In this study,rapid viscosity analyzer was used to measure the pasting properties of 42 buckwheat varieties from four areas of China,and their relationships between pasting property and amylose content were studied.The results showed that the pasting temperature,final viscosity,trough viscosity,breakdown and setback all exhibit positive correlation with amylose content at different dergees.

The antioxidant activities of ethanol extracts seven spices were determined by both TBARS(thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances) and FRAP(ferric reducing/antioxidant power) assay method.Results indicated that extracts of all seven spices have good antioxidant activities,and their antioxidant activities are correlated to the concentrations.The antioxidant activities of seven spice extracts determined by TBARS are in the order:liquorice > rosemary > nutmeg > turmeric > clove > round cardamom > cassia bark,whereas those determined by FRAP are in the order:clove > cassia bark > nutmeg > rosemary > turmeric > liquorice > round cardamom.The orders of antioxidant activities of seven spice extracts determined by TBARS and FRAP assay are different.It showed that the determination of antioxidant activity is closely related to the assay system.

In this study,the effects of compression rate on physical properties(hardness,springiness,chewiness,gumminess,cohesiveness and resilience) of tenderizated beef were investigated by means of TA-XT2i texture analyser.It was found that the values of physical properties have good relationship with the compression ratio in the scope of 35%～60%.

The quality properties of 15 different cultivars of Indian rice were analyzed.Among them,4 cultivars which got higher sensory quality score were selected for making quick-frozen instant rice.The relationship between the sensory evaluation and texture was analyzed.Results showed that the hardness,adhesiveness and gumminess measured with texture analysis instrument by TPA method are significantly correlated to those of sensory evaluation,so the texture analysis can be adopted to evaluate the sensory quality.It was found showed that there is a significantly negative correlation between the sensory quality and the amylose content and gel consistence of Indian rice,as well as a extremely significantly positive correlation between the alkali spending capacity and the sensory score.

The Passiflora edulis rind was investigated on its nutritional components,functional components and antioxidant activity.The results showed that the Passiflora edulis rind is rich in carbohydrate,polysaccharides,flavonoids and polyphenols.The contents of pectin and crude fiber are 12.5% and 22.1% respectively,the content of polysaccharide is 20.62±0.21 g/100g,the content of total flavonoids is 1180.67±16.73 mg/100 g,and the content of total polyphenol is 2811.24±22.74 mg/100 g.The crude extracts of the Passiflora edulis rind by ethanol and water have good antioxidant capacit,which can effectively scavenge DPPH· and ·OH.The scavenging capabilities of the crude extracts are obviously related to their concentrations,and the maximum scavenging rates are 91.62% and 81.97% respectively.

The stability of cochineal extract was investigated experimentally under different conditions.Results showed that the extract was stable to sunlight with over 50% preservation rate after 7 d.In the range of 4 ℃ to 100 ℃,it is also stable with over 95 % preservation rate after 8 h.The extract has high antioxidant ability,whose preservation rate declines slightly due to reducer.It is improved and preserved on color by common food additives.Except Fe3+,Fe2+,Ca2+ and Sn2+,its stability in water solution is not interrupted by other metal ions.Alkaline pH significantly influences its stability,and the higher the pH value,the lower the stability,but under acid condition it has high preservation rate.

The physico-chemical properties of Yangmai 16 flour such as gluten content,sedimentation value and falling number were investigated after GM and CSL-SSL were added to the flour.The results showed that the gluten quality of Yangmai 16 flour is significantly improved by GM and CSL-SSL,while the sedimentation value and falling number are affected inevidently.The strong gluten and wet gluten contents both reach the maximum as GM is added by 0.15%;When CSL-SSL is added by 0.10%,the strong gluten content reaches the maximum,and the wet gluten and dry gluten contents both reach the maximum as CSL-SSL is added by 0.15%.The gluten index is affected inevidently by both GM and CSL-SSL.As a conclusion,CSL-SSL can improve the gluten quality better than GM.

Antibacterial activities of ethanol and water extracts of walnut diaphragm were tested in this study.The results showed that the antibacterial activities of the extracts are different against different microbes.The antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract is stronger than that of the water extract,and the minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) is also lower.The higher concentrations of the extracts have more significant antibacterial effects.This study is profitable for the further development and utilization of walnut diaphragm.

The proportions of cottonseed protein isolates including glutelin,albumin,globulin and prolamin were analyzed,and their antioxidation and functional properties were investigated,such as water absorption capacity,oil absorption capacity,emulsifying capacity and stability and foaming capacity and stability.It was found that albumin has better function properties,including water absorption,emulsifying capacity,emulsion stability and forming capacity,but is of poor content in the cottonseed protein.Glutelin has poor function properties,but is abundant in the cottonseed.The anti-oxidations of all the cottonseed protein isolates are poor.So it is necessary to enhanced function of cottonseed protein by some modifications.

The abilities of Trichosanthes kirilowii seed oil on scavenging hydroxyl free radical and superoxide anion radical were both determined.It was found experimentally the Trichosanthes kirilowii seed oil has strong hydroxyl free radical scavenging activity,reaching 68.19%,and its median effective concentration(EC50) is 0.23 mg/ml on scavenging uperoxide anion radical.So the Trichosanthes kirilowii seed oil has some antioxidant function.

The ethanol extract and the water extract from Pinus koraiensis(Pinus koraiensis Sieb.et Zucc.) needle were examined for the antimicrobial activities against six bacteria(Staphylococcus epidermidis,Staphylococcus aureus,Bacillus subtilis,Escherichia coli,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,and Proteus vulgaris) and two fungi(Candida albicans,and Aspergillus nigar) by disc diffusion method and micro broth dilution method.The extracts were also studied on their stabilities to temperature and ultraviolet.Results showed that the ethanol extract and the water extract exhibit high susceptivity to gram-positive bacteria,except gram-negative bacteria and fungi.And the ethanol extract shows higher susceptivity than the water extract.The range of minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) of ethanol extract against gram-positive bacteria is 1.03 to 4.11 mg/ml,while that of the water extract is 2.06 to 4.11 mg/ml.The two extracts from Pinus koraiensis needle are stabile to temperature(≤100 ℃) and ultraviolet.When the temperature reaches 121 ℃,only few microorganisms are affected.So they can be added into food in order to prolong the preservation time.It was also found antibacterial components of Pinus koraiensis needle dissolves in high concentration ethanol,which provides scientific basis for the application of ethanol and water extract from Pinus koraiensis needle as antibacterial preparation in clinic.

The antioxidation effects of Fructus rhodomyrti extracts on peanut oil and lard were investigated by determining changes of their peroxidation values in this study.The results showed that all the water,alcohol,methanol,50% methanol,n-hexane and acetic ester extracts have antioxidation on lard and peanut oil.In comparison,it was found that the antioxidation effects of the 50% methanol and water extracts are better,followed by the 50% methanol extract.

A storage protein from tartary buckwheat seeds was purified by salting out,anion exchange chromatography and size exclusion chromatography.The interaction of thiamine with the target protein was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy.The quenching mechanism is suggested as static quenching caused by formation of new compound.The equilibrium constant is 3.9×104 L/mol.The number of binding site is 1.

Honey is more viscous than other sugar solutions.Its dehydration is difficult,and dehydration process is different from other sugar solutions.The aim of this study was to determine the variation of honey moisture content and dehydration rate and honey moisture content rate by microwave heating dehydration under vacuum and determination of the variation of honey mass online,analyse the dehydration process of honey,and establish the dehydration model of honey by fitting regression analysis.The honey dehydration rate reduces with the decrease of honey moisture content at the same temperature and under the same vacuum degree.The varying process of honey dehydration rate consists of dehydration rate in creasing with temerature rising,dehydration rate being constant,dehydration rate fast decreasing and dehydration rate slowly decreasing stages.The equation between honey moisture content rate and dehydration time is MR= exp[(0.0002 exp(0.0122T)) t ] when dehydration temperature ranges from 313.15 K to 343.15 K,where MR stands for honey moisture content rate,and t stands for dehydration time,whose unit is minute.

Tartary buckwheat has certain curative effects on diabetes,and can be eaten as a long-term diet for diabetes and hyperlipemia patients.With tartary buckwheat as the main raw material,various baking foods can be processed.However,the stability of rutin,its bioactive substance,is affected under high temperature,and is related directly to the efficacy of reducing blood sugar.The contents of rutin in the tartary buckwheat samples baked at different temperatures and for different time were determined.It was found that in a certain baking temperature range,the content of rutin in the sample rises slightly with the temperature rising,and in a certain baking time range,the content of rutin in the sample also rises slightly with the extending of time.Therefore,tartary buckwheat is suitable to be processed into baking food,and its best processing conditions are as follows:baking temperature 190 to 200 ℃,and baking time:within 30 minutes.

Objective:To investigate the effects of Chinese cooking on lycopene amount and geometrical isomer composition of tomato.Method:Two Chinese cooking methods,fry and boiling,were employed in this study.The lycopene amount and geometrical isomer composition of cooked tomato meals were assessed by the established C30-HPLC-PDA method.Conclusion:The data from those assessments suggested that Chinese cooking has a limited effect on total carotenoid amount(TCA) of tomato piece while frying with oil is beneficial for lycopene releasing from tomato tissue and Z-isomerisation.

Some physicochemical properties of Rhizoma Alismatis starch were investigated,including the shape and size of granule,retrogradation,blue value,clarity,enzymatic digestibility and viscosity.Differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) was used to determine the thermal behaviors of the starch.Results showed that most granules are oval waist shape and only few ones are spherical.The range of the starch particle size is 6 to 20 μm.The value of retrogradation is minimal when the starch concentration is 4% at pH 8.0.The gelatinization temperature range is 56.09 to 81.89 to 100.80 ℃ and the enthalpy(ΔH) is 217.1162 J/g.The starch,compared with cassava starch and corn starch,is of lower blue value and clarity as well as higher enzymatic digestibility.The increase of starch viscosity depending on temperature consists of two phases.

The effects of addition amounts of xanthan gum and storage time on the properties of beef muscles,such as color,water holding capacity(WHC),tenderness and pH,were investigated in this study.The results showed that the WHC,pH and tenderness of beef muscle are promoted significantly while its color worsens obviously after being soaked in aqueous solution of 0.5 % xanthan gum(p<0.05).

The purpose of this study was to investigate the gelling properties and gelling mechanism of Ficus pumila Linn.seed pectin by using LFRA texture analyzer to determine the influence of different factors on gelling strength of the pectin.The results showed that the optimum concentration for Ficus pumila Linn.seed pectin to gelate is 0.5% at room temperature.The higher the temperature of sol is,the stronger the gelling strength.The scope of gelling pH is between 3 and 6,and the best condition for gelation is pH 4.Sugar has little influence to the gelling strength of Ficus pumila Linn.seed pectin.The most suitable addition amount of sugar is 20%.Metal ions have the strongest influence to gelation.The effects of metal ions on gelation are ranked as Cu2+>Fe3+ >Ca2+>Mg2+>K+.Hydrogen bond,electrostatic force and hydrophobic interaction are contributing factors to the formation of Ficus pumila Linn.seed pectin gel,while hydrophobic interaction affects the most.

Two model systems of gelatin-tannic acid and gliadin-catechin were set in this study.The effects of different concentrations and ratios of protein and phenolic compound on the hazes produced in the models were studied.The results showed that the concentrations and ratios of protein and phenolic compound are related to the hazes produced in these two model systems.The hazes of polymers are up with the concentrations of protein and phenolic compound rising.The hazes are up and reach the maximum,and then are down with the fixed concentration of protein or phenolics.Gelatin and tannic acid were polymerized for 30 min in 0.02 mol/L phosphae buffer(pH 3.7) at 25 ℃,under the ratio of gelatin to tannic acid 1:1 or 1:4(W/W),the haze of the formed polymer reaches the maximum.

11S globulin extracted from soybean Zhongdou 36 was enzymatically modified with trpsin.The water absorption capacities,oil absorption capacities,emulsifying activities and emulsion stabilities of the hydrolysates at different degrees of hydrolysis were evaluated.The effects of the hydrolysates added into pork sausage on its texture and yield were investigated.The results showed that emulsifying activity,emulsion stability of 11S globulin hydrolysate are the highest at the degree of hydrolysis 12 %,and the pork sausage added with the hydrolysate shows the best quality with the highest yield.

Corn starch was hydrolyzed with α-amylase and glucoamylase to prepare microporous starch.The adsorption capacities of original starch and the microporous starch to methylene blue(hydrophobic substance) and safranine T(hydrophilic substance) were compared respectively,and the adsorption stabilities and saturated adsorption capacities of the two starches were evaluated at different temperatures and concentrates.

The new food ingredient,ice structuring protein(ISP) is a protein that has the ability to modify the growth of ice resulting in the stabilization of ice crystals over a defined temperature range and in the inhibition of the recrystallization of ice.The effects of ISP on fermentation and thermodynamic characteristics of the frozen dough,part-baking,and fresh baking systems were investigated.The specific volume,moisture content,hardness and gelatinization enthalpy of baking systems were determined after frozen storage at -18 ℃.ISP improves the specific volume of frozen dough bread.No significant effects of ISP on specific volume are found in other types of bread.The moisture content of the bread with ISP after different periods of frozen storage keeps constant,while that of the control sample increases with the time of frozen storage extending.The hardness of the bread with ISP is softer than that of control sample,which is attributed to the damage of bread structures produced by the ice crystallization.In all types of baking systems with ISP,the gelatinization enthalpy of baking system is larger than that of the control sample.

The factors affecting hydrolysis of corn gluten meal by alkaline protease were studied by mono-factor analysis,and the optimum technique parameters were determined by orthogonal test.The results showed that under the optimal conditions of:concentration of substrate 3%,enzyme to substrate ratio 3.0%,temperature 45 ℃,hydrolysis time 1 h and pH 9.0,the hydrolysis of degree is 38.12%.

Corn gluten meal was used as material to extract β-carotene through supercritical CO2 extraction technology.The major affecting factors of the extraction rate of β-carotence were studied by orthogonal test method.The optimal conditions for extracting β-carotene are determined as follows:amount of modifier 10%,extraction temperature 40℃,pressure 20 MPa,and time 150 min.Under the above conditions,the extraction rate is 88.70%.

The extraction technology of total flavonoids from supercritical CO2 extraction residue of Humulus lupulus was optimized by using singel factor and orthogonal test.The optimal extraction conditions are determined as follows:50% ethanol as extraction solvent,the ratio of materiel to 50% ethanol 1:25(g/ml),circumfluence temperature 70℃,and circumfluence time 2.5 h,and extraction rate reaches 68.09 mg/g dry Humulus lupulus under the above conditions.The results of antioxidative experiment showed that the flavonoids extracts has stronger DPPH freed radical scavenging activity(IC50 5.73 μg/ml) than ascorbic acid(IC50 8.79 μg/ml) and rutin(14.84 μg/ml),and it has stronger reducing capacity(EC50 0.158 mg/ml) than rutin(0.252 mg/ml),but weaker than ascorbic acid(0.103 mg/ml);It also has stronger inhibition rate on MDA produced by lipid-peroxidation induced by Fe2+-H2O2 in mouse liver homogenate than rutin.As a conclusion,the total flavonoids from supercritical CO2 extraction residue of Humulus lupulus has strong antioxdant capacity.

Fuji apple was separately impregnated at room temperature(25 ℃) under vacuum condition for 15 min in the sucrose solution of CL(calcium lactate) or ZG(zinc gluconate) at 80 mbar and 100 mbar degrees.The atmosphere-restoring time,concentration of sucrose solution and the content of calcium lactate or zinc gluconate in the solution were changed for the comparison of mineral content and physicochemical properties of the samples before and after VI(vacuum impregnation).Results indicated that about 16.53% DRI(daily reference intake) of calcium content and above 37.67% DRI of zince content in the apples VI(calculated by 200 g apples).During the impregnation,the texture of samples is well maintained by CL in the sucrose solution while ZG improves the color stability.

The processing technology of dried goose floss and the amounts of three adjuncts were studied by single factor and orthogonaltests in this study.The results showed that the optimal processing conditions are as follows:boiling time of goose meat 6 hours,baking temperture and time 70 ℃ and 90 min respectively,and stir-frying time 40 min,and the potimal amounts of three adjuncts are sugar 18%,soy sauce 6% and salt 1.5% respectively.The final product is of golden yellow color and soft tissue state.The yield rete is increase by 16.3% by adding 2% soybean protein.Meanwhile,the product cost is decreased.

The extraction conditions of protein from raw Auricularia auricular and its vortex grinding micropowder were optimized by single test and orthogonal test.The optinmal extraction conditions of protein from the raw Auricularia auricular are as follows:pH 7.6,extraction temperature 30 ℃,time 2.5 h and ratio of material to water 1:45,and for the Auricularia auricular micropowder,those are as follows:pH 7.4,extraction temperature 35 ℃,time 3 h and ratio of material and water 1:50,Under the above optimal conditions,the dissolving ratio of protein from the raw Auricularia auricular was commpared with that of protein from its micropowed,and the protein enrichment regular of micropowed with different particle sizes after vibrating screen was investigated.It was found that the dissolving ratio of protein from the Auricularia auricular micropowed is 2 to 3 times higher than that of protein from the raw Auricularia auricula in average.The dissolving ratio of protein rises with the partein size of the Auricularia auricular micropowder declining in the range of 300,240,200,180,140 and 100 mesh,and the protein is enriched mainly in the Auricularia auricular micropowder between 240 mesh and 300 mesh.

In this study,the optimal ultra-sonic extraction conditions of tea saponin(TS) are determined as below:ethanol concentration 80%,ratio of material-liquid 1:4,extraction temperature 40 ℃,ultra-sonic powder 320 W,and extraction time 60 min.Under these conditions,the yield of crude TS is 18.54%,and the content of TS is 60.3%.Then the crude TS was further purificated and separated by silica gel column.The results showed that silica gel chromatograph can efficiently separated TS from impurities,which is suitable to purificate TS.

The glycoprotein from Corbicula fluminea was isolated and purified by the methods of EDAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-75 column chromatography.The purity of the glycoprotein is 94.74% and its molecular weight is19030D by RP-HPLC and SDS-PAGE analysis.It has 5.18% sugar by phenol-sulfuric acid reaction and 93.22% protein by Bradford method.Alkaline β-elimination reaction proved protein is covalently linked with carbohydrate by O-glycosyl linkage.The glycoprotein by IR analysis shows the typical absorption of polysaccharide and the presence of pyranose β-glycoside linkage is indicated.

The antimicrobial effects of ten kinds of plant essential oil on five indicator bacteria in four kinds of multiple solvent system were evaluated respectively.By the scrip method and tube culture method,the air-disinfectant effects were detected according to the sanitizing technique criterion.An air refreshing agent was gained with good antibacterial effects,perfect appearance and elegant odor.This air refreshing compound agent has half cost of single essential oil,and it has 99.93% bactericidal rate when the 0.1 ml liquid is heated in1stere space for 0.5 h,meanwhile,it has lower toxicity and better security.

By static adsorption and continuous elution experiments on aloin,the macroporous resin HZ-801 having the highest adsorption capacity and elution ratio was screened out of six macroporous resins.Its optimal purification process param-eters are determined as follows:extract solution at a concentration of 0.2765 mg/ml,adsorption volume 520 ml,60% ethanol as eluent,elution flow rate 2 ml/min,and eluent volume 3 BV(three times bed volume).Under these conditions,the purification fold is 14.72,and the recovery is 86.3%.

The processing technology of purple sweet potato noodles was optimized by single factor and orthogonal test design.Results showed that the optimal formula is:flour 80%,sweet potato flour 20%,salt 2%,carrageenin 1.25%,and oxidized starches 3.25%.The strip-breaking rate of the noodles is 0%,and cooking loss rate is 10.7%.

In this study the content lentinan from dried Lentinus edodes was measured by the anshtone-sulfutic method.Through orthogonal test,the extraction ratios of lentinan by hot water method,multi-enzymatic method,ultrasonic wave-assisted method were respectively analyzed,and what was more,the advantages and disadvantages of three extraction methods were compared.The results showed that under the optimal conditions,the extraction ratios of lentinan are 7.530% in multi-enzymatic process,3.229% in hot water process,and 4.669% in ultrasonic wave-assisted process.Therefore the best extraction process of lentinan is multi-enzymatic method,and its optimal conditions are 0.1% cellulase,0.5% pectinase,2.0% papain,and extraction temperature 80 min.

The ultrasonic extraction process of total flavonoids from Damnacanthus indicus(Linn) Gaertn.F.,was optimized by L9(34) orthogonal test design in this study.The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions are as follows:70 % alcohol as extraction solvent,ratio of material to liquid 1:25,extraction temperature 50 ℃ and extraction time 40 min.Under these conditions,the extraction rate of total flavonoids is 15.01 mg/g.

The preliminary extraction conditions of tea polyphenols from green tea leaves by ethanol method were optimized.They are determined as follows:extraction temperature 80 ℃,ethanol concentration 65%,extraction times 3 times,and extraction time 60 min per time.After being extracted with ethyl acetate and chloroform in turn and then dried by rotary evaporation method,the catechin content in crude extract is the highest compared with being treated by other two methods,reaching 24.19%.The tea polyphenols product can be used directly in food processing industry.

The processing technology of duck sausage made from duck breast meat was optimized by single-factor and orthogonal test method.Results showed that the optimal formula of duck sausage is ratio of fat pork and duck breast meat 20:80,salt 1.8%,and β-cyclodextrin 0.2% and sugar 6%.The product is a new type duck sausage and has bright color,unique flavor and rich nutrition.

Gardenia blue was made from exhausted solution of gardenia yellow by the two-stage method,in which β-glucosidase fermentation and enzymatic reaction are separated.The effects of temperature,time and added ratio of amino acid on gardenia blue formation.The results induced that the best production process of gardenia blue is as follows:producing β-glucosidase from bran solid medium by Aspergillus niger fermentation,then hydrolyzing gardenoside by the β-glucosidase at 60 ℃ to produce gardenosin.By adding 1% histidine into the gardenosin solution and then bathing the mixture at 80 ℃ for 5 h,and the maximum formation amount of gardenia blue is achieved.

The water-bath heating method was used to prepare zinc-tilapia skin collagen polypeptide chelate used as zinc supplement,and the response surface methodology(RSM) was used to determine the optimum chelation conditions for chelation ratio.It was found that under the conditions of water-bath temperature 60 ℃,pH 5.3,molar ratio of TSP-I to zinc sulfate 2:1,concentration of TSP-I 3.4 g/100 ml and chelation time 40 min,the theoretical chelation ratio is 92.57% and the practical one is 92.17%.

Zein was prepared by organic solvent extraction.The change of ethanol concentration was measured by alcoholmeter before and after absorption of zein.The single factor analysis was adapted to determining the optiomal conditions such as pH,temperature,ethanol concentration and ratio of liquid to solid.The results showed that there is the maximum ethanol adsorption under the conditions of ethanol concentration 30%,ratio of liquid to solid 1:10,20 ℃ and pH 6.The results lay a foundation for using zein to reduce alcohol concentration.

The extraction process of total flavonoids from bamboo leaves by the ethanol was studied.Based on single factor test,response surface methodology(RSM) was used to study effects of extraction time,ethanol concentration and solid-liquid ratio on extraction rate of total flavonoids.The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions of total flavonoids from bamboo leaves are extraction temperature 83.02 ℃,ethanol concentration 85.78% and solid-liquid ratio 124.23.In this case,the extraction rate of total flavonoids from bamboo leaf reaches 2.08 %。

Orthogonal test design was used to optimize the extraction conditions of rice bran oil by pectinase and cellulase hydrolysis.The results showed the optimal extraction conditions of rice bran oil are as following:ratio of substrate to solution 1:5,pectinase amount 1.5%,cellulase amount 2.0 %,pH 5.0,temperature 50 ℃,hydrolysis time 5 h,and hexane as extraction solvent.Compared with single hexane extraction,the enzymes assisted extraction rate of rice bran oil is higher 31.9%.

The hardening and color protecting conditions in the processing process of instant Lentinus edodes food were optimized by the L9(34) orthogonal test.It was found that the optimal hardening process is soaking Lentinus edodes material for 25 min in the mixed solution of 0.1% sodium chloride and 1.0% calcium chloride,and the optimal color protecting process is scalding the hardened material with the mixted solution of 0.3% citric acid and 0.05% antiscorbutic acid for 5 min.By gradient-rising temperature drying process,a instant Lentinus edodes food with characteristic flavor was developed.

The extraction conditions of chintin from residue of Portunus trituberculatus shell pretreated with neutral protease were optimized by single test,and the preparation conditions of chitosan from the chintin were optimized by orthogonal test.In extraction process of chintin,the optimal decalcifying conditions are as follows:temperature 30 ℃,HCl concentration 6% and soaking time with HCl solution 4 h,and the optimal deproteinizing conditions are as follows:temperature 90 ℃,NaOH concentration 6% and cooking time with NaOH solution 2 h.The optimal preparation condition of chitosan from the chintin are:temperature 90 ℃,NaOH concentration 50% and time 9 h.The extracted chitin and prepared chitosan meet the demands of food grade on quality index.

The clarification effects of wheat gluten added into Chardonnay grape juice at 250,375,500 and 625 mg/L were investigated in this study.Result showed that the deposit weight of the grape juice is the biggest and its clarification effect is the best when the addition amount of wheat gluten is 500 mg/L.The chroma,titrated acid content and phenolic acid content of the grape juice all decrease but the protein content increases.Compared with bentonite and tannin-gelatin,wheat gluten is more suitable for the clarification of Chardonnay grape juice.

A three-factor quadratic regression rotation combination design was adopted to optimize the explosion puffing drying process of apple.The effects of apple slice thickness,vacuum drying temperature and time on water content,hardness,crispness and color of explosion-puffed product were analyzed in this study.Based on the experimental data,the quadratic regression model on the above four indexes was deduced,and then the above three variables were analyzed with interaction effects and response surface methodology(RSM).The optimal technical conditions are determined as follows:apple slice thickness 3 to 4 mm,vacuum drying temperature 83 to 89 ℃ and vacuum drying time 35 to 45 min.

In this study,the baicalin was extracted from scutellaria root by single-frequency ultrasonic continuous countercurrent extraction(SUCCE),dual-frequency-complex ultrasonic continuous countercurrent extraction(DCUCCE) and dual-fre-quency-alternant ultrasonic continuous countercurrent extraction(DAUCCE).The experimental plans were done according to uniform design for the maximum extraction of baicalin.The data were processed with PLS procedure and the effects of the factors,such as ultrasonic frequency,power and temperature on factor of extraction ability(FEA) of baicalin were confirmed by the standard regression coefficient.The optimum extraction conditions are determined as follow:solid and liquid rate 1:5,ethanol concentration 70%,ultrasonic power 800 W,extraction time 27 min,extraction temperature 50 ℃;and DCUCCE frequency 25+50kHz.Under the above conditions,FEA of 5.3243g/L·min,was obtained,which is well close to the predicted result,18.6% and 17.4% more than that of SUCCE and DAUCCE respectively,492 times and 131 times of that of classic extraction and ultrasonic intermittent extraction,respectively.Therefore,DCUCCE is worthy of using in industry.

In order to make more effective utilization of silver carp and upgrade its commercial value,the optimal processing conditions for silver carp surimi to reach maximum myosin heavy chain(MHC) cross-linkage and gel forming ability were investigated.Results showed that MHC cross-linkage in set process is remarkably affected by washing times,CaCl2 concentration,gelation incubation temperature and time.The optimal conditions for MHC cross-linkage are as follows:the washing times two;the concentration of additional CaCl2 0.2‰,gelation incubation temperature 35 ℃ and time 4 to 6 h.In addition,a significantly positive correlation between MHC cross-linkage and gel strength exists.Maximum increase in gel-breaking force can be obtained when the surimi is set under the optimal cross-linking conditions.The breaking force of kamaboko gel reaches 600 g when the surimi is set at 35 ℃ for 5 h,followed by a further heating at 85 ℃ for 30 min,while for the control sample,its gel-breaking force is only 170 g.

Three methods(ultrasonic method,high pressure homogenization and freezing-thaw disruption) were used to disrupt Spirulina cell respectively,in order to find out the optimal cell disruption conditions to increase the dissolution rate of Spirulina phycobiliprotein(SPP).Results showed that the highest dissolution rates of the SPP are 71.25%,73.87% and 72.03%,under the optimal conditions of ultrasonic method,high pressure homogenization and freezing-thaw disruption,respectively.

The partition behavior of chlorogenic acid in aqueous two-phase systems containing organic solvent and inorganic salt was studied. Ultraviolet spectrophotometer was used for the qualitative and quantitative determination of chlorogenic acid. The standard curve equation is C=0.67649+21.2607A, R2=0.99824, with the linear range of 51 μg/ml to 55 μg/ml. In this study, the aqueous two-phase systems containing acetone and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate was adopted to extract chlorogenic acid. The effects of quantity of acetone and K2HPO4 ·3H2O on the partition coefficient of chlorogenic acid were investigated. It was found that the optimal extraction conditions of chlorogenic acid with the aqueous two-phase systems are as follows: volume of the aqueous two-phase system 10 ml consisting of acetone 8 ml, water 2 ml and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate 0.8 g. The yield of chlorogenic acid is up to 99.94% under the above conditions. This method easy to restoring, dispose and operate.

In order to develop the resources of Lentinus edode further,the polysaccharides was extracted from the medium waste of Lentinus edode in this study.Through comparative analysis and L9(34) orthogonal test,the effects of ultrasonic power,material-water ratio and extraction time on the extraction rate of polysaccharides were investigated respectively.The results indicated that the optimal extraction conditions are as follows:extraction time 45 min,material-water ratio 1:30 and ultrasonic power 300 W,Under these conditions,the extraction rate of polysaccharides in up to 3.46%.

The preparation process of cron glutelin gel was optimized by mono-factor test and response surface methodology.The effects of heating temperature,heating time and addition amount of NaCl on the response value of the gel hardness,cohesiveness,gumminess and chewiness were stuied by response surface methodology.The optimal process parameters are derermined as follows:heating temperature 91.33 ℃,heating time 64.04 min,and addition amount of NaCl 8.25%.

In the present study,the oil was extracted from Gardenia jasminoides seeds by ultrasound-assisted extraction(28 kHz and 100 W) with petroleum oil as solvent.The results showed that the highest extraction efficiency,16.49% is obtain under the following extraction conditions:material and solvent ratio 1:10(g/ml),ultrasound treatment time 45 min and extraction times 3.In the continuous study,GC-MS analysis was used to determine the fatty acid composition of the Gardenia jasminoides seed oil.It was found that the main fatty acids in the oil are pentadecanoic acid,heptadecanoic acid,octadecanoic acid,11-eicosenoic acid,eicosanoic acid and docosanoic acid,and squalene is also found in the Gardenia jasminoides seed oil.The relative content of linoleic acid is the highest.

In this study,raw pepper were pretreated with salt,sodium diacetate,ozone,acetic acid blanching to microbe-reducing.The effects of the different pretreatment were compared on the microbe-reducing ratio,antibacterial time and residue of microbe-reducing reagent.It was found that the best microbe-reducing technology is soaking pepper for 10 min with 15% salt solution.

The extraction conditions of red pigment from Portunus trituberculatus shell were optimized by single factor test and orthogonal test,and the stability of the red pigment was analyzed.Results showed that the optimal extraction conditions are as follows:raw material size 80 mesh,ethanol concentration 60%,ratio of liquid to material 10:1(ml/g),extraction temperature 70℃ and extraction time 105 min.Under these conditions,the yield of the red pigment is 10.28%,and the color value is 13.1.The red pigment is stable to heat below 75 ℃,dark,sunlight and acid,it is decomposed easily by oxidant,reductant,and UV light,but alkaline condition,sugar and metal ions,such as K+ and Na+ can fortify its color;Fe3+ and Cu2+ can change its color.Ca2+,Mg2+,Al3+,Zn2+ and common food additives,such as citric acid,potassium sorbate can not affect it at all.High concentration of VC can make the red pigment precipitate.

The orthogonal design was used to optimize the extraction process of total saponins from hetian-jade jujube.With spine date seed saponin A as standard compound,vanillin-perchloric acid as chromogenic reagent and glacial acetic acid as solvent,the determination method of the content of total saponins with UV spectrophotometer at 531nm was established.The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions are determined as follows:temperature 70 ℃,ethanol concentratin 80%,ratio of raw material to liquid 1:6 and extraction time 3 h.The content of total saponins in the crude extract from hetian-jade jujube is 6.267 mg/g.

The effects of ratio of raw material to liquid,microwave time,microwave power,ethanol concentration on the extraction rate of polyphenols from rotten jujube peel were investigated,and a predictive polynomial quadratic model was set up by means of central composite design to optimize the microwave extraction parameters of polyhneols from rotten jujube pell.The optimal conditions of microwave extraction are concluded as follows:ratio of raw material to liquid 0.035 g/ml,microwave treatment time 57.94 s,microwave power 450 W and ethanol concentration 40.30%.

In this study,the protein in tartary buckwheat bran was extracted for Osborne fractions.Meanwhile,the free radical scavenging functions of different proteins from tartary buckwheat bran were also investigated.The results showed that the content of different proteins in tartary buckwheat bran are albumin 51.22%,globulin 13.69%,glutelin 17.07%,and prolamin 8.83%,respectively.Both protein complex and four protein components from tartary buckwheat bran can scavenge free radical in vitro.The ratios of water-soluble albumin and globulin scavenging free radial are higher than those of prolamin and glutelin.The functions of these proteins scavenging free radical increased with their concentrations increasing in lower range,but trend to constant when these proteins reach higher concentration,suggesting that the functions have no relationship with protein in higher concentration range.

In order to find out the adsorption function and the thermodynamics character of D941 resin to tea polysaccharide,the adsorption isotherm was mensurated and fit with Langmuir equation and Freundlich equation.The results showed that when the higher temperature,the lower adsorption capacity of D941 resin to tea polysaccharide.The adsorption of D941 resin to tea polysaccharide is fit for the adsorption model of Langmuir when the concentration of sample solution is 2.5～5.5 mg/ml,and when the concentration of sample solution is between 1.5 and 5.5 mg/ml,the adsorption is well correlated with the adsorption model of Freundlich.The results of the thermodynamics character showed that Gibbs free energy changes and Enthalpy changes below zero(Δ Gm < 0,Δ Hm < 0).Equilibrium adsorption quantity of tea polysaccharide on D941 resin is 16.5 mg/g.These experimental results indicated that the D941 resin is suitable for adsorbing tea polysaccharide.

The experiments were carried out on the quality improvement of the pork balls by the design of formula and processing process.The whole process of analysis mainly was performed according to the sensory evaluation results,supplemented by texture analysis and physiochemical indices.The experimental results confirmed that the best ratio of compound phosphates is 2:2:1(sodium tripolyphosphate:sodium pyrophosphate:sodium hexametaphosphate).The optimal emulsifying time of slurry for producing pork balls is 12 h.

The ethanol extract from Urtica angustifolia leaves was separated and purified by the combination of liquid-liquid extraction,D101 macroporous resin absorption and silica gel column chromatography.A steroidal saponin was obtained and its structure was identified by spectroscopic analysis technique and chemical methods.

The Jatropha curcas seed was used as raw material for extracting saponins and steroids with 95% ethanol as extraction solvent,and the extraction conditions were optimized.The extracts were identified by using chemical and spectrum method.Results showed that the optimal extraction conditions are as follows:extraction time 8 h,mass ratio of raw material to extraction solvent 1:8 and reflux temperature 60 ℃.The extraction ratio of saponins and steroids are 0.397% and 0.302% respectively under the optimal conditions.

In this study,Lonicera edulis was used to pigment by ultrasound-assisted ethanol extraction method.The extraction technology was optimized by using orthogonal test.Results showed that the opimal extraction conditions are as follows:extraction time 40 min,temperature 50 ℃,material to extraction solution 1:10;ultrasonic power 60 W and extraction stage 1.Compared with the traditional ethanol extraction method,the extraction rate of Lonicera edulis pigment is increased from 91.4% to 94.8% by this method,but the extraction time is shortened.

In this study,purple-heart turnip was used to extract red pigment.The extraction technology was optimized by using single factor test and orthogonal test,and the stability of the red pigment was studied.Results showed that the optimal extraction conditions are as follows:using distilled water as extraction solvent,ratio of raw material and extraction solvent 1:9,extraction temperature 70 ℃,extraction time 100 min,pH 7 and extraction times 2.pH value can greatly affect the stability of the red pigment,as well as Fe3+ and Cu2+,but heat and light as well as Na+ and Ca2+ have little effects.

The supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction technology of ursolic acid from Prunella vulgaris Linn.leaves was studied,and the extraction conditions were optimized by using the orthogonal test L9(34).The content of ursolic acid in Prunella vulgaris extract were determined directly by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).Results showed that the order of the factors affecting the extraction rate of ursolic acid is extraction temperature >extraction time >entrainer composition > extraction pressure,and the optimal extraction conditions are as follows:extraction temperature 30 ℃,pressure 15 MPa,methanol-ethanol 1:1 as entrainer and extraction time 90 min.

High-speed countercurrent chromatography was used to separate chlorogenic acid from 70% ethanol extract of dry Lonicera japonica Thunb.with three different solvent systems.It was found experimentally that the optimal solvent system is composed of butanol,acetic acid and wate,with the ratio of 4:1:5(V/V).The purity of obtained chlorogenic acid is determined as 98.1% by high performance liquid chromatograph(HPLC),and its yield is 95%.

Rape seed pollen was firstly pretreated with different organic solvents and then treated with different enzymes to improve the permeability of its aperture.The experimental results indicated that after the treatment with medium temperature α -amylase(BAN,Bacterial Amylase Novo) and cellulase(Celluclast,Novozyme),the soluble sugar content in the supernatant of 1 g rape seed pollen treated with petroleum ether is 0.354±0.054 g,increasing by 40% compared with the control sample.After the treatment with protease(Protamex) and cellulase(Celluclast),the protein solution index of rape seed pollen treated with petroleum ether is up to 0.76±0.04,and it was observed that the aperture of the rape seed pollen opens more greatly under microscope.As a conclusion,the aperture of the rape seed pollen is improved obviously.

Two polysaccharides(LLP1 and LLP2) were isolated from Longya lilium water extract with DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow column.They are identified as pure polysaccharide and glycoprotein by HPGPC,respectively.The monosaccharide composi-tions of LLP1 consist of Man,Glu and Ara,and its molecular weight is 11756 D.The monosaccharide compositions of LLP2 are Gal,Rha and Ara and its molecular weight is 1038773 D.

In this experiment,the modern enzymolysis technology was applied for extraction of polysaccharide from Banqiao Codonopsis pilosulc.Based on single factor tests,the extraction conditions of polysaccharide were optimized by orthogonal test.The results of orthogonal test showed that the optimal extraction conditions of polysaccharide by papain are as follows:enzyme amount 60 U/g dry powder,enzymolysis time 90 min,pH 5.0 and temperature 40 ℃.Under these conditions,the percent of extraction of polysaccharide is 23.73%.For cellulase,the optimal extraction conditions are as follows:enzyme amount 120 U/g dry powder,enzymolysis time 150 min,pH 4.0 and temperature 40 ℃.Under these conditions,the percent of extraction of polysaccharide is 28.22%.

Dextrin were prepared by the combined use of α-medium temperature amylase and α-high temperature amylase.The results showed that the optimal preparation conditions of low-dextrose equivalent(DE) value dextrin are determined as follows:temperature 90 ℃,hydrolysis time 20 min,dosage of medium temperature α-amylase 4 U/g starch and dosage of α-high temperature α-amylase 7U/g starch.The combined use of the two kinds of α-amylase can decrease the dosage of amylase and hydrolysis time.

In this experiment,chitosan microspheres were prepared by reversephase suspension cross-linkage method and then magnetic chitosan microspheres(M-CS) were prepared by chemical cotransfortion to immobilize pepsin.Under scan microscope,the M-CS show regular spheroid.They have magnetic response,and are stable in weak basic and weak acid solutions.The experimental results on adsorption of M-CS to pepsin showed that pepsin can be adsorbed by the M-CS,but the adsorption quantity is greatly influenced by ratio of the carrier to pepsin and ion strength and pH of buffer solution.The optimum temperature and pH of immobilized pepsin are 60 ℃ and 4.0 respectively.The immobilization improves thermal and pH stabilities of free pepsin.

In this study,β-D-glucosidase was used to hydrolyze Osmanthus fragrans in order to release flavor precursors.After the hydrolysis,the flavor precursors from Osmanthus fragrans were extracted with aether.By this way,the extraction rate and quality of Osmanthus fragrans extract were improved.The extraction conditions such as dosage of b-D-glucosidase,hydrolysis temperature and time were optimized by single factor test and orthogonal test.The experimenal results indicatd that compared with traditional extraction method the the extraction rate of Osmanthus fragrans extract is increased by 40% and the content of absolute oils in Osmanthus fragrans extract is increased by 11%.

The effects of(NH4)2SO4 saturation and pH on the isolation of Phaseolus vulgaris Agglutinin(PVA) were investigated in this study.PVA content and molecular weight were determined by using agglutinin biological activity and SDS-PAGE electrophoresis methods respectively.The optimal isolation conditions are as follows:(NH4)2SO4 saturation 60 % and pH 5.5.The content of agglutinin is 189.7 mg/100 g under such conditions.The optimum conditions of SDS-PAGE electrophoresis are as follows:Sample concentration 10 mg/g,injection volume 20 μl,separating gel concentration 12%,voltage 50V and current 25 mA.The relative molecular weight is 204.07 kD under the above conditions.

The process parameters of enzymatic hydrolysis of flavonoid glycosides in propolis with β-glucosidase were discussed.The contents of many flavonoid aglycones in hydrolyzates of propolis were increased,such as myricetin,quercetin,apigenin and pinocembrine.The hydrolyzates of propolis have stronger antioxidant activity than the original propolis.

Before germinating under 35 ℃ for 24 hours,brown rice was treated with ultrasonic at 28 kHz and 40 kHz for 0,2,4,8,16 and 32 minutes,respectively.The effects of ultrasonic treatment were studied on the main components and relative enzyme activity of germminated brown rice.Results showed that the contents of soluble protein,gamma-aminobutyric acid and free amino acid increase after ultrasonic treatment at two frequencies,and are highest at 8 and 16 minutes respectively.With treatment time extending,the content of starch decreases and reduced sugar increases at 28 kHz,but α-amylase activity is improved obviously by the ultrasonic treatment at 40 kHz.

By using the software Design Expert 7.0 and Response Surface Method(RSM),the interaction between any two factors and its effect on extraction ratio of pectin from banana peel were studied from four factors(pH value,extraction temperature,extraction time and salting out time).The results showed that the interaction between any two factors affects the extraction ratio of pectin.There are significant effects on the extraction ratio of pectin especially in the interaction between extraction temperature and extraction time,the interaction between extraction temperature and salting out temperature,and the interaction between extraction time and salting out temperature.

The seed oil of palm(Trachycarpus fortunei) harvested from two sampling places of West Hunan province was extracted by supercritical CO2 fluit extraction technology,and its components was analyzed by GC-MS.The results showed that the optimal process conditions are as follows:extraction pressure 30 MPa,temperature 45 ℃,and time 2 h.The oil yield is 14.6% under the above conditions.According to GC-MS results,there are eight and seven kinds of fatty acid in Trachycarpus fortunei seed oil from the two sampling places,respectively.The common components of the two seed oils are 10,13-octadecadienoic acid(36.58%),(z)-9-octadecenoic acid(29.93%),hexadecanoic acid(13.22%),dodecanoic acid(8.74%),methyl tetradecanoate(6.62%),octade-canoic acid(2.63%) and(z)-9-hexadecenoic acid(1.28%).Trachycarpus fortunei seed oil contains abundant unsaturated fatty acids,which can be used as edible oil and industrial oil after refinement.

In this study,root,stem,leaf and flower of penony were used to extract polyphenol with ethanol.The 0.1 mol/L aluminium chloride amount and pH value for precipitating polyphenol in ethanol solution were explored,and the dissolution conditions of the polyphenol precipitate were optimized by using orthogonal test.The contents of polyphenol in root,stem,leaf and flower of penony were determined.Results showed that precipitation conditions of polyphenol in ethanol solution are as follows:0.1 mol/L aluminium chloride amount 2.5 ml and pH 5.3,and the dissolution conditions of the polyphenol precipitate are as follows:sulfuric acid concentration 1 mol/L,ratio of polyphenol precipitate to sulfuric acid(V/V),temperature 55 ℃ and time 5 min.The polyphenol content decreases from root,leaf,stem to flower.

Chitosan microspheres were prepared by emulsion-crosslinking method for the immobilization of alkaline protease,and then the immobilization conditions were optimized by means of orthogonal test.Results showed that the activity and the recovery rate of the immobilized alkaline protease is up to 119 U/g and 49.6 % respectively under those conditions as follows:glutaral concentration 1%,ratio of alkaline protease to carrier 240 U/g,pH 10,and reaction time 20 h at room temperature.The heat resistance of the immobilized alkaline protease is stronger than that of free one and its half-life is 14 days at 4 ℃.

Hot-air drying was used to produce Lipu Colocasia esculenta L.Schott whole powder in this study.Several sensory indexes were integrated by using analytic hierarchy process(AHP) to design single factor test and quadratic regression orthogonal test of the four factors including size of raw material,raw material paving density,drying temperature and wind speed.Through single factor test and four-factor quadric orthogonal regression test,the regression equation about the above four factors was fitted.The optimal hot-air drying parameters obtained from the regression equation are as follows:size of raw material 7.8 mm,raw material paving density 2.6 kg/m2,drying temperature 72.5 ℃,and wind speed 5.2 m/s.

The experiments of pectin extraction from Yizhou Chaenomeles sinensis were carried out by the hydrochloric acid extraction method and the ethanol deposition method.Results showed that the extraction rate of pectin is higher when the pH of extraction solution was around 2.0,the extraction temperature was 80 to 90℃,the ratio of extraction solution to material was around 4,and the extraction time was 1 to 1.5 h.On the base of single factor test,the orthogonal test was used for optimization of technological parameters.The optimal technological conditions are pH value 2.0,temperature 90 ℃,extraction solution-material ratio 4,and time 1 h.

In this study,the total flavonoids content was assayed by using spectrophotometry method with rutin as standard.The extraction technology of the total flavonoids from different parts of Clematis songarica Bunge,such as stem,leaf,flower and fruit was optimized by means of orthogonal test.Results showed that for the stem,the optimal extraction conditions are:ethanol concentration 50%,extraction temperature 50 ℃,extraction time 3 h and ratio of material to ethanol solution 1:50,and the absorbance of the total flavonoids extract is 0.270 under the optimal conditions.For the leaf,the optimal extraction condition are:ethanol concentration 60%,extraction temperature 70 ℃,extraction time 3 h and ratio of material to ethanol solution 1:30,and the absorbance of the total flavonoids extract is 0.562 under the optimal conditions.For the flower,the optimal extraction conditions are:ethanol concentration 50%,extraction temperature 60 ℃,extraction time 2 h and ratio of material to ethanol solution 1:50,and the absorbance of the total flavonoids extract is 0.480 under the optimal conditions.For the fruit,the optimal extraction conditions are:ethanol concentration 60%,extraction temperature 70 ℃,extraction time 3 h and ratio of material to ethanlo solution 1:40,and the absorbance of the total flavonoids extract is 0.365 under the optimal conditions.

Four type of enzymes,Alcalase,Neutrase,Protames,Flavourzyme,were used to hydrolyze the prepared soybean protein isolates in our laboratory and the degrees of hydrolysis(DH) were analyzed by using pH-start method,respectively.The ACE(angiotensin I-converting enzyme) inhibitory activities of the products were studied by HPLC.The results showed that hydrolysis abilities of these enzyme are in the following order:Alcalase > Protames > Neutrase > Flavourzyme;The ACE inhibitory activity of the product by Alcalase is the highest.The optimal conditions for producing ACE inhibitory peptides by using Alcalase are temperature 60 ℃,pH 8.0,[S]=4%,and [E]/[S]=4%.The degree of hydrolysis(DH) is 14.4% under the above conditions.

This study aimed to optimeze the fermentation conditions of Trichoderma reesei for producing cellulase.The results showed that the optimal conditions for producing cellulase are as follows:2‰ wheat brans as carbon source,(NH4)2SO4 as nitrogen source fermentation time 96～120 h,liquid volume in 250 ml flask 60 ml,fermentation temperature 25～30 ℃ and initial pH value 4.5～5.0.

This study aimed to incestigate the production conditions of vatamin K2(VK2) by Bacillus subtilis fermentation preliminarily.Results showed that higher or lower concentrations of soybean protein and cornstarch are disadvantage for the production of VK2.The optimal concentration of both soybean protein and cornstarch is 2%.Glycerol,as a supplementary carbon source,can promote the biosynthesis of VK2,and its effective concentration is 5%.1% sucrose,as an exogenous carbon source can obviously promote the B.subtilis fermentation to increase the productivity of VK2.Several inorganic ions such as Ca2 +,Mg2 + and K + represent inhibitive effects on the production of VK2.

Twelve lactic acid bacteria strains were isolated from pickled cabbage juice and then a superior plantaricin-producing strain,Lactobacillus plantarum LABR-X was screened out from them by diethyl sulfate(DES) mutation.The culture conditions for producing plantaricin by the Lactobacillus plantarum LABR-X were optimized and its biological features were investigated.The optimal culture conditions were determined by orthogonal test as follows:culture temperature 37 ℃,initial pH of culture medium 6,culture starter amount 5%(V/V),and proportion of liquid medium volume in fermentation container 60%.The plantaricin produced by the Lactobacillus plantarum LABR-X is a kind of antibacterial peptide.It has perfect heat resistance and is sensitive to trypsin and proteinase-K.Its antimicrobial activity is the strongest at pH 5 to 7.The antibacterial peptide can be developed as a natural food preservative or feed additive.

The microbiological and chemical compositions were studied during dry fermentation and ripening of sausage which fermented by Lactobacillus casei and Pediococcus pentosaceus,and the natural fermented sausages and the ones added with bacteriostatic agent were compared.The results showed that Lactobacillus casei and Pediococcus pentosaceus can marked increase the total number of living bacteria,effectively restraint maleficent bacteria,rapidly decrease the pH and AW value,significantly reduce the nitrite remnant allowance,and give the fermented sausages better security guarantee;In the function of inhibiting maleficent bacteria and decreasing the pH and AW value,Lactobacillus casei is stronger than Pediococcus pentosaceus,and is more suitable for the requirement of the fermented sausage security.

Starch and protein in wheat bran were degraded into soluble contents by α-amylase and alkaline protease respectively,and then the soluble contents were removed by water-washing method to produce pentosan.The optimal parameters for hydrolyzing starch are:material to liquid ratio 1:12(g/ml),addition of enzyme 0.08 g,time 25 min,and temperature 95 ℃.The remained content of starch is reduced to below 0.5 % from original 18.6 %.The optimal parameters for hydrolyzing protein are:time 4 h,temperature 40 ℃,solid to liquid ratio 5%(g/ml),addition of enzyme 1.0%.The remained content of protein in destarched wheat bran is only 0.62%.The destarched and deproteined wheat bran contents 34.51% pentosan.

A brewing yeast mutant with perfect maltotriose fermentation capacity was obtained by mutagenizing the wild yeast Saccharomyces cerevise.The mutant is able to utilize maltotriose efficiently,and the maltotriose fermentability in YNB-2% maltotriose medium increases from 32.4% to 81.8% after 5 d by shaking culture.The TLC pattern showed that the maltotriose transport ability of the mutant is higher compared with the original strain.The wort fermentation test confirmed that the sugar fermentation property of the mutant is superior to the original strain,while the primitive fermentation characters are kept.Therefore,the brewing yeast mutant would benefit the beer industry and be suitable for low caloric beer production.

Objective:Papain and bromelain were used to hydrolyze Paphia undulate to make bioactive peptide respectively.Method:The hydrolysis processes of Paphia undulata by the two enzymes were optimized by orthogonal test respectively.Results:The results showed that the optimal hydrolysis conditions of papain are:temperature 50 ℃,time duration 4 h,enzyme amount 4.0%,ratio of substance to water 1:3 and pH 6.3.The hydrolysis degree is 40.83%,the recovery of total is 89.85%,and the average length of peptide chain is 2.20;For bromelain,the optimal hydrolysis conditions are:temperature 55 ℃,time duration 4 h,enzyme amount 12.0%,ratio of substance to water 1:3 and pH 6.3.The hydrolysis degree is 34.61%,the recovery of total nitrogen is 89.58%,and the average length of peptide chain is 2.58.Conclusion:In this study,papain is better than bromelain for hydrolyzing Paphia undulata.

The free glucoamylase in the 0.05 mol/L acetate-sodium acetate buffer(pH 4:6) was precipitated by ammonium sulfate and then cross-linked by glutaraldehyde to prepare glucoanylase aggregate,which is a carrier-free immobilized enzyme.The preparation process and the enzymatic characters of cross-linked glucoamylase aggregate were studied.Results showed that the final activity of the cross-linked glucoamylase aggregate is 3.15×104 U/g(dry).The optimum pH and reaction temperature as well as Km of the cross-linked glucoamylase aggregate are 4.6,50 ℃ and 1.75% respectively.As the content of xanthan gum is 5.0 mg/g(free glucoamylase),the residual activity and thermostability of the cross-linked glucoamylase aggregate are both higher than the free glucoamylase.

Oviductus Ranae of Rana temporaria chensinensis David was hydrolyzed by the combination of caroid and alkaline proteinase,and the gel chromatography and HPLC were employed for determination.The result showed that the optimal hydrolysis conditions by caroid are:substrate concentration 1%,enzyme dosage 1200 U/g,temperature 60 ℃,time 3.5 h and pH 6.0.By alkaline proteinase they are enzyme dosage 500 U/g,temperature 50 ℃,time 3.0 h,and pH 8.0.Molecular weight less than 1355 D peptid was obtained by Sephadex G-15 separating column,and three peaks appearanced in the chromatogram by HPLC detection,whose retention time was 21.837,23.300 and 24.499 min in turn.Meanwhile,the Oviductus Ranae protein can be effectively degradated into peptide by the combination of the two enzymes,and the degree of hydrolysis reaches 17.8%,increasing by 5.6% compared with single enzyme.The production dissolubility and flowability are both better.

In this study,the best production process of functional fermented soybean curd are determined by othogonal test as follows:adding Mucor 7 g and Rhizopus 3 g into soybean milk 100 ml to ferment it at 28 ℃ for two days → adding Monascus 5.33 g to ferment it at 32 ℃ for four days → adding wheat powder koji 0.67 g and rice koji 4.00 g to further ferment it at 28 ℃ for two days → adding flavoring agents such as salt,CMC-Na,hydroxypropyl starch,xanthan gum and sweet Gynostemma pentaphyllum saponins,etc.The finished product is semi-solid and red with sweet and mellow smell and longtime aftertaste.Its proteinase activity,total sugar content and amino nitrogen content are 316.972 U,81.858.99 mg/100 ml and 58.99 mg/100 ml respectively,and no aflatoxin is found in it.The health indexes measure up.

22 Phospholipase-producing strains were isolated from soil near Tangguantun oil mill in Jinghai by the method of egg yolk plate.Among of them,one strain which produced the highest phospholipase was obtained through re-screening.It was identified as Bacillus cereus according to its shape and physiological characteristics.The results showed that its optimum growth temperature and phospholipase-producing temperature are both 30 ℃ and its optimum growth pH value and phospholipase producing pH value are 8.0 and 7.0 respectively.It can not tolerate osmotic pressure,but can tolerate high temperature.Its optimum reaction temperature and time are 50 ℃ and 20min,resperctively.

By utraviolet radiation treatment,two superior erythritol-producing strains were screened out from twenty-eitht strains isolated from honey,wastewater from sugar factory and decayed fruits in Changchun suburbs,and the protoplasts of the two strains were used to construct high erythritol-producing strain by means pf elecrofusion.The results showed that the optimal conditions for preparing the protoplasts are as follows:snailase amount 0.25%,treatment time 20min,temperature 35℃,and pH 5 to 6.The optiaml electrofusion parameters are as follows:alternating electric field intensity 250V/cm,impulse intensity 6 kV/cm,impulse time 30 s,and impulse number 5.The erythritol productivity of the construted strain is 120.6 g/L,and the consumed glucose is 53.2%.

The by-products of segmented Xiang Pigs were extracted with 2 times water(W/W) by high pressure stewing method,and then this process was repeated for the filtrate residue.The two exttracts were collected together for subsequent experiments.In this study,some physicochemical indexes of the extracts and their fermented products by immobilized cells were analyzed,which included contents of soluble solid,dry matter and amino nitrogen,acidity and total bacterial count in gel bead as well as contents of free amino acid and hydrolyzing amino acid in partrial fermented products,and the single or mixture strains of three bacteria(Bacills Licheniformis1.892,Bacillus sublilis 1.807 and Lactobacillus fermentum) were respectively selected for preparing gel beads of immobilized cells as fermententation strains.The analysis results showed that γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA) content level in the extracts and their fermented products are noticeable,the GABA levels in free and hydrolyzing amino acids ranges are respectively 14.97 to 23.05 mg/100 g and 10.63 to 17 mg/100 g respectively,and the hydrolyzing glutamic acid contents as GABA precursor range from 195.53 to 245 mg/100g in the extracts and their partrial fermented products.Under the conditions of room temperature,immobilized cells prepared by adding 2.5% sodium alginate and firming for 30 min in 4% CaCl2 are favorable for obtaining better fermentation capacity,and the results of 6 repeatability experiments showed that the gel beads of immobilized cells are stable with the whole shape and definite fermentation properties.

Mucor spp.plays very important role in formation of a unique flavor of sufu in the brewing process.Fundamentally,improving sufu flavor namely the enhancing fresh flavor and reducing of bitterness can be achieved by solving the issues of high production of proteases and the formation of exopeptidase.This study aimed to obain the mutant strain of Mucor spp.with high production of proteases and the formation of exopeptidase by compound mutation,which can overcome the disadvantage of single mutation having no obvious repeated effect.Results showed that compared with primitive strain,under the mutagenesis conditions of radiation dose of Co60 8×104 roentgen and UV mutation time 60 s,the production capacity of amino acid of the mutant strain is increased by 22%.Under the fermentation conditions of culture temperature 28 ℃,time 48 h,initial pH 7.2 and inoculation amount 10%,the production capacity of amino acid of the mutant strain is increased by 30%,and the activity of exopeptidase is the highest.Because of the limitations of sufu product characteristics,the optimal salt and alcohol concentra-tions for fermentation are set at 6 % and 4 %.After fermentation,the products flavor of sufu is improved significantly,with delicious fresh flavor and little bitterness.

The activity of alcohol dehydrogenase(ADH) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae HD34-1,which was constructed by transferring the ADH gene from B.sub into Saccharomyces cerevisiae HD34,was controlled by the promoter Gal.In order to make clear how the ADH gene is expressed in HD34-1,a galactose consistence gradient and an alcohol consistence gradient were designed for fermentation experiment,and then the activity of ADH was determined.As a result,the highest activity of ADH presents at galactose 2%,induction time 16 hours and content of alcohol lower than 1%(W/W).

A neomycin-resistant mutant NA-2,with the activity of F1-ATPase decreased roughly 86.82%,was obtained by synchrotron soft X-ray Nk mutagenesis based on analysis of energy metabolic pathway.The strain NA-2 was cultured in a flask containing L-lactic acid fermentation medium with 120 g/L glucose.It was found that compared with the fermentation characters of original Rhizopus oryza,the rates of glucose consumption and L-lactic acid production are higher with 25.17% and 32.57%,and the qs,qp and μ are higher 86.42%,128.13% and 60.0% respectively.The content of intracellular ATP decreases 18.99% in the mutant than in the origin.However,the change of intracellular energy charge is not obvious.The activities of key enzymes in glycoly ticpathway of the mutant and the origin were determined.Results showed that,compared with the original strain Rhizopus oryzae 3.819,the activities of key enzymes,phosphofructokinase,private kinas,glyceraldyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of the mutant NA-2 increase 58.34%,23.53% and 11.29%,respectively.The activity of LDH increase 42.27% while that of ADH decreases 32.11%.As a conclusion,the L-lactic acid productivity by Rhizopus oryza3.819 is enhanced when the activities of key enzymes in glycdytic pathway are regulated by decreasing the activity of F1 -ATPase.

The kinetics of a chitinase from TUV26 strain,a high chitinase-producing strain which was obtained from a strain of Pseudomonas sp.through mutation breeding,was studied in detail.Results showed that toward colloidal chitin,the optimum conditions of enzymic reation by chitinase are 48.5 ℃ and pH 6.8,and under those optimum conditions the reaction progress curve 0 to 60 minutes is in the straight line stage and the initial velocity is 54.199 μg/ml·h.Km,the Michaelis constant of chitinase,is 24.04 μg/ml,Vmax,the maximum reactive velocity,is 218.68 μg/ml·h,and Kcat,the enzymatic turnover number,is 0.08025 h-1.These results provide technical parameters for the production of chitooligosaccharides by chitinase.

Using glucosinolates from radish seed extract as substrate,the properties of myrosinase from radish were investigated.Results indicated that the optimum temperature of myrosinase is 50℃,and the optimum pH values are 4.0 and 8.0.Ascorbic acid can activate the enzyme,whose activity reaches a climax of 107 U at the ascorbic acid concentration of 5 mmol/L.L-Cysteine hydrochloride and glutathione also increase the myrosinase activity.However,NaCl,Na2SO3 and citric acid have inhibitory effects on the enzyme activity.Fe2+,Mg2+,Al3+ and Ca2+ have different effects on the myrosinase with different kinds of metal ions.

Corynebacterium pekinense AS1.299 was mutagenized with ultraviolet(UV) and N-methyl-N’-nitro-nitrosoguanidine(NTG) to screen high methionine-producing strain in this study.Results showed that for the Corynebacterium pekinense AS1.299 suspension,the optimal conditions of UV mutagenesis are bacterial concentration 103 CFU/ml and UV exposure time 18 s,and the optimal conditions of NTG mutagenesis are NTG concentration 102 CFU/ml and treatment time 40 min.After three-circle alternation of UV and NTG mutagenesis,the methionine productivity of the mutant strain is 1.103 g/L,0.703 g/ L higher than that of original strain.After five passagings,its genetic stability is still good.

This study aimed to compare the biologic characteristics of 65 strains of Enterobacter sakazakii isolated from milk products,and make clear the heat tolerance,the survival duration under 60 ℃ and 4 ℃ environment of these strains.Results showed that the heat tolerance of E.sakazakii is correlative with its colony morphology and phenotypes.The 65 strains of E.sakazakii all have good heat tolerance,Which can tolerate 4 ℃ over 3 months.

Seven B-cell IgE-binding epitopes(B1,B2,B3,B4,B5,B6,B7) and a T-cell epitope(T) in β-lactoglobulin from cow milk was used to design a tandem of multiple epitopes of the β-lactoglobulin from cow milk,in which the epitopes remain their independent antigenicity.According to the epitope tandem design principle,the linker between B cell epitopes is a glycine(G) while it is a di-lysine(KK) between T cell epitope and B cell epitope.The connection order of the eight epitopes was optimized through bioinformatics methods using the software of DNAStar and the network server-SOMPA.The optimized tandem molecular is:T-K-K-B1-G-B6-G-B5-G-B3-G-B7-G-B2-G-B4.And its amino acid sequence is:KIPAVFKIDALNENKVLVLDTKKLIVTQTMKGEVDDEALEKFDKALKALPGKTKIPAVFKIDAGKPTPEGDLEILLQ KGKALPMHIRLSFNGLLDAQSAPLRVYVEELKPGAQKKIIAEKTKI.The results showed that the molecular designation is correct,and the study methods are worth using reference to similar studies.

The aim of this experiment was to screen broad spectrum lactolin-producing strains,extract and purify the lactolin from fermentation broth.Twenty-two lactolin-producing lactic acid bacteria were screened out from several material,and the strain B9,the lactolin activity produced by which is the highest,was selected through Oxford cup method.This strain was identified as Lactobacillus plantarum by physiological and biochemical experiments.The diameter of inhibition zone produced by the broth of the strain B9 is 22.19 mm.The broth was purified with the process of salting-out of(NH4)2SO4,dialysis desalting,DEAE-52 column chromatography and Sephadex G-25 column chromatography.The diameters of inhibition zone of the products in all the procedures are 19.54,23.46,25.32 and 25.76 mm,respectively.The final product was detected to be one peak with high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).The purity of the lactolin produced by this strain is increased greatly throgh the series of experiments.The lactolin produced by this strain has strong activity against not only gram-negative bacteria like Escherichia coli,but also gram-positive bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus.Therefore,it has a wide spectrum against bacteria.

Protoplast from Phellinus igniarius was mutagenized with UV and He-Ne laser.Five mutant strains were selected after three passagings,which were SJ1 to SJ5 strains.The polysaccharide yields of the five mutant strains are higher than that of the starting strain.The polysaccharide yield of SJ4 strain is higher 57.74% than that of the starting strains,the highest.The SJ4 strain has good hereditary stability.According to esterase isoenzyme electropheresis pattern,the esterase zymogram of SJ4 strain is different from that of the starting strain.

The experiment aimed to analyze the main components of flavonoids from corn silk by using color reaction,thin-layer chromatography(TLC) and ultraviolet(UV) spectral scanning.Color reactions proved the extract from corn silk be to flavonoids,According to TLC results,the flavonoids from corn silk are mainly composed of luteolin,formononetin and apigenin.The results of UV scanning showed that the flavonoids of corn silk are mainly flavones and isoflavones.There are 5-hydroxy and 7-hydroxy in the structure of the flavones,and the B ring has the 3’-hydroxy and 4’-hydroxy.

Based on the traditional pretreatment technique,semi-micro-pretreatment and micro-pretreatment methods of sugar and sugar alcohol were set up respectively.Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry(GC-MS) were used to analyze the derived products.The results showed that the derived sugars and sugar alcohols from the same sample pretreated with the above-mentioned three methods are nearly the same in gradients and contents.However,compared with the above-mentioned traditional method,the amounts of extraction solvent and derivation solvent used in the other two methods greatly decrease and the time and labour consumed by the other two methods also obviously reduce.The amount of solvent consumed by micro-pretreatment technique is 1/200 to 1/100 of that by traditional pretreatment and the time for pretreatment is decreased above 5 times.Compared with the traditional method,liquid-liquid microextraction(LLME) is economical,fast and convenient.

In this study,the royal jelly samples were dissolved in phosphorus solution(pH 2) containing protein precipitator to extract streptomycin residue by means of ultrasonic.The sample extract was cleaned up by cation exchange column and reverse-phase column,while the streptomycin was eluted off via SPE cartridge with methanol and evaporate to dryness on nitrogen dry evaporator,and the residues were dissolved in mobile phase and then passed through 0.45 μm filter for determination by a liquid chromatography FLD detection with post-column derivatization.A Atlantis HILIC Silica(2.1 mm×150 mm,3.0 μm) was as chromatographic separation column,and the mixed solution of acidic aqueous solution and acetonitrile was as mobile phase under gradient elution.The total analysis time is less than 25 min.The spiked recoveries are 71.7% to 77.4%.The limit of detection of the method is 10 μg/kg.

In order to improve the detection efficiency of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in aquatic products to meet the need of a system of rapid reaction for food sanitationlas PCR method was established.A primer in connection with t1 gene which is specific for Vibro parahaemolyticus was designed and synthesized,phenol-chloroform method was used to extract DNA,and controls for method specificity were made with Escherichia coli,Salmonella,Shigella,Vibrio alginolyticus.40 aquatic products sampled at random from market were tested by using this method,and the results were evaluated with national standard(GB/T 4789.7 —2003).Results showed that this method is easy for operation,with high level of specificity and the sensitivity of bacterial liquid 103 CFU/ml.The samples with bacteria amount of 1～10 CFU/g can be detected after enrichment of 6 h with a detection cycle of 10 h.Results of this method are more accurate and more reliable compared with national standard.So this method is suitable for rapid detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in aquatic products.

The contents of nine mineral elements(K,Ca,Mg,Fe,Zn and Cu etc) in twenty-eight green tea samples from different areas of China were analyzed by ICP-AES after digestion.Then pattern recognition techniques including principal component analysis(PCA) and cluster analysis(CA) were applied to differentiate the geographical origins of these tea.The classification performance reveals fair,and the green tea samples could be classified clearly.This method is convenient and proper,which has great significance for the origin discrimination and standardization of tea.

Aluminum in the wet-digested food was determined by tantalum-coated graphite tube-graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with matrix modifier.Results showed that the linear range is between 0 and 50 μg/L with r =0.9996,RSD of 2.98% and recovery rate of 98.6% to 100.5%.The detection limit of the method is 0.27 pg.The sample analysis results measure up.This method is simple,rapid and accurate with satisfactory results.

An novel method for determination of sodium bisulfoxylate formaldehyde residue in rice cake was developed.The sodium bisulfoxylate formaldehyde residue in rice cake was extracted by water,separated by using a IonPac AS18 analytical column and determined by the external standard method.The thermal stability of sodium bisulfoxylate formaldehyde and the resolution of ion chromatography between coexistent ions and sodium bisulfoxylate formaldehyde were also studied.Under selected condition of ion chromatography,the linear range,recoveries and detection limit are 0.1 to 200 mg/kg,87.8% to 101.32% and 0.05 mg/kg,respectively,and the relative standard deviation(n=5) is between 3.27% and 5.00%.The proposed method is simple and rapid.

L.acidophilus,L.plantarun and their mixture were inoculated into the sour soup made from chopped tomato,pepper,ginger and garlic for fermentation at 25 ℃ respectively.The volatile compounds in the three sour soups and natural fermented sour soup were extracted by means of distillation extraction method,and they were analyzed with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry technique(GC-MS).Results showed that the volatile compounds are found to be 92 kinds in the above four sour soups in number,which are 65,58,55 and 52 kinds in them respectively.These compounds consist of 9 kinds,namely alcohols(20),acids(6),esters(17),aldehydes(5),ketones(2),alkenes(29),sulfurcompounds(1),alkanes(4) and other compounds(6).The total volatiles content in the fermented sour soup by the mixture of L.acidophilus and L.plantarun is the highest,reaching 96.273%,followed by the fermented sour soup by L.acidophilus,the natural fermented sour soup and the fermented sour soup by L.plantarun in turn.However the acid contents in the four sour soups are high,which indicated that the main flavor compounds in the sour soup products are acids.

Main chemical components in dried body of two species of cochineal,Dactylopius coccus Costa and Dactylopius confusus(cockerell),were determined in this study.Results showed that the contents of chemical substances in dried body of Dactylopius coccus are:red colorants 22.61%,wax 4.70%,fat 3.81%,protein 37.31%,total saccharides 31.06% and ash 1.16%,and the contents of chemical substances in dried body of Dactylopius confusus are:red colorants 10.47%,wax 6.71%,fat 3.98%,protein 31.25%,total saccharides 35.84% and ash 9.12%.The and main mineral elements in the two species were also analyzed.

Twenty kinds of typical food packaging materials were extracted with accelerated solvent extraction equipment.After the treatments of dehydration,filtration,concentration and derivatization,the contents of perfluorooctanoic acid ammonium(PFOA) in them were detected with GC-MS.The GC-MS-EI conditions were optimized as:using HP-INNOWAX pillar(30 m×0.25 mm,0.25 μm) with injection volume of 1 μl as chromatographic column,interface temperature 280 ℃,energy of EI resource 70 eV and temperature 150 ℃,temperature of QMS 230 ℃,and adopting SIM detection with five-minute solvent delay.The working curve for the detection of PFOA is Y=38402.12127X+4.562 with a linear range of 10 to 1.0×106 μg/L,the limit of detedion is 1.0 μg/L and the average recovery rate is 95% to 104%.No PFOA is found in other food packaging materials except polytetrafluoroethylene material,with 0.12×10-6 mg/kg PFOA detected.

The methods of high performance liquid(HPLC) chromatography and inductively-coupled plasmas atomic emission spectrometry were used to determine the contents of amino acids and mineral elements in the shells of Paphia undulata and Pinctada maxima(Jameson).Results showed that Pinctada maxima(Jameson) shell contains 13 kinds of both amino acids and mineral elements,and Paphia undulata shell contains 8 kinds of amino acids and 13 kinds of mineral element.These results can provide scientific evidences for the application and development of the shells.

Conjugated linoleic acid(CLA) is a class of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid,which possesses variety of biological properties.The abundant crude source of c9,t11-CLA is dairy products and meat products of ruminants.The c9,t11-CLA contents in self-made yoghourts by the herdsmen from Qinghai,Gannan,Tianzhu and Subei pastoral areas were determined by using gas chromatography,and they were compered with contents of saled yoghourt and yak milk.Results showed that c9,t11-CLA is separated well.The c9,t11-CLA content in the self-made yoghourts by the herdsmen from Qinghai and Gannan,Tianzhu,Subei pastoral areas are 1.007,0.782,0.987 and 1.196 mg/ml yoghourt respectively.The c9,t11-CLA contents in the self-made yoghourts do not show notable difference to that in saled yoghourt(p>0.05),but the c9,t11-CLA contents in all the yoghourts are significantly lower than that in yak milk(p<0.01).

A method for the determination of trichlorfon in aquatic products was established based on capillary gas chromatography.Trichlorfon was decomposed into chloral at high temperature inlet.Test samples were extracted with acetonitrile,and the extracts were defatted with petroleum ether and then purified with liquid-liquid extraction.After water removal and concentration,the purified extracts were dissolved into 1 ml acetone solution.The 1 ml acetone solution was added into pear-shaped flask and then determined by using gas chromatography with electron capture detector via external standard method.The recoreries of standard addition are 84.6% to 91.9%,the relative standard deviations are between 3.44% and 13.0%,and the limit of detection is 0.5 μg/kg.

With HNO3 and H2O2 digestion,a method for determination of selenium in pea vermicelli by sequence injection hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry was developed.The effects of the instrument conditions,laboratory conditions,microwave digestion way,pre-reductant on the atomic fluorescence signal of selenium were discussed.The interference effects on Se and elimination of coexisting ions were investigated.And the operating conditions were also optimized.Results showed that the detection limit for Se is 0.10 ng/ml,and the linear range is 0 to 80 ng/ml.The method was used to determine Se in different pea vermicellis.The relative standard deviations are in the range of 2.94% to 4.01%,and the recovery rate was in the range of 90.33% to 102.31%.

Kandelia candel leaves were heated in 6 mol/L hydrochloric acid to prepare hydrolysate,and then Maillard reaction of the hydrolysate and D-glucose was carried out.The Maillard reaction product is brown with obvious burnt perfume.It aether -soluble compositions were analyzed with GC-MS.Results showed that 46 compounds exist in the product,and carboxylic acid compounds are the main compositions.The content of 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde in the compositions of the Maillard reaction product is the highest.

A method for determination of eight sulfonamides residue in royal jelly by using solid-phase extraction high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector was established.Sulfonamides residue was extracted with ethyl acetate containing protein precipitator.The sample extract was evaporated under reduced pressure and dissolved with phosphate buffer solution,and then purified by using an Oasis HLB column,while the sulfonamides residue was eluted off via solid-phase extraction(SPE) cartridge with methanol and evaporated to dryness on nitrogen dry evaporator,and the residues were dissolved in and sodium acetate solution.Sulfonamides residue was derivatized by using fluorescamine.The sulfonamides derivates were detected by a liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector.The recoveries are 62.3% to 74.8%,and the limit of detection of the metshod is 10 to 50 μg/kg.The developed method is suitable to monitor sulfonamides residue in royal jelly samples.

A HPLC-MS/MS method was developed to determine the dinotefuran residue in foods.The test sample was extracted with acetonitrile,and then the extract was dehydrated with anhydrous sodium sulfate.After cleaned up with Envi-Carb/LC-NH2 cartridge and C18 solid-phase extraction cartridge,the analyte was determined with LC-MS/MS using external standard method.This method has good linear correlation(r>0.999) with recovery rate ranges 67% to 90%,detection limit 10 μg/kg,and relative standard deviation(RSD) 3.15% to 8.36%.

The contents of nutritional and functional components of walnut kernel pellicle were analyzed preliminarily by using conventional and instrumental analytical methods.Results showed that the contents of protein,carbohydrates,fat,vitamin B1,vitamin B2,and minerals such as phosphorus,zinc and calcium are 11.03 g/100 g,7.74 g/100 g,20.20 g / 100 g,0.205 mg/100 g,0.05 mg/100 g,and 442 mg/100 g,29.20 mg/100 g and 23.20 mg/100 g respectively.The contents of vitamin B1,phosphorus and zinc are as 1.37,1.50 and 13.46 times as those of walnut kernel repectively.The contents of polyphenols and flavonoids are 1.038 g / 100g and 0.744 g/100 g,as12.51 and 1.78 times as those of walnut kernel respectively,which suggests that walnut kernel pellicle has high nutritional and health values.

In this study,the purified triacylglycerols(TAG) of some edible oils were subjected to stereospecific hydrolysis by an sn-1,3-specific lipase(pancreatic lipase) which cleaves selectively the sn-1 and sn-3 position ester bonds of TAG yielding to 2-monoglycerides(2-MAG) and free fatty acids(FFA).After lipase hydrolysis,the released free fatty acids and 2-MAG were isolated by thin-layer chromatography(TLC) and were converted to fatty acid methyl esters,and then analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography.The method was applied for stereospecific analyses of peanut,soyabean,maize,rapeseed and camellia oil.And the fatty acids in the TAG were also determined.Results showed that vegetable oils are made up of unsaturated fatty acids mainly accounting for 80%,and at the sn-2-position unsaturated fatty acids are the primary constituents,whose percentage is more than 90%.And saturated fatty acids mainly distribute at the position of sn-1,3.

This study aimed to analyze several indexes of Sinonovaculla constricta Lamarck in different populations concerning to nutrition and flavour,including total protein,fat,amino acid,fatty acid,ash,flavour nucleotide,lycine,sugar and myosin and so on.Compared with Sinonovaculla constricta cultivated in autumn,the S.constricta cultivated in spring has more fatty acid,sugar,flavour nucleotide in mantle and myosin.However,total amino acid,essential amino acid,flavour amino acid,total protein,fat and ash come to the inverse disciplinarian.But lycine has no significant differences among these samples.Changjie population cultivated in spring has significant advantage in lycine,total amino acid,essential amino acid,flavour amino acid and flavour nucleotide in foot.The population cultivated in autumn has significant advantage in sugar,fat and myosin.The quality of S.constricta varies due to different cultivations.Regardless of different cultivating seasons,tidal-flat aquaculture is significantly better than pond aquaculture.It was concluded that all the samples can be clustered into the above-mentioned two aquacultures according to clustering analysis.

The total flavanoids contents of Hotan walnut kernel septum membranes in the different extraction solvents by using spectrophotometric method with rutin as reference substance.Results showed that the total flavanoids content in alcohol by reflux extraction is the highest,6.430%.The total flavanoids content is 5.242% instead of alcohol with water.This method is simple and fast.It can be applied to the determination of the total flavanoids content in walnut kernel septum membranes.

In order to survey the moon cakes with meat products in the microbial contamination,two kinds of moon cakes with meat products were chosen to detect bacteria and moulds by using the national standard methods of GB4789.15 — 2003 and GB4789.2—2003,and the moisture contents in the two kinds of moon cakes with meat products were also detected.Bangladesh red agar and potatoes agar(PDA) were used for counting and identification of mold,respectively.After separation and purification,moulds colony was observe and their cell morphologies were observed under microscope to identify their species.Results showed that the two kinds of moon cakes in the values of total bacteria and coliform bacteria are in line with national standards.There are main three species of moulds in the two kinds of moon cakes with meat products.They are Aspergillus glaucus,Aspergillus versicolor and Aspergillus flavus.

A method for the simultaneous determination of trace elements Al,As,Ba,B,Ca,Co,Cr,Cu,Fe,K,Li,Mg,Mn,Ni,P,Pb,Zn,Be,Cd,Se,Sr,La,Ce,Y,Sm and Lu in navel orange after HNO3-HClO4 digestion by ICP-AES was established.The recoveries of spiked samples are between 87.7%and 114.1%,and the RSD(n=3) is in the range of 0.42% to 4.51%.It was found that navel orange is rich in K,Ca,P and Mg and the contents of trace elements in navel oranges from different counties are different.

A new method for multiresidue analysis of 18 organochlorines and 9 pyrethroids in tea from Jiangxi province was established.The pesticide residues were extracted from tea samples with hexane-dichloromethane(1:2,V/V) by using microwave-assisted methed,and the microwave-assisted extraction conditions,such as the extraction solvent type,volume,microwave heating time and microwave temperature were optimized with orthogonal test design.The extracts were purified with alumina neutral-florisil column,and then determined with gas chromatography equipped with electron-capture detector(GC-ECD),using DB-1701 capillary column.The recoveries obtained from Chinese tea samples(n=5) added with pesticide standards at the three levels of 0.4,0.2 and 0.1ml(0.5 μg/ml organochlorines plus 1.0 μg/ml pyrethroids) are in the ranges of 80.9% to 118.5%,88.4% to 120.7% and 80.9% to 116.3% with the RSDs in the ranges of 2.09% to 6.70%,1.89% to 6.49% and 1.98% to 11.87%,respectively.The detection limits of the organochlorine pesticides are in the range of 0.0004 to 0.0015 mg/kg,and those of the pyrethroids are in the range of 0.0067 to 0.0365 mg/kg.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the immunostimulating property of PRMs to mice using various in vivo and in vitro tests.Results showed the hymic,splenetic and phagocytic indexes are increased,delayed-type hypersensi-tivity(DTH) against sheep red blood cell(SRBC),proliferation of spleen cell in mice and macrophage cell abdominal cavities and formulation of haemolytic plaque and serum haemolysin in mice are remarkably promoted compared with the control group.As a conclusion,PRMs have good immunostimulating properties.

According to US Envioronmental Protection Agency(EPA) exposure assessment method,based on monitor data of chlorpyrifos residue in spinach exported to Japan and residue trials about chlorpyrifos residue in spinach and spinach consump-tion in Chinese diet,including P97.5 and average consumption data,Japanese vegetable consumption diet data,point exposure assessment based on extreme value theory on chlorpyrifos content in spinach exported from China to Japan was conducted.Results showed that the acute and chronic exposure % aPAD value and % cPAD value of chlorpyrifos residue in spinach from China are 16.2,and 0.4 respectivly,and the % cPAD of chlorpyrifos residue in vegetable from Japan is also 0.4,less than 100.These results proved that the population consuming the spinach exported to Japan is not the prior manage object,and the normal imported spinach from China is safe for consumption.

Anti-fatigue effects of different doses of pilos antler blood wine,high level(50 ml/kg bw),medium level(16.67ml/ kg bw) and low level(8.33 ml/kg bw) on Kunming mice were discussed.Results showed that compared with the control group of base liquor containing 20% alcohol,the time of mouse weight-loaded awimming of the high level group is longer,and after 20-min exercise,the content of the blood lactic acid and area below blood lactic acid curve are both decreased greatly,and the content of carbamide is reduced obviously.All the three indexes show significant differences between the control group and the high level group of pilos antler blood wine(p < 0.05).However,the pilos antler blood wine does not obviously sffect body weight and glycogen.As a conclusion,it has goosd anti-fatigue effects.

58 volunteers(18 men and 40 women) were chosen as intakers to observe the effect of chicory polysaccharides(CPS) on human immunity.These volunteers were randomly divided into placebo group and interventional group,and received health food via the bi-blind method.The intakers couldn’s change the life habits but take CPS 1.5g/d orally during two consecutive months.Before and after the experiment two months,the intakers were taken blood out of veins for measuring various biochemical indexes and determining the content of urea acid.Therefore it was concluded that CPS has greater enhancement effects on human immunity.

Objective:To study hypoglycemic effect and antioxidation of sweet potato glycoprotein(SPG) on alloxan-iduced diabetic mice.Methods:SPG was obtained from the cultivar Guangdong 98 via water extraction,alcohol precipitation and gel filtration.The effects of SPG on blood glucose contents were discussed activities of SOD and CAT and the contents of MDA in liver,brain and serum of the can diabetic mice were discussed.Results:SPG lowers the blood glucose contents of diabetic mice(p<0.01),increases the activities of SOD and CAT(p<0.05 or p<0.01) and decreases the contents of MDA(p<0.01) in liver,brain and serum.Conclusion:SPG can significantly lower the blood glucose and has in vivo antioxidation function to alloxan diabetic mice.

Objective:To investigate the genetic toxicity of ursolic acid to bone marrow cell for its safety.Methods:By mouse bone marrow polychromatic erythrocyte micronucleus test,the micronucleus rate was measured.Mammalian bone marrow cell chromosome aberration test was persformed to assess the numbers of deformed chromosome.Results:The micronucleus rates and numbers of deformed chromosome of different groups of ursolic acid are all negative(compared with negative control p>0.05,compared with positive control p<0.05).Conclusion:Ursolic acid is nonmutagenic to somatic cell in mice.

According to the results of this study,the inhibition effects of silkworm pupa protein polypetides to on A549 and Ketr-3 cells proliferation are directly proportional to the polypeptides concentration in the range of 0.5 to 1.5 g/L.The polypetides cause a significant G2～M,G0～G1 phase arrest in A549 and Ketr-3 cells respectively.With the dosage of 150 to 600 mg/kg,the polypeptides inhibit sarcinoma 180 by 28.72% to 58.18% and hepatocarcinoma 22 by 27.64% to 63.88%,and significantly prolong the life span of the EAC-bearing mice.As a conclusion,the silkworm supa protein polypeptides has significant anti-tumor effects.

In order to investigate the effects of D-ribose on the recovery of rat cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle function after load swimming and to discuss its anti-fatigue and anti-hypoxia capabilities,the concentrations of plasma insulin,norepinephrine and epinephrine,and the swimming time of rats subjected to fatigue and the survival time of rats subjected to hypoxia,were determined.The results indicated that after swimming the concentration of plasma insulin of D-ribose control groups(RCG) was higher than that of normal control group(NCG) and swimming control group(SCG).After recovery of 72 h,the concentrations of plasma insulin of all D-ribose test group(RTG) are higher than that of NCG.The concentrations of norepinephrine and epinephrine of RTG are higher than those of SCG.After recovery of 72 h,the concentration of epinephrine of RTG is lower than that of NCG and SCG.The swimming time of rats subjected to fatigue and the survival time of rats subjected to hypoxia of RTG is prolonged by 50.21% and 8.8%,respectively.D-ribose can adjust the level of hormones,promote the process of gluconeogen-esis and significantly prolong the swimming time of rats subjected to fatigue and the survival time of rats subjected to hypoxia.D-ribose plays an important role in maintaining the stabilization of blood sugar and protecting the normal physiological function of important organs.

Objective:To study the antitumor effect of jujube peptide perpared by using electromagnetic cracking device.Method:The selected mice were inoculated with tumor cells and divided into 5 groups randomly(n=10),half male and half female,which were administered with the jujube peptide for 10 d continuously.The mice were killed and weighed at the 24th h after the last administration,and the tumors at right axillary fossa were separated.Results:The jujube peptide obviously inhibits the growth of S180,Hep and MFC cells in tumor bearing mice.It can suppress the growth of S180 more significantly and prolong the survival time of the S180 bearing mice even at lower dose.Meanwhile,it can increase the phagocytic index α,clearance index K,thymus coefficient and enhance the transformation function of lymphocyte in vitro.Conclusion:The jujube peptide has obvious antitumor effect.

Objective:By the way of intragastric administration to mice with different concentrations of high F value oligopeptide from egg white,the weights and coefficients of heart,liver,kidney,spleen,lung and thymus of mice were measured,respectively.Methods:Eighty immature mice were selected.Their six organ weights were measured respectively,and the organ coefficients were calculated.The difference among identical organ groups with different concentrations of the high F value oligopeptide and the differential reason and influence on organism were analyzed.Results:The differences of spleen coefficients between blank group and 5% high F value oligopeptide and 5% polypeptide experimental group are great(p<0.01).The differences of thymus coefficients between blank group and 20% polypeptide experimental group are greats(p<0.01).Conclusions:5% high F value oligopeptide has positive effect on immune organs and immunity of mice;10% high F value oligopeptide has positive effect on liver function of mice;15%high F value oligopeptide has great had positive effect on immunity of mice.

This study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant effect of alcohol and water extracts from Stropharia rugosoannulata,Pleurotus citrinopileatus,Agrocybe aegerita on diabetic mice blood and kidney repectively.The results showed that anti-oxidation indicators such as SOD,GSH,GSH-Px,TAOC,MDA and CAT etc of diabetic mice blood and kidney are all improved by the extracts,especially the effect of lowering the content of MDA of kidney and increasing the activity GSH-Px of blood.The anti-oxidation capacities of water extracts are better than those of alcohol extracts.

This study aimed to explore the effect of Tylophora ovata(Lindl.) Hook.ex Steud(TOHa) alkaloids on proliferation and apoptosis of HeLa cells in vitro.Different concentrations of TOHa were used to treat HeLa cells in vitro for different time.The proliferation was determined by MTT assay,and the cell apoptosis was determined by cell morphology,Annexin V/PI and Giemsa labeling method.It was found experimentally that the TOHa can inhibit the proliferation and activity of Hela cells,and the inhibition effects depend on reaction time and TOHa dose.After being treated with TOHa,Annexin V+/PI-expression of Hela cells rises,and their apoptosis features change accroding to the results of Giemsa staining.

High F value oligoeptide is a kind of small peptide mixture which contains 2 to 5 amino acid residues.It has the functions of anti-fatigue,anti-anoxic and other physiological function,and it also could be used in treament of hepatic encephalopathy as an auxiliary treatment.The effect of the high F value oligopeptide from egg white on the L-hydroxyproline content in skin of mice was investigated in this study,and a comprehensive analysis on the effects of high F value oligopeptide at different concentrations was carried out.The results showed that the high F value oligopeptide can significantly impove the content of L-hydroxyproline in skin of mice,especially when the concentration of high F value oligo-peptide is 10% no matter intragastric administration for 30 d or 90 d.

A model of exhaustive exercise mice was established,and different dosages of Gynostemma pentaphyllum polysaccharides solution were adminsitered to the test mice by gavage to explore the effects of Gynostemma pentaphyllum polysaccharide on the exhausted mice by determining the activity of antioxidant enzyme and content of lipid peroxidation product(MDA) in some mice tissues.The results showed that Gynostemma pentaphyllum polysaccharides play a role for the enhancement of the antioxidant enzyme activity in some tissues of exhausted mice,and to a certain extent inhibit the lipid peroxidation damage.

Different doses of Oviductus Ranae and its hydrolysate were added to the feed of mice to investigate their antioxidant activities.It was found that Oviductus Ranae can significantly improve the activities of superoxide dismutase,catalase and glutathione reductase,and 1% hydrolysate of Oviductus Ranae added to the feed of also can significantly reduce the MDA and NO levels.Therefore,Oviductus Ranae has some antioxidant effects.

This study aimed to investigate the pharmacological effect of the flavonoid,dihydromyricetin(DMY) extracted from Ampelopsis grossedentata.The results showed that its toxicity is very slight,and the greatest tolerance of oral gavage rats is 5.0 g/kg.DMY adminitered to mice by gavage for 30 days can effectively prevent the alcohol-induced liver GSH depletion and MDA content increase,reduce the TG content,ease fatty degeneration of liver cells caused by alcohol.So DMY is known as a strong antioxidant,and can effectively prevent alcohol-induced liver injury.Therefore,DMY as natural antioxidant has a good development prospect.

In this experiment,the effects of 0.1% ascorbic acid treatment and 0.2% citric acid treatment on some browning-inducing physiological and quality changes of green peas without shuck during storage at 4 ℃ were investigated.The results indicated that the treatment with 0.2% citric acid and 0.l% ascorbic acid can inhibit the polyphenol oxidase(PPO) activity and water loss rate,and they also can retard the increase of malondialdehyde(MDA) content and the decrease of VC,thereby delaying the senescence process,inhibiting tissue browning and prolonging storage life.The effects of 45 ℃ heat treatment for 30 s or 60 s on browning and activity of enzyme related to browning of green peas without shuck during storage at 4 ℃ were also investigated in this experiment.The results indicated that the heat treatment can inhibit the PPO activity,retard the increase of MDA,and inhibit the decrease of VC,thereby delaying the senescence process and keeping the quality of green peas.

Effects of chlorine dioxide treatment in disinfection,fresh-keeping and storage quality of shell eggs were investigated.After selecting and grading,shell eggs were soaked in the concentration of 30,40 and 50 mg/L of chlorine dioxide solution for 5,10 and 15 min,respectively,and some shell eggs soaked in the concentration of 50 mg/L of chlorine dioxide solution for 10 min were put into windtight bags.The control group was not treated with chlorine dioxide solution.All groups were stored at room temperature.The weight loss,yolk index,Haugh unit and total volatile basic nitrogen(TVBN) were tested on the 10th,20th,30th and 40th day,respectively.Results indicated that the disinfection effects of chlorine dioxide treatment on eggshell are very significant,but could not prevent quality of eggs descending.The egg storage in windtight bags after disinfection is favorable to fresh-keeping of shell eggs.

A comparative analysis of the sensory quality was carried out at postharvest of "Zihua"mango under different ripening temperatures.The L value,h value,chlorophyll content of mango pericarp decrease but the total soluble solid in pulp increases gradually as fruit ripens.Compared with mango ripening at 30 ℃,more violate aromatic compounds in mango ripening at 20 ℃ are found,which is associated with the sensory modification of "Zihua"fruit consistently.It suggested that 20 ℃ ambient temperature benefical to ripening of" Zihua" mango with better appearance,pleasant taste and more fragrant smell.

The decay proportion of citrus fruits inoculated with biocontrol microbes and the relationship between resistance of citrus fruits and activity of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase,as well as concentration of malondialdehyde were studied.The citrus fruits inoculated with Y-15 and Y-16 show stronger inhibition against as well as decay,whoes activities of POD and SOD are better than others,and whose concentration of malondialdehyde is lower than others.Therefore,the two biocontrol yeasts can enhance the decay resistance of citrus fruits.

The preservation effects of highly purified paeonol(Pae) and its Bletilla Striata polysaccharide inclusion(Pae-BSP) on grape fruits and their mechanisms were investigated in this study.Results showed that during storage period of grape fruits,both paeonol and its inclusion can effectively keep the good fruit rate,reduce the weight loss rate,inhibit the decrease of the contents of total acidity and vitamin C and the rise of LOX activity,resist the stability of SOD activity.Results also showed that a close positive correlationship exist between the preservation effects of paeonol or its inclusion and concentration.The preservation effects of the inclusion are better than those of paeonol on weight loss rate and good fruit rate,enzyme activity and other indexes,which may owe to the inclusion increasing the stabilities of grape fruits to O2 and light and it may form a protective membrane outside the stored grape fruits.

The characteristics of roof-packed yogurt with different packaging materials such as Lactobacillus number,titration acidy,content of total protein and content of ascorbic acid at different temperatures in two illumination situations were analyzed continuously.The results showed that the blue roof-packaging was the most stable of the four samples,followed by the yellow roof-packaging.Considering the protection of vitamin C and proliferation of Lactobacillus,the red roof-packaging is worse than blue and yellow ones,and the white roof-packaging is the worst for yogurt content protection.

A new biopreservative was developed,which has excellent effect on extending shelf-life of oysters.The microflora of oysters treated by the biopreservative is altered during the storage at 5℃.At the end of shelf-life,Pseudomonas is found to be the dominant spoilage bacterium for the control samples,which accounts for was 53%;Lactococcus is the dominant bacterium for the treated samples,which accounts for 70%.

In order to understand how chitosan affects disease resistance and quality of navel orange fruit(Citrussinensis L.osbeck) cv.Newhall after harvest,navel orange fruits were treated with 2 g chitosan /100 g solution for 1 min,and some fruits were taken out,dried naturally and inoculated with Penicillium italicum.Then,the fruits were stored at 20 ℃ and 85% to 95% RH.Results indicated that the disease incidence and the lesion diameter in the chitosan-treated fruit are 72.72% and 90.19%,lower than those in control fruit on the 18th day of incubation.The chitosan treatment maintains the soluble protein content,total phenolic and flavonoid level of navel orange fruit,which maybe involve in the maintenance of disease resistance of navel orange fruit.Treating navel orange fruit with 2 g chitosan /100 g solution effectively reduces the decrease in the content of ascorbic acid(AsA),water,titratable acidity(TA) and total soluble solids(TSS).These results suggested that the treatment with chitosan coating enhances the disease resistance and exhibits a potential for storage life extension of the navel orange fruit stored at ambient temperature.

κ-Casein glycomacropeptide(CGMP) is a kind of peptide bearing the carbohydrate chain,mainly derived from κ-casein hydrolysate by tenet.Because CGMP has many physiological functions and unique nutritional attributes,it can widely be used in the functional food and medicine.In this paper,the source and structure of CGMP were reviewed,and the present separation and purification technologies were also introduced.

Fast development of genetically modified food has brought great economic benefits to the world,but its concomitant problem on food safety also cannot be ignored.The present situation of genetically modified food was summarized.The possible effects of genetically modified food on human health and ecosystem were disscused in detail.The labeling management of genetically modified food was introduced especially in some developed countries.The labeling rules and regulation of genetically modified food were discussed in China,which has guiding significance for perfecting the genetically modified food administration of our country.

This paper summarized the application of modern electrostatic technology in processing of food and agricultural products,such as killing bacteria in soy sauce,food and agricultural products,mutagenizing Saccharomycete cerevisiae electrostatic coating technology uesd in processing of food,and keeping food and agricultural products fresh.Meanwhile,some proposals were proposed on the application of modern electrostatic technology.

The technology of fingerprint is an effective means to analyze the natural products.In this paper,the concept and the classification of the fingerprint spectrogram were introduced,as well as the construction theory of fingerprint spectrogram and the application of spectral and chromatographic analyses in the fingerprint of Chinese spirit.The requirements of construct-ing spirit fingerprint spectrogram,the application of fingerprint technology in spirit manufacture and quality control,the present problem and future development of spirit fingerprint technology were also discussed.

The recently proclaimed"Food Protection Plan"was read up by US Food and Drug Administration(US FDA) which is an integrated strategy for protecting the nation’s food supply.The possible impact on China by the new US maneuver in food protection and food importation supervision was elucidated,and some countermeasures were proposed.It is believed that the new food monitoring move presents a fresh challenge to the validity of China’s food export safety system,and may augment the burden of our enterprises that export food to USA,leading to elimination of some of these firms and the sudden uprise of the third party supervisory bodies approved by America on our soil.The proposals included:keeping close attention to new maneuvers of US food protection plan and food importation supervision,assessing the possible impact of the newly adopted US food protection plan on our country,giving concerned study of the trend in the evolution and operation of third party supervisory bodies,enhancing the exchange and cooperation with US FDA in the sphere of food quality monitoring,initiating a project for research on US food protection and food importation supervision,and reinforcing of our safety guarantee system for imported and exported food.

A review was made on the recent research advances in the rheological properties of starch paste and modified starch paste.The research results of various influence factors and the influence of different physical and chemical modification methods on rheological properties of starch paste were introduced.The research of various influence factors on rheological properties of starch paste should be focused on in the future,and their influence rules should be obtained as quickiy as possible in order to explore the broad application prospects of starch.

L-malate,an important organic acid in the process of metabolism,plays an important role in generating mitochondria ATP.Moreover,L-malate is a component of malate-aspartate shuttle and is of importance in transporting NADH from cytosol to mitochondria for energy production.Therefore,L-malate is endowed with many physiological functions such as enhancing capacity of excises,anti-fatigue,protecting heart,increasing metabolism of carboxylates,improving respiration of mitochondria,increasing activity of calcium and reducing toxicity of anti-cancer medicament.

Based on the development of food additives in China,the kinds,functions and composite usages of functional food additives were introduced in this article.And the research status and development trend of function food additives were analyzed according to oversea achievements in this field.

Milk and milk products have larger proportion in the production and consumption of agricultural products in recent years in China.However,as the dairy industry is a new industry in China,its overall industry basis is weak,and there still exist a lot of critical issues unsolved.One of the top concerns is the dairy products standards.According to the World Trade Organization(WTO) agreement,the Codex Alimentarius Commission(CAC) standards or guidelines are considered as general measurements to decide whether food products in different countries meet the hygiene and safety requirements or not.By comparing the 12th volume of ’Milk and Milk products Codex Standards’ in CAC Code with China’s dairy products standards in five aspects,the problems existing in the current China’s dairy products standards were analyzed to find the differences between the related China’s standards and the corresponding CAC ones,and a number of proposals for making the dairy products standards in our country were put forward.

The detection technologies of GFMs were classified in this paper,the technological characteristics of all kinds of methods were compared,and the application of major technology in the detection of GFMs was introduced.In addition,the routes,programs and procedures of detection technologies were summarized.

NMR and MRI are widely applied into foods by the advantages of quickness,no injury and no invade.Five major aspects of their application in the food processing were summarized in this paper,including measuring the content of water in the biological and food system,study on distribution and mobility of water in food,study on degree of maturity and injuries of fruits and vegetables,studyon fat in food and study on glass transition temperature of food.

Dendritic cells(DCs) are considered to be the most potent antigen presenting cells of the immune system.They also are critical in the initiation of innate immune responses and the regulation of adaptive immune responses.When different physiologically active compounds in foods act towards the gastrointestinal mucosa immunity system,these compounds can be captured and processed by DCs in this system,or can directly be binded to the pattern recognition receptors(PRRs) on DCs,such as TLRs,CLRs and NLRs,and then the corresponding signaling pathways are incluced.These signaling pathways maybe influence the cytokine network in this system.This review aimed to estimate and unveil exhaustively how physiologically active compounds interact with DCs,which possible signaling pathway would be induced,and how the cytokine network could be modulated finally,on the basis of current researches.Adequate understanding of this cause and effect is of directive significance for performance of the biological functions of foods.

A kiwifruit drink with pulp was developed with kiwifruit pulp as main material and maltitol,xylitol,acid and sweetener as adjuncts.The processing technology of kiwifruit pulp was optiimized by using single test,and the proportions of kiwifruit pulp and the adjuncts were optimized by using orthogonal test.Results showed that when the size of kiwifruit pulp is 1.5×1.0×1.0 cm3,the taste and appearance of the drink product are the best.The deastringency and crispness-keeping effects of 0.2‰ CaCl2 plus 0.2‰ Na2CO3 are the best for kiwifruit pulp.The optimal proportions of kiwifruit pulp and the adjuncts are as follows:kiwi fruit pulp 50%,maltitol plus xylito 5%;acesulfame-k 0.07‰ citric acid 0.20%,malic acid 0.15% and water 45%.The finished drink product has crisp and delicious taste with sourness and sweetness,and the flavor of fresh kiwifruit is obvious.

Ginseng and Chinese Wolfberry were taken as materials to develop a kind of health drink with good taste and soft color.Ultrasonic wave was used for the extraction of ginsenoside,wolfberry polysaccharide and other active components from Ginseng and Chinese wolfberry respectively.The optimal extraction conditions for ginseng juice are as follows:ultrasonic power 600 W,extract time 75 s and material-water ratio 1:20,for Chinese wolfberry juice those are as follows:ultrasonic power 800 W,extraction time 90 s and material-water ratio 1:25.The ginseng juice,wolfberry juice,sugar and citric acid were mixed to produce nourishing beverage.Based on orthogonal test,the formula of the beverage was optimized.Results showed optimal formula is:ginseng juice 30%,wolfberry juice 20%,sugar 3% and citric acid 0.1%.The ginseng-wolfberry beverage has taste of sweetness and sourness,and is favourable to health.

This study aimed to develop a fruit wine with Ch.lagenaria(Loisel.) Koidz.fruit as material.Based on the single factor tests,which were designed to investigate effects of sugar content in Ch.lagenaria(Loisel.) Koidz.fruit juice,active dry yeast amount,fermentation temperature and pH on the quality of fruit wine,these factors were optimized by using orthogonal test.Results showed that the optimal parameters of fermentation technology are as follows:sugar content 28%,active dry yeast amount 1.5%,fermentation temperature 26 ℃ and pH 3.5,and the sugar content and active dry yeast amount are the main affecting factors.

Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino and Polyrhachis vicina Roger were used to prepare a kind of compound health beverage by means of orthogonal rest design.Results showed that the optimal conditions for water extraction of Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino are as follows:solid to liquid ratio 1:14,extraction time 2 h and extraction temperature 80 ℃,and the optimal conditions for papain hydrolysis of Polyrhachis vicina Roger are as follows:papain addition 0.3%,pH 6 to 7,solid to liquid ratio 1:8,enzymolysis time 2.5 h and enzymolysis temperature 45 ℃.The optimal compound beverage formula is ratio of water extact of Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino to hydrolysate of Polyrhachis vicina Roger 2:1,their mixture 10%,honey 2.8%,citric acid 0.05%,sugar 7% and salt 0.05%.This beverage not only has good color,flavor and delicious taste but also has abundant nutrition and health function.

The production of beverage from celery residue liquefied by Irpex lacteus CD was investigated.Results showed that celery residue can be degraded by Irpex lacteus CD effectively and the content of soluble dietary fiber(SDF),insoluble dietary fiber(IDF),flavonoids and polysaccharides is up to 4.15 g/L,9.3 g/L,1.89 mg/L and 2.32 g/L respectively after 72-h incubation.A health drink with some active constituents was obtained from fermention broth of clery residue after homogenating,flavouring and coloring.

Using response surface methodology optimization method,a novel probiotic yogurt that was fortified with 1.5% inulin and 6% wort was prepared by four strains of lactic acid bacteria fermentation.Compared with the conventional yogurt without supplementation,the activity of lactic acid bacteria in yogurt product is prolonged,the cell viability is enhanced by about 10 times and the yogurt syneresis is reduced by 17.4% during storage,while its sensory characteristics is retained,facilitating the consumers’ acceptance.The chicken feeding experiments proved that the probiotic yogurt can greatly improve the nutrients availability and is beneficial to maintain or to reconstitute the bacterial flora and suppress the pathogen.Therefore,it may be sure that the yogurt is of the healthy function and can be produced industrially.

In order to realize the deep processing and comprehensive utilization,the liquefy of asparagus residue fermented by the fungus and effects of culture conditions on the liquefy were investigated.It was found that the optimal cell age,asparagus residue amount in 250-ml flask,culture time and rotation speed are 60 h,20 g,4 d and 125 r/min respectively,and under these conditions,the content of dietary fiber in fermented liquid is up to 1.5 g/100 g.By orthogonal test,the addition amounts of citric acid,sugar,xanthan gum and honey were optimized.The finished asparagus beverage has natural green color and refreshing taste.

Using Jingzhou waxberry fresh fruit as raw material,the production technology of waxberry vinegar and formula of its beverage were determined based on comparative experiment and orthogonal test.Results showed that the conditions of brewing technology of waxberry vinegar are:sugar content of waxberry fruit juice 14%,active yeast amount 0.3%,alcohol fermentation time 8 days at 28 to 32 ℃,adjusting alcohol degree of waxberry alcohol liquid to 7%,and 10% inoculation size of acetobacter acetic for 10-day acetic fermentation at 36 to 38 ℃.The optimal formula of mixed waxberry vinegar beverage is 8.0% waxberry vinegar with 5.5% acidity,15% waxberry fruit juice,7.0% honey and 0.08% organic acid(citric acid:malic acid=2:1).Homogenization at 30 MPa was carried out to give the beverage a good stability.The vinegar and its beverage products are of clear color and smooth taste,with special waxberry fragrance and soft tartness.

Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus was inoculated to into milk powder added with paparya juice produce fermented milk beverage.Results showed that the optimal formula of fermentation substrate is as follows:papaya juice 40%,milk powder 14% and sugar 7%,and the optimal fermentation conditions are:inoculation size 6%,fermentation temperature 43℃ and fermentation time 4 h.The beverage product has the flavors of papaya and fermented milk.It is healthy,nutritious and delicious.