The effects of reaction program and starch concentration on RVA characteristics of waxy and normal corn starches were studied,and the RVA characteristic differences between waxy corn starch and normal corn starch in different reaction programs and at starch concentrations were compared using waxy corn variety(Yunuo No. 7) and normal corn variety(Nongda 108) as material. Results showed that:(1) The RVA characteristics change under different reaction programs,whereas the differences change. Compared with normal corn starch,waxy corn starch exhibits higher peak viscosity and breakdown,and lower trough viscosity,final viscosity,setback,peak time and pasting temperature.( 2) The RVA characteristics are affected by starch concentration. With starch concentration rising,peak viscosity,trough viscosity,breakdown,final viscosity and setback gradually increase,but peak time decreases slightly. Starch cannot be pasted when the concentration is very low and the pasting temperature decreases when the concentration increases. The peak viscosity of waxy corn starch is higher than that of normal corn starch when the concentration is low,and it is reverse when the concentration is higher(11%) .

Starch was isolated from spontaneously fermented corn to study the effect of fermentation on physical properties of corn starch and the suitability of fermented corn for making starch noodle. Results showed that above 75 ℃,fermented samples have significantly lower swelling power than control samples. The peak viscosity and breakdown initially increase and then decrease,while final viscosity and setback decrease gradually with fermentation time extending. Fermented samples have significantly higher gel strength and noodles made from them have higher maximum tensile stress and maximum tensile strain. Results of sensory evaluation indicated that fermentation significantly improves the quality of corn starch noodle.

Rice protein was grafted with dextran of 20 kD in solution by using microwave radiation. Based on the degree of graft(DG) ,the single factors affecting the graft reaction were tested firstly. Then by means of orthogonal design,the optimal reaction conditions are determined as follows:concentration of rice protein 3 mg/ml,weight ratio of rice protein to dextran 1:6,power of microwave radiation 500 W,and reaction time 20 min. The results of amino acids analysis and HPLC showed that the contents of Arg and Lys decrease and the area of macromolecular increases. With the increase of DG,the solution and emusifying propertise improve greatly.

This experiment optimized the purification method of pigment from chestnut shells,and then analyzed the chemical properties,ultraviolet(UV) spectrum and infrared(IR) spectrum. The results of silica gel column chromatography indicated that the new method is simple and effective. The UV spectrum analysis showed that:(1) In methanol solution,there are strong absorption peaks near 218 nm and weak absorption peak near 264 nm.(2) In pH 3.0 or 4.0 NaOH-HCl solution,there are apparent absorption peaks near 218 nm and 264 nm and small absorption peak near 480 nm.(3) In pH 5.0 or 6.0 NaOH-HCl solution,there are apparent absorption peaks near 218 nm and 272 nm and small absorption peak near 510 nm,so does the UV spectrum in alkaline solution. IR spectrum revealed that the main absorption wave numbers of the pigment are 3400,3145,3043,1715,1630,1400,1036 and 620 cm-1. According to the results of chemical property analysis,it was concluded preliminarily that there are benzene ring and phenolic hydroxyl,but no tipical flavonoids structure existing in the chemical structure of the pigment.

In this study,the hydrolysis process of Xuanwi ham by F-Flavourzyme and P-Protamex was optimized,and then theproduction formula of ham flavor with Xuewei ham hydorlysate,amino acids,reducing sugars and other flavor substances through Millard reaction was optimized. The compounds of the ham flavor were analyzed with GC/O method and the key flavor compounds were identified with aroma extract dilution analysis(AEDA) . Compared with reported key flavor compounds,hexanal is absent in the identified ones. Based on this finding,perfect ham flavor product can be obtained by flavor blending.

Seven types of macroporous resin were compared on their adsorption and desorption performances to α-glucosidase inhibitor from fermentation broth of Streptomyces sp. DO406. The optimal resin was selected and its dynamic adsorption characterisyics and desorption conditions were studied. Results showed that SZ4 resin presents the highest adsorption and desorption capacities to theα-glucosidase inhibitor,and its optimal adsorption conditions are:pH 6.0 and flow rate 4.5 BV/h. The maximum adsorption is 6.3×103 U/g resin. When 30% ethnal is used as eluant,the desorption rate is 88%. SZ4 shows better adsorption and desorption capacity to α-glucosidase inhibitor,so it is appropriate to separate α-glucosidase inhibitor from fermentation broth.

The antioxidant effects of Inonotus oblique polyphenols,such as hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging activities,and their antioxidant effects on edible oils from different sources were investigated. Results showed that Inonotus obliquus polyphenols have strong antioxidant action in scavenging hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical and have strong antioxidant effect on differnte edible oils. The hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging rates of 0.2% Inonotus obliquus polyphenols are 69.58% and 82.01%,respectively.

Ham flavor base was produced under modulation with the enzyme combination of neutral proteases and neutral lipase. The changes of free fatty acids during processing of ham flavor base were studied with gas chromatography. It was found experimentally that the main free fatty acids in both fresh meat and hydrdysates at different hydrolysis stages are palmitic acid,oleic acid,stearic acid,linoleic acid,and their contents rise incessantly. The rates of fatty acids from lipid rank as:stearic acid> palmitic acid> linoleic acid> oleic acid during the whole processing.The oxidative degradation of oleic acid and linoleic acid occurs during the late processing,and their contents change from 1.638% to 0.218% and from 0.8027% to 0.5975%,respectively. However,saturated fatty acid content has no change.

This study was designed to determine the meat performance,quality and nutrients of French Rex rabbit. Compared with other species,French Rex rabbit has lower meat performance,but its meat has the characters of higher protein,lower fat content,and higher tenderness and juiciness scores.

Prediction of sensory texture evaluation of smoked-and-cooked sausage was obtained and improved with back propagation neural network(BPNN) ,which had been analyzed on the basis of multiple regressions by Dong and Luo previously. It was found that the accuracy and goodness-of-fit of BPNN are higher significantly than those of multiple regressions with lower root-mean-squares error(RMSE) and standard error of prediction(SEP) ,and accuracy factor(Af) and bias factor(Bf) in acceptable range. Therefore,BPNN provides a useful and accurate method for predicting sensory texture evaluation in meat industry,and is meaningful for the fast,on-time and convenient detection of instrumental texture measurement instead of sensory evaluation.

In this study,the nutrients in chicken sternal cartilage were analyzed,and chicken sternal cartilage was hydrolyzed with papain. After protein removal with trichloroacetic acid,chondroitin sulfate was precipitated from chicken sternal cartilage hydrolysate,and then was purified with 732 anion exchange chromatography and Sephacryl-300 HR gel filtration chromatography in turn. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography(RP-HPLC) and atomic absorption spectrum analyses indicated that chicken sternal cartilage contains many flavour amino acids and beneficial mineral elements such as calcium,magnesium and zinc. The data of high performance gel filtration chromatography(HPGFC) and agarose gel electrophoresis(AGE) exhibited that the obtained chondroitin sulfate is of high purity(99%) ,and its molecular weight is 21007 D,which is smaller than that from pig laryngeal cartilage. Infrared spectrum analysis showed that it is chondroitin-4-sulfate but not chondroitin-6-sulfate. Gas chromatography analysis proved that its main neutral monosaccharide compositions are glucose,xylose and galactose,which are obviously different from those of chondroitin sulfate from pig laryngeal cartilage.

The present study evaluated the parameters of antimicrobial activity of 42 kinds of plant essential oils against five species of indicator microorganisms according to the sanitizing technique criterion such as Escherichia coli 8099,Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538,Bacillus subtilis ATCC9372,Candida albicans ATCC10231 and Aspergillus niger ATCC16404 . Results indicated that these essential oils have more efficient inhibition effects against fungi than against bacteria,more efficient inhibition effects against G+ than against G-bacteria,and the descending order of disinfectant effects of 11 kinds of essential oils is cinnamon,thyme,lemony grass,citronella,cerdar,spicebush,geranium,cilantro,basil,lavende and fenne.

Enzymatic hydrolysis parameters of casein were optimized with orthogonal design and uniform design methods respectively. The results showed that the highest hydrolysis degree of casein under the optimized conditions with orthogonal design is higher than that with uniform design,they are determined as 79.27% and 59.81%,respectively with trichloro acetic acid(TCA) precipitation method and the corresponding parameters including casein concentration,enzyme to casein ratio,temperature,pH and time are 6% and 4%,4% and 4%,58℃ and 56℃,8.0 and 8.0,3 h and 2.33 h,respectively. The highest hydrolysis degree of casein under the optimized conditions with orthogonal design is colse to that with uniform design as 10.82% and 10.73%,respectively. Which were determined with formaldehyde titration method and the corresponding parameters including casein concentration,enzyme to casein ratio,temperature,pH and time are 8% and 10%,6% and 7%,56 ℃and 58 ℃,7.5 and 8.0,3 h and 3 h,respectively. Therefore,the optimization result of orthogonal design is better than that of uniform design method when the numbers of experimental factor and level are few.

The image processing in egg quality detection system mainly involves image smoothing,edge detection and image segmentation. In the present study,the vector median filtering method was applied to smooth the image to protect the information of the color image. The prewitt edge operator was used to detect the image edge. After repeated experiment,a overall image segmentation threshold was selected to separate the target egg image from the background. Results showed that the image processing technology presented in this study can be used to accurately extract image information of egg.

Functional properties of protein hydrolysates from silver carp(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) meat,hydrolyzed respeetively by Alcalase 2.4L and Flavourzyme 500L with different degrees of hydrolysis(DH) were studied. The bitterness of protein hydrolysates by Alcalase 2.4L is stronger than that of protein hydrolysates by Flavourzyme 500L at the same DH. The solubilities of protein hydrolysates are lower at pH 4,but higher at basic pH. The turbidity of hydrolysates decreases with the increase of solubilities. With the DH rising,the interfacial activities(emulsion activity index,emulsion stability index,foaming capacity,foam stability) of the hydrolysates decrease(p < 0.05) . At the same DH,the functionalities of the protein hydrolysates depended on the used enzyme. These results revealed that the functionalities of the protein hydrolysates from silver carp meat are determined by the DH and by the used enzyme type.

Leaf of Apium graveolens L. var. dulce is rich in flavonoids. The refined extract was obtained by means of successive extraction,silica gel column chromatography and recrystallization. According to identification results with HPLC-ESI-MS,the refined extract mainly consists of apiin with 93 % of purity. The total antioxidant activity of the refined extract is 1.1 U/μg,SC25(the quarter-maximal scavenging concentration) for scavenging nitrite is 16.53μg/ml and SC50(the half-maximal scavenging concentration) for scavenging ferrous is 8.53 μg/ml. Moreover,it can enhance the stability of lipids and inhibit lipid free radicals,and the protection factors(PFs) to bean oil and lard are 2.13 and 2.14,separately.

Peel pigment was extracted from "Xuefeng" tangerine peel with CO2 supercritical extraction technology. The stability of the pigment under different conditions was studied by determining absorbance with ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry at the biggest absorption wave length. The experimental results showed that its stability is influenced by illumination,time,temperature,metal ions and oxidant agent at different degrees. There are more obvious influence of long time illumination to pigment stability. The stability is also influenced by hydrogen peroxide,but 0.5%,1%,2% and 3% four concentrations of H2O2 have not obvious influence to the same samples. The pigment has the certain anti-oxidation. The influences of illumination,time,temperature,metal ions,oxidant agent on the stabilities of the peel pigments under different extraction conditions are different. This indicateed that the components and contents of the peel pigment under different extraction conditions are different.

The chemical compositions of the volatile oil extracted from S.tianschanica Rupr. leaves by water distillation method were analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) ,and the filter paper method was used to measure the inhibitory effect of the oil against microorganism. The results showed that 35 kinds of chemical components are identified from the volatile oil,among which,benzophenone acid is the main component,accounting for 21.34 percent. The volatile oil have inhibitory effects against 9 tested species of microorganism.

In this study,pure Penicillium italicum Wehmer and P.digitatum Sacc were obtained by multi-separation and purification with potato-dextrose agar(PDA) . The two strains were respectively inculated and cultivate into the PDA added with different amounts of chitosan to investigate the bacteriostatic effects of chitosan. The results showed that chitosan has some inhibitory effects against the two strains,especially stronger effect against Penicillium italicum Wehmer. The highest bacteriostatic rate is achieved at the chitosan concentration of 1.3%,and the bacteriostatic rates against the two strains reach 71.5% and 46.37% on the second day,respectively.

The aim of this study was to assess the anti-halitosis effect of water soluble propolis(WSP) through its inhibiory effect against halitosis-correlated bacteria. The possibility of WSP as a new materal for preventing halitosis was explored. Porphyromonas gingivalis,Prevotella intermedia and Fusobacterium nucleatum were chosen as the experimental bacteria. The minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) of WSP was tested through minute amount serial dilution test. The results showed that WSP could inhibit all experimental bacteria. It is effective for inhibiting halitosis-correlated bacteria in vitro.

The aseptic longissimus dorsi muscle was inoculated with Escherichia coli,and then was tray-packaged at 4,7,10,13 and16 ℃ for storage. The status of growth at different temperatures was fitted to linear model with the Statistica program. The results showed that growth of Escherichia coli in pork could be well described by Gompertz model in the range of temperature 7 to 16 ℃. The correlation regression of Belehradek model finely describes the influence of temperature on growth. The validation of the built model was carried out by comparing actual with predicted growth curves of Escherichia coli in pork at temperatures 8℃ and 12 ℃,respectively. Bias and accuracy factors were used as comparative indices which were 0.943,0.960 and 1.063,1.094 respectively. It was suggested the built model is effective.

This study was conducted to identify the starch properties of Pueraria lobate. Ten plants(Pueraria lobate,potato,rice,glutinous rice,white lotus,sorghum,red beans waist,oats and millet corn) were used to compare the differences in starch properties. The results showed that there are significant difference in morphological shapes of starch granules among the plants. The starch granules of potato,white lotus,red beans waist are larger than those of Pueraria lobate,cassava,rice,glutinous rice,oats and millet corn. Red beans waist has the highest amylose content among all the plants and glutinous rice has the lowest. The Pueraria lobate amylose content is only 16.04%. The absorbance of starch increases when temperature rises. In the range from 30 to 60℃,no significant differences in the absorbance are found among the plants.When temperature gose up to 85 ℃,sorghum shows the lowest absorbance and the glutinous rice has the highest. Absorbance of Pueraria lobate starch is 0.452 at 85℃,and its gelatinization temperature is between 66 and 85 ℃.

Effects of three kind of TGase inhibitors on gel properties,solubility,myosin heavy chain(MHC) intensity and microstructure of surimi gel from silver carp were investigated in order to understand the influence on the formation of heat-induced surimi gel. The results showed that endogenous transglutaminase exits in silver carp surimi. Those transglutaminase inhibitors inhibit the formation of surimi gel from silver carp,and enhance significantly solubility and MHC intensity. With the increasing of their concentrations,surimi gel properties decrease markedly,but solubility and MHC intensity increase observably. Acyl transfer reaction inhibitor ammonium chloride has better inhibitory effect than N-methylmaleimide followed by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.

The properties of two types of pepsin-soluble collagens(PSC) from the skin and bone of carp(Cyprinus carpio) were studied. The Tds(denaturation temperatures) of PSC from carp skin and bone are 28.1 ℃ and 30.0 ℃ respectively by the method of viscosity measurement. Electrophoretic patterns of PSC from carp skin and bone are very similar,while the pattern of bone PSC shows more cross-linking components. The results of differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) indicated that PSC from carp bone has higher Tmax(maximum transtion temperature) than PSC from carp skin,which is in accordance with the results of composition analysis.

The granules,paste,gel and other properties of arrowroot starch were studied. Most of the granules are of olivary and ellipse shap. The surface of big granules have obvious wheel stripes. Obvious birefringences can be observed and most of them are showed in shape stretching along the long axis. The range of starch granule size is 8 to 30 μm with mean granules diameter 22μm. Arrowroot starch is attributed to A-type crystal structure and the degree of crystallinity is 36.1%. The gelatinization temperature is 72.7 ℃.

In order to determine the key factors affecting the quick-frozen mincemeat quality in the process of freezing and thawing,this experiment was designed to study the distribution of bacteria in the freezing-thawing process of quick-frozen mincemeat. Mincemeat was produced according to quick-frozen processing technology and frozen storaged at-18 ℃. The results showed that lactic acid bacteria,Enterobacter and Pseudomonas could grow well under the conditions of freezing and thawing. The total number of lactic acid bacteria are higher than Enterobacter and Pseudomonas all through the storage time. In the 16th day,the quick-frozen mincemeat begins to change in sensory quality,and its total numbers of bacteria and lactic acid bacteria remarkably increase to 4.1332 lgCFU/g and 3.9529 lgCFU/g respectively. Therefore,lactic acid bacteria are the major dominant bacteria of the mincemeat. And the product could not be thawed for more than three times in order to ensure its normal shelf-life.

Tea catechin oxidation products(TCOP) with the retention time of 9.825 min were separated from H2O2 model oxidation system using multistage column chromatography and they were identified to be two products with m/z 471 and m/z 939 using HPLC/ESI-MS/MS. The oxidation product with m/z 471 is found to be a product from epigallocatechin gallate(EGCG) by eliminating two hydrogen atoms and adding one oxygen atom,and the product with m/z 939 is its dimer. The antioxidant activities of the oxidation products were measured in different systems. The results showed that the tea catechin oxidation products have very strong antioxidant activity in all tested systems. The scavenging rates of the oxidation products on hydroxyl free radical(·OH) generated in methyl violet color metric system,2-deoxy-D-ribose system and salicylic acid system are 96.46%,84.8% and 81.9%,respectively,and the scavenging rate on superoxide anion(O2·) generated in luminescence of pyragollic acid-Luminol system is 97.0%. The antioxidant activities of the oxidation products are much stronger than those of tea polyphenol at the same concertration in all tested systems.

In order to make clear the causes of rice viscosity decline after 60Co-γ radiation,the morphological shape and stracture of starch granules of round-shaped rice radiated by 60Co-γ at different doses were observed with scanning electron microscope,and the alkali soluble protein segments,cooking viscosity and free radicals content were measured. The results indicated that the cooking viscosity of rice diclines straight from 213 to 21 with 60Co-γ dose inscreasing from 0 kGy to 15 kGy,the starch structure of rice are disintegrated,the proteins are cleaved into segments or peptide of 35 kD or less,and the free radicals content characterized by electron spin resonance(ESR) signal rises. 60Co-γ radiation causes excitation and ionization of electron of substance in rice from original orbit,thus free radicals that do not paire with electron are produced,and the reactions of the free radicals with starch and protein cause the cleavage of the latter. All these are the causes of rice viscosity decline induced by 60Co-γ radiation,as well as the structure disintegration of rice induced by the stress of starch and other components swelling from thermic effect of 60Co-γ radiation.

Spectrophotometer method was applied in this experiment to study characters of peroxidase(POD) in asafoetida mushroom,at the same time,the effect of anti-browning agents on POD activity were discussed. The results showed that the optimum temperature of the POD is 55 ℃,the optimum pH is 5.5,and the optimum concentration of substrate is 0.25 mol/L and the optimum amount of enzyme is 3 ml. After blanching treatment for 20 s the POD almost losts its activity. Sodium sulfite and ascorbic acid could significantly inhibit the POD activity. Compared with ascorbic acid and sodium sulfite,citric acid and EDTA-2Na are less effective.

With POCl3 and mixture solution of α-amylase and glucoamylase as reaction reagents,the crosslinked porous sweet potato starch was made by firstly crosslinking and then enzymolysis. FT-IR spectra demonstrated that the hydroxyl groups in starch granules are esterfied and crosslinked,thus strengthening the structure of crosslinked porous sweet potato starch. Compared with the native starch,there is a larger improvement in the water and oil absorption rates,anti-aging property,shearing resistance,acid resistance and freeze-thaw stability of the crosslinked porous sweet potato starch,respectively.

The effects of tenderization treatments with trypsin,papain and their mixture on physical properties of beef were compared by means of TA-XT2i texture analyser. The results indicated that all the tenderization treatments significantly increase water holding capacity. The water holding capacities of beef treated with the mixed proteinases,trypsin and papain are respectively 28.3%,11.1% and 15.9%,higher than that of control. Meanwhile,rate of water loss in cooking,shearing force,chewiness,springiness,resilience and coensiveness of beef significantly decrease by the protease treatments. Among different treatments with different proteinases,the treatment with mixed proteinases has a better tenderization effect than those with trypsin and papain solely. Protelysis of myofibrillar protein and break of myofibril are confirmed by micrograph,which result in damage in completeness of beef structure and are reflected by various changes in physical properties of beef.

In order to study thymol amassment characteristic of Moslem chinensis Maxim in different vegetation periods,supercritical CO2 extraction technology was used to extract main components of Moslem chinensis Maxim,and high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) was used to analyze thymol content in Moslem chinensis Maxim extract. The results showed that there is positive relationship between thymol amassment characteristic and growth period of Moslem chinensis Maxim. The thymol amassment characteristic can be divided into three periods of slow amassment period,rapid amassment period and stable period. The change trends of thymol proportion in Moslem chinensis Maxim extract can be presented as ascent stage,downward stage and stable stage.

Adsorption thermodynamics of color particles onto attapulgites were studied through static adsorption experiments under the bleaching condition. The adsorption isotherms in the range of 353 to 383 K were determined. It was calculated that the adsorption enthalpy changes in the range of-0.0434 to-0.0036 kJ/mol,the Gibbs free energy changes in the range of-10.23～11.77 kJ/mol and the entropy changes in the range of-33.34 to 27.78 J/mol·K according to the relationship of the thermodynamic function. The results showed that the adsorption of color particles is an exothermic process. With the increasing of the temperature and quantity of adsorbent,the adsorption increases. The sorption of attapulgites to color particles is an increasing entropy process in this temperature range.

In order to obtain the determination wavelength of blue pigment from Ophiopogon japonicus Fruit,its water extract was scanned in the range of 200 to 650 nm,and then the effects of pH,carbohytrates,temperature and metal ions on the stability of the pigment were probed. The pigment is found to has three absorption wavelengths,380,574 and 617 nm. In this study,the two visible wavelengths,574nm and 617 nm,were selected to determine the pigment. The carbohydrates such as glucose and sucrose etc can improve the stability of the blue pigment. When temperature is lower than 60 ℃,the blue pigment has no change in color,but when temperature is higher than 30 ℃,some precipitates appear in the pigment solution. The pigment is greatly affected by pH. Most metal ions can enhance its absorbance,and few metal ions have obvious effects on it,such as Cu2+,Fe3+,Na+ and K+ and so on.

The antioxidant effects of cassia oil and clove oil used in processing of deep-fried beef were systematically studied,as well as the main processing factors affecting the antioxidant effects. The results showed that cassia oil possesses obvious antioxidant effect,which is better than blank group. With the increase of cassia oil amount,peroxide value(PV) presents a trend of decrease and reaches the minimum at the amount of 0.02%(50 μl/250 ml frying oil) ,but A532 value(absorbance value at 532 nm,representative value of thiobarbituric acid,TBA) firstly rises and then declines to the minimum at the amount of 0.012%(30 μl/250 ml frying oil) . When clove oil is used instead of cassia oil,the change trend of PV is identical basically,which declines to minimum at the amount of 0.02%. While A532 value firstly increases and then decreases,reaching the minimum at the amount of 0.02%,and then increasing gradually to the level of no addition of clove oil. Frying temperature has basically identical infulence rules on the antioxidant effects of the two kinds of oil. With frying temperature rising from 130 ℃ to 160 ℃,PV rises gradually,and then declines over 160 ℃. While A532 value rises slowly with frying temperature rising. In conclusion,frying temperature for beef should be controlled within 150 ℃,frying time should be controlled at 1.5 min,and palm oil is choice frying oil.

Two types of collagen ASC(acid soluble collagen) and PSC(pepsin soluble collagen) ,which were extracted from carp scale(Cyprinus carpio) with acetic acid and pepsin,respectively,were studied here. The primary investigation showed that the differences of α-chain composition and molecule weight between ASC and PSC are not prominent,and it can be observed that the SDS-PAGE patterns of ASC and PSC limitedly hydrolyzed by protease K are almost the same. On the other hand,the thermal-stabilities of ASC and PSC are different according to theexperiment results of heat preservation and DSC data. The difference may be related to the limited hydrolysis of pepsin.

The interaction of morin,kaempferol,quercetin hydrate and myricetin with herring sperm DNA were studied in this paper by ultraviolet absorption spectrum,melting curve,and bingding constant,respectively. The investigation on the interaction of the four flavones and DNA indicates that the absorbance value at the maximum peak of DNA are increased,and the wavelength number at the maximum peak are blue-shifted for morin and kaempferol,and red-shifted for quercetin and myricetin. The binding constant of herring sperm DNA and four flavones were obtian by Lineweaver-Burk method,respectively. The melting curve were obtainded in this research,the results indicate that the melting behavior of flavone-DNA mixture were different from DNA solution.

The liquefaction and saccharification process parameters of Chinese chestnut beverage were optimized by using response surface methodology. The optimal liquefaction process parameters are ratio of solid to liquid 1:4.21,α-amylase amount 25.04 U/g,hydrolysis time 39.83 min and pH 5.54. Under these conditions,the penetrability of the obtained Chinese chestnut hydroly sate is 76.25%,the chromaticity is 0.30,the solid content is 2.78%,and the best synthetic index is 1.88. And the optimal process saccharification parameters are glucoamylase amount 80.44 U/g,hydrolysis time 4.21 h,saccharification temperature 62.01℃ and pH 5.68. Under these conditions,the penetrability of the final hydrolysate is 79.69%,the chromaticity is 0.26,the solid content is 6.26%,and the best synthetic index is 4.34.

The quadratic regression rotational combination design with three factors was used to optimize the extraction process of flavonoids from lotus leaves with extraction rate as the evaluation index. Through the combination optimization of different factors with computer,the optimal ranges of three factors affecting flavonoids extraction from lotus leaves are confirmed as follows:temperature 71℃ to 74℃,time 1.6 to1.9 h,and ratio of material to liquid 1:39 to1:44. The interactive effects different factors were also studied. The results would provide technical basis for flavonoids extraction from lotus leaves.

A new technology for extracting resveratrol from grape residue by enzyme hydrolysis was studied. Effects of enzymatic hydrolysis temperature and time,extraction temperature and time,and extraction time on resveratrol extraction were investigated. The optimal technological conditions are as follows:ratio of grape residue to cellulase 1000:1,enzymatic hydrolysis temperature 60 ℃,enzymatic hydrolysis time 90 minutes,adding ethyl acetate after enzyme hydrolysis for extracting resveratrol,extraction temperature 30 ℃,extraction time 0.5 h,and extraction times 2.

The extraction process conditions of dietary fiber from buckwheat grain were optimized with enzymatic method,as well as the decolorozation process conditions of the extracted dietary fiber. The optimal extraction conditions are:temperature 60 ℃,pH 6.0,amylase hydrolysis time 60 min,amylase concentration 0.3%,adjusting pH to 7.0 and temperature to 40 ℃,proteinase hydrolysis time 30 min,and proteinase concentration 0.3%. The optimal decolorization conditions are:pH 11.0,concentration of hydrogen peroxide 4%,temperature 90℃ and reaction time 90 min.

Pig crural meat,divided into 200±5g little cuts and frozen respectively at 4,12,24,48 h after slaughtered according to the experimental design at conventional freezing conditions,were thawed,minced and stored one week at 0 to 4℃. The cook loss,water holding capacity and pH were measured. Results showed that the cook loss and pH raise significantly but the water holding capacity descends significantly during storage,suggesting that storage,especially long time storage,do harm to the ground meat. Freezing meat at 4 h and 12 h postmortem reduces the cook loss compared with that at 24 h and 48 h postmortem,and the water holding capacity of samples from meat frozen at 12 h postmortem is higher than others,concluding that frozen meat at 12 h postmortem is a suitable material for ground meat.

The purification characteristics of macroporous resin HP-20 to Vitis davidii Foex. skin pigment(VSP) were determined in this study,and the technical parameters of the dynamic adsorption and desorption were optimized. The results showed that the optimal dynamic adsorption conditions are as follows:pH of crude VSP sample 3,its flow rate 4.5 BV/h,and its concentration 1.5891 to 3.1377 mg/ml. 80% Ethanol(containing 0.05% HCl) is the optimum eluent for desorpting VSP,and its optimal folw rate and amount for elution are 3 BV/h and 8 BV,respectively. Under the optimized technical conditions of dynamic adsorption and desorption mentioned above,the resin HP-20 has the saturation adsorption amount of 39.06 mg/ml(wet resin) ,and its desorption rate is more than 92%. The colour value of purified VSP slution is 5.93 times as much as that of unpurified one.

The simultaneous microwave extraction conditions of total phenolics and flavonoids from pineapple peels grown in Hainan,Guangdong and Guangxi areas were optimized via L9(33) orthogonal test,and their antioxidant activities were determined. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions of both total phenolics and flavonoids are as follows:extraction time 160 s,microwave power 450 W,and ratio of raw material to 75% ethanol as extraction solvent 1:40. The contents of total phenolics in pineapple peels from the three areas are 979.0,898.1 and 839.6 mg/100 g,respectively,and those of total flavonoids are 882.7,642.4 and 588.7 mg/10 g,respectively. All the extracts have better antioxidant activities of scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) free radical than hydroxyl radical,with the scavenging rates of 87.6%,79.8% and 81.6%.

ε-Polylysine with assistant,together with other different antiseptics was used to preseve moon cake crust against spoilage. The results showed that ε-polylysine is good at preserving moon cake crust. Under the experimental circumstance,the optimal concentration of ε-polylysine used solely is 60×10-6,and that of its assistant,citric acid is 0.25%. Through orthogonal test,the compound formula of ε-polylysine with other different antiseptics is optimized as follows:ε-polylysine 40×10-6 with citric acid 0.25%,calcium propionate 1500×10-6,potassium sorbate 200×10-6,natamycin 20×10-6,and EDTA 40×10-6.

The samples from main links were analyzed in the production of Shaoyang flavor dried bean curd to discuss the change rule of physical and chemical indexes and microorganism indexes,aiming at determining the critical control points affecting product quality. The results indicated that 8 key links affect the physical and chemical indexes and microorganical indexes of flavor dried bean curd,which are raw material,immersion,separation,coagulating,roasting,bittern,flavoring and sterilization.

The α-galacto-oligosaccharides raffinose and stachyose are abundant in legumes such as soybean of a person lack α-galactosidase in the digestive tract. Human is unable to digest these sugars,resulting in flatulence. So,the non-digestible oligosaccharides(NDO) are the major cause for human flatulence. The use of α-galactosidase is promising as a means to overcome this problem,and to increase the consumption of soy products. In this study,recombinant coffee bean α-glactosidase prepared by our lab was used to hydrolyzing raffinose and stachyose. The change of soy oligosaccharides were detected before and after the enzyme treatment by TLC and HPLC. Based of the traditional processing technology of soybean products,a new technology of enzyme adding method was proposed.

This study aimed to investigate the rheological characteristics of dietary fiber and yoghurt which added with dietary fiber modified with dynamic high-pressure microfluidization treatment and the effects of dietary fiber modified at different treatment pressures and its addition amount on viscosity of yoghurt. The results showed that the apparent viscosity of dietary fiber at 0.6% concentration increases from 145.3 mPa·s at 40 MPa to 551.6mPa·s at 180 MPa with the treatment pressure riasing,and the apparent viscosity of dietary fiber treated at 80 MPa ascends to 897.9 mPa·s at 1.5% with the concentration rising. The apparent viscosity of yoghurt has the same trend to the dietary fiber,increasing with the increment of treatment pressure and addition amount of dietary fiber ascending,and at the stirring rate of 6 r/min,the viscosity of the yoghurt added with 0.6% dietary fiber treated 80MPa increasing from 6.02 Pa·s to 8.36 Pa·s,which exhits the thixotropic fluid character istics with an orthodox and thick taste.

This study aimed to optimize the extraction conditions of volatile components from Chinese dates(Zizyphus jujuba) through orthogonal test and analyze the extract by using GC-MS. Four affecting factors were investigated,including extractive pressure,temperature,co-solvent type and ratio of raw material to co-solvent. The optimal extraction conditions are:extraction pressure 35 MPa,temperature 40 ℃,and ethanol as co-solvent,ratio of raw material to ethanol 1:0.9. The extraction yield could reach 1.51% under these optimal conditions.

Under different temperatures,pressures and alcohol concentrations,the changes in salt content,egg yolk index,oil content,and egg white pH value and viscosity of salted duck eggs were investigated. In order to optimize the production process to shorten its cycle,orthogonal test was designed. The results showed that salting can be finished in five days under the conditions of 0.13 MPa,35 ℃ and alcohol concentration 5%.

Objective:To prepare lycopene nanoliposomes. Methods:Lycopene nanoliposomes were prepared by conventional rotary evaporated film-ultrasonication. Taking the entrapment efficiency of lycopene nanoliposomes as the main evaluation index,the prescription of the lycopene nanoliposomes was optimized by orthogonal design. Results:The best ratio of lycopene to cholesterol to phospholipids is 2:15:100. The optimum pH value of the water phase phosphate buffer solution is 7.0 and the temperature is 34 ℃. With the optimized operation,the average entrapment efficiency of nanoliposomes is 49.88 %± 0.19%,the drug is 0.86% ± 0.1%,and the particle size is below 40 nm. Conclusion:The optimized operation is reasonable and practicable to pepare lycopene nanoliposomes with low particle size and homogeneous microspheres shape.

In this study,content of the lecithin was determined with HPLC,and L9(34) orthogonal design was employed to optimize the extraction technology of lecithin from egg yolk. The results showed that the optimum parameters are as follows:extraction time 2.0 h,alcohol concentration 100% and ratio of solid to liquid 1:7,and under these conditions the purity of lecithin reaches 72.12%.

In order to determine functional components of ten kinds of bee pollen,total polyphenols and flavonoids were extracted with different concentrations of ethanol,which are dandelion pollen,wild chrysanthemum pollen,peach pollen,hawthorn pollen,wild ageratum pollen,yellow rose pollen,wild rose pollen,amboyna pollen,mixed pollen and Schisandra chinensis pollen. The ten kinds of bee pollen were extracted with different concentrations of ethanol(0,30%,50%,70%,80% and 100%) . The best result is that polyphenols in peach pollen was extracted with water or lower concentration ethanol. Total polyphenols of wild ageratum pollen should be extracted with water. The optimum ethanol concentration for extracting total polyphenols from both hawthorn and mixed pollens is 70%,and that for extracting total polyphenols from other pollens is 70% to 80%. Total flavonoids of mixed pollen should be extracted with 100% ethanol,those of wild chrysanthemum pollen should be extracted with 70% ethanol,and the optimum ethanol concentration for extracting total flavonoids from other pollen is 80%. Yellow rose pollen has the highest polyphenol and flavonoid contents,but wild ageratum pollen has is reverse.

Xinjiang hetian jade Chinese jujube was used as the raw material to separate cAMP,and then it was purified with several resins. It was found that LS-200 resin is the most suitable one. The optimal technical parameters of absorbing cAMP dynamically are as follows:cAMP sample volume 8 times of LS-200 resin,its pH 4,flow rate 1 ml /min,and concentraction 30μg/ml,and those of desorbing cAMP dynamically are as follows:taking 35% ethanol as eluent,its flow rate 1 ml /min,and its amount 4.8 times of LS-200 resin. The cAMP purity of freeze-dried sample after resin purification is 3.47% and it is stable at pH 4.

Pomelo vinegar was produced by liquid fermentation,and using ZHK-I wine yeast(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and Acetobacter spp. as strains. The pectin enzymolysis technology,juice debittering technology,and alcohol and acetic acid fermentation were studied. The results showed the best conditions of pectase hydrolysis are:amount of pectase 0.02%,temperature 50 ℃,pH 4.4 and time 4 h. The best debittering conditions are:granular active carbon amount 0.5% and stirring time 60 min at normal temperature;The best technological parameters of alcohol fermentation are:amount of yeast 8%,temperature 30 ℃,appearance sugar content 20%,pH 4.4 and time 4 d;The optimal technological parameters of acetic acid fermentation are:Acetobacter spp. inoculation size 10%,temperature 34 ℃,alcohol content 8% and time 4 d. The pomelo vinegar product is lucidus with golden color and original flavor of pomelo.

Orthogonal test design L9(34) was used to optimize the preparation process of inclusion compound of paeonol-BSPS in this study,and differential thermal analysis meter(DTA) ,IR-spectrum and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) . were used to identify the inclusion. Results showed that the optimal preparation process of inclusion are as follows:ratio of paeonol-BSPS 1:6,temperature 30 ℃,water bath time 4 h,and by this process the inclusion rate and yield are 29.38% and 74.29%,respectively. The results of DTA,IR-spectrum and NMR showed that the inclusion has formed. The mechanism of inclusion of paeonol with BSPS was discussed.

On the foundation of the single-factor tests,the quadratic orthogonal rotation design test was carried out with three factors including extraction temperature,water-material ratio,extraction time to study glucosinolates extraction from radish seeds. A quadratic regress equation on glucosinolates yield was established,and the theoretical model was fitted well. Through response surface analysis and simulation analysis,the optimum combination conditions were obtained. Results indicated that extraction temperature has a remarkable influence on glucosinolates extraction rate,but water-material ratio and extraction time have no remarkable influence. When the extraction temperature ranges from 4.3 ℃ to 16.5 ℃,the extraction time ranges from 20 min to 57 min,and the solid-liquid ratio ranges from 9.4 to14.2 ml/g,the concentraion of glucosinolates in radish sead extract is above 0.9 mg/ml.

In this study,the formula of color-preserving solution for banana was optimized by orthogonal test,and the spray draying method was used to prepare banana powder. The optimal formula of the color-preserving solut is as following:0.32% citric acid,0.06% vitamin C,0.32% β-orbicular dextrin and 0.01% phytic acid. The optimal spray drying processing conditions are as following:20.0% maltodextrin and 10.0% sugar as mixed additives,inlet temperature 200 ℃ and outlet temperature 80 ℃. The banana powder is light yellow with the same color as flesh,aromatic odor and good hydrophilicity.

The water extraction conditions of polysaccharides from Chinese pine pollen were optimized by single factor test and orthogonal design. Results showed that extraction temperature and extraction time are the major factors affecting the polysaccharides extraction rate. The optimal extractions conditions are as follows:extraction temperature 90 ℃,extraction time 3 h and ratio of material to water 1:25. In addition,the antioxidant activity of the Chinese pine pollen polysaccharides was evaluated by(·OH) free scavenging assay. Results indicated that the polysaccharides show strong hydroxyl radicals scavenging activity and the 50% effective concentration(EC50) is 0.75 mg/ml.

Objective:To optimize the ultrafiltraton seperation conditions of casein glycomacropeptides(CGMP) from whey protein concentrate(WPC 80) ,in order to attain the highest permeate flux. Methods:The effects of solution pH value,pressure and temperature on ultrafiltration permeate flux were investigated. The relative molecular weight of retentates was determined by SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis technology. Results:The optimal ultrafiltration conditions are:pH 7.0,pressure 0.3 MPa and temperature 45 ℃. The separated CGMP purity is 92.45% and their relative molecular weights are 30.47 ku of 68.86% and 19.22 ku of 31.14%. Conclusion:Ultrafiltration is an efficient technique to separate CGMP from whey protein concentrate.

Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC.(PADC) root was taken as experiment material to extract polysaccharide. On the base of single factor tests(extraction time,extraction temperature,liquid-solid ratio,solvent pH value and NaCl concentration) ,the study concluded the main factors affecting the extraction of PADC polysaccharide,which are liquid-solid ratio,extraction time and extraction temperature. Then through central-composite test design,the extraction conditions were concluded as liquid-solid ratio 34.43,extraction time 89.83 min and extraction temperature 52.47 ℃. By means of validation experiments,the adequacy of this model was confirmed.

The extraction conditions of lycopene with edible oil,such as solvent kinds,ratio of meal to water,temperature and time were investigated through single factor test,and the extraction regression equation was obtained through response surface methodology(RSM) . The optimum technological conditions are determined as:soybean oil as extraction solvent temperature 34.8 ℃,time 20 h,and ratio of meal to water 1:3.8. Under these conditions,the predictive extraction rate of lycopene is 55.45μg/ml.

CO2-SFE and ethanol refluxing methods were repectively used to extract 1’-acetoxychavicol acetate(ACA) from Alpinia galanga(L.) Swartz. The qualities of ACA extracts with the two methads were evaluated by TLC and HPLC chromatogram,effective composition content of ACA and physical index respectively. The results showed CO2-SFE extract is purer,and the content of ACA is 72.11% in the volatile oil of the extract,and the net content of ACA is 5.6 times of that in ethanol refluxing extarct. In conclusion,CO2-SFE is obviously better than ethanol refluxing method for extracting effective componen ACA from Alpinia galanga(L.) Swartz.

In order to develop and utilize waste beer yeast resources,this experiment was designed to extract trehalose from waste beer yeast with ultrasonic-assisted water extracton technology. The extraction factors such as solid-liquid ratio,ultrasonic treament time,ultrasonic power,extraction time and water temperature were investigated through comparison analysis and L9(34) orthogonal design. The results indicated that the most significant factor is extraction temperature,followed by extraction time,ultrasonic power and ultrasound treament time in turn. The optimal extraction conditions are as follows:ultrasound treatment time 20 min,ultrasonic power 600 W,water extraction time 6 h and extraction temperature 100 ℃. Under these optimal conditions,the extraction rate of trehalose could reach 7.72%. Compared with ethanol extraction,the ultrasonic-assisted water extraction technology can greatly reduce cost.

Deacidification,dehydration,decolorization and deodourization were conducted to refine kiwifruit seed oil,and their conditions were optimized respectively. The results showed that:(1) The best deacidification conditions are:initial temperature 35 ℃,concentration of lye 9%,lye-adding time 5 min,agitation speed 60 r/min,temperature-holding sedimentation time 8 h.(2) The best dehydration conditions are dehydration temperature 105 ℃,dehydration time 55 min,agitation speed 45 r/min,and dehydrated vacuum degree of vacuum container 0.08 MPa.(3) The best decolorization conditions are:active argil amount 2.5%,decolorization temperature 95 ℃,vacuum degree 0.08 MPa,time 30 min,and agitation speed 55 to 60 r/min.(4) The best deodourization conditions are:deodourization temperature 150 ℃,time 2.5 h,and vacuum degree 0.08 MPa. After deodourization,the refined kiwifruit seed oil was added with N2 to break vacuum degree sufficiently and then be cooled to 0 to 5 ℃ for storage.

In this study,in order to explore the possibility of improving green tea quality with exotic tannase,different concentrations of tannase were mixed with tea leaves in the rolling period of the traditional tea process,and biochemical compositions were analysed in samples of made tea. The results showed that the total content of polyphenols has no substantial difference between the control and the treated samples,while the content of amino acid rises slightly in treated sample compared with that in the control sample. A prominent finding was obtained that tannase application substantially decreases the proportion of catechin-gallate including epigallocatechin gallate(EGCG) in total catechins but increases some taste-sensitive amino accids such as Glu. These changes have positive effects on improving tea quality,which implies that the harshness of green tea could be reduced and mellowness could be enhanced by adding some quantity of tannase in tea processing from fresh leaves plucked in summer season.

A purification method of glucomannan from konjac microflour with acid alcohol was established. The results showed that acid alcohol could improve greatly the purity of glucomannan from konjac microflour. The content of konjac gluco-mannan is over 98% when the konjac microflour is extracted with 60% of alcohol at pH 4.5 for 60 minutes.

3,3-Dimethylbutylraldehy was synthesized with tertbutyl alcohol as main raw material by three-stage reaction,and then it and asparame were used to synthesize neotame. The effects of dosage of catalyst,molar ratio of aspartame to 3,3-dimethylbutylraldehyde,temperature and reaction time on the yield of neotame were studied. Through orthogonal test design,the optimum conditions are determined as:temperature 40 ℃,mass ratio of catalyst to aspartame 1:10,molar ratio of aspartame to 3,3-dimethylbutylraldehyde 1.5:1,and reaction time 10h. The total yield of neotame is 33.6%.

In order to develop and utilize waste beer yeast,this experiment was design to extract nucleic acid from waste beer yeast through microwave heating method. Effects of microwave power,microwave temperature,microwave treatment time,material to liquid ratio,extraction time,extraction temperature on extraction rate of nucleic acid were investigated. Through multiple linear regression test,the main extraction conditions were determined as follows:microwave power 700 W,microwave time 4 min,extraction time 3.5 h,and extraction temperature 100 ℃. The total acid content of obtained sample is 10.920 μg/ml. Compared with the traditional method,the microwave method is of shorter extraction time,higher efficiency and lower energy consumption,and can be applied in the industrial production.

Effects of processing factors on eating quality of pumpkin noodle were studied,such as particle size of pumpkin powder,dough-stretching times,and amounts of starch and salt through orthogonal test L9(3) 4. The results showed that the amount of starch takes the most significant effect on eating quality,followed by amount of salt and dough-stretching times in turn. Particle size of pumpkin powder is not an obvious factor.

Using orthogonal test design,the parameters for extracting quercetin from crude alcohol extract of Vaccininm uliginosum L. were optimized. The content of quercetin was determined by HPLC in order to investigate the extraction processing. The effect extent of the main factors ranks as:sulfuric acid concentration >hydrolyze time > sulfuric acid amount. The optimal extraction process is adding the crude alcohol extract into 60 times of 2% sulfuric acid,and then boiling for 1 h for hydrolysis. By this process,the quercetin concent in solution is increased from 0.398% to 1.984%.

The optimum conditions of microwave extraction of red pigment from camphor tree fruit(RPCF) and its antioxidant activity were studied. Results showed that both microwave output power and treatment time significantly affect on the RPCF content;Compared with hot water extraction method,microwave extraction could shorten the extraction time from 90 min to 70 s,save solvent 20%,improve efficiency 3.29%,and reduce the consumption of acid;Within the concentration range of 1 to 80 mg/L,the DPPH· scavenging activity of RPCF shows significantly linear correlation with its concentration(R2=0.9915) ,with IC50 42.97 mg/L(34% of VC) ;The free radical scavenging activity of RPCF solution(100 mg/L) shows considerable stability under 16-d illumination.

The applications of different levels of flaxseed gum(FG) ,guar gum(GM) and denatured starch(DS) as to stabilizer blends of stirred yoghurt were studied. It was observed that there exists dramatically synergistic interactions between FG and GM. The dynamical models of the relationship of viscosity and gel strength with ratio of FG to GM to DS were established with three-factor quadratic orthogonal rotation combination test. The optimum proportion(%) among them is 3:2:20. The product costs per ton is decreased by $103.5 to 128.5,and this would bring great economical benefits to enterprises. Meanwhile,in the case of ensuring the products quality,the shelflife of yoghurt can be prolonged to 27 d at 4 ℃ by adding the stabilizer blends.

An extraction method of natural plant protein from gardenia fruit pomace was studied by means of the theory of alkali extraction and acid precipitation. The optimum extraction process was established through L9(34) orthogonal test plan. Ratio of solid to liquid,pH value,temperature and time were selected to investigate their effects on the extraction rate of plant protein from gardenia fruit pomace. The orthogonal test results showed that the optimum conditions are as follows:ratio of solid to liquid 1:20,solution pH 9.0,extraction time 1.5 h and temperature 40 ℃. The major factor affecting the extration of plant protein is solution pH value.

The brown pigment from walnut shell was purified with several resins,and its characteristics were studied. The results showed that AB-8 resin has the best performance of absorbing the brown pigment. 50% ethanol is the optimal desorption agent. After being used repeatedly 20 times,the adsorption capcity is only at a loss of 2.63%. The pigment is stable in acid solution,and the light,heat and common food additions also have no evident influences on its stability. So the pigment from walnut shell can be used as a good food additive.

The Soxhlet extraction effects of Chinese rose flower red pigment with different solvents were compared. The results showed that 95% ethanol is the optimum solvent. The maximum absorption wavelength of the 95% ethanol solution is 524 nm. The single factor test and orthogonal test results showed that ratio of meterial to solvent and extraction temperature have greater effects on extraction of the pigment,followed by extraction time and particle size of flower powder in turn. The optimal extraction conditions are as follows:Particle size of flower powder 60 mesh,ratio of material to solvent 1:40,extraction temperature 91℃,and extraction time 6 h. Under the optimal extraction conditions,the yield of Chinese rose flower red pigment is 49.02%.

Fresh milk was treated by different ultrasonic powers and time to study the bactericidal effect. Results indicated that,treating fresh milk with ultrasonic of 600 W for 3 min,the sterilization rate reachs 93%. Treated with the combination of ultrasonic with heat sterilization,the quality of milk stored under 4 ℃ was also studied. Results showed that,treated with ultrasonic of 600 W for 3 min and then heated at 63 ℃ for 30 min,the quality of milk is better than others. The storage period of the treated milk can be prolonged to about 16 days under 4 ℃.

By investigating effects of several catalysts,Such as NiCu-S,SRNA-2 and Pd/C on soy lecithin hydrogenation,the catalyst Pd/C is selected for its excellent performance. Under the conditions of Pd/C among 5%,tenperature 60 ℃,H2 pressure 1.5 MPa,reaction time 3 h,the hydrogenation lecithin with iodine value 25.4 is obtained,and its color is light yellow.

The separation technology with Diaion HP20 resin and antibacterial activity of glycosides from Cornus officinalis Sieb. et. Zucc. fruits were investigated in this study. The results indicated that optimal separation conditions with Diaion HP20 resin are:intrinsic pH value of extract of Cornus officinalis fruits,NaCl solution concentration 0.5 mol/L,original concentration of the extract 2.55 mg/ml and sample volume 6 BV. After being absorbed completely by macroporous resin HP-20,glycosides of Cornus officinalis were eluted with water(4 BV) and 30% ethanol(6 BV) in turn at 1.5 ml/min velocity of flow. The glycosides of Cornus officinalis have obviously antibacterial activity in vitro,against such pathogens as Staphy lococcusaureus,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Erwinia carotovora var. carotovora,Ginger bacterial wilt and Xanthomonas citri.

The composition of drug culture medium and technology conditions that increase the yield of biomass for Ganoderma lucidum submerged culture were optimized. Uniform design was used to evaluate the crucial factors affecting the yield of biomass. In the following phase of the optimization process,L9(34) orthogonal test was applied to get the optimal fermentation conditions. By statistical analysis,the optimum composition of drug culture medium affecting the yield of the biomass were determined as follows:drug substance(Liuweidihuang pills) 10 g/L,soybean powder 50 g/L,corn powder 10 g/L,glucose 8.29 g/L,MgSO4 1.0 g/L,KH2PO4 1.0 g/L and VB1 20 to 40 mg/L and the optimal fermentation conditions are as follows:inoculum size 10%,ventilation volume 0.5m3/min,agitation speed 150 r/min and duration 144 h. Uniform design and orthogonal test simultaneously used in the optimization of technology for Ganoderma lucidum fermentation in drug culture medium are proved to be effective.

Maillard reaction conditions for producting high gel property egg white powder were optimized with response surface methodology. The results showed that the optimal reaction conditions are as follows:xylose among 1.08%,reaction time 5.5 d,and reaction temperature 65 ℃. The theoretical gel strength is 1552.07 g/cm2,and the practical gel strength is 1586.5 g/cm2. It could be concluded that the established calculation models are quite reliable,and the method can be applied in optimization of reaction conditions.

For improving functionalities of wheat gluten protein,its physical modification by ultrasonic was studied. Based on the solubility index,single factor tests were done at first to estimate the proper ranges of main affecting factors,and then the factors were optimized based on central composite design theory of Uniform precision. The results showed that under the conditions of substrate concentration 8.8%,ultrasonic power 720 W,ultrasonic time 8 min and pH 8.5,the solubility reaches 4.11 mg/ml.

In this study orthogonal tests were applied to optimize the extraction conditions of flavonoids from tartary buckwheat,including extraction time,ethanol concentration,ratio of sample to solvent and extraction temperature. The optimal extraction conditions are:extraction time 5 hours,ethanol concentration 70%,ratio of sample to solvent 1:15 and extraction temperature 70℃. After purification,the flavonoids extracted from tartary buckwheat with the purity of 73.32% were obtained. Antioxidant activities of flavonoids of tartary buckwheat,ethanol extract of tartary buckwheat powder,and ethanol extract of tartary buckwheat hull were studied at different concentrations and pH values and compared with those of rutin and vitamin C. Results suggested that the antioxidant activity of flavonoids of tartary buckwheat is lower than that of vitamin C,but stronger than that of rutin or the ethanol extract of tartary buckwheat powder,and much higher than that of the ethanol extract of tartary buckwheat hull,and the scavenging capability on DPPH free radical increases with is concentration increasing. When pH is in the scope of 2 to 8,the scavenging capability on DPPH free radical firstly increases and then decreases,which is the lowest at pH 7.

Before suferfine comminution,the pre-treatment,pressurization of pig bone is required. Evidently,the hardness of treated bone varies with pressurization conditions. In this study,the perpendicular shear force and extrusion force and Paralle extrusion force and parallel extrusion force of the treated bone were analyzed according to the principle of the used HMB-701 type micronizer,and then the failure stress was calculated. This could not only simplify the process of analysis,but also reveal the effects of different pre-treatment conditions on the hardness of bone. Futhermore,the best pretreatment technology could be obtained. According to experimental results,the best pre-treatment technology is determined as treating pig bone for 60 min at 0.15 MPa.

The effect of extrusion cooking on the resistant starch(RS) yield,made from rice flour,was studied by using the orthogonal test method. It was concluded that the optimal preparation conditions of RS are moisture of rice flour 40%(dry basis) ,barrel temperature extruder 170 ℃,screw frequency 35 Hz,feeding rate 20 Hz,storage time 7 d and temperature 4 ℃. Under these conditions he RS yield is 8.77%,and the RS content in the product is almost 7 times more than that in the material. A regression equation was also concluded to describe the relationship between the system parameters and the target parameter:Yi=-4.1408+ 0.1655XA + 0.0402XB +0.0069XC-0.0299XD +0.0586XE +0.0911XF.

Carp parvalbumin is one of important allergens in carp. The purified carp parvalbumin was botained by anion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose fast fow . The results showed that the purity of the carp parvalbumin is more than 90 percent,which was identified with SDS-PAGE and PAGE. This method can provide a useful way to purify carp parvalbumin allergen.

MalQ gene was amplified by PCR with Thermus aquaticus FL-03 genome DNA,the amplified MalQ gene was cloned into prokaryotic expression vector pET-28a(+) and expressed in BL21(DE3) under induction of IPTG. The expressed product was identified with SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. The amylomaltase was purified by inactivation at 70 ℃ and centrifugalization. The glucanothansferase activity of the purified amylomaltase was identified via TLC method with 10% maltose as substrate. The specific activity is improved 5 folds and the residual activity is 70% after purification. The amylomaltase has great potential in application of various industries.

Aspergillus flavus standard strain DNAS were isolated by using three extraction methods and three pretreatment methods of mycelia for benzyl chloride extraction method. The gel electrophoresis results showed that the DNA isolated by using benzyl chloeide method and treated with RNase is the best after the mycelia are freezed overnight at -80 ℃ or grinded with liquid nitrogen. Two pairs of primes were synthesized to amplify aflR gene. The PCR products are not false positive which is confirmed by nest-PCR. The expected restriction endonuclease analysis results of the PCR products with HincⅡand PvuⅡwere achieved,which showed that the PCR-RFLP detection method is feasible for Aspergillus flavus.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae HD34-1,a strain with the highest activity of alcohol dehydrogenase(ADH),was applied in the fermentation experiment of beer. During the productive fermentation,the physical and chemical indexes were determined. It was found that the alcohol content is below 1%(W/W),which accords with the request of alcohol-free beer. The fermentation conditions in 1-ton airtight fermentor were confirmed as follows:temperature 11℃,inoculum size 2%,terminating the fermentation when the sugar content declines to 5%,and reducing the temperature to 4℃ for storage.

On the basis of single-factor test,response surface methodology was used to analyze the main factors affecting fermentation production of protease by Bacillus subtilis. Results showed that the optimal fermentation conditions are as follows:40 ℃,pH 8.04 and inoculation amount 8.3%,Under these conditions,the produced protease activity is up to 247.8 U/ml after fermentation for 56 hours. The protease activity is higher 8.54% than the highest one obtained in the single-factor test,which is only 228.3 U/ml.

The effects of neokstose on the growth of Escherichia coli and Bifidobacterium in vitro were investigated. The results showed that the growth of Escherichia coli utilizing neokestose in vitro is weaker compared with fructooligosaccharide(FOS) and glucose,but the differences are not significant(p>0.05). However,the proliferation rate of Bifidobacteria in the medium with neokestose is very high,which is 1.4 times and 2 times as much as that in the media with FOS and glucose,respectively.

 Lactic acid bacteria(LAB) and yeasts involved in production of traditional fermented yak milk products which are made by herdman families in Tibet area,were enumerated and isolated,and the strains of LAB were identified using conventional identification methods and 16S rRNA gene sequence determination method. The results showed that in 3 fermented yak milk,samples,the LAB and yeast counts range from 1.04×104 to 2.10×106 CFU/ml and from 8.20×103 to 6.70×105 CFU/ml,respectively,and in 2 cheese samples,the LAB and yeast counts range from 0.2×10 to 1.0×10 CFU/g; 15 Strains of Lactobacillus,4 stains of lactic acid cocci and 3 stains of yeasts were isolated from fermented yak milk; The LAB species are identified as 10 strains of Lactobacillus paracasei(55.6 % of the total LAB strains ),1 strain of Lactobacillu fermentum,2 strains of Lactobacillus reuteri,1strain of Lactobacillus brevis,1 strain of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp.bulgaricus,2 strains of Pediococcus acidilactici and 2 strains of Pediococcu and Lactococcus which can not be identified according to the present method.

The concentration of polysaccharide solution fermented by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis with hollow fiber membrane ultrafiltration was carried out. The results indicated that the exopolysaccharide concentration in fermentation broth increases to 4790 mg/L from 949.54 mg/L under the operation pressure 0.08 MPa,temperature 25 ℃ and 50 ku molecular of membrane,and the volume of the fermentation broth is reduced by 5 times.

Taking hydrolysis degree and peptide yield as an indexes,the effect of temperature,pH,substrate concentration,alkaline amount on enzymolysis of male silkworm moth protein were studied. The optimal conditions are determined by orthogonal rotation combination design as follows:64.5 ℃,pH 9.36,substrate concentration 4.46%,protease amount 6660 U/ml;and reaction time 300 min. Under these conditions,the hydrolysis degree is up to 21.65% and the peptide yield is up to 34.81%.

Crude laccase was collected after fermentation broth was filtrated with vacuum pump,and then purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by the steps of ammonium sulfate precipitation,ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and gel filtration on Sephadex G-75. The purification of about 183.69 folds is achieved with an overall yield of 24.77%. Its molecular weight is estimated to be about 60.3 kD by SDS-PAGE. Studies on the properties of the laccase showed that enzyme activity is more stable when preserved at 30 ℃. The relative activity of laccase is above 80% when preserved at the pH range of 3.4 to 5.8,and its stability is the highest when preserved at the pH of 3.8.

11 coenzyme Q10-producing strains were isolated from 50 marine yeasts preliminarily. A high-producing strain,FH-8 was obtained through rescreening from those 11 yeasts. The fermentation conditions of CoQ10 by FH-08 were optimized. The results showed that the optimal fermentation conditions are as following:carbon source of glucose 3%,nitrogen source of yeast extract 2%,initial pH 6.5,inoculum size 4%,filled volume of medium 50 ml/300 ml,temperature 30℃ and rotation speed 200 r/min. Under these fermentation conditions,the biomass reaches 2.34 g/200 ml,and the CoQ10 concentration in broth reaches 28.6 mg/L.

The aim of this study was to separate and purify alliinase from fresh garlic,and determine the enzymatic properties of alliinase. The optimal separation and purification process is as follows:to extract alliinase from fresh garli with Na+/K+ phosphate buffer(pH 7.0),salt out it with 45% saturated ammonium sulfate,separate it by centrifuge with 10000×g,dissolve precipitate in Na+/K+ phosphate buffer(pH 6.5) and dialyze using dialysis bag with 14000 molecular weight cutoff,purify alliinase with Sephadex G-200 column,and collect eluate when elution time is up to 4.75 h. The optimum temperature of alliinase is 30℃,and the optimum pH is 6.3. Mg2+,Zn2+,Fe2+,Fe3+,and EDTA-Na have active effects on alliinase,and the effect of Fe3+ is specially obvious,but alliinase would be seriously inhibited by Cu2+. The Km and Vmax values of alliinase are 5.91 mmol/L and 1.55μmol/min respectively when synthetical S-allyl-L-cysteine sulphoxide is used as basic substrate.

Blackcurrant is a berry in the north frigid zone,which has the significant economy sense in its deep processing. However,blackcurrant itself has so lower content of sugar and higher content of acid that the blackcurrant wine produced by spontaneous fermentation is of crude taste and obvious acerbity . The fermentation performance of yeast plays a significant role in production of high quality blackcurrant wine which has thick fruit-perfume,fresh quality and affluent nutrients,and is well received by consumers.The fermentation properties of yeast for producing blackcurrant wine were studied based on four factors(temperature,original sugar degree,original acidity,inoculum size of yeast) . The results showed that the best conditions are:fermentation temperature 20 to 30 ℃,initial sugar degree 14 to 25°Bx,initial acidity 12.0 to 22.0 g/L and inoculum size 4% to 12%.

The original strain Bacillus alcalophilus IS was mutated with ultraviolet(UV),diethl sulfate(DES) and UV plus DES. A mutant MS-UD2 was obtained,whose β-cyclodextrin glucanothansferase(CGTase) productivity was 2.96 folds as much as that of parent strain. The continuous 10 generations experiments showed that the mutant MS-UD2 is stable in CGTase production. The fermentation conditions for CGTase production were optimized via single-factor test and orthogonal test. The results showed that the optimal conditions are as follows:using fermentation medium consisting of maize powder 2%,corn steep liquor 6%,K2HPO4 0.15% and MgSO4·7H2O 0.02%,incubation temperature 28 ℃,amount of inoculum 8%,pH 10.0,filled medium volume in 250-ml flask 50 ml and adopting shaking incubation for 36 h at 180 r/min. The enzyme activity could reach as high as 5741.6 U/ml,under these conditions,and in 5-L fermentor the enzyme activity could reach 5920.0 U/ml.

Two haptens,3-amino-2-oxazolidinone(AOZ) and 3-{[(4-carboxyphenyl) methylene]amino}-2-oxazolidinone(CPAOZ),were prepared by using 2-hydroxyethyl hydrazine and diethyl carbonate as raw materials. The haptens were conjugated to bovine serum albumin(BSA) by the glutaraldehyde and the carbodiimide procedures respectively. The conjugates AOZ-BSA and CPAOZ-BSA were identified with ultraviolet spectrum. Eight polyclonal antibodies were produced by the various immunization of New Zealand rabbits with the conjugates. The antibodies produced with AOZ-BSA conjugate show the titers in the range of 1:0.8×104 to 1:3.2×104 and the IC50 values of more than 100 μg/ml,respectively. These antibodies are not specific for the AOZ moiety. The antibodies produced with CPAOZ-BSA conjugate show the titers in range of 1:1.6×105 to 1:6.4×105,the IC50 values in range of 0.91 to 11.56 ng/ml,and cross-reactivity of 6.15% with furazolidone and 5.17% with 3-{[(2-nitrophenyl)methylene]amino}-2-oxazolidinone(NPAOZ),respectively. These antibodies are highly specific for a benzaldehyde derivative of AOZ,N-(phenzlidene)-3-amino-2-oxazolidinone(PAOZ) and do not cross-react with various veterinary drugs.

In this study,effects of different pH,bile salt concentration and simulation human body gastric juice and intestinal tract circumstance on Lactobacillus rhamnosus B from infant intestine were charactered. Under the condition of pH 1.8 maintained for 2 h,the viable count of Lactobacillui rhamnosus strain B reaches more than 107 CFU/ml,and being cultured for 4 h in the MRS-broth(less than 0.5% bile salt),the viable count reach more than 108 CFU/ml,and it increases as time prolonging. The results of simulated gastric juice and intestinal juice experiments showed that the strain can multiply in gastric and intestinal circumstance. The Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain B has strong acid and bile salt tolerance ability and grows better in the circumstance of simulation human body intestinal tract. It is favourable strain for lactic acid bacteria-fermented food.

The optimum temperature for Rhizopus oryzae fermentation is 32℃,but it is difficult to separate lactic acid and easy to be contaminated by other bacteria at this low temperature. A Rhizopus orzae mutant,mut-5,which was resistant to high temperature of 38 ℃ and still has stable genetic character after continuous 7 passages,was screened out by 60Co-γ irradiation at 400 Gy that gave a perfect positive mutation rate. Compared with the parent strain,the L-lactic acid concentration in broth fermented by the mut-5 for 72h increases by 24.15 %,and the ethanol concentration decreases by 9.27 %. The specific activity of lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) of the mut-5 up to 39.41 %,while the specific activity of alcohol dehydrogenase(ADH) falls down. In addition,the mut-5 has a higher reducing sugar consumption rate and biomass accumulation than the parent strain.

The factors affecting the glutamate decarboxylase(GAD) production by Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus Y-2 were ascertained from compostion of MRS medium which was relatively by propitious to the GAD production and the growth of cells. The results indicated that the medium that made up of 15 g/L of peptone,12.5 g/L of beef extract,12.5 g/L of sucrose,2.0 g/L of ammonium dibasic citrate,5.0 g/L of sodium acetate,2.0 g/L of K2HPO4,2.0 g/L of CaCl2,1.0 ml/L of Tween 80,and initial pH 7.0 is more efficient for the GAD-production than MRS broth,and the total GAD activity is increase by 1.3 folds. The optimal inoculation percentage,temperature and time for the fermentation are 2%(V/V),37 ℃ and 12 h,respectively. Among the internal and external factors mentioned above,the initial pH 7.0 and K2HPO4 concentration are found to be the significant factors affecting the GAD-production of strain Y-2.

A flocculant-producing strain LH64 was isolated,which shows high and stable flocculating activity for kaolin suspension. The result showed that in the beef fextract-peptone liquid medium,at 30 ℃ and pH 7.0,the strain LH64 grows well,and after 23-hour culture,the maximum growth value is achieved. The strain LH64 flocculant mainly produces extracellullar flocculant,after 23-hour culture. The flocculant has some thermalstability. The flocculating activity is remarkably increased by Ca2+ and lye. The flocculant has obvious effects in waste water treatment,demonstrating its good application prospects.

Vibrio parahaemololyticus is the main cause of foodborne disease,and it is also a common pathogen detected from seafood. Vibrio parashaemoloyticus would cause enormous loss when fish and shrimp and so on are infected by it. In this study,laying hens were divided into two groups,and were immunized with two different doses of prepared antigen. The low dose group of hens was immunized with 5×107 CFU/ml,and the high dose group of hens was immunized with 5×108 CFU/ml Vibrio parahaemololyticus. ELISA was established to detect the antibody activity. The results demonstrated that the highest titer of IgY against Vibrio parahaemololyticus in the high and low dose group could reach 1:57600 and 1:28800,respectively. The titer of IgY produced by the low dose group could maintain for 250 days,but the titer of IgY produced by the high dose group could maintain for more than 300 days.

The characteristics of polyphenol oxidase(PPO) extracted from mulberry leaves were studied with spectrophotometer method and scanning electron microscopy,and the inhibitory effects of different inhibitors on the activity of PPO were studied as well. The results showed that PPO are fibrous protein. Its optimum pH value and temperature are 7.0 and 40 ℃,respectively. At the same concentrations,the inhibitory effects of different inhibitors are ranked as follows:ascorbic acid>sodium hydrogen sulfite>citric acid>magnesium chloride>sodium chloride.

Effects of soybean lecithin and vegetable oil on the β-carotene biosynthesis with Blakeslea trispora and its cell growth were investigated.Results showed that soybean oil and cottonseed oil result in higher production of β-carotene,and soybean lecithin could stimulate the pathway from other carotenes to β-carotene,thus increase the accumulation of β-carotene. When 0.4% soybean lecithin is added,the β-carotene productivity of Blakeslea trispora could reach 2.86 g/L,contrasted with 2.09 g/L of the control without adding soybean lecithin,increased by 36.8%.

Protease production of Actinomucor elegans AS3.2778 was optimized through the sequential methodology. After optimization,the optimum fermentation medium and conditions were obtained,the optimum composition of medium were:8 g wheat bran in a 250 ml shake flask,1.23% maltose(g/g wheat bran),1.56% peptone,0.74% KH2PO4 and 0.06% FeSO4·7H2O as nutrient supplements,and the optimum environment parameters were:initial moisture content of medium 0.79 ml water in one gram dry wheat bran,temperature 24.1℃,fermentation time 48 h. Under these conditions the maximum protease production was 1541U/g IDS(initial dry substrate),202% higher than that under the initial conditions.

Hens were immunized with the antigen of bovine-β-casein(β-CN) and β-lactoglobulin(β-Lg),and the egg yolk immunoglobulin(IgY) of the hens was purified by the methods of water diluting and affinity chromatography(HiTrapTM IgY Purification HP). The purity of IgY is as high as 90% by PAGE and the ELISA titer is 1:4096. In the NaIO4 labeled method,the antigens were conjugated with horseradish peroxidase(HRP),respectively. The molar ratios between HRP and β-CN or β-Lg for the best labeling effect are 1:1 and 1.5:1,respectively. Theβ-CN-HRP and β-Lg-HRP titers are both 1:640,and their operation concentrations are 1:80 and 1:40,respectively.

A pair of primers were designed based on PimM gene sequences published in GenBank and a DNA fragment of approximate 579bp was amplified from Streptomyces aureofuscus SYAU0709 by PCR method. The amplified PimM gene was ligated into vector PMD19 and the recombinant Plasmid was identified by PCR amplification and sequencing. Sequence analysis indicated that the sequence of the cloned AURJ3M gene from Streptomyces aureofuscus SYAU0709 is the 95% similarity as the published PimM gene from Streptomyces natalensis.The fermentation results showed AURJ3M gene could promote Aureofuscin biosynthesis.

With Aspergillus niger,Geotrichum candidum,Aspergillus usamii,Actinomucor elegans,Candida utilis,Bacillus licheniformis,Aspergillus oryzae,and Bacillus subtilis as original strains,rapeseed meal as raw material,and peptide recovery ratio,soluble nitrogen,amino acid nitrogen and protease activity as evaluation indexes,the screening of the strains which were used for producing rapeseed peptide through solid-state fermentation was carried out. The results showed that the effects of fermentation of Aspergillus usamii,Actinomucor elegans,and Bacillus subtilis are better than those of other strains,and a lot of low molecular weight rapeseed peptides are produced after solid-state fermentation,while Bacillus subtilis is more suitable for producing rapeseed peptide singly through solid-state fermentation.

A high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)method was developed for the determination of roxarsone in eggs,and the dynamic metabolism of roxarsone in egg was investigated. Egg powder made from egg liquid via freeze-drying was extracted with CH3OH + CH3COOH(9:1). The chromatographic separation was performed on a Diamond C18 column,using 500 ml H2O solution of 10 ml CH3COOH and 1.3 ml(C2H5)3N plus mixture of CH3OH and H2O(85%+15%) as mobile phase at the rate of 0. 8 ml/min,under the condition of column temperature 30℃,injection quality 10 μl and ultraviolet detection wavelength 264 nm. Results showed that the linear range of this method is 0.50 μg/ml to 10.0μg/ml with the correlation coefficient of 0.9959.The average recoveries of three different addition levels are 85.81%,5.61% and 87.46%,respectively,the limit of detection is 0.1μg/ml,and the RSDs of three detections are not more than 1%(0.35%,0.59% and 0.95% respectively).The dynamic metabolism rules of roxarsone in egg are:(1) the residue of roxarsone increases with the addition in the feed of hen rising and the appearance time of maximum is ahead. After drug withdrawal,the residue of roxarsone in egg reduces prominently and the time of no detection is advanced along with the decreasing of the addition quality in the feed of hen.

A method for the simultaneous determination of fructose,glucrose,sucrose,maltose and lactose in foods was developed with HPLC-ELSD. Analytes were separated by using a Inertsil NH2 column(4.6×250 mm,i.d 5μm) with acetonitrile-water as mobile phase for gradient elution,and external standard calibration curves were used for quantitation. Results showed that there are good linear correlations between the concentration logarithm and peak area logarithm of the five kinds of sugar with the correlation coefficients above 0.999. The average recoveries are 90.62% to 106.89% with the relative standard deviations of 0.76% to 3.56%. The detection limits are 0.009 to 0.016 mg/ml.

An analytical method of gas chromatography with flame ionization detection after precipitation with Carrez reagent was developed and validated for determination of sodium cyclamate in moon cake matrix. The effects of Carrez reagent amount on determination of sodium cyclamate and the extraction efficiencies of homogenization,ultrasonic and grinding methods were extensively investigated. After homogenization,samples were cleaned-up with Carrez reagent and derived with nitrite sodium and sulphuric acid,and the cyclohexyl nitrite was analyzed by using gas chromatography with flame ionizator detector. At 0.25,0.5 and 1.0 mg/g fortification levels,the average recoveries range from 85.12% to 99.38% with the relative standard deviations from 6.44% to 8.31%. The method shows good linearity over the range assayed 0.125 to 1.0 g/L and the detection limit is 2 mg/kg. It is suitable for determination of sodium cyclamate in complex matrix food with rapidity,sensitivity and accuracy.

In the present study,the separatation effects of different elaidic acid,trans-vaccenic acid,and linolelaidic acid mainly contained in food under different gas chromatography(GC) conditions. It was found experimentally that the optimal GC condition are as follows:HP-88 capillary column(60m×0.25mm,0.2 μ m),column temperature 180 ℃; sampler temperature:250 ℃,detector temperature:250 ℃,pure N2 as carrier gas,pure N2 pressure 100kPa,plue N2 flow rate:16 ml/min,hydrogen pressure 100 kPa,hydrogen flow rate 28ml/min,air pressure 160kPa,air flow rate:200 ml/min,split injection mode with the split ratio of 30:1 and tail-blows rate 18 ml/min. Elaidic acid(C18:1,t9)、linolelaidic acid(C18:2,t9 t12)and trans-vaccenic acid(C18:1,t11) can be separated completely within 30 min under these operation conditions. And the linear scopes are between 0.05mg/ml and 0.4mg/ml(r>0.998). The detection limits of the three trans fatty acid are 6.84×10-15 g/s,8.28×10-15 g/s,and 6.57×10-15 g/s,respectively. The recovery rate of the method from esterification to GC detection is between 85.29% and 86.41% with the relative standard deviation is between 1.47%and 8.50%.

A simultaneous gas chromatography(GC) determination method of pyrimethanil,isoprocarb and Imazalil in fruits and vegetables was established. Sample was extracted with ethyl acetale,and detected by Using GC-FTD/NPD. In the purifying process,silica column was used. The detection limits of pyrimethanil,isoprocarb and imazalil are 0.005,0.01 and 0.01 mg/kg. The method has the advantages of simplicity,good repeatability and high sensitivity.

A gas chromatography(GC) method was developed for determination of indoxacarb residue in various food matrixes including green soybean,Brassica campestris L. grapefruit,ginger,agaric,bamboo shoot,tea,pork,fish and chicken. The indoxacarb residues in the samples were extracted with the mixture of acetone and n-hexane(1:2,V/V),and then the extracts were purified with ENVI-CARB solid phase extraction(SPE) cartridges for plant foodstuffs and Floirsil SPE cartridges for animal foodstuffs. For GC analysis,the limit of quantification(LOQ) is 0.005 mg/kg,and the average recoveries and relative standard deviation(RSD) for the spiked samples in the range of 0.005 to 0.04 mg/kg are in the range of 74.9% to 106.4% and 1.9% to 11.5%,respectively.

The crude fat in rape pollen,buckwheat pollen,wild chrysanthemum pollen and hawthorn pollen was extracted with the method of Soxhlet,respectively. After saponification,the extracts were analyzed with GC-MS. Results showed that rape pollen and buckwheat pollen have much more kinds of phytosterol among the four kinds of bee pollen.

The gelling characteristics of carrageenan are closely connected with its potassium content. To determine the potassium content in carrageenan,the solution of potassium from carrageenan sample was prepared using wet treating method with HCl-HNO3(1:3) and determined with potassium ion selective electrode method,employing the results of sodium tetraphenylborate titration method as control. A quick,simple and accurate method was established. The standard curve is:y=48.14x+175.45 with the correlation coefficient 0.9942. It was found experimentally that the potassium content in one carrageenan sample is 5.36% with the RSD 0.65%.

Matrix solid phase dispersion was used to treat three phenolic environmental estrogens in sample(Florisil used as dispersant,hexane used as degreaser,and dichloromethane used as eluent for the target compounds). These phenolic compounds were determined with high performance liquid chromatography. A Diamonsil C18(5 μm,250 mm×4.6 mm) was used for separation. Mobile phase were composed of acetonitrile,methanol and water(the ratio of volume was 20:43:37 and pH was regulated to 5.0 with formic acid). Bisphenol A,stilbestrol and dienestrol show good linearity in the concentration range of 0.0005 to 0.1 mg/ml,and the detection limits are 0.05,0.1,0.05μg/g respectively(S/N=3). This method has high precision and accuracy with recovery over 80% and relative standard deviations lower than 4.5%.

The method of determination for germanium and the selenium in the Ganoderma lucidum spore powder by means of the inductive coupling plasma mass spectrum(ICP-MS) with microwave digestion was established,taking 115In as internal standard. The limited of detection of germanium is 0.0003 mg/L(3δ),and that of selenium is 0.0005 mg/L(3δ). The standard curve range of germanium is 0.0005 to 0.005 mg/L(r=0.999 9),and that of selenium is 0.001 to 0.25 mg/L(r=0.9999). The relative standard deviation of germanium is 3.8%(n=10),and that of selenium is 1.7%(n=10). The recovery of germanium is 94% to 105%,and that of selenium is 93% to 104%.

This study aimed to set up a method for simultaneous detection of organophosphorus pesticides in hydrogenated vegetable oil with GC.The organophosphorus pesticides in samples were extracted with CH2Cl2-Na2SO4 solution,and after purification and concentration the extracts were detected by using GC with HP-1701 capillary columm and flame photometric detector(FPD). The qualitative and quantitative analyses of these organophosphorus pesticides were conducted according to retention time and peak area.The detection limits of these organophosophosphorus pesticides are 0.01mg/kg and the recoveries are 87.5% to 93.3%.

High performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) was used to detect apple polyphenols,and its basic operation conditions were determined as:C18 column(150×4.6 mm,5 μm),methanol-acetic acid as mobile phase,flow rate 1.00 ml/min,column temperature 40 ℃ and 20 ℃ and wavelength of detector 280 nm and 320 nm. All compositions of apple polyphenols were separated completely under these chromatography conditions. Phenolic compounds were extracted from apples with ethyl acetate. Neutral phenolics were extracted at pH 7.0 and acid phenolics were extracted at pH 2.0. RP-C18 column is suitable to separate apple polyphenols and the mobile phase for the separation of neutral and acid phenolics is identical,the mixture of 4% acetic acid and purified water.

Objective:To explore a simple and practicable ion chromatography method for simultaneous determination of sodium,potassium,magnesium and calcium in milk powder. Methods:After being dialyzed,milk powder solution passed through C18 column,and then the sodium,potassium,magnesium and calcium in the effluent was simultaneously detected with 20 mmol/L CH3SO3H as eluent. Results:The dynamic balance period is only two hours or so at the stirring speed of 200 r/min and room temperature. The peak shapes of the four ions are perfect without big disturbance. Their relative standard deviations are all below 5% and their average recovery rates are all between 95 % and 105%. Conclusion:Ion chromatography is suitable to the simultaneous determination of sodium,potassium,magnesium and calcium in milk powder.

GC-MS method was developed to determine the anilazine residue in cereals. Compared with the existing methods,it is more simple,economic and precise as well. This method has good linear correlation( r > 0.999). The recovery rate ranges 83.5% to 92.7%,the detection limit is 0.002 mg/kg and the RSD is 1.36% to 3.82%. The results of verification experiments in three different labs certificated the method can meet the requires of determination of anilazine residue in import and export cereals.

Salmon oil was extracted via Bligh-Dyer method,and its fatty acid compositions were analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS). Results showed that 25 fatty acids are identified,inculding 16 unsaturated fatty acids,whose total relative content accounts for 71.90% of the total fatty acid content. The percentages of eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) are 9.46% and 11.77% respectively,and 15-tetracosenoic acid(NA) exists in salmon oil.

An inhibitory kinetic spectrophotometric method was proposed for the determination of trace iodine. The method is based on the inhibition effect of iodine on the nitrite-catalyzed oxidation of menthylene blue by potassium bromate in dilute sulphuric acid medium. The linear range of the determination is 0 to 480 g/L,and the detection limit is 3.7×10-7 g/L. This method is simple,rapid and highly sensitive. It has been used for determination of trace iodine in salt with satisfactory results.

A rapid and accurate method for the determination of ochratoxin A(OTA) in foods was established. Samples were extracted by methanol-water or NaHCO3 solution. After dilution the extarcts,flowed through a OchraTest column containing specific antibody of OTA. The column was eluted with PBS buffer,OTA buffer,pure water,and methanol in turn. The methanol eluate was separated on C18(150×4.60 mm,5μm) at 35 ℃ with acetonitrile-water-acetic acid(99:99:2,V/V) as mobile phase at the elution flow rate 0.90 ml/min. The excitation wavelength of fluorescence detector was 333 nm and the emission wavelength was 477 nm. It was found that there is a good linear relationship between the peak area and the concentration. The recoveries of OTA are 90.3% to 106%,and the relative standard deviations are1.75% to 4.32% for different kinds of food sample. The method is simple,rapid,accurate and applicable for the determination of OTA in foods.

The factors affacting the determination of polysaccharide content in Pleurotus eryngii with phenol-sulfuric acid method were optimized. Results showed that under the conditions of detection wavelength 485 nm,phenol content 1.4 ml,reaction temperature 40 ℃ and reaction time 15 min,there is good linearity range from 10.00 to 70.00μg/ml(r=0.9996). The average recovery is 99.2% and the RSD is 1.16%.

Volatile compounds in six species of apricot fruits in Gansu provience were analyzed by using headspace solid phase micorextraction(HS-SPME) combined with GC-MS. Results indicated that total 106 volatile compounds are isolated and identified,including 25 esters,16 terpenes and terpenoids,14 aledhydes,14 hydrocarbons and aromaticities,13 ketones,12 alcohols,9 lactones and 5 acids. Among them the heptyl isobutyrate,citronellyl propionate,geranyl acetate,γ-hexalactone,δ-undecalactone,5-hydroxy-7-decenoic acid lactone and 5-hydroxy-2,4-decadienoic acid lactone etc are firstly identified in apricot fruit.

In this study,an analytical method of the fingerprint identification based on 1H NMR spectroscopy was proposed with beer as object. The procedure including sample pretreatment,NMR technique,experimental condition,data treatment and principle component analysis was investigated for beer specially. In this work,with the access to the 1H NMR spectra of 19 brands of beer,their fingerprinting characteristics were preliminary distinguished. While using such means as principle component analysis of the data for the sub-category,the selected samples were successfully grouped basing on producing areas. The results showed that the created method is reliable,feasible and easy to be handled,and it can be used in the proof-test of liquid food products.

Using thin-layer chromatography(TLC) and column chromatography(CC),the polar compounds(PC) of hogwash oil were compared with those of edible vegetable oil and refine oil. It was found that the waste hogwash oil and some samples of refine oil have obviously tailing phenomenon on the TLC,but edible vegetable oil and refine oil 4(deordorized oil) do not have,so the CC can be used to separate the tailing compounds of hogwash oil and they can be analyzed with infrared spectroscopy(IR). The results showed that absorption peaks at 1746cm-1of Jinlongyu edible 100% corn oil and refine oil 4 are smoothing and do not break up,but the hogwash oil has small absorption peak at 1746cm-1 and have a big broken peak at 1712 cm-1,belonging to the character of aldehyde and ketone compounds. From 1240 to 1100 cm-1,the hogwash oil has fingerprint break,small absorption and turning to the high repetency. There are more bending vibration frequency and the whole polarity,increases. PC content of hogwash oil is much higher than that of deordorized oil and edible Jinlongyu edible 100% corn oil. The tailing compounds are aldehyde and ketone compounds that edible vegetable oil and deordorized oil do not have.

A method was developed for detecting lincomycin residues in milk with HPLC with DAD detection at 210 nm. Lincomycin was extracted from milk with water and centrifuged. The solution was cleaned using C18 solid-phase extraction cartridge,and Agilent ZORBAX SB C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm) column was used. The mobile phase consisted of borax solution(adjusting pH to 6.0 with phosphoric acid ) and methanol( 55:45,V/V ) and the flow rate was 1.0 ml/min. The results showed that the peak area response has linear relationship with lincomycin concentration between 1.0 and 10.0 μg/g. The average recovery rate is 82.9% to 93.1 % and the coefficient of variation is 1.45% to 4.58%. The detection limit for lincomycin is 0.5 μg/ml. The method is simple,rapid and precise.

Objective:A test strip for fast detection nitrate in food was designed based on enzymatic method and applied in several vegetables. Methods:With 2.0% N-1-naphthylethylenediamin dihydrochloride,3.0% sulfanilic acid and 6.0% tartaric acid mixed by the volume 1:1:1 as the color-developing reagent,qualitative filter paper used for the test strip carrier and nitrate reductase used for the reductant,the test strip was made successfully and used to detect nitrate levels in several vegetables compared with national standard method of China. Results:the color-developing reagent and nitrate reductase could react for fast detection of nitrate. Conclusion:The designed test strip can be used to detect nitrate in food,with higher precision and sensitivity,smaller volume and lower cost,therefore it would have huge potential for development.

In this study,a new analytical procedure was developed for the determination of trace tin in food using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry(ET-AAS) with tungsten-coated graphite tube. By means of the complexing reaction between phenylfluorone and Sn4+-MIBK extraction and enrichment,the samples were injected in graphite furnace in form of organic phase,and the sensitivity of determination of tin was greatly improved. The relative standard deviation is 5.4%. The sensitivity is 5.2×10-12 g and the detection limit is 1.7×10-11 g. Interference of coexistent elements and their elimination were also discussed in detail. This analytical method could be applied for the determination of food samples with satisfactory results because of its simpleness and convenience .

Objective:To establish a fast assay and analytical method for the determination of orgnaophosphorus pesticides residues in foods. Method:Using capillary gas chromatography with nitrogen phosphorous detector,the contents of the five kinds of orgnaophosphorus pesticides residues,including dichlorvos,metacide,pirimiphos-methyl and parathion,were determined simultaneously. Results:The calibration curves of five kinds of pesticides are in good linearity over the range of 0.1 to 10μg/ml. The average recovery is from 89.37% to 94.28%,and the detection limit is 2μg/kg. Conclusion:The method is simple and fast with good reproducibility. It can be used to determine and analyse the contents of the orgnaophosphorus pesticides residues in grains and vegetables.

This study aimed at the content and composition comparisons of carotenoid between red-flesh watermelon and yellow-flesh watermelon. In practice,the carotenoids concents of the two kinds of watermelon were determined using ultraviolet-visible spectrometry(UV-VIS). Their carotenoid composition was then assessed with C18-and C30-HPLC. The UV-VIS detection showed that the carotenoids concents of the two kinds of watermelon are 0.3432 mg/g dw and 0.1167mg/g dw,respectively. The data from C18-and C30-HPLC assessment suggested that the carotenoid compositions of the two kinds of watermelon are quite different. The major carotenoid of red-flesh watermelon is lycopene.

SudanⅡ shows a sensitive reduction peak at -0.85 V on its linear sweep polarogram in a buffer solution of Britton-Robinson(BR)(pH8.0) with alcohol selected as a co-solvent to dissolve it. The peak current is linearly proportional to the concentration of sudanⅡin the range of 1×10-8 mol/L to 1.6×10-7 mol/L with coefficient of 0.9978. The detection limit is 1.6×10-9 mol/L. This method was applied to the determination of sudanⅡ in chili powder. The recoveries are 88.8% to 103.2%.

In order to understand the capability of China’s food inspection laboratories for benzoic acid and sorbic acid determination,Certification and Accreditation Administration of the People s Republic of China(CNCA) organized the proficiency test(PT) of determination of benzoic acid and sorbic acid in tea beverage. 134 laboratories from 31 provinces/cities/municipals took part in the PT. In this paper,the implementation process of the PT was described,including project design,sample preparation,homogeneity and stability test,result statistic and analysis,etc. The resulted showed that 80.6% laboratories have satisfactory results in benzoic acid determination,and 84.3% ones have satisfactory results in sorbic acid determination. In conclusion,most laboratories taking part in the PT have good competence in analyzing benzoic acid and sorbic acid.

In order to survey the moon cakes in the microbial contamination quality,ten types of moon cakes from different areas were choose to detect their total colony and coliform counts according to the national standard methods GB4789.2-2003,and GB4789.3-2003,the colonies were separated and purified to observe their cell shape with microscope. The results showed that ten kinds of moon cakes in total colony bacteria and coliform MPN are in line with the national standards of China.

A high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) with NH2 column and 97% acetonitrile-water as mobile phase to determine the cyromazine and melamine residues in egg,milk and pork was described in this paper. Samples were treated with NaOH,extracted with acetonitrile containing 20% NH4OH,and cleaned up by using C18 column solid-phase extraction(SPE). A perfect separation for cyromazine and melamine was achieved with their respective retention time 8 and 12 min. The calibration curves for cyromazine and melamine are linear in the concentration range of 0.01 to 1.0 μg/ml,with the correlation coefficients of 0.9999 and 0.9994,respectively. The detection limits of both the compounds is 0.02 mg/kg and the quantification limit is less than 0.05 mg/kg.

Objective:To study content of protein in Se-accumulated Pleurotus ostreatus that added different concentrations from 10 to 50 mg/kg inorganic selenium to the culture and analyse component of amino acid in the 10 mg/kg Se-treated Pleurotus ostreatus that had content of 7 to 10 μg/g selenium/g dry body and could be sold directly and eaten safely. Method:Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 was used to determine content of soluble protein,Kjeltec Protein Analyzer was used to determine content of total protein,and amino acid auto analyzer was used to analyse amino acid composition. Results:The content of soluble protein in the attained powder of Se-accumulated Pleurotus ostreatus is evidently higher than that of the control,reaching 2.25 times; The powder of the 10 mg/kg selenium treated Pleurotus ostreatus has 7 human essential amino acids(except trptophane) accounting for about 47.44% of total amino acid,nonessential amino acid accounting for 14.39% of total amino acid and branched-chain amino acid accouting for 20.37% of total amino acid. Conclusion:Se-accumulated Pleurotus ostreatus is a functional product which has high health protection and medical utilization value.

Aroma constituents of mature pineapple(Ananas cosmosus(L.) Merr.) in three varieties,"Smoothc ayenne","Comte de Paris"and"Tainung"19 were analyzed using HS-SPME-GC-MS method.54 compounds are identified in three varieties,which are mainly made up of esters(>60%),ketones and alkenes(especially terpene). The esters include hexanoic acid ethyl ester,hexanoic acid methyl ester,octanoic acid methyl ester,octanoic acid ethyl ester,4-octenoic acid methyl ester,methyl butyrate,2-methyl butyric acid methyl ester,2-methyl butyric acid ethyl ester,pentanoic acid ethyl este,isoamyl acetate,methyl 3-methylrhiopropionate and ethyl 3-methylrhiopropionate,most olefins are terpenes,including(E)-ocimene,copaene,α-muurolene and γ -muurolene,which endow pineapple with woody,spicy and citrus-like aroma. and ketones include 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone and 4-methoxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone. Results also showed that "Come de Paris"has the most abundant odorants with the strongest flavor,followed by"Tannung"19 and "Smooth cayenne"in turn.

The content of phosphotidylcholine in soy lecithins was determined by using dual wavelength thin-layer chromatographic scanner. The determination was conducted under the conditions of chloroform-ethanol-acetic acid-water(40:9:3:1.5,V/V) as developing solvents on a TLC silica palata,scanning wavelength 380 nm,referance wavelength 354 nnm,and dual wavelength reflection zigzay sanning the peak area of phosphatidylcholine. The results showed that the relative standard deviation(RSD) of stability is 3.20%,and the RSD of recovery rate is 3.26%. The method is simple and economical with good repetition and stability. So it could be applied in for the determination lecithin compounds.

A method for detection of trace transgenic rice materials was built by using semi-nested PCR. According to SPS,Cry1A(b)/Cry1A(c) and Btc genes in transgenic rice Bt63,six pairs of primers were designed for general PCR and semi-nested PCR. Results of amplification showed that detection sensitivity of general PCR and semi-nested PCR in accordance with DNA concentration are 1 ng/μl and 10-3 to 10-4 ng/μl,respectively. The latter is 103 to 104 times of the former. In the aspect of mass percentage,the detection sensitivity of general PCR is 0.1% to 1% and semi-nested PCR is 0.001% to 0.01%,the latter being at least 10 times of the former. In the transgenic detection of food samples,the DNA band of SPS gene could not be obtained or confused by general PCR from frozen rice dumpling,rice cereal and cheese pancake samples. Further amplification with semi-nested PCR,a distinct and unique DNA band of SPS gene could be observed from these samples. The other two genes,Cry1A(b)/Cry1A(c) and Btc are not obtained with general PCR and semi-nested PCR from all the food samples.

In this study,the theory and method of detecting 2-dodecylcyclobutanone with GC-MS in irradiated foods containing fat were introduced in detail. The choice of detection method,the stability of reference material,detection limit,precision and method recovery were studied particularly. The effect of storage duration and irradiated dose on the concentration of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone were also investigated. The results showed that the veriety coeffcient of precise is less than 2.6,with the absolute difference of less than 14%,the spikede recovery ranges from 84.0% to 113.0%,the linear range id between 0.01 and 0.5μg/ml,the regression coefficient is 0.9996,and the detection ilmit is 10μg/kg.

An isotope dilution mass spectrometry(IDMS) method was developed for determination of cholesterol in egg powder,using high-performance liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization coupled to MS(HPLC-APCI-MS). The cholesterol and its isotope were detected in selected ion monitoring(SIM) model,and the traceability chain was established by the [3,4-13C] cholesterol. The method has high accuracy and precision,can may be used as a candidate reference method.

A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) method was developed for determination of water-soluble vitamins(ascorbic acid,niacin,panthothenic acid(vitamin B5),pyridoxine(vitamin B6),thiamine(vitamin B1),folic acid,and riboflavin(vitamin B2) in an energy beverage. Analytes were separated after solid phase extraction(SPE) with Supelco C18(500 mg/6 ml) cartridges and analyzed with HPLC on a Phenomenex C18(250 mm × 4.6 mm,5 μm) column with 0.1 mol/L KH2PO4(pH 7.0)-methanol(90:10,V/V) as mobile phase(0.5 ml/min) in isocratic mode. The identification of compounds was achieved by comparing their UV spectra with those of standard spectra in database and according to their respective time. The detection limit ranges from 0.05 to 0.2 mg/L and the accuracy of the method is between 94.71% and 97.03%.

An effective method was developed to determine clorsulon in milk with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS). Samples were extracted with acetonitrile.The concentrated extracts were cleaned up though Quechers method. Identification was achieved in electrospray ionizationin negative mode(ESI-) using multiple reaction monitoring(MRM).The limit of quantification for clorsulon is 5 μg/kg.The recoveries of clorsulon are 92.8% to 99.3% at spiked levels of 5 to 100 μg/kg.The(RSD) of this relative standard deviation method is less than 8.6%.

Objective:To study the effect of celery seed extract on the leve of uric acid in rats with hyperuricemia and the control of joint inflammation in gouty arthritis. Methods:Uric acid nephropathy rats models were established by feeding yeast and adenine. Fifty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups including control group,model group and celery seed extrac treatment groups(high-,moderate-and low-doses). The serum uric acid(UA),urea nitrogen(BUN),creatinine(Cr) and activity of liver xanthine oxidase were measured and the pathological changes in renal were detected. The model of acute arthritis was induced by injecting monosodium urate(MSU) into unilateral ankle of rat. Results:The level of serum uric acid of the high-dose treatment group is significantly different from that of the model group(p<0.05). In the high and moderate-dose groups,the activity of the liver xanthine oxidase reduces,but there are no obvious difference between the model group and the two groups(p>0.05). The swelling rate of the high-dose group is obviously lower than that of the model group(p<0.01). The pathological changes in renal of all the treat ment groups are lower than that of the model group. Conclusion:The celery seed extrac has some protective effects on the hyperuricemia and the damage of kidney’function.

Objective:To study on the anti-oxidation effects and mechanism of Chaenomeles sinensis fruit extracts. Methods:Pyrogallol auto-oxidation method,Fenton reaction and DPPH methods were used to detect antioxidation properties in vitro,and the activity of supeioxide dismutase(SOD),malondialdehyde(MDA)in the serum,heart,liver and kidney and liver peroxidase(POD) of the mice administered with different doses of the extracts by gavage were measured in vivo. Results:The Chaenomeles sinensis fruit extracts have strong O2·,·OH and DPPH· radicals,scavenging activity. They have preventive effect on the rise of lipid peroxide and improve the SOD activity. The results suggested that pawpaw flavoind is a potential antioxidant and(POD) activiy.Conclusion:The extracts have excellent antioxotion properties.

Objective:To explore the effects of enzymatic hydrolysates from casein by pepsin on IL-1β,IL-6,IL-12,IFN-γ,TNF-α,L-1ra,IL-4,IL-10 and TGF-β of rabbit serum. Methods:The hydrolysates were administered to female white rabbits by gavage,intraperitoneal injection and ear intravenous injection. At 3 h,2 h and 2 h after administration respectively,ELISA kit was used assay IL-1β,IL-6,IL-12,IFN-γ,TNF-α,IL-1ra,IL-4,IL-10 and TGF-β concentrations in rabbit serum. Results:The concentrations of IL-1β,IL-1ra,IL-12 and IFN-γ are reduced by the three administration methods,and the concentrations of IL-4,IL-6,IL-10,TNF-α and TGF-β are increased. Compared with the other two administrations,intraperitoneal injection has more significant effects,which shows that cytokine network for mucosal immune system plays an important regulatory role. From the point of drug deliveries,the effect of intraperitoneal injection is the most markable,followed by ear intravenous injection,and gavage administration has no obvious effect. Conclusion:As a whole,It was suggested that the hydrolysates play an important regulatory role for body immune function by regulating cytokines level. Among the three administration methods,the most obvious method is intraperitoneal injection. The hydrolysates are managed directly by intestinal mucosal. Intraperitoneal injection is possibly a kind of the most effective drug delivery.

Purity and calcium content of three phosvitin phosphopeptides-calcium samples were analyzed using the detection methods of routine ingredient analysis and atomic absorption. Comparison of sample pretreated using carboxymethyl cellulose with the calglucon as one kind of calcium-supplementing product in the market was conducted to determine the calcium-absorbing rate in mice during growing period. The results indicated that:(1) Both the purity and calcium-absorbing rate of PPP3-calcium sample are the highest one among the three samples;(2) There is no significant difference during growing period among the three samples;(3) The mice in the PPP3-calcium group with the highest calcium content have the highest calcium-absorbing rate,which shows that there are significant differences in comparison with the blank and control group(p<0.05). The order of the groups in the calcium-absorbing rate is as follows:the middle group of PPP3-calcium>middle group of PPP2-calcium>middle group of PPP1-calcium>low group of PPP3-calcium. All the groups show significant difference from the blank group.

Perilla frutescens(linn) Britt seed oil(PO) was extracted with supercritical-CO2 method. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of PO on nonalcoholic fatty liver. The results showed that the PO significantly lowers the activities of aminotransferase(AST),and alanise aminonsferase(ALT),and reduces the contents of malondialdeh1yde(MDA),total Cholesterol(TC),triacylglycerol(TG),low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-c),the peroxidation product,malondialdehyde(MDA) and liver indexes and elevates the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-c) in serum and liver of male Wistar rats. Histological examination is consistent with physiological indicators. In conclusion the PO can be proposed to protect the liver against fatty liver in rats,and the protective effect on liver may be correlated with its antioxidant and free radical scavenger effects.

Objective:This study was designed to evaluated the antioxidant effects of SRE on liver and main organs in mice with CCl4-induced acute liver injury. Methodes:The CIR mice were administered by gavage with SRE(100,200 and 400 mg/kg·d,respectively) for 30 days before the administration with a dose ofCCl4(80 mg/kg·d). The mice were sacrificed at 24 h after administration with SRE and their blood,liver,heart,kidney and spleen were collected for assaying antioxidant parameters,respectively. Results:The 400 mg/kg·d dose of SRE significantly(p<0.01) lowers the serum ALT,while the hepatic activities of total SOD,Mn-SOD,Cu,Zn-SOD and GSH-Px are significantly increased(p<0.01),and content of MDA is significantly(p<0.01) lowered when compared with CCl4 administration group. SRE could significantly increase the activities of SOD and GSH-Px in heart and kidney,and lower the content of MDA in heart,compared with CCl4 administration group. The activities of total SOD and Mn-SOD of CCl4 administration group are compensatorily increased in spleen compared with the normal group(p<0.05). After the SRE administration,these indexes are decreased to the normal levels. The component analysis of SRE indicated that polysaccharides and flavonoids may be main antioxidant components. Conclusions:SRE can be proposed to protect the liver and various tissues against CCl4-induced oxidative damage in mice.

Objective:To study the protection of chromium-enriched compound acidophilous milk to structure and function of pancreatic islet in alloxen-induced diabetic rats. Methods:Adult Wister rats were given a single shot of alloxan 50 mg/kg. After the diabetic model had been induced by alloxen,20 model rats were randomly divided into diabetes(DM) group and therapy group. In addition,10 normal rats were set up as control group which were treated with intragastric administration of distilled water. While ordinary acidophilous milk and chromium-enriched compound acidophilous milk were administrated for DM group and therapy group respectively. The levels of serum insulin,C-peptide,plasm glucagons and the pathological structure of pancreatic islet were examined. Results Compared with DM group,the concentrations of serum insulin and C-peptid are significantly increased(p<0.01) and the level of plasm glucagons is markedly decreased(p<0.05) in therapy group. Moreover,the results of pathological section and immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the structure and β-cell of pancreatic islet can be damaged by alloxan,which is more obvious in DM group. Conclusion:The impaired structure and function of pancreatic islet in diabetic rats induced by alloxen can be protected noticeably by chromium-enriched compound acidophilous milk.

Two hundred Kunming mice were randomly divided into ten groups,among which,the experiment groups were adminstered by gavage with the chick embryo suspensions of 6,10and14d old at the doses of 4.8、2.4 and 1.2 g/kg·d,respectively,and the physiological salt water was administered to the control group. After 30 d,the loaded-swimming time was recorded,and the HG,serum LDH activity,BUN and blood LD were measured. Results showed that Taihe silky fowl embryo could delay the swimming time,increase of serum LDH activity and liver glycogen,and decrease of serum BUN and LD in swimming mice. 10 day old chick embryo has the best function. In conclusion,Taihe silky fowl embryo can promote the abilities of anti-fatigue of mice.

Objective:To study the effect of polysaccharide of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz on brain edema following traumatic brain injury(TBI) in rats. Methods:Experimental TBI was induced in anesthetized rats by using free-falling impact model. Eighty-four male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups:control group,TBI group,distilled water group and polysaccharide of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz group. Then three subgroups of rats were obtained at different time intervals after TBI. The contents of water,malondialdehyde(MDA) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity of injury regions of traumatic brain tissues were detected. Results:Although the contents of water and MDA in TBI group,distilled water group and polysaccharide of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz group are significantly more than those in control group at different time intervals(3 and 5 days) after TBI(p<0.01),these items are significantly less in polysaccharide of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz group than those in TBI group and distilled water group(p<0.01). SOD activity is significantly lower in TBI group,distilled water group and polysaccharide of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz group than that in control group(p<0.01),but it is significantly higher in polysaccharide of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz group than that in TBI group or distilled water group(p<0.01). Conclusion:The polysaccharide of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz could dramatically improve SOD activity,decrease MDA and alleviate brain edema in rats suffering TBI.

Crude intercellular polysaccharide(CIP) was extracted from fermentation mycelium of Pholiota squarrosa AS5.245. The CIP was administered to KM mice with transplant Heps tumors by intraperitoneal injection at different doses,in order to investigate its antitumor effect. The results showed that the CIP could remarkably improve the immunity of Heps mice and inhibit the hepatocarcinoma Heps in mice. Furthermore,this effect is dose-dependent. Compared with control,medium and high dose could significantly increase the thymus and spleen indexes of mice( p < 0.05),while low dose could significantly increase spleen index of mice( p < 0.01). In conclusion,the intercellular polysaccharide of Pholiota squarrosa AS5.245 has antitumor activity and could improve immune function.

The aging mechanism of postharvest green asparagus was discussed by analysing texture,cell-wall chemical composition,relative enzymes activity and cell structure of green asparagus under three-stage hypobaric storage condition using the atmosphere cold storage as control. Results showed that the aging process of green asparagus is mainly expressed as the rise of shear and piercing intensity,the increase of cellulose content and lignin content,the growth of vascular bundle and the formation of big trachea which is the essence of aging. The three-stage hypobaric storage could inhibit the growth of vascular bundle,prevent the formation of big trachea and the thickening of trachea wall. Therefore it could obviously delay the aging of green asparagus.

Postharvest loquat(Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) fruits were stored in normal temperature and packed with different gas permeability polyethylene bags. The results showed that the high gas permeability bags are better than medium and low gas permeability bags for fresh-keeping of loquat because they could keep the quality indexes such as rot index,rigidity,titrtable acid(TA),vitamin C and sensory much better except that the weight loss rate and total soluble solid(TSS) have no obvious differences.

Based on analytic hierarchy process(AHP) method and with fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method,a safety evaluation model for APFO was established,and a system with 15 factors about physical and chemical properties,physical hazards,healthy/environmental hazards and environmental exposure was also established under globally harmonized system(GHS). Weight of each factor was calculated with scale method,which quantitatively represents the safety of APFO.

Bacterial flora and quality changes of light salted Pseudosciaena crocea stored at 5,10 and 15 ℃ were detected,respectively. The shelf life of light salted Pseudosciaena crocea stored at the different temperatures was investigated by analyzing the growth situation of bacteria and changes of POV,TVBN and sensory quality during storage. And the compositions of bacterial flora at the initial period and end of shelf life were studied qualitatively and qualitatively,respectively. Results showed that at the end of storage,the total bacteria count is approximately 108 CFU/g,and the TVBN is about 38 mg/100 g. However,there is a peak of POV during storage,and the shelf life of product is 20,14 and 8 days at 5,10 and 15℃,respectively. A good consistency amony bacterial count,POV change,sensory score and TVBN changes is found. The bacterial flora is simple at the initial stage and only four species are detected. The compositions of bacterial flora become more simple during storage,and only three species called Brevundimonas diminute,Corynebacterium spp. and Micrococcus rose survive at the end of shelf life. The dominant species,Brevundimonas diminut accounts for 55.5% at 5 ℃,however,the dominant species,Micrococcus rose accounts for 58.8% and 58.1% at 10 and 15℃,respectively.

Mechanism of nonenzymatic browning of pineapple juice concentrates made from whole pineapple with peel during storage was investigated in this study by means of path coefficient analysis. It was found experimentally that the change of chromatism is closely related to the changes of polyphenols,anthocyanins,VC and HMF in pineapple juice concentrate during storage at 18℃ and 37℃. The higher initial content and accumulation rate of anthocyanins both affect the quality of pineapple juice concentrate,and the anthocyanins in pineapple juice concentrate are the most important factors causing its quality degration.

Soluble protein contents,soluble sugar content,ethylene release,relative weight loss and maturity of mango fruit were determined during storage in controlled atmosphere systems with different concentrations of CO2 in this study. The results showed that the different contents of soluble protein and soluble sugar and the higher concentration of CO2 can delay fruit maturation,reduce fruit ethylene production quantity,and postpone ethylene peak appearance. But there is no statistical difference in the relative weight loss.

In this study,the self-made nano-active molecular sieve fresh-keeping packaging film was used for controlled at mosphere fresh-keeping of strawberry fruits,and the fresh-keeping effects of the film were investigated. The results showed that under amaient condition,the fresh-keeping time of the strawberry packaged with nano-active molecular sieve packaging film is prolonged for 2 days,and the combination with fresh-keeping cabinet can prolong the fresh-keeping time to over 13 days. A-9 fresh-keeping film is the best for strawberry.

The percentages of Nsin,tea polyphenols and chitosan in the preservation of chilled mutton were optimized using the response surface methodology with the application of SAS software. Vacuum packaged chilled mutton was stored at 3±1 ℃ and treated with preservatives consisting of Nisin,tea polyphenols and chitosan. Total volatile basic nitrogen(TVB-N) values of samples were determined after three weeks. Results showed that antimicrobial efficiencies of Nisin are better than those of tea polyphenols and chitosan. There is extremely significant synergy between Nisin and chitosan(p<0.01). No significant synergies are observed between tea polyphenols and Nisin(p>0.05) and between ten polyphenolsand chitosan(p>0.05). The optimum compound antimicrobial is the combination of 0.137% Nisin,1.395% chitosan and 0.158% tea polyphenols.

In this study,LDPE/LLDPE(80:20,W/W) material and bentonite were respectively used as substrate and inorganic filler to improve the gas and vapor transmission rate of PE film. The results showed that as the amounts of bentonite increasing,the tensile strength and the elongation rate at break of the films reduce gradually. The mechanical of the films with bentonite(undealed with coupling agents) is lower than that of those films with dealed bentonite. As the amounts of bentonite(undealed with coupling agents) increasing,the gas permeation rate and vapor permeation of the films increase gradually. By testing the respiration rate,weight loss rate,sensory quality and good Pleurotus geesteranus rate,it was indicated that the film being added 10.0% bentonite undealed with coupling agents is the best for preservation of Pleurotus geesteranus. The respiration peak of Pleurotus geesteranus appears the latest,the peak value is the lowest at 332.9 ml/kg·h,the weight loss rate of Pleurotus geesteranus amounts to 3.8%,and good mushroom rate amounts to 50.3% within 7 days. The Pleurotus geesteranus under about 15 ℃ could be kept for 6 days,4 days longer than fresh-keeping period of control sample.

In this study,the storage quality and some physiological parameters of mango fruits treated with 50℃ hot water for 10 min,15 min and 20 min were investigated,respectively. The results showed that compared with control,these hot water treatments inhibit the decreasing in fruit firmness,titratable acidit(TA) and vitamin C(VC),delay the increasing in total soluble solids(TSS) and disease indexes,and maintain higher levels of superoxide dismutase activity(SOD) and lower levels of malondialdehyde(MDA) production in mango fruits. It was suggested that the hot water treatment(50 ℃) improves the storage quality and inhibits the ripening and senescence of mango fruits. In conclusion,the treatments of 50 ℃ hot water for 10 min and 15 min are the alternative methods for the storage of Redqueen mango fruits.

Heat treatment can reduce the chilling injure of postharvest fruits and vegetables when they are stored at low temperature. The induction of HSPs might be part of the overall mechanism of thermal induction of chilling tolerance in fruits and vegetables. This paper reviewed the recent advances in the studies on HSPs and how they are involved in the induction of chilling tolerance in fruits and vegetables.

In the recent years,ultra high pressure technology(UHPT) is a research focus in food engineering field. This paper reviewed the current status of the processing of food vegetable proteins such as soybean protein,wheat protein,rice protein,peanut protein and chickpea protein with UHPT. It also analyzed the exist problems and discussed the main development directions of UHPT on the processing of food vegetable proteins in future.

The applications of modern laser technology in processing of food and agricultural products were summarized in this paper,including the applications of laser technology in brewing food,mutagensis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The detection and monitoring of food and agricultural products and food packaging and the application of laser cutting technology in processing of food and agricultural products.

In this paper,the affecting factors of detection technology of GMFs were summarized emphatically.And the development direction and problems were discussed.

In this paper,the thermal effect,mechanical effect,and cavitation effect of ultrasonic field were introduced in detail. It was pointed out that the researches on mechanism of polymers change in ultrasonic field were limited to macroscopic view at present,and micromechanism research should be emphasized in the future to make the mechanism of polymer change under ultrasonic radiation clearly.

The domestic and overseas research progresse of medicinal fungi polysaccharides were summarized in this paper. The chemical composition,hierarchical structure,structure-activity relationship,detection method and physiological function of medicinal fungi polysaccharides were introduced and the future research direction was proposed.

In this paper,the application and development of the rapid detection technologies on the pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables were introduced,including detection in living body,rapid chemical detection,enzyme-controling detection,chromatography and immune technologies,marking method with nanogold,surface plasmon resonance(SPR) technology and infrared spectroscopy(IR) technology.

As a method of drying,the explosion puffing drying at variable temperature and pressure difference is a new technology. The application of explosion puffing drying in carrot processing is still at starting stage. The research status on carrot processing was summarized,involving explosion puffing drying. And the prospects of its application in carrot processing were discussed in this paper.

Up to now,no countries allow commercialization of genetically modified(GM) rice concerning food and environment safety problems,even if the development of GM rice has matured. Whereas,transgenic rice has been found on our market,so it is urgent to develop food safety assessment methods of GM rice and related criterions to regulate the commercialization and production of GM rice. This article reviewed food safety assessment studies of transgenic rice,including substantial equivalence of nutrition,nutritional assessment on animals,in vivo and in vitro toxicology studies,allergenicity assessment and horizontal transformation of introduced gene,in order to provide reference for further food safety assessment work and foundation of criterion system.

Some important factors of fruit and vegetable fresh-keeping and nanometer packing material were discussed,and the applications of nano Ag,nano TiO2 and nano-active molecular sieve fresh-keeping film in fruit and vegetable fresh-keeping were summarized in this paper.

The genetic engineering technology has given a new revolution to fruit and vegetable processing. The widespread applications of genetic engineering in processing of fruit and vegetable in recent years were summarized in this paper,and the future development was finally prospected.

Chromium is an essential trace element in human body. Meanwhile,it is the necessary element for the hypoglycemic effects developed by insulin. Chromium(Ⅲ),as the effective element of glucose tolerance factor,has the function of ameliorating glucose metabolism for diabetics. The absorptivity of organic chromium is higher than that of inorganic chromium. Therefore,it is significant to study the relationship between diabetes mellitus and chromium complexes with high bio-activity and low toxcity content,which may have the protential quality of preventing or treating diabetes mellitus. The report was aimed to review the advance of study on the relationship between chromium and chromium complexes and diabetes mellitus at home and abroad.

The advantageas and disadvantages of several extraction and purification techniques and activity assay methods were analyzed,and compared activity. In practical study or manufacture,it is vital to formulate reasonable technical scheme and choose reliable assay method.

Orthogonal design evaluation and analysis variance by statistical analysis system(SAS) software were applied to determine the best formula of low-sugar preserved chestnut. The results showed that the best formula is 100 g chestnut being adding honey 2 g,sugar 2 g,citric acid 0.2 g,potassium citrate 0.1 g and water 25 ml,and the vacuum cooking time of chestnut is 5 min.

In this study,drone body was used as the main material,to develop nutrition tablet. The formula was optimized with L9(43) orthogonal test,and the effects of different lubricants and different tablet pressing methods were compared. The results showed that the order of the raw materials affecing the taste of the nutritional tablet is as follows:citric acid> drone body powder> aspartame> sugar. The optimal formula is:drone body-powder 20 g/100 g,sugar 20 g/100 g,aspartame 300 mg/100 g and citric acid 300 mg/100 g. With magnesium stearate or silica powder as lubricants,the effects are better by granulation tablet-pressing method:non-stick punch in the course of pressing tablet,point particles of product being distributed evenly,surface of tablets being clean and shiny,and tablets being solid and non-friable.

Angeleno and almond were used as main raw materials to produe compound protein beverage. The optimal formula of the beveerage is determined as follows:ratio of "Angeleno" plum juice to almond slurry is 10:11,mixed emulsifiers(Span 60/Tween 40=25:11) 0.13%,mixed stabilizers(xanthan gum/carrageenan =1:2) 0.12%,and sugar 10%. The optimum sterilizing conditions is 100℃ for 20 minutes.

In this study,vegetable soybean was fermented to produce yoghurt by the combined starter of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus with the ratio of 1:1.Through orthogonal test,the optimal formula of stabilizer for the yoghirt is sodium carboxymethylcelluose 0.10%,sodium caseinate 1.0% and sodium alginate 0.25%. By means of qudractic orthogonal rotation comdination design of four factors,the optimal fermentation conditions of vegetable soybean are determined as follows:amount of inoculation:1.4%,temperature 42 ℃ and time 4 h. The optimal formula of vegetable soybean yoghurt is:vegetable soybean soymilk-reduced milk ratio 7:3,sugar 8% and the composite stabilizer 1.3%.

Sweet corn grains were beaten,and then the slurry was hydrolyzed with α-amylase. The hydrolysate was blent with milk etc to product a new type beverage. According to the sensory evaluation score,the formula of the mixed beverage was optimized via orthogonal test.