loosely closed or opened,and then stored at 0,10 and 20 ℃,respectively. The weight loss,decay rate,contents of O2-·and MDA,POD activity were investigatesat at the interval of 4 days during the storage period. The results showed that 0℃ plus loosely closed packaging can significantly reduce the weight loss and decay rate of Lycium chinense Mill and 0℃ can also reduce the contents of MDA and O2-·and inhibit POD activity during the storage period of Lycium chimeses Mill. So the tissue senescence is postponed.

In this study,"988" tomato was used to investigate the effects of two different concentrations of 1-MCP treatment on the post-harvest physiology and storage life during ripening. The results showed that 1-MCP treatment can restrain the decline of fruit firmness remarkably,delay the raise of soluble solid contents,and slow the increasing rate of total sugar; It can also restrain ethylene production,postpone the appearing time of respiration and ethylene peak,and decrease the heights of the two peaks. In addition,the pectinase is inhibited effectively,and the SOD activity is preserved at a high level,so that the ripening and softening of tomato are postponed. During the whole storage,it was found that the effect of 0.1μl/L concentration is better for green mature fruit,while the effect of 0.5μl/L concentration is better for turning fruit,and the twice treatment is the best.

The potential forecast factors of bananas (Musa nama) during logistics storage at 5,20 and 35 ℃ were studied. The changes in respiration,ethylene production,chromatic value (L and h) and firmness of pulp over storage were investigated. During storage,the change in peel colour from green to yellow is gradual for the samples stored at 20 and 35 ℃,whereas the samples at 5 ℃ remaining green for the first 6 days and then changing to darkness. While the flesh texture of bananas stored at 5 and 35 ℃ softens quite rapidly at the end of storage,there were little changes in the flesh hardness values of the samples stored at 25 ℃. There is linear relationship between flesh hardness and chromatic values as sequential forecast factor,nevertheless the respiration and ethylene production are not be effective factors to forecast the change of quality of banana during storage.

Ginger composite antioxidants for preservation of cherry tomatoes were developed with ginger extract the main material. The ginger composite antioxidants of different formulas were used for coating preservation of cherry tomatoes at the ambient temperature (20 ℃),in comparison with ginger composite antioxidant film at ambient temperature. The indexes such as senseory index,total acid,contents of total sugar,soluble protein and vitamin C,weight losts rate and hardness were assayed during storage (0～12 d). The results indicated that during the storage period,ginger composite antioxidants could decrease the rotting rate,nutrient loss rate and weight loss rate and inhibit and delay the senescent course,and the best preservative formula is ginger extraction + ascorbic acid + citricacid (3:1.5:0.5,W/W/W).

In order to keep quality and increase shelf life of fresh-cut lotus roots,the effect of modified atmosphere packaging on quality of fresh-cut lotus roots was studied.The fresh-cut lotus roots were packaged in eight different initial O2,N2 and CO2 concentration,then stored at 4 ℃ respectively,and the content of vitamine C,PPO activity,browning degree and pH value were determined regularly. The results showed that there is close relationship between PPO activity and browning degree of fresh-cut lotus roots. The quality of appearance of the fresh-cut lotus roots treated by 100% O2 is the best,the PPO activity is inhibited,and the loss of VC is smaller and the drop of pH value is lower than that of control sample respectively.

In this study,the preservation effects of compound coating antistaling agent of locust bean gum on litchi at room temperature (30.5 ℃) were investigated. The antistaling agent was composed of locust bean gum with xanthan gum for the coating matrix,CMC-Na,citric acid and Tween 80 as film-forming additives,and the Chinese medicinal herb preparation such as clove,Artemisia leaf and rhubarb. The results showed that compared with the control group at room temperature,the rotting rate and weight lost rates of the litchi preserved by the compound coating antistaling agent are lowed obviously,the respiration rate,PPO activity and consumption of nutrient content are inhibited,and the senescence process is suspended during storage.

 Fresh strawberry fruits were dipped in different concentrations of phytic acid solution or potassium sorbate solution for 30 s and then stored under normal temperature condition in order to investigate the storage stability of strawberry through the determination of sugar content and acidity. The results showed that the preservation by 0.05% to 0.15% phytic acid can slow down the degradation of vitamin and keep reducing sugar and total acid contents. The storage period of strawberry is extended obviously by 7-day preservation of phytic acid at the normal temperature.

The polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity,microbiological index and sensory index of Metapenaeus ensis under different storage temperatures were measured and compared. The results showed that the PPO activity of Metapenaeus ensis increases with storage time,and it at 4 ℃ is lower than at room temperature in the same storage period. The total bacterial count and psychrotrophic bacteria count increase gradually with the storage time extending,but the ratio of psychrotrophic bacteria count to total bacterial count is various under different temperatures,and the changes in the numbers of coliform bacteria have significant difference. Microbiological index and sensory index of Metapenaeus ensis measure up to hygienic standard for sea shrimp when the PPO activity of Metapenaeus ensis is less than or equal to 60 U.

The excellent additional properties can be gained by copolymerization induced by food ingredients interaction,which affects color,flavor,nutrition,texture and safety of food system. So many investigators and manufacturers over the world have done works on this serie of complex which is becoming the hot-spot research field. In this paper,the research progress on interaction of food typical ingredient (including protein,starch and lipid) is summarized. The interaction mechanism of food ingredient,effect law on food quality,construction principle and method and functional property of complex are introduced. The long-term potential development for food typical ingredient complex is prospected.

The food poisoning and pollution problems caused by food-borne pathogens have attracted widespread attention now. There are many defects for the existing detection methods. The reporter phage has attracted more and more attention as a fast and accurate detection tool. This paper presents the reporter system used in the reporter bacteriophage technology and the current status of the application of this technology.

Angiotensin convert enzyme (ACE) plays an important physiologic role in the blood pressure regulation. Nowadays,many kinds of ACE-inhibitory peptides have been derived from milk proteins. The paper reviewed the effective principle,structure characteristics,separation and purification,activity examination methods and the latest domestic and international research of the ACE-inhibitory peptides derived from milk proteins,and their wide application prospects were also forecasted.

The cold-set gel of whey protein has been favored by food processing field with the advantage of high-performance nutritive value,better gel texture,ideal entrapment and more mild processing. The formation mechanisms and correlative influential factors of salt-induced,acid-induced and enzyme-induced cold-set gels of whey protein were reviewed for laying theoretical base for the development and application of whey protein gel product.

The fresh-cutting is a new kind of processing technology of fruits and vegetables,with the characteristics of safety,freshness,nutrition and convenience,and it has huge market potentiality. This paper gave a review of fresh-keeping method of the fresh-cut fruits and vegetables,and its situation of research and application in order to provide references for research and production.

Intestinal mucosal barrier play an important role in preventing the diseases caused by direct contact of bacteria,food antigen,enzyme,chemical drugs with mucosal surface. The intestinal mucosal immunity barrier which is beneficial for body health has arisen more and more people’s concerns. This system not only has run-of-mill barrier effect,but also takes part in the process of humoral immunity and cellular immunity,which plays an important role in the regulation of microenvironment of gut. With the thorough research,the new strategies for restoring and maintaining human health might be provided. The paper described the regulatory mechanism of intestinal mucosal immunity,the effects of the intestinal microflora and nutrients on the function of intestinal mucosal barrier and the harm of intestinal barrier damage to body health.

The cold chain logistics is one of the key rings to ensure meat quality and safety. Nowadays,lack of relevant facility,lag of technique,and imperfection of other fitting pieces are strongly eroding meat products transported by the cold chain logistics in most areas of China. This has become a big threaten to food safety. The related concepts,techniques,status and problems were introduced in this paper. Strategies for the improvement of this system were proposed.

The paper made an analysis upon the essence,cause,and major forms of standard barrier in China’s vegetable trade,and offered some countermeasures to overcome standard barrier based on the analysis.

β-carotene can inhibit tumor cells proliferation of many cancers including breast,colon,human leukemia,melanoma and prostate adenocarcinomas,and could promote apoptosis through activating caspase-2 and caspase-8,reducing mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm),increasing the release of cytochrome c,regulate nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway,suppressing activation protein-1 (AP-1),down-regulating the expression of anti-apoptosis protein Bcl-2,Bcl-XL and c-myc,up-regulating the level of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) and heat-shocking protein 70 and 90. The ability of regulating the intracellular redox status of β-carotene is involved in its antitumor activity. Moreover,these mechanisms have a pleiotropy,it is very likely that they play synergistic effect to promote apoptosis,and therefore the clarification of its molecular mechanism will lay a theoretical foundation for developing β-carotene as a functional food and applying it to adjuvant cancer treatment.

In order to provide some references to regulate volatile flavor of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables,improve product quality and prolong storage and shelf life of product,the effects of cutting,chemical treatment,packaging and storage on the volatile flavor of fresh fruits and vegetables were discussed respectively in this paper.

Polysaccharide is an important health factor in fruits,which has been found to exert many aspects of biological activities and have a wide application prospect. This paper reviewed the current status of researches on fruit polysaccharide,especially in the resources and utilization,biological activities,and molecular modification of fruit bioactive polysaccharides. Furthermore,the problemes existing in the present researches on fruit bioactive polysaccharides,future research directions and emphasis in this field were briefly discussed.

Gel characteristic of soybean protein is one of important properties in the process of soybean processing. In protein gel,the interaction between protein and water decides and maintains the 3D structure of protein. It not only influences the function of protein,but also influences the sensory evaluate of food. This paper summarized the water state in the complex system of soybean protein gel,the research methods of water state,the interaction between polypeptide chain and water,the relationship between the water state and texture properties of product.

The structure,toxicity and residue situation of organophosphorus pesticides in foodstuffs were introduced. Furthermore,the application of immunoassay methods in the detection of organophosphorus pesticides was summarized in this article,the development and application of multianalyte immunoassay technique were discussed emphatically,and the further trend of immunoassay techniques was viewed.

Gellan gum is a new microbial polysaccharide derived from gram-negative bacterium Sphingomonas paucimobilis. Due to its many functional properties such as lower amount for effect,higher transparency,better acid,heat and enzyme resistance,more understanding compatibility,etc. It has been widely used in food,pharmaceutical,and chemical industries. The gellan gum structure was introduced in this article and the strain screening and mutation breeding,the steps of biosynthesis approaches and the detection methods were generalized. The crucial steps for a higher yield rate and better quality,which include single factor and cooperative factors,were summarized through discussing of the progress gum of research achievements. Furthermore,the development trends in the biosynthesis of gellan were viewed.

Proanthocyanidins are a class of phenolic oligomers or polymers that consisit of (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin. They have antioxidant,free radicals scavenging,antiinflammatory and anticancer activities. This paper summarized the latest research developments of anti-carcinogenic mechanism of proanthocyanidins about antioxidation,scavenging free radical,anti-inflammatory activity,regulatory signal transduction,pro-apoptotic effect,cell cycle arrest and inhibition of angiogenesis.

A number of protein or DNA methods for detection of genetically modified foods (GMFs) were discussed in this review,including western blot,enzyme linked immunesorbent assay (ELISA),polymerase chain reaction (PCR),southern blot and so on. Several new methods have been recommended to detect genetically modified foods,such as microarray and PCR-ELISA. The discussions were made on various detection methods in terms of their principle,advantage and disadvantage,application and problems.

The whole production process of nutritious health capsicum wine was designed as follows,extracting spent wine grains with edible alcohol to obtain wine and then soaking Chinese medicinal materials with the wine to obtain base wine,extracting dried capsicum with mixed esters to obtain capsicum extract,and blending the base wine,the capsicum extract and filtered sugar liquid pro rata. By orthogonal test,the best blending conditions for nutritious health capsicum wine are determined as: alcohol degree 35°,sugar liquid amount 8%,pH 4.8 and ester extract of capsicum amount 5‰.

This study took hawthorn,jujube,Chinese wolfberry and chrysanthemum as primary materials and sugar,citric acid and honey as supplementary materials to makes health drink with the functions of anti-aging,antioxidation,antihypertension,improving eyesight and raising intelligence. Through orthogonal test and variance analysis,the optimal formula of the drink is determined as compound juice 30 ml,sugar 4g,citric acid 0.03g,honey 2.5ml and water 67ml. The optimum stabilizer of the drink is CMC-Na with 0.03% amount.

Under the conditions of cellulase amount 1.5% (V/V),pH 4.5,50 ℃ and time 5 h,the extract of mixture of three Chinese traditional medicines (kudzu poot,Hovenia dulcisT hunb and villous amomum fruit,dry weight ratio 1:2:2) was obtained,in which the total flavonoids content is 6.48μg/ml. The extract was added to fermentation medium of Ganoderna lucidum.T he fermentation conditions in 10-L fermenter were optimized by L9(34) orthogonal test. The results showed that the optimum ermentation conditions are as follows: volume of the medium added with extract of Chinese traditional medicines 80%,culture temperature 30 ℃,mixing speed 200 r/min and fermentation duration 144 h. And the optimum formula of tea beverage is fermentation broth 50%,tea extract liquid 25%,β-CD 1% (W/V) and sugar syrup (45BX’) 6%. It was proved that the mixed tea beverage has anti-alcoholic function by the animal test.

The primary aim of this study was to make a nutritious and healthy drink from organic walnut kernel and xylitol etc by the method of scientific blending. The parameters of processing technique were determined through single factor and orthogonal tests. The results showed that the color and flavor of walnut kernel are improved significantly by boiling for 1 min with 1% NaOH and 0.3% peeling agent solution,and then hot-grinding (85℃). After blending,pouring and sterilization,the walnut milk beverage product with stable tissue state is obtained.

The wild grape resource of Changbai mountain was used to produce high qualiy and high value-added wine. The process including grape harvest,juice processing and fermenttation technology was determined. And the key techniques on the aroma and color low-alcohol sweet red wild grape wine and low-temperature fermentation were solved.

Lonicera edulis and apple were used to produce compound jam in this study. The main influence factors to the quality of the compound jam were investigated,such as addition amounts of lonicera edulis,apple pectin,sugar and lemon acid. By orthogonal test,the best formula of the compound jam is lonicera edulis 33%,apple 30%,sugar 37%,lemon acid 0.15%,sodium citrate 0.01% and pectin 0.06%.

In this study,the results showed that the optimum formula of fermented Codonopsis lanceolate beverage is 8% sucrose,fermented liquid content 75%,and citric acid 0.02%; The optimal stabillizer formula of the Codonopsis lanceolata fermented beverage is PGA 0.1%,sodium alginate 0.1%,and xanthan gum 0.2%.

In order to develop high-quality health bitter gourd fruit vinegar,the fermentation and blending parameters were investigated systemically. Results showed that the optimal conditions of alcohol fermentation are temperature 32℃,inoculation rate of yeast 6%,soluble solid content 22% and fermention time 4d; The optimal conditions of acetic acid fermentation are temperature 34℃,inoculation rate 10% and fermentation time 5 d; The compounding ratio of original vinegar,honey and bitter gourd juice in the fruit vinegar product is 12%,3%,50%.