In order to estimate the physical aging time of amorphous state foods, numerical method based on the Adam-Gibbs enthalpy relaxation theory was used to observe the effects of cooling/heating rates and model parameters on the normalized specific heat capacities. The results indicated that different cooling and heating rates produce different values of model parameters. The parameters of AG model correlate strongly and at least one parameter can be fixed before the search routine. The results of present study can predict experimental data very well and be used to make rapid estimation of the physical aging time.

The ferritin can be labeled with CdTe quantum dots synthesized in aqueous solution. The changes of emission spectra and lifetime of CdTe quantum dots before and after labeling ferritin were studied by UV and fluorescence spectrophotometries. The emission lifetime of CdTe quantum dots bound to ferritin remained unchanged, but the PL intensity was decreased with increasing amount of ferritin. The fact that the changes of emission intensity and luminescence lifetime are due to the binding of CdTe and ferritin is further confirmed through experiments by changing pH values and ferritin amount of test solution.

Tea polysaccharide was extracted and purified from coarse old tea leaves that were sampled from Shangyou county of Jiangxi Province in China with the AKTA Purifier 100 biological macromolecule purified system. Its purity was identified by. . the high performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC). The results showed that the optimum purification technical parameters are: the sampling volume of 5 ml under the flow speed of 2.6 ml/min. The results demonstrated that this method is fast, simple, more effective and fit to be magnified. Then it was that its maximum polysaccharide and protein absorption are overlapped, implying that this component is a glycoprotein. HPGPC indicated that it is a homogeneous glycoprotein compo- nent and its purity exceeds 99%. At the same time, UV spectra and IR spectra also indicated that tea polysaccharide is a glycoprotein offering much information about its structure.

Jinhua hams were processed by traditional processing technology or new technology for industrial production, and the effects of the weight, fresh or frozen state, and under-skin fat thickness of the raw hams on curing and product quality of Jinhua hams were studied. The results showed that the salt consumption curing, the weight loss rate after each processing stage, the post- aging quality and under-skin fat thickness can affect the curing procedure and the weight loss during curing. Frozen raw ham can be used for Jinhua ham processing but result in relatively inferior products.

The cross-linked porous starch was prepared from corn porous starch by using phosphorus oxychloride as cross- linking agents. By SEM, Brabender Viscograph and X-ray diffraction methods, the physical-chemical properties, rheology properties, microstructure properties of starch, porous starch and esterified cross-linked porous starch were analysed. The results showed that the cross-linked porous starch remains the same as in A chart and the crystal form does not change, while the absorption capability, stability of freeze thawing and stability of starch paste are all improved. It indicated that the cross-linked porous process is feasible for improving the starch quality.

The ultrasound-assisted extraction process of apple seed oil was studied with orthogonally rotational combination design method. The mathematic model was found with ultrasound-assistedd extraction process of apple seed oil. The optimum factors are: the ratio of liquid to material 8, extracting time 35 min, extracting temperature 35 ℃ and ultrasonic frequency 60 kHz. The results of GC-MS analysis showed that eight fatty acids are found in apple seed oil, and the content of unsaturated fatty acids is 89.39%. By comparing with Soxhlet extraction, the study demonstrate that ultrasound is a reliable and highly efficient tool for the fast extraction of apple seed oil.

Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), one of the most important cellulose derivatives, is widely used in food industry. The aqueous solution of CMC exhibits pseudoplastic behavior. Both the structure parameters (such as molecular weight and degree of substitute, (DS) of CMC), and its concentration have effects on the rheological properties of CMC solutions. It is found that as a stabilizer in acidified milk drinks (AMD), CMC with higher molecular weight, DS or concentration is of much more benefit to the stabilization on AMD while the addition of extreme low concentration of CMC makes AMD unstable due to the aggregation of caseins through bridging.

As a functional, nutritional, non-toxic and effective additive, ascorbyl palmitate(AP) is used widely. With methyl palmitate (MP) separated from Chinese vegetable tallow and VC as raw materials, AP was synthsied in this study. Subsequently, AP was used in bean oil and rap oil, and its antioxidant effects were contrasted with BHA, TBHQ, VE and AP/VE. The results showed that AP has obvious antioxidant effects as safety, high efficiency antioxidant and synergistic agent.

The ventral muscles of yellowfin tuna refrigerated respectively for 310 days at -18℃, -25℃ and -30℃ were used as samples. Through the study on physical and chemical specifications it concluded that the contents of lipid oxidation and metmyoglobin grow up by time consuming and the temperature rising. The reaction kinetics of lipid oxidation and metmyoglobin were zero order kinetics by the chemical reaction function. By means of chemical kinetics, the fitting of the rising content of lipid oxidation and metmyoglobin to the change of storage time was very accurate. And the fitting functions were y=4.35×10-9exp (0.057t) and y=2.01×10-5exp(0.037t).

The inhibition mechanism of L-cysteine on polyphenoloxidase (PPO) was studied by spectrophotometry and gel filtration chromatography. The results from PPO oxidized product analysis by spectrophotometer implied that the sulfhydryl compound has the maximal absorbance at 295 nm with catechol as the substrate, which may be used as the assay wavelength. As quinone reacts with L-cysteine, the absorbance at 295 nm increases rapidly, while the absorbance at 410 nm decreases, When the PPO was treated with 50 mmol/L L-cysteine for 30 min, the enzyme activity did not decrease at all, after being isolated by gel filtration chromatography. The results indicated that L-cysteine inhibites the browning reaction due to the formation of a colourless compound, but does not involve a direct inhibition on PPO active site or form a covalently-bounded complex between PPO and L-cysteine. The PPO measurement method can be modified in terms of this inhibition mechanism.

Functional properties of soluble silk fibroin(extracted from silk waste) were investigated. The results showed that silk fibroin shows surface activity and can be used to decrease the surface tension of solution. Surface hydrophobicity of silk fibroin increases significantly after high-speed shearing. Emulsification properties and foaming properties can be improved with the increasing of mass concentration of silk fibroin. When the mass concentration of silk fibroin was higher than 5 g/L, its emulsification ability increased lentamente. The foaming capacity of silk fibroin is highest at the mass concentration of 15 g/L and declines at 20 g/L. Foam stability increases tardily as the mass concentration of silk fibroin exceeded 15 g/L. Emulsification properties and foaming properties of silk fibroin both are good at the pH range from 3 to 10, and strongest at pH 4.

The Plackett-Burnam design was applied to screen out the key factors from the following eleven components of amino acids and reducing sugars, which would affect cocoa flavor. Statistical analyses were performed. It was found that phenylalanine, serine, leucine, glutamic acid, arginine, glycine were significant factors for contributing to cocoa flavor but not the two reducing sugars, after the mixtures of five amino acids and two reducing sugars were selected to react for the reaction cocoa flavors. Then these reacting products analysed by organoleptic investigation and GC-MS and 52 compounds are identified.

The saccharides of Hohenbuehelia serotina were extracted by hot water and then was deposited by ethanol and the DEAE cellulose column chromatography was used on the polysaccharide purification after the protein was excluded with Sevag method. The result indicated that the polysaccharide was composed of HsI and HsII. The Sepharose CL-4B method showed that molecular weights of HsI and HsII were all 2.7725×104 when Infrared Ray(IR) and Magnetic Resonance(NMR)assays showed that HsI and HsII were all D-glucopyranose (containing two kinds of configuration,αandβ, which αtoβof HsI was 1:1 while αtoβof HsII was 2:1), and they were all linked by 1-4 linkage and 1-6 linkage which the ratio of HsI was 1:1 and the ratio of HsII was 2:1. The pyrogallic acid autooxidation method, according to its assays on scavening oxygen free radicals, indicated that both polysaccharides and the pure HsI and HsII have anti-oxidant properties.

Static adsorption test and static de-adsorption test were carried out to screen the best macroporous resin from ten kinds of macroporous resins for the dynamic adsorption experiments on polyphenols in apple pomace. The antimicrobial activities of purified apple polyphenols in apple pomace and the effects of the factors including concentration, pH value, temperature on the antimicrobial activities were studied by means of filter paper disks. The results showed that macroporous resin D4020 possessed the strong ad-sorption ability to apple polyphenols among the various resins studied, in addition to the easy de-adsorption property. Apple polyphenols had strong inhibition on bacteria activities but no distinct inhibition on mildew and microzyme. The minimum antimicrobial concentration of the purified apple polyphenols on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus is 0.015%(W/W). The purified apple polyphenols showed that the strongest antimicrobial activities in pH5～6, and the antimicrobial activities of the purified apple polyphenols would not be affected in a certain temperature range.

The structure characteristics of sesame melanin was studied by elemental analysis, UV spectra, IR spectra, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and alkali fusion/GC-MS. The study shows that aromatic rings with the substitutes of aliphatic, phenolic, carboxy and amino form the bio-macromolecule with conjugation system.

Being isolated by DE-52 and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration, four homogeneous polysaccharide which are PAVF I,PAVF II-a, PAVF II-b and PAVF III were obtained. Gas chromatography analysis and infrared spectra analysis showed that PAVF I is mainly composed of arabinose where the molecular weight of PAVF I is 107 kD. PAVF II-a is mainly composed of xylose, mannose, glucose where the molecular w-eight of PAVF II-a is 500 kD. PAVF II-b is mainly composed of rhamnose, mannose and fructose, the molecular weight of which is 170 kD. And PAVF III is mainly composed of rhamnose and some protein combined by covalent bond. Characterization of the four glycoconjugates by IR analysis showed that the typical absorption of polysaccharide indicates the presence of β-glycoside linkage.

Static adsorption capacity and static desorption rate were assayed to screen the proper macroporous resin for barley polyphenols, and most suitable manipulation parameters of macroporous resin were confirmed. The results showed that AB-8 macroporous resin has strong adsorption capacity and easy desorption property among the six resins used in the experiment. The most appropriate adsorption conditions are: sample concentration 1.0 mg/ml, pH value 6.0 and sample flow velocity 2～ 3 BV/h. The most fitting elution conditions are: 70% ethanol concentration, elution rate 2 BV/h and elution volume 3.0 BV. After the isolation and enrichment of AB-8, the contents of polyphenols increase 3 times and the reducing power and DPPH radical inhibition are improved obviously.

The effects of solid media, hormone and light for inducement from Ginkgo biloba embryo to callus growth were studied. The effects of hormone and carbon for callus growth and flavone output were studied as well. The results showed that: (1) The explant cultured on DCR medium with 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D +0.5 mg/L BA in dark is of the optmum conditions to induce callus growth. (2) 0.3 mg/L BA+2.0 mg/L 2,4-D hormone not only accelerate callus growth but also heighten flavone contents in seccedent culture.(3) Carbon inhibitates callus growth, but enhances flavone accumulation.

Three batches of apple juice concentrate were treated by the second haze, method and then centrifuged for 20 min (-4 ℃, 18000 r/min) with the superior clear solution collected at last. Determined the solution indexes of polyphenol and protein and compared them with the juices without being treated. The re-haze compounds were ascertained through the change of the indexes. The results showed that: the main phenolic compounds in the re-haze substances are polymers of procyanidin.Catechin and epicatechin are the precursors of formation of haze. The amino acids of protein in haze juice are hydrophobic and the contents of proline are higher in haze juice than in normal juice.

Inulin has been modified by carbamoylation in organic solvents. The reaction of inulin with octadecyl isocyanates resulted in carbamoylated inulins from which the interfacial properties were determined. The carbamoylated inulins showed a very good reduction of the interfacial tension and very high cloud points in electrolyte media. The cloud point measurements show absence of any cloudiness up to 100 ℃ when NaCl concentrations reaching 4 mol/L and MgSO4 reaching 1 mol/L. These high cloud points in electrolyte solutions cannot be reached with polyethylene glycol(PEG). This clearly demonstrates the superiority of carbamoylated inulins when compared with surfactants based on polyethylene glycol(PEG).

On the basis of perennial roots of Arctium lappa L. gathered from different regions in Xinjiang, their contents of amino acids, mineral elements, fat, flavonoids and polysaccharide were extracted and determined individually. The results showed that the contents of amino acids, mineral elements, fats, flavonoids and polysaccharides from the roots of Arctium lappa L. are all high except that there is only a little difference in the contents of mineral elements gathered from two different regions.

The determination of physic-chemical properties of the Trichosanther kirilowii seed oil was studied. By means of spectral analysis of UV, IR, the specific fatty acid in the Trichosanther kirilowii seed oil-trichosanic acid was preliminarily analyzed. The Trichosanther kirilowii seed oil was derited with heterocycliczation method and then analyzed with GC-MS. The structure of trichosanic acid is identified as C18:3 9c,11t,13c and the content is 16.15%.

Antioxidation activity of the total flavonoids of Glycyrrhiza on edible oils was studied using peroxide value (POV) by Schaal oven-storage test. The results showed that the total flavonoids are of good antioxidant effects on four edible oils. Furthermore, the activity on lard is the strongest and dose-dependent. The total flavonoids of Glycyrrhiza added with vitamin C, citric acid or tartaric acid exhibit remarkable synergistic antioxidation activity in lard. The antioxidation activity of the total flavonoids synergized with synthetic antioxidants such as BHA, BHT or PG is proved to be better than single antioxidant used.

The aim of this study is to investigate the antioxidant effect in vitro of polysaccharide from moso bamboo leaves (PMBL). The scavenging capacities of PMBL on 1,1-diphenyl 2-picrylhydrazyl, superoxide anion radicals and hydroxyl free radicals were assayed. Meanwhile, the anti-olipid peroxidation activity on linoleum acid was studied by trio barbituric acid (TBA) system. The experimental results indicated that PMBL has stronger effect of scavenging O2-·( half clearance rates was 5.98 mg/L) and ·OH (half clearance rates was 5.55 mg/L) than VC and lutin, and the scavenging effect on DPPH is appreciably weaker than VC and lutin. From TBA experiment, it is proved that the antilipid peroxidation of linoleic acids was unideal.

In this paper, the kinetics of destruction of bacteria cells suspended in a solution by microwave irradiation with a microwave oven were studied. The destruction rates at different powers were studied. The results showed that the rate of cell destruction is higher in 900 W than 100 W under the same temperature. The destruction kinetics of S.aureus and E.coli with microwave exposure in the same temperature were also compared. S.aureus has significantly higher D-values (5.05 min at 55 ℃, 2.60 min at 60 ℃ and 1.21 min at 65 ℃) than E.coli (41.7 min at 50 ℃, 4.06 min at 55 ℃, 1.57 min at 60 ℃) respectively microwave energy. When pH is of lower optimum pH, the susceptibility of cells to physical and chemical treatments increases. With the increasing concentration of salt in the solution (8.5 g/L,20 g/L and 40 g/L), the destruction rate of S.aureus is highest at the concentration of 20 g/L at 60 ℃, while the rate of E.coli decreases with the increasing concentration of salt. S.aureus were treated with microwave at different temperature, subsequently interacted with Flou-3/AM respectively. The results showed that the permeability of cell membrane is changed after microwave treatment.

By separating fat-soluble substances extracted from chestnut kernel with ether in column of silica gel and alumina, the non-polarity compounds(0.79%), weak polarity compounds(0.85%), and polarity compounds(98.36%), were found in 68 organic compounds by GC-MS. Among them fatty acids (82.65%) and fatty acid ester(16.09%)are of high relative abundance in quantity, among which linoleic acids, stigmastans, squalenes, dimethoxys, and beta-tocopherols are good to human health.

Objective: To screen the suitable resin to separate and purify the matrine and to establish the optimum technological parameters of purification. Methods: The adsorption capability of seven different macroresins SP825, D4020, D301R, D152, D201, AB-8, NKA-9 in static state were studied by UV. In these resins, the SP825 resin have the most adsorption capicity, 706.19 mg/g. Therefore SP825 resin was selected to do the different capacities experiment. The different capacities could be described with both of the Frundich and Langmuir isotherms equations. According to dynamics adsorption curve, the balance time was 40 minutes, and the balance time is shorter. 50% ethanol was the best eluantis, and the appropriate desorption conditions were volume 4 BV, and the desorption rate reached 81.646%. Matrine was separated from natural plants with it, and the results also showed that SP825 macroporous adsobent resin could well separate matrine under the conditions listed above, with a total matrinerecovery rate of over 27.59%. Conclusion: The SP825 type macroreticular adsorbent showed better comprehensive adsorption property. It can be used to purify the matrine.

The separation and purification of anthocyanidin from the Vaccinium uliginosum L. with five different kinds of macro- porous resin were studied. Through comparison of the adsorption and desorption of resin, the AB-8 macroporous resin was the best choice to separate and purify anthocyanidin from the Vaccinium uliginosum L Based on a concrete experiment, the optimal conditions of adsorption elution were confirmed as follows: temperature 30℃, pH 6 and alcohol concentration 60%.

The effects of combined ultrasonic and calcium chloride treatment on beef quality were studied through assaying the TPA, water holding capability, color, free amino acid content changes and the sensory evaluation of cooked meat. The results indicated that, the combined use of ultrasonic wave and calcium salt can remarkably improve the hardness of beef, and increase the cohesiveness. The water holding capability also increases. In the aspect of color, the L value obviously increases while a value obviously decreases, but is of little effect on the b value. The combination treatment also increases the content of free amino acids, while the overall acceptability of sensory evaluation score is also better.

The effects of turbulence in the bulk solution, the dosage of ice crystal seed and the coolant temperature on the partition behavior between ice crystal and bulk solution during the freeze concentration of xylo-oligosacchrides were investigated. It showed that the observed partition coefficient decreases with increase in turbulence of the bulk solution during ripeness of ice crystal. The observed partition coefficient at the stirring rate of 500 r/min is only one tenth of 100 r/min, therefore, the more turbulent the bulk solutions, the higher the selectivity. The dosage of ice crystal seed has no effect on the observed partition coefficient. The observed partition coefficient at the coolant temperature of -0.5 ℃ is the same as one at -1.5 ℃, but the observed partition coefficient increases twice when the coolant temperature is reduced from -1.5 ℃ to -3.0 ℃.

The results of enzyme and spectra analyse indicated that the ChS digested from pig laryngeal cartilage contains the repeated structure units of GlcA(β1-3)GalNAc4SO3 and GlcA(β1-3)GalNAc6SO3, it may not have the structure characteristics of keratan sulfate and dermatan sulfate such as NeuAc(α2-3)Gal(β1-4) GlcNAc4SO3 units and GlcA2SO3(β1-3) GalNAc4SO3, GlcA2SO3(β1-3) GalNAc6SO3 untis.

The interactions of MBG and starches could form gel. To compare the gelatinization properties of MBG and different starches, eight kinds of starches such as corn starch and others were selected in this study. Their gelatinizing and textural properties of some mixed system were studied by Brabender Viscograph, texture analyzer. The effects of MBG on gelation properties of both cereal starches (rice ,wheat and corn) and legume starches(pea, corn and mung bean starch) are more significant than those of yam starches(potato, tapioca and sweet potato starch), but the viscosities of MBG and yam starches are much higher than those of MBG or legumes or cereal starches. The hardness of the gel made from MBG and rice starches is the largest, while that from the potato starches is the second larger, but that from the pea starch is the least. The positive or negative synergistic interactions of the gel formed by MBG and starches can be compared by the E-D value of the Brabender viscograph parameters.

This experiment studied the quality of royal jelly (RJ) stored for up to 5 months at room temperature. It was found by SDS-PAGE that two major fractions of RJ were 85.2 kD (glucose oxidase) and 60.7 kD (MRJP-4), and they were degraded more obviously than 57 kD protein. 85.2 kD (glucose oxidase) and 60.7 kD (MR JP-4) could be regarded as a marker for freshness of RJ. The browning degree of RJ increased with prolong of storage time, and the browning of RJ was concerned with glycosylation of protein. The quality deterioration of RJ was due to the Maillard reaction during storage.

In students’ nutrishing meal and fast food, potato is the most commonly used. The bowing and nourishment loss about potato before cooking still are not solved. The paper studied the trend of starch and VC variety and the best processing conditions in potato before cooking. The results showed that the longer time of soaking takes and the higher soaking temperature is, the more nourishment material of potato loses, but the effect of the feed ratio is insignificant. The effect of pH to VC is more significant, but as to the starch is insignificant. The best conditions are: 0.5% NaCl, soaking temperature 20 ℃, soaking time less than 15 minutes, the feed ratio 3:1 and optimum pH5. It can prevent browning of potato , and the nourishment in potato lose less.

In the thesis, the extration and stability of pericarp pigment from Citrus reticulata Blanco‘ Jiao gan’ was studied for its further development and utilization. Results showed that the color of pericarp pigment from Citrus reticulata Blanco ‘Jiao gan’ was glassy yellow, and the optimum extraction technics was solvent 70% ethanol, temperature 50 ℃, the ratio of material to liquid 1:30 and extraction time 360 min. The pigment was stable to light, heat, acid and alkali (pH3～11), oxidant and reductant, food additive and metal ion, and the pigment had good stability, safe and accessibility as a kind of natural plant pigment.

Objective: Research on the compositions of phenolic acids and flavanone glycosides and antioxidant capacity in ponkan and satsuma mandarin peels. Methods: The contents of nine phenolic acids and two flavanone glycosides in ponkan and satsuma mandarin peels were determined by RP-HPLC method. Folin-Ciocalteu method, ABTS free radical-scavenging assay and FRAP assay were adopted to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of methanol extract of citrus peels. Results: The soluble esterified portion is the most common form of phenolic acid in citrus peels. Phenolic acids of citrus peels mainly occurr as hydroxycinnamic acid and the contents are in the following order: ferulic acid > p-coumaric acid > sinapic acid > caffeic acid. peels of satsuma mandarin show higher total phenolic acid content than ponkan (p<0.05). Peels of ponkan was abundant in hesperidin, while peels of satsuma mandarin have higher content of narirutin compared with ponkan. Peels of satsuma mandarin contain higher contents of total flavanone glycosides than ponkan (p<0.05). Generally speaking, ponkan extract shows higher antioxidant capacity than satsuma mandarin. Conclusion: Good results are obtained by using HPLC-PDA method to determine the contents of phenolic acids and flavanone glycosides, while citrus peels present certain antioxidant capacity evaluated by several antioxi- dant assays.

The paper stated the improvement of fuzzy comprehensive sensory evaluation to appraise the quality of pinckled Potherb Mustard, developed to carry on preliminary screening. The results indicated that the improvement of fuzzy comprehensive senseu evaluation can strengthen the accuracy and reliability of the appraisal results. So it provides a new standardized way to manage the quality of pinckled Potherb Mustard.

To development thermal stable flavor, geranyl-β-D-glucopyranoside, cis-3-hexenyl-β-D- glucopyranoside and menthyl-β-D-glucopyranoside were prepared by the modified method of Koenigs-Knorr reaction, and compared with other methods such as phase-transfer and Lewis acid catalyst. When synthesis geranyl-β-D-glucopyranoside, a discussion of the effects of the catalyzer, temperature, time on yield was also made in this paper, the yield of the glycosidation reaction was 51% after optimized. In addition, the reaction process was monitored by TLC, HPLC, and IR, LC-MS, 1H-NMR and 13CNMR techniques were adopted to identify the structures of the glycosides. Research on glycosilation was extensively carried out.

Factors influencing the viability of yeast in frozen dough were studied. The viability of the yeast decreased with the prolonged frozen time. When the addition of germinated corn flour was lower than 10%, the viability of the yeast increased with the increase of the germinated corn flour with the addition higher than 10%. The viability of the yeast decreased. Using specific volume as the indicator, the optimal formulation of the frozen dough is: germinated corn flour 10%, yeast 2%, salt 0.4% and water 65%. Using springiness as the indicator, the optimal formulation of the frozen dough is: germinated corn flour 5%, yeast 3%, salt 1.2% and water 60%. Compared with usual frozen dough, germinated corn flour improves the quality of the bread.

Vaccinium uligiosum L., which is distributed widely in Changbai Mountain of Jilin Province, was studied mainly. In order to find the optimal conditons on extraction of proanthocyandins, the ratio of solid to liquid, extracting temperature, extracting time, extracting times were investigated. And then, the L9(34)orthogonal design was conducted, the optimal parameters of extraction were as follow: solvent 60% of alcohol, temperature 60℃, the ratio of solid to liquid 1:50, time 80min, times 2, the yield of proanthocyandins was 9.4%, which lad a good foundation for the deep separation and purification of proanthocyandins.

Salidroside nano-liposomes were prepared by using 4 different methods: thin film evaporation, ultrasound method, reverse phase evaporation, or freezing-thawing method. The effects of different preparation methods and salidroside concentra- tions on the formation of liposomes were examined by means of encapsulating efficiency. The experimental results showed that the encapsulating efficiency of liposomes prepared by different methods varies in the order: freezing-thawing method > reverse phase evaporation > ultrasound method > thin film evaporation. The optimization conditions of the reverse phase evaporation were as follows: the loading efficiency of salidroside reaches 40%, the ratio of cholesterol and lecithin is 1:2 (W/W) and Tween 80 added 2%, and the encapsulating efficiency 80% with pH7.0, 0.05 mol/L PBS.

The health protection function of polysaccharides has been payed attention and affirmed by the sphere of leaning. Polysaccharides is rich in Nostoc sphaeroids kutz. Nostoc sphaeroids kutz was pretretmented with alkali and papain, and the best pretreatment method was defined with the orthogonal test. The condition of the extracting polysacchariedes are that the material hydraulic proportion 1: 300, extracted 2 times at 90℃ water baths for 2 h. The results showed: the optimal enzyme pretreatment conditions are 10 mg papain added to the 100 mg Nostoc sphaeroids kutz material, pretreatmented for 10 h at 50 ℃. The polysaccharides is 29.53%; The optimal alkali treatment conditions are the NaOH content 0.4 mol/L, pretreatmented for 2 h at 40 ℃. The polysaccharides yield is 35.15%. Pretreatmenting Nostoc sphaeroids kutz with alkali and papain, the highest polysaccharides yield is 47.56%, higher 25.12% than the contrast.

Three kinds of wall breaking methods were used to release phycoerythrin (PE) from Porphyra yezoensis. The extraction ratio and purification standard of PE were used to evaluate their effects. The results showed that the freezing-thawing method has low extraction ratio, while the swelling method has the highest extraction ratio and purification standard of PE among the three methods. However, its work time is too long. Hence, it proved that the pulsed ultrasonic method is the best wall breaking method of Porphyra yezoensis. When a 2000 ml of solution with a 30 mg/ml of ratio of material vs solvent was treated for 60 min at 20℃ with the pulsed ultrasound a 800 W of power and a pulse of 2s for run and 3s for interim, the optimal wall breaking effect is obtained, resulting in a 3.249% of extraction ratio of Phycoerythrin and a 0.365 (OD561/OD280) of purification standard. The advantages of ultrasonic method gives short treatment time and large processing yield.

The extraction of resveratrol from waste residue of grape spike-stalk was investigated. The yield of resveratrol was determined by ultraviolet spectrometry. The effect of different solvents such as methanol, ethanol, acetone and acetic ether on extraction yield was studied. Besides, the effects of volume fraction of ethanol, radio of solid/liquid,extraction temperature, extraction time, and extraxtion times on extraction yield of resveratrol were studied . On the basis of single factor and orthogonal test, the optimum condition were determined as follows: volume fraction of 50% ethanol solution as extractive solvent, extraction temperature 70 ℃, radio of solid/liquid 1:15, extraction time 4.0h, the mesh of material 60～100 mesh, the extraction yield of resveratrol could reach 0.34% one time.

Cooking methods seem to decrease the allergenicity of peanut. This study was to investigate: (i) the effects of buffer composition on peanut allergens extraction efficiency, (ii) the effects of cooking methods on peanut allergenicity. The relative contents of major peanut allergens of various buffers were quantified by SDS-PAGE densitometry. The capability of IgE (immunoglobulin E) bound to the different peanut preparations (fried, boiled and roasted) was detected with ELISA. In result, different buffers lead to different extraction efficiency for total protein and Ara h 1, and no significant difference was observed for Ara h 3. The IgE binding capability of different processed peanuts was significantly different when extracted with PBS 7.6, but not with Urea buffer. Therefore, cooking methods may not explain the reason for the lower prevalence of peanut allergy in China.

Adopting fresh apple as raw materials and applying microwave puffing with pressure difference puffing theory and method, a new microwave-pressure-difference technology was obtained. This technique could make use of numerous apple resources and adapt to industrial scale proudction to save energy with high efficiency without the requirement of vacuum-deep- fried process. The operation procedures are: increase-pressure, instantaneous decrease-pressure, vacuum dehydration and shape-fixation. A technological operation-curve for relationship among puffing time, temperature and pressure was established. When apple-flake processing adopted this new technology, its puffing-rate is 100%, with water content 3%. The rest indexes were fitted for consumer demands on food nutrition, convenience, nature, low-lipid, low-calorie and high dietary fiber.

This paper studied how fermentation time and temperature and initial pH affected the conversion ratio of reducing sugar in honey yoghurt. Single factor and orthogonal test design methods were applied to determine the optimum fermentation parameters i.e. fermentation time 4 h, fermentation temperature 42 ℃ and initial pH 6.8 with the essential constituents 8% honey, 10% defatted milky powder and 2% mixed inoculation in the proportion of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus 1:1. In respectively, the ratio of reducing sugar conversion is 36.18%.

The objective of this work was to determine the effects of some treatments over the quality of products (crispness, color and oil content) during processing low oil content potato chips by microwave baking. The trials indicated that the oil content of potato chips by microwave baking can be reduced below 20%, while immersed in salty water prior to pre-drying treatment (1.5%～2.0% concentration of salty water, immersion time 5 min), or covered with soy milk powder on the surface of potato chips prior oil basting, all can decrease the oil content of potato chips and increase their crispness. Besides, covering with a proper dosage of soy milk powder can give potato chips favorable color. The right dosage of soy milk powder is 6 %. However, freezing treatment prior to pre-drying treatment can darken the products’ color but show little effect on crispness or oilc ontent.

Water-soluble polysaccharides in grapefruit peels were extracted with hot water and deposited with ethanol after removal of its impurities by refluxing with petroleum ether. Glucose was used as reference in the preparation of calibration curve. The content of water-soluble polysaccharides determined by spectrophotometry was 7.28% with 0.82% RSD(n=3). Good linearity ranged from 15.0μg/ml to 100.0μg/ml. The linear regression equation was as follows: A=0.00755X+0.07475(r=0.9992), Percent recovery of glucose from control experiment was 99.00%±1.15% with 0.59% of RSD(n=5). This method was proved to be simple, reliable and steady with reproducibility and convenient in operation. It can be used for the determination of polysaccharides in pees and pulp of grapefruit.

The membrane technology to purify the chlorogenic acid extracts prepared from steamed fruit of Lonicera japonica Thunb. was studied in this paper. Taking the water penetration flux as index and comparing with two kinds of micro filtration membrane MF1 and MF2, two kind of ultra filtration membrane UF1 and UF2, and two kinds of nano filtration membrane NF1 and NF2, the filtration characteristics for the chlorogenic acid extraction were studied. Results indicated that the MF2 membrane flux reaches as high as 167.7 kg/h, while the UF2 membrane flux 148.8 kg/h and the NF2 membrane flux 109.8 kg/h, obviously higher than that of MF1 (103.6kg/h), UF1 (48.0kg/h) and NF1 (45.6kg/h), respectivly. Analysis results the contents of all liquids produced in the membrane separation showed that the concentration of chlorogenic acid in nano filtration concentrated solution is 17964mg/L, 24.8 times higher than that of originally extracted solution, and the purification of chlorogenic acid raises to 27% from 2.8% after multi membrane filtrations.

Polyphenol and catechin were extracted from lotus root by using acetic ester as solvent. The optimum conditions were obtained by the response surface methodology (RSM) tests. In this test based on three test factors, pH(X1), phase ratio (X2), countercurrent extraction times(X3), the dynamic models gave quantitative parameters for the extraction of polyphenol and catechin. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions are as follows: pH3.2, phase ratio 1:1.5 and countercurrent extraction 3 times. Under these conditions the content of polyphenol is 283.5 mg/kg and regressions of the model of catechin extraction significant. The results indicated that there are other factors which can affect the content of the catechin, and further studies should be done later for the optimal conditions of catechin extraction.

A central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was adopted to optimize the technology of explosion puffing drying at modified temperature and pressure for potatoes and the effect of water content after puffing temperature (X1), vacuum drying temperature(X2) and vacuum drying time(X3) on the water content after puffing(Y1), crispness(Y2), and color (Y3) were analyzed. Based on the experimental date, the quadratic regression model of three indexes were deduced, then variables were analyzed with response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal technical conditions were obtained as follows: puffing temperature was 135 ℃, vacuum drying temperature was 125 ℃ and vacuum drying time was 60 min.

Objective: The influences factors of drawing yolk antibody has been researched, the best environment of drawing the yolk antibody and the method of drawing the yolk antibodies the most have been look for. Methods: the yolk antibody has been drew under 1:1 dilution fold, different PEG6000 density, different temperature, under PBS of different pH values, the protein content which is also called antibody content has been measured with the ultraviolet spectrophotometer; the abstraction amount has been compared separately under different environment. Results: The PEG6000 density, environment temperature, and PBS of different pH values on extraction of yolk IgY vary remarkablely. The best density of drawing PEG6000 of the yolk antibody is about 4%, the best pH values is 7.0 and the best drawing temperature about 31 degrees centigrade,the difference between pH value 7.0 and pH value 6.8 is not notable.

Objective: To optimize the extraction process of chlorogenic acid in sweet potato leaves. Methods: With the content of the extract and extraction rate of chlorogenic acid as indexes by orthogonal design, several extraction processes were compared respectively, such as traditional decocting method, the ethanol refluxing method, the ultrasonic method etc. The factors affecting the extraction rate such as the concentration of extracting solvent, the extracting time, the ratio of solid and liquid were investigated. The content of chlorogenic acid was determine by ultraviolet-spectrophotometry. Results: The optimum extrac- tion is refluxing method. The optimum extraction conditions were: 75% ethanol, solid and liquid ratio 1:20 and refluxing 1.5 h. Under these conditions the content and chlorogenic acid and extraction rate reached the highest levels. The factors influencing this extraction efficiency were as follows: Consistency of ethanol>times of reflux>ratio of solid and liquid.

In this experiment, Folin reagent absorption spectrometry was used to determine the content of polyphenols compound in Vaccinium uliginosum L. The standard curve of polyphenols compound with good linear relationship was calculated: y=0.0228x-0.0021, R2=0.9994. And the optimal survey condition and the accurate content of polyphenols compound in Vaccinium uliginosum L. was optimazed based on contrast analysis and orthogonal design. The optimal parameters of extracting polyphenols compound were as follow: time 60min, alcohol concentration 60%, ratio of solid to liquid 1:100.

On the base of the single factor experiments, designed with the Plackett-Burman and Box-Behnken in the RSA software, an optimum condition extracted Tartar Buckwheat Bran with the microwave were, 19.7 min of soaking, 20 min of microwave treatment, 50.3% of the alcohol content, 70 ℃ of the temperature, 32.6:1 of the ratio of solid to liquid, twice of the extraction.

The extraction conditions of polyphenol from the husk of earthnut by Ultrasound process were studied. Influences of extraction power, and extraction time on the content of polyphenol were investigated, and suitable conditions were deter- mined based on the single factor tests. They were as follows: extraction power 300 kW, extraction time 17.5 min, 60% ethanol was used as a modifier, and its dosage was 17.5 ml for per gram material and the yield is 6.45%.

In present research, the polysaccharide was extracted from mulberry fruit using hot water. Firstly, the effects of temperature, solid-liquid ratio, time and times on the extraction rate of polysaccharides were investigated. Then, the techniques were optimized using orthogonal test. The results showed that the temperature and solid-liquid ratio showed significant effect on the extraction of polysaccharides of mulberry fruit. The optimize technique of extracting condition was temperature 80 ℃, solid-liquid ratio 1:30, time 4 hours and times 2. Under this condition, the extracting rate of polysaccharides of mulberry fruit was measured about 5.71%.

The changes of chlorogenic acid (CA) of Eucommia staminatus flower tea were determined by HPLC method. Kromasil-C18 was used as stationary phase in high performance liquid chromatograph, where mobile phase was acetonitrile -0.4% phosphate = 8:92 at the flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The detecting wavelength was 327 nm, and the temperature of column was 25 ℃. The calibration curves were perfect in the range from 0.05μg to 0.55μg. The average reclaim was 98.95%, and the relative standard deviation was 1.61%. The method is simple and sensitive. It can be applied to determination of the contents of CA in processing of Eucommia staminatus flower tea. The method of extraction is hot reflux with 50% carbinol for 30min. The contents of CA are mostly lost in fixing process of Eucommia staminatus flower tea. So are the other processes, but the loss is notg reat.

Goose fat liver have plenty of nutrition materials, especially lecithin, which has important nutrition value. This experiment measures the nutrition ingredient, and studies the process of extracting lecithin in the goose fat liver, also studies many factors which can influence the ratio of product, such as the amount of organic solvent, density, extraction time and extraction temperature. According to the single ingredient experiment and the method of well-distributed design which can acquire the better plan.

Objective: Extracting nutritional material of Chlamys farreri with water-extraction method, and determining the content of its polysaccharide, taurine and choline. Analysing the relationship between the extraction rate of nutritional material and the content of polysaccharide, choline and taurine. Methods: Ultrasonic wave to break tissue, water extraction to get Chlamys farreri nutritional material; phenol-sulfuric acid colorimetry to analyse polysaccharide; formaldehyde - acetylacetone colorimetry to analyse taurine; reinecke salt precipitation colorimetry to analyse choline. Results: The highest rate of water- extraction material is 23% (broken by ultrasonic wave;1g tissue:30 ml water).The polycsaccharide content of nutritional material by water extraction is 3.60%～15.09%, the taurine content is 1.130%～1.252% and the choline content is 0.31%～0.38%. Conclusions: The extraction rate of nutritional material has relation with the different kinds of extraction conditions, but no relation with contents of polysaccharides, cholinergic and taurine.

Objective: To study the effects of different lactic acid treatments on pork color and microbial decontamination. Methods: Pork(Longissimus dorsi) was treated (immersed) in different concentrations(1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%), temperatures (35 ℃, 45℃, 55℃) and duration times of lactic acid grouped by orthogonal test design, with pork color redness a was measured. Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. were treated by the above two lactic acid treatments respectively. Results: Pork color redness a is not affected significantly (p>0.05) by the following lactic acid treatments concentration 1.5%, temperatures 45℃, duration time 60 s, concentration 2.0%, temperatures 35℃, duration time 60 s. The above two lactic acid treatments show same effectiveness to kill Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. Conclusion: The above two lactic acid treatments can provide be as critical levels of critical control point of HACCP quality control system during chilled pork processing.

According to forgoing research results, authors analyzed the changing orderliness of the model of extraction technology about extraction ratio with the ratio of solvent to material, extraction temperature and extraction time with response surface methodology(RSM), and optimized the technology. When the ratio of liquid to solid material is 8.02, temperature is 77.20 ℃, time is 4.32 hours, the extraction ratio is up to 92.62%.

Study on the extraction technology and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from Sarcandra glabra. Single factor test and orthogonal test design methods L9(34) were applied to analyze the influencing factors such as extraction temperature, extraction time, material-water ratio and extraction times on the extraction of the polysaccharides. The salicylic acid method was used to inspect the ability to antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from Sarcandra glabra. Results showed that temperature was an important factor for the extraction rate of the polysaccharides. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: extraction temperature 95℃, material-water ratio 1:20, extraction time 4 h and extraction times 3. The experiment of antioxidant activity shows that Sarcandra glabra polysaccharides has good antioxidant activity.

Using Angelica sinensis(oliv.) Diels as raw material, the exrtracting technique of water-sduble and alkali-soluble polysaccharide was studied. Angelica sinensis(oliv.) Diels is first crashed, extracted, precipitating polysaccharide with alcohol, eliminated protein by Sevag, water bacillus and alcohol bacillus. In the end, water-soluble and alkila-soluble polysaccharide of Angelica sinensis(oliv.) Diels can be dried by vacuum freezing. FR-IT proves that the water-soluble and alkila-soluble Angelica sinensis(oliv) Diels have the common traits of some polysaccharide. The best extracting parameter of water-soluble is extracting 4 times with water (1:25) for 3 h. The best exacting ratio is 3.32%. The optimum extracting parameter of alkila -soluble is extracting with NaOH(1:25,1 mol/L) for 6 h. The best exacting ratio is 4.31%.

Browning was easily occurred in the process of garlic pickling. The characteristics of fresh garlic polyphenol oxidase (PPO) were studied and the results indicated that its optimum reaction pH and temperature are 7.0 and 40 ℃ respectively. The time needed to inactive PPO is 90s at 80 ℃ or 60s at 90 ℃. The values of Km and Vmax are 0.0577 mol/L and 192.31U respectively with catechol as substrate. The order of inhibitors effects on the PPO activity is as follows: NaHSO3>L-cys>Citric acid> EDTA-Na2.

Factors influencing the activity of amylase, the changes of total amylase, and the optimal germination conditions of α- amylase and β- amylase in corn were studied. The molecular weight of α- amylase and β- amylase were determined by SDS- PAGE, while α- amylase and β- amylase were separated by Sephadex G-100 chromatography column. The results showed that the amylase activity is affected by moisture content, temperature, light and gibberellin acid (GA). The optimum activity of amylase was obtained in the following conditions: moisture content 35%, temperature 30℃, gibberellin acid 30 mg/L, and natural light radiation. During germination the activities of α- amylase increased slowly and much slower than that of β- amylase, while the activities of total amylase and β- amylase increase quickly respectively. The molecular weights of α- amylase and β-amylase are 189.82×103D and 54.26×103D, respectively.

To study the germicidal effects of ohmic heating on Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris, the microbe was killed by self-made ohmic heating installation, and the survival curves of different voltages, heating time, pH values and volumes were compared and analyzed. The germicidal effects of ohmic heating on the microbe observed by environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) with conductometer and ultraviolet spectrophotometer to detect the leakage of the microbial intracellular contents. The results demonstrated that ohmic heating can destroy the Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris efficiently. The germicidal effects on Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris increase with voltage and volume increase, and also increase with pH value decrease. ESEM photographs of treated Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris showed that crushed and destroyed microbe cells result from the ohmic heating, where as the increase of the electrical conductivity and the OD value indicate the leakage of the intracellular contents. Results showed that the mechanism of ohmic heating on Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris cells is the electro-punctureda ction.

The changes of acid and neutral lipases activity, and phospholipase activity in the muscle of dry-cured duck during processing were studied. The results showed that the activities of these three enzymes increase during the process of curing, but decrease during piling and drying. The co-relationship analyse showed that the contents of salt and water are significantly correlated to the activities of these three enzymes during processing Nanjing dry-cured duck.

Strains capable of secreting extracellular elastase were isolated from the soil of the river. Strain No.B1 with the highest- yield elastase was identified as Bacillus subtilis. The enzyme activity was originally 74.25U/ml. After the physical mutation the enzyme activity of strain B9 becomes 120.00U/ml, enhanced 1.62 times higher than the original strains.Simultaneously the optimum conditions of the enzyme production were studied. The most suitable carbon source is sucrose, and nitrogen sources is casein. The orthogonal test was carried on to have discovered that the nitrogen source affected the enzyme activity highly. When the sucrose to used amounts 4% with the casein 3%, and the corn steep liqid 0.1%, the elastase production is the highest. While the optimal fermentation initial pH is pH8.0, 300ml flask ventilation 40ml and vaccination quantity 3%. After the fermentation conditions being optimized, the strain B9, enzyme activity is 311.54U/ml, enhanced 2.59 times higher, than the former domestic report enzyme activity.

MRS culture medium was used for the cultivation of Lactobacillus acidophilus in this paper. Linoleate isomerase was produced with the inducement of linoleic acid added in the culture medium. Single factor experiment results showed that, the addition of saccharide has no obvious effect on enzyme activity. The addition of organic nitrogen such as urea, beef extract, casein or yeast extract can obviously improve the enzyme activity, while effects of inorganic nitrogen are not as high as organic nitrogen. Addition of certain concentration of NaCl and lecithin is also helpful for the improvement of enzyme activity. Optimal conditions determined by orthogonal test for obtaining the highest enzyme activity are as follows: cultivation temperature 37 ℃, cultivation time 24h, LA level 10 mg/100ml culture medium, and inoculation quantity 3%(V/V).

Ten kinds of bacterium were isolated from Stichopus japonicus, in which six gram negative bacteria and four gram positive bacteria. The morphology, physiological and biochemical characteristics of these bacterium were studied and showed that these bacteria are three kinds Corynebacterium species, Psychrobacter phenylpyruvica, Staphylococcus warneri, Moraxella osloesi, Yersinia pestis, Flavimonas oryzihabitans, Actinobacillus ureae, Sphingomonas paucimobilis, in which the five late were considered as pathogens or conditional pathogens. The activity of ectonenzym of bacteriums were studied and showed that all these bacteria cannot decompose ester, but can decompose protein at certain extent. Many kinds of pathogens affect the Stichopus japonicus’s edible and safe value, and also they are the important factor of that Stichopus japonicus are decomposed easily.

The objective of this research was to develop a method to identify yak and bovine meat by gene analysis. Genomic DNA was extracted from meat samples of yak, bovine and local goat breeds of Sichuan Province. A universal PCR primer was used to amplify a 421bp fragment of cytochrome b gene for cloning and sequencing. Cytochrome b genes from different animals were amplified efficiently with the universal PCR primer. The amplified fragments show significant differences in sequence between yak and bovine, and can be employed for identification of the two kinds of meat. However, Jintang black goat, Baiyu black goat and Meigu black goat exhibit very small difference in the amplified sequence. A PCR-RFLP based protocol was developed in this experiment to identify yak and bovine meat or meat product, with application value for animal protection and identification of meat products of unknown origin.

The effects of incubation time, temperature and moisture content on the production of glucoamylase by Aspergillus oryzae AO-01 were investigated on the results of one-factor at a time method. Then a response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the above critical external factors, so as to find out the optimal conditions and the relationships among these factors. By solving the quadratic regression model equation with appropriate statistic methods, the optimal conditions of cultivation time, temperature and ratio of substrate to water are 32.8 h, 31.2℃ and 1:1.24 respectively. The production of the glucoamylase is increased from the lowest value of 656.2 U/g to 1645.1U/g wheat Qu. The experimental data under various conditions have validatedt het heoretical values.

In order to get the best germ to ferment soybean antioxidative peptide, we screened out 4 strains by transparent circle method and the determine of enzymatic energy method from 12 teams strains in our lab. Then fermented the bean cake for the antioxidative peptide, measured the antioxidant activity. As a result we got the best germ called Jb009, which enzymatic energy reached 2.28 U/ml, antioxidant activity attained 869.62 U/g bean cake and degree of hydrolyze approached 11.47%. Finally, made use of this germ to carry on the liquid fermentation and the solid fermentation. The antioxidant activity of the liquid fermentation product is 621.68 U/g bean cake, degree of Hydrolyze is 14.85%; At the same time, these numbers of the solid fermentation product is 462.81U/g bean cake and 15.39%.

The application of RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) as a method for rapid identification for beer spoilage was evaluated in the paper. The effects of CTAB (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) DNA extraction method and commercial kit on the fingerprint reproducibility were compared and it showned that the variability of RAPD fingerprint was small. The possibility to identify isolates with the 740bp sequence from 5’ end of 16SrDNA was evaluated, which could be amplified with primer BP. The isolates were identified by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) product direct sequencing method. A small library was implemented by cluster analysis of RAPD fingerprint of those strains with primer M-13, which was proved to be useful for the isolates classification. Rapid identification of eight isolates was carried out according to the identification procedure and cut- off species similarity coefficient. It suggested that the RAPD-PCR technique is simple, fast and reliable for identification, proved to be an useful tool for studying the beer spoilage in the process of brewing.

By investigating the effects of those factors such as yeast growth process, initial yeast suspension concentration and dose, buffer pH, water quality, extraction method of PYF factors on assay results, the optimal parameters were established. The further results showed that malt PYF factors have a good additivity and promoted yeast flocculation.

Lactic acid bacteria from the Mimi acid rice grue fermented fluid was isolated and their biological properties were studied. 12strains of Lactic Acid Bacteria were isolated, among which 9 strains belong to 6 species of Lactobacillus and 3 strains of Laccoccus lactis subsp.lactis. They give the product good taste and make it suitable used as leavening agents.

To identify the Ascaris egg- like materials from pickles, after the isolation of parasitic eggs from pickles, a real-time PCR assay for identifying Ascaris egg was set up and optimized. By comparison, the repeating treatment of the single egg in liquid nitrogen freezing with 37 ℃ thawing for 15 cycles is the best process other than 95 ℃ heating, and -86 ℃ freezing or 37 ℃ thawing in PCR buffer, or lysis with proteinase K digestion in the pre-treatment of the Ascaris egg. The subsequently developed real-time PCR detection is of much specificity and sensitivity for the Ascairs egg identification and can be used satisfactorily in the inspections ervice.

A strain L2004 was obtained by screening model of cold-active β-galactosidase from 101 strains isolated from the sample of permafrost, refrigeration dairy products under 4 ℃. Based on morphological, physiology and biochemistry properties, the strain l2004 was identified as belonging to the genus Brevibacillus. The growth characteristics of the psychrotrophic bacterium L 2004 were studied, and the results showed that the optimal temperature for growth and enzyme production of the strain is about 20 ℃ and 15 ℃ respectively. The maximum enzyme activity occurred at pH 9 for L2004, and the optimal temperature of β-galactosidase action was about 33℃with ONPG as the substrate. β-galactosidase activity under 0 ℃ exhibited nearly 25% of the maximum activity, stimulated by Mg2+ and Mn2+, inhibited by Zn2+, Cu2+ and Hg2+. Moreover, Km of the cold-active β- galactosidase activity for ONPG from strain L2004 is of found to be 52.9 mmol/L at 30 ℃ Therefore the cold-active β- galactosidase of Brevibacillus sp. L2004 has particular advantage for producing lactose-reduced dairy at low temperature. The strain L2004 gives a maximum β-galactosidase activity of 80 U/ml in shaking flask after 48 h cultivation at 20 ℃ and 200 r/min when growing in a medium containing tryptone 37.5 g/L, soya peptone 5 g/L, lactose 6 g/L, yeast extract 4.5 g/L, KH2PO4 2.5 g/L and NaCl 7.5 g/L.

Soybean protein isolates (SPI) was modified by compound proteases in this research, Results showed that the NSI (Nitrogen solubility index) value of the modified SPI increases sharply (from 82 to 98), and the digest has no bittering taste basically. The optimum conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis were: E/S 0.55% (W/W), substrate concentration 1:8(W/W) and reaction time 60 min.

Three species of algae were collected from the coast of Yantai. After being surface disinfected, endophytic fungi were isolated with PDA medium. The purified endophytic fungi were cultivated in liquid medium for seven days. After centrifuging, mycelia were dried and grinded, then extracted with 95% alcohol. The antifungal activity of the fementation broch and ethanol extracts of mycelia on seven kinds of plant pathogenic fungi were assayed by means of mycelium growth rate. The results showed that all of the fermentation broth exhibited more than 50% antifungal activity against three kinds of botanical pathogenic fungi, especially the antifungal rates of the fermentation broch of the endophytic fungi isolated from Undaria pinnatifida on six kinds of plant pathogenic fungi were more than 50% even to the highest of 78.8%, which meaned they can produce extracellular metabolites with wide spectrum and high efficiency. But the antifungal activity of mycelia extracts is not remarkable, which meaned the intracellular metabolites of the three endophytic fungi were inactive.

Glycerol Monocaprylate was synthesized by glycerol and octanoic acid in a solvent free system, which was catalyzed by immobilized lipase-Novo435. The optimum conditions of synthesis were obtained through single factor test and response surface method, successively. When the ratio of glycerol to octanoic acid 1:1, the lipase dosage 0.88% (W/W) based on the reactant was employed in the reacting system, the conversion rate of octanoic acid could reach 93.53% at 66.8 ℃ for 11.5 h reaction. The content of glycerol monocaprylate was about 47.69% in the reacting production .

In order to research the effects of pH and inorganic salt on liquid fermentation of Antrodia camphorate, different fermental initial pH values including KH2PO4 and without KH2PO4, and different inorganic salts were arranged. The results indicated that Antrodia camphorate grows well under the condition of neutrality partial to acidity, while it grows slowly under the conditions of neutrality and alkalinity. And Antrodia camphorate grows well if KH2PO4 has been added in the culture medium. In addition, the requirements for different inorganic salts of Antrodia camphorate growth are different; the demand for K salt is large, while Na salt, Fe salt, Mg salt and Cu salt are little. Therefore, pH values and inorganic salts have effects on liquid fermentation of Antrodia camphorata.

Cellulase was used to extract anthocyanins in wild Vaccinium uliginosum L. from Changpbai Mountain area, and then the ratio of solid to liquid, the amount of Cellulase, the temperature, the pH and the time of enzymolysis were investigated emphatically. Through single factors and L16(44) orthogonal design on the extraction process, the optimal parameters were obtained as follows: the ratio of solid to liquid 1:50, pH 1.5, the amount of Cellulase 2%, temperature 60 ℃ and time of enzymolysis 1 h. Based on the above conditions, the extraction rate was 6.105%.

An α-amylase-producing strain A019 was screened and isolated from distillers yeast and grain. Strain A019 was preliminarily identified as Aspergillus oryzae by morphologic taxonomy. Solid-state fermentation conditions for the production ofα-amylase including culture medium constituents, incubating time, initial pH, and temperature were studied. Response surface analysis(RSA) was used to optimize composition of culture medium. Solid state fermentation of Aspergillus oryzae A019 for the production ofα-amylase is carried out in a system consisting of wheat bran 8.0 g, soybean meal 2.28 g, yeast extract 0.1 g, K2HPO4·3H2O 1%, MgSO·47H2O 0.094%, water 12.9 ml, initial pH 5.0 and fermentation temperature 28 ℃. The fermentation cycle is about 48 h. With these optimal conditions, theα-amylase yield by A019 is about 410 U/g dry substrate.

A method to isolate and purify animal esterase from pig liver was discussed in this paper. Liver esterase is an invaluable enzyme resource that can be used to detect organophosphorus pesticide. The results of the detection of organophosphorus pesticide with the purified esterase showed that the extracted enzyme can be used in practice.

The Plackett-Burman design was applied in cooperation with the single factor test for rapid screening the medium components for L (+) lactic acid production by L.rhamnosus MEE539.The most significant influencing factors carbon and nitrogen sources were screened by the single factor test and then together with surfactant and minerals were investigated in the subsequent Plackett-Burman design. The analysis results demonstrated that glucose, molasses, yeast extract, corn steep liquor, Tween80 and MnSO4 have the greatest impacts on the lactic acid production at a statistical confidence greater than 95% from 27 variables. In the present work, it was evident that the cooperation between Plackett-Burman design and single factor test allowed the quick identification of the most significant medium components for lactic acid production. Furthermore, this method proved to be useful in saving the researchers’ labor and reducing the errors occurred in the process of making medium.

The two-phase system medium for Mycobacterium sp.BD696-6 to produce Androst-4-ene-3,17-dione(AD)by degrading sterols was optimized. The obtained optimal medium ingredients were: sunflower oil 20%, molasses 6%, NH4NO3 0.3%, (NH4)2HPO4 0.08%. Under the optimal medium determined, the conversion rate reached to 78.6% when the concentration of substrate steroid was 0.6%, which is17.0% higher than the original medium.

Lead is a kind of heavy metal which is a cumulative toxicity to human/animal body, and may lead to visceral organs damage, and confusion on immunity and central nervous systems. With the development of industrial economy and the changes of human livelihood, pollution is almost unavoidable, and even worsened. So it is of grest importance to investigate the effective methods for secondary-control strategy against the pollution. In this paper,some specific, namely were screened out three microbes Saccharomyces cerevisiae(YWL05), Rhodospirillum and Lactobacillus bulgaricus as safety microbes by using in vitro simulation test. Then the screened microorganism, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with its adsorption rate achieving 96%, and the anti- pollution action of the two parts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or the polysaccharide, and intracellular proteins, were assayed by in vitro simulation test. Results showed that the polysaccharide performs a significant lead affinity with the adsorption effect up to 111.04 mg/g. The investigations of this paper demonstrated that S.cerevisiae polysaccharide exerts a significant action to adsorb lead and is the main component of lead-adsorption of S.cerevisiae. This bio-activator is expected to become a perfect functional feed additive to offer a new possible means of secondary-control agent for anti-lead-pollution.

Different carbon and nitrogen sources of the liquid cultural of Morchella esculent L. from four different places were studied. The selection target were the dry weight of mycelium, inopolysaccharide(IPS) and the percent of IPS. The results showed that the suitable carbon sources for Morchella esculent L. from Beijing, Wuhan, Shandong, Huaiyin were sucrose, starch, white sugar and starch; the suitable nitrogen source for Morchella esculent L. from Beijing, Wuhan, Shandong, Huaiyin were lobstersauce, peptone, fish sauce, lobster sauce.

A visual-spectrophotometry method for peroxide value (POV) of oil-in-water emulsions was studied in this paper. The determination conditions, precision, accuracy and influencing factors of the method were discussed in detail. The results showed that, when the concentration of Fe3+ is in the range of 0～4mg/L, the relationship between absorbance at 510nm and concentration of Fe3+ -thiocyanate complex compound accords with the Lambert & Bill’s law. The relative standard deviation is 0.60%. The rates of recovery are 98.2%～101.2%. The limited detection POV is 1.701meq/kg. The results indicated that this method can provide high precision and accuracy and low cost of reagents. This method is suitable for hydroperoxides analysis ofo il-in-watere mulsions.

Determination of Quercetin in the leaves of Vacciniumu Liginosum L. was carried out. The main conditions of RP- HPLC were that: the column Shimpack VP-ODS(4.6mm×250mm, 5μm), mobile phase methanol and 0.5% of phosphoric acid (50/ 50), detecting wavelength 360 nm. The average content of quercetin was 0.78%. The results of methodology were: precision test RSD=1.13%(n=5), reproducibility test RSD=1.73%(n=5), average recovery rate of samples Y=101.6%, RSD=1.93% (n=5), which indicated that the precision, reproduction and recovery rate were proper for built of determination method.

In this article, the chemical components of the hawthorn were isolated and the contents of chlorogenic acid in the hawthorn were determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography on Kromasil C18 column(5μm,250× 4.6mm)with UV detector, at the wave length of 327 nm, at 35℃. A mixture of water and formic acid and acetronitrile (CH3CN: H2O:HCOOH=9:91:0.1) were used with a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min. The average recovery and relative standard deviation of this method were 98.2% and 0.80%.

Objective: Qualitative analye of the main functional compositions and seperation and identification of withanolides of Withania somnifera(L.)Dunal(Ashwagandha)cultivated in Chongqing. Methods: With the help of system pro-experiment to preliminarily estimate the functional compositions in Ashwagandha introduced from abroad. A monocase compound was isolated by organic solvent extraction with VLC, TLC as well as recrystallization and then was identified by melting point UV, IR, NMR and MS. Results: The Ashwagandha introduced from abroad may contain organic acids, phenols and flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, steroidal saponins, alkaloids, olides and coumarin as well as glycosides and others. The monocase compound is 5,20- two-hydroxy-6,7-epoxy-1-carbonyl-withania-2,24-alkene. Conclusion: Ashwagandha Introduced from aborad contains the same functional compositions as those reported from overseas.

This experiment studied the mineral element of the different parts of the above-ground part of Capparis spinosa L. by flame atomic absorption spectrometry and flame spectrometer. The results showed that there are multiple rich nutrient elements in the above-ground part of Capparis spinosa. Except Cd element, the contents of heavy metals Pb and Cr are lower than the national standards of food hygiene. In one word, further investigation of its chemical components and application in food domain is worthy.

The ultraviolet spectrophotometry is the common assay for determining total flavones of momordica extract.During the test, some impurities such as the proanthocyanins seriously affect the stability precision and repetition of the results. The standard adding method can eliminate the interference of basal effects. The method is simple, sensitive and rapid and repetition result is good. The linear response range is also wide. Satisfactory results are obtained for determination of total flavones in momordica extract.

The volatile oil was extracted from the Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim from Dabieshan area by simultaneity distillation extraction method (SDE) and direct distillation extraction method(DDE). The volatile oil contents of are respectively12.5% (SDE) and 8.9% (DDE). 45 compounds (SDE) and 26 compounds (DDE) were identified by GC-MS. The contents of the identified compounds are respectively 94.68% (SDE) and 93.98% (DDE) of total volatile substances. These relative contents of the components were determined with area normalization method. The main components of the volatile substances by (DDE) are limonene(24.75%); eucalyptol(8.91%); and beta.-pinene(7.81%); while eucalyptol(41.19%); are (+)-α-terpineol(12.25%).

Method for the determination of pyrimethanil residue in pakchoi, rice, strawberry, grape, and tomato by means of SPE-GC was developed, respectively. The sample of pyrimethanil in agro-products was extracted with acetonitrile, and cleaned up by liquid-liquid partition with Silica gel SPE. The final purified extract was analyzed by GC/NPD with the external standard method. The recoveries of various amounts of pyrimethanil spiked (0.1～2.5mg/kg) samples of selected agro-products are in the range of 83.44%～108.82%. The detection limit is 0.05mg/L and the RSD(n=5) ranges from of 0.93% to 4.82% .The results showed that the method meets the standard of the residue analysis.

A method for multi-residues detection of organochlorine, pyrethroid, and organophosphorus pesticide residues has been developed, in which a capillary gas cheomatography system with dual-injector, dual-column, single temperature-pro- grammed oven, and dual-detector was used to separate and assay the residues in Chinese tea samples. The analytical performance of this method shows preferential merits, such as precision, high standard spiked recovery and limits of determination.

A novel and fast method for determination of pyrethroid pesticide residues in tea samples was established. The samples from the market were ultrasonic extracted by methanol before analysis with stir bar sorptive extraction-thermal desorption system-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SBSE-TDS-GC-MS). Polydimethylsioxane (PDMS) was used as extraction phase. The effects of extraction time, methanol addition and salting out on extraction efficiency were studied. The optimized conditions consist of a 10% methanol addition extracted with stir bars at 1100 r/min during 1h at ambient temperature. Desorption was carried out at 300℃ during 4 min under a helium flow of 50 ml/min in the splitless mode while maintained a cryoforming temperature of 0℃ in the programmed-temperature vaporization (PTV) injector of the GC-MS system. Under these described conditions, the detection limits of pyrethroid pesticides in tea sample are in the range of 2.36～12.60 ng/kg, and recoveries of the method are in the range of 91.50%～116.58%. The correlation coefficient of pyrethroid pesticides in tea samples is ≥ 0.9961. And the repeatability (n=6) of the method is less than 11% relative standard deviation (RSD). Pyrethroid pesticide residues in real life samples (red tea and oolong) can be determined rapidly by this method.

The essential oils from Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. root, leaf and fruit were extracted and their chemical constituents were analyzed by GC-MS for the first time. Totally 37 compounds in the Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. root essential oils were extracted and 34 of them were identified, which accounted for over 98.46% of the essential oils. The results showed that 10 compounds of essential oils from leaves and roots of Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. are the same, whose relative contents are 76.66%. 7 compounds of essential oils from fruits and roots of Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. are the same, whose relative contents are 69.82%. The study offers theoretic base for utilization of Baccaurea ramiflora Lour root, leaf and root.

The content of total alkaloid in Zanthoxylum nitidum(Roxb.) was determined by bromophenol blue colorimetry, and the UV-visible spectrophometry was adopted to determine the total alkaloid with the wavelength at 393 nm. The total alkaloid is in linear relationship within the concentration range of 2.56～ 10.26μg/ml(r=0.9997), the average recovery rate is 101.00% (RSD=2.46%, n=6). Bromophenol blue colorimetry is simple, quick and accurate in the determination of total alkaloid in ZanthoxyLum nitidum (Roxb.)DC.

The optimum detecting conditions of sulfite determination in food were studied. The spectrophotometric method for sulfite determination in food was developed. The results showed that at 25℃ and in a solution of pH7.0 phosphate buffer medium, sulfite can cause a color-fading of the malachite green dye which has an absorption maxima at 615 nm. The determination of sulfite is carried out by measuring the intensity of color-fading. The linear range for determination of sulfite is found to be 0～ 0.6mg/L with a correlation coefficient of 0.9997 and the regression equation is ΔA=0.65C+0.0603. The detection limit and recovery rate of the method are 0.1μg/ml and 95.8%～103.1%, respectively. The proposed method is simple, convenient and highly sensitive, and has been applied to the determination of sulfite in food with satisfactory results.

Determination of saccharides components in pineapple was studied by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC column is Luna 5μm NH2 100A, 250 mm×4.6 mm, the mobile phase is CH3CN:H2O=70:30, the temperature of the column is about 35℃, and the detector is series 200 refractive index detector. The relative standard deviations are 0.52%～ 2.24%, and the recoveries 98.8%～100.3%, while the linear related coefficient is more than 0.9992. The results showed that the samples are separated completely. The method is proved to be simple, rapid and reliable to determine the saccharides components in pineapple.

A reversed-phase HPLC method for the separation and determination of quercetin in Polygonatum flavonoids was described. The components can be separated through a C18 analytical column (250×4.6mm i.d., 5μm) in 30 min. The mobile phase was a mixture of acetic acid-methanol-acetonitrile-phosphoric acid-water (10:100:100:10:300, V/V) respectively. The flow rate was 0.50ml/min. UV detection wavelength was performed at 278 nm. External standard was used and the calibration curve showed good linearity in the range of 1.0～20.4mg/L, r 0.99902, with detection limit as 0.4μg/ml (S/N=3). The average recovery is 96.79%. The relative standard deviation of the method is 0.89%. The method is simple, fast, sensitive and accurate. It can be applied to the analysis of quercetin in Polygonatum. It provides a scientific basis for industrial production and quality control of Polygonatum quercetin liquor preparations for clinical uses.

An ion-exclusion HPLC method for rapid determination of 8 organic acids in Shanxi ageing vinegar was developed in this paper. 8 organic acids were separated by the use of PRP-X300 ion-exclusion column, and the optimal separation conditions are as follows: 0.05mmol/L H2SO4 as mobile phase, flow rate at 1ml/min, column temperature at room temperature, UV detector at 210 nm, and sample size as 5 μl. The RSD is 0.72%～5.47%, and the recovery rate is 95.1%～105%. The method has the advantages of rapid and simple operation, good selectivity and high accuracy.

To investigate the characteristics of acid-producing and flavor- producing milk fermentation with single lactic acid bacteria, by assaying the organic acid and carbonyl compounds in the fermented milk, the spectroscopic NBTH method, the diaminobenzidine method and the titration method were used in this article to determine the acetaldehyde, diacetyl and titratable acidity respectively. The changes of the acidity, acetaldehyde and diacetyl contents during the cultivation of milk femented by L.b-3、S.t-9 and L.dia were assayed by the methods at different tempertures.

For determination of trans fatty acids of ISO15304:2002(E) there are two complements to be suggested. One is that the original equation of response factor is recomposed by adding an actual reference factor in the laboratory, while the other is that mass percents of all trans fatty acid methyl esters have to be transformed to the mass percents of trans triglycerides expressed as trans fat for new nutrition labeling purpose.

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method was reported for the quantitative determination of residues of three fluoroquinolones in broiler chicken tissues after a single oral administration (10mg/kg·d) were studied in this paper. The residua was extracted with phosphate buffer solution (PBS) and cleaned up by solid-phase extraction column C18 and determinnated by high perfomance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The samples were analyzed by a fluorescence detector (FLD) at excitation wavelength 278nm and emission wanelength 445nm. The minimal detection limits for the determination (μg/g) are 0.020 for ciprofloxacin, 0.025 for norfloxacin, and 0.025 for enrofloxacin.

Objective: To establish a method for the determination of effective component in soybean isoflavones microencapsule. Methods: The HPLC system consisted of Inertsil ODS-3 column(150 mm×4.6 mm, 5μm), column temperature at 40℃, with 1.5% acetic acid - methanol-acetonitrile (62:18:20) as mobile phase. Detection wavelength was at 260 nm . Samples were extracted by 70% ethanol with ultrasonic wave, and then filtrated with 0.45μm filtration membrane. Results: The separate rates of three component are all higher than 1.5. One determination was finished within 13 minutes. Three batches of sample were analyzed and compared with the raw material. The assays of daidzein, glycitein and genistein showed that there are ratio relationship before and after microencapsulated. Conclusion: The method is simple, rapid and applicable for the determination of soybean isoflavones microencapsule, and it provides a preferable assay method for the quality control of these health-care foodstuffs containing soybean isoflavones aglycones.

Objective: To establish a method for the evaluation of the uncertainty of the zinc content determaination of the rice. The influencing factors on the uncertainty in the procedure of the content determination were evaluated, including repeatability of results of measurements, the dilated volume of sample, the weight of sample, the measurement for concertration of zinc by standard curve. The expanded uncertainty U95 was 2.5 mg/kg, the coverage factor was 2. The evaluation is reliable.

Objective: To analyze the components and build up the fingerprint of Patrinia Heterophylla (scabra) Bunge (PHB). Method: The essential oil of PHB was extracted by supersound, recirculation, Soxhlet’s apparatus and supercritical fluid extraction method and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer(GC-MS) with NIST library. The samples of PHB from different place were measured and the common peaks in the fingerprint were confirmed. Results: Thirty compounds in essential oil of PHB were identified and eleven of them will be used as common peaks of the fingerprint to control the quality of PHB. Conclusion: The fingerprint can basically illustrate the composing character of essential oil of PHB and be used to distinguish PHB and control its quality.

The hogwash fat was extracted through reclamation and refining. This article studied on electroconductivity assay to detect the presence of hogwash fat. Let oil sample dissolve in the solvent. Water was added through agitation for demixion to mensurate the water phase. By experiment the hogwash fat quantity and water quantity showed prodigious impact on electroconductivity. But solvent quantity and agitating time have little impact on electroconductivity. On taking the same oil quantity, edible oil electroconductivity is below 7.47μs/cm, while the minimum is 3.58μs/cm. The maximum is 18.55μs/cm, while the minimum is 12.23μs/cm. So can be used as a method to detect hogwash fat.

A rapid method for simultaneous determination of ten food additives in food by high performance liquid chromatography was developed. Liquid chromatographic separation was performed on an C18, 5μ, 4.6×150mm column. The mobile phase is 0.02mol/L ammoninum acetate (pH6.0)-methanol(gradient elution) with column temperature 30℃ flow rate 1.0ml/min, and detection wavelengths 230nm and 258nm. The linear range for ten food additives is 0.0025～ 0.050mg/ml; r>0.9999, while recoveries of ten food additives are 86.4%～100.4%, RSD 0.1%～0.9%(n=4), and detection limits0 .2～0.8mg/kg.

An Amberlite XAD-2 resin column was used to isolate and separate into free and bonded-phase aroma components from rose, whereas the latter was hydrolyzed by beta-glucosidase. Glucose,galactose, fructose were found in the aqueous phase by HPLC. By GC-MS analysis, it was found that the typical free aroma components were phenethyl alcohol, phenethyl methanol, eugenol, linalool, geraniol, nerol and etc. and many typical aroma components of rose were released from the bonded-phase aroma components, such as linalool oxide, L-terpineol, myrtenol, etc. It showed that these aroma compounds existed in the form of β-glucoside, β-galactoside or β-galactoside as the aroma precursors in the rose.

The fat-soluble components in the flesh and seeds of Cornus officinalis were extracted by Soxlet extraction, and then esterified and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the end. The contents of the fatty acids were determined by the normalization method. There are thirty-one and thirty fat-soluble components detected and identified in flesh and seeds of Cornus officinalis, amounting to 90.91% and 98.61% in the total amounts of extractable substances, respectively. The major fat-soluble components in flesh of Cornus officinalis are found to be fatty acids(61.46%) and hydrocarbons(22.03%), with the main fatty acids as 9-Octadecenoic acid (18.73%) and 9, 12-Octadecadienoic acid (27.23%). But the fatty acids in the Cornus officinalis seed are amounting to 97.84%, with the main components as 9-Octadecenoic acid (58.86%), Octadecanoic acid (21.00%), hexadecanoic acid(7.10%), and 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (4.08%). All non-fatty acid components are under 1%.

To evaluate the safety status of teas marketed in Beijing, 57 tea samples randomly collected for Beijing market were analyzed for Pb and Cu by atomic absorption spectrometry. Pb concentration is found to be in the range 0.198～6.345mg/kg DW, with only one sample exceeding the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of 5mg/kg DW set by Chinese Ministry of Health. Cu concentration is in the range 1.790～48.19mg/kg DW, with all samples below the MPC of 60 mg/kg DW for Cu. The present study showed that the safety status of teas marketed in Beijing is optimistic.

In this research, chemical constituents from the Clematis songarica Bge were obtained were obtained with the method of water extraction, ethanol extraction and petroleum ether extraction. Protein, amino acid, carbohydrate, alkaloid and organic acid were determined in the water extracts. Phenol, organic acid, volatile oil, flavonoid and alkaloid were determined in the ethanol extracts. Alkaloid was in the acid extracts. Petroleum ether extracts were mainly used for the determination of the volatile oil, steroid, oil, lactone and coumarin.

A method was set up for the simultaneous determination of several kinds of sulphonamides residues, which proved to be rapid and accurate. The sample was extracted by acetonitrile, cleaned by n-hexane. Six sulphonamides residues, such as sulfanilamide, sulfadiazine, sulfamethazine, sulfameter, sulfachloropyridazize and sulfaquinoxaline in animal souce food could be determined by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography on a kromasil C18 column at 268 nm. Acetonitrile -0.02% H3PO4(V/V 28:72)was used as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The recovery is 80.9%～93.9%. The linear range is 2.08～38.0μg/ml(r=0.9921～0.9999).

Objective: Assay study on total flavanoids to provide scientific basis for future developing and utilizing Chabiaozi resources. Methods: The optimum extraction conditions were established. The contents of total flavonoids were assayed, with rutin as control and aluminum trichloride as colorimetric reagent by clorimetric assay at 420 nm. By orthogonal design test, the factors effect levels were ascertained. The reclaim coefficient was determined. Result: The optimum extraction conditions are: 2 h and twice with 70% ethanol in extraction volume 100 ml. The optimum conditions are: addition amount 1.5ml AlCl3, heating for 40 min at 50℃. The average reclaim coefficient is 98.76%.

Antioxidant activity and inhibitory effects on plant pathogenic fungi of the acidolysis and enzymolysis products with different molecular weights of fenugreek polysaccharide were studied in this paper. Results showed that: acidolysis and enzymolysis products have effects on clearing hydroxyl radical (·OH )and superoxide anion(O·2). They inhibit the decline of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of liver and nephros of S180 mice, and reduced the production of MDA. These two kinds of products both have obvious inhibitory effects on 4 plant pathogenic fungi: Botrytis cinerea, F.moniliforme, Ascochyta fabae speg and Eggplant Verticillicum wilt. And their dose-effect relationship is obvious. Enzymolysis products have more obvious effects on antioxidant and antimicrobial activity than acidolysis products.

Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) were isolated from fast plasma by sequential ultracentrifugation before and after 14 healthy subjects were administered tea polyphenol, so degrees of peroxidization and susceptibilities of lipoproteins to oxidation were then investigated. The results showed that the lipid peroxides of VLDL, LDL and HDL are significantly decreased after the intake tea polyphenol of the lag phase of LDL oxidation curve inv itro is noticeably prolonged, indicating a reduced susceptibility to oxidation. It is suggested that tea polyphenol used to decrease the peroxidizability of lipoproteins and promote resistance to LDL oxidation, as well may be useful in prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

Objective: To study the anti- inflammation and analgesic effects of citrus frutis limonoids. Methods: The analgesic effects of limonoids were assayed by formaldehyde test and writhing test in mice. The anti-inflammation effects of limonoids were tested by both mouse’s ears edemata caused by dimethylbenzene and rat’s meta tarsus edemata caused by para-carrageenan. Result: Limonoids from citrus frutis can inhibit the nociceptive response by formaldehyde, reduce the writhing number, and obviously inhibit edemata of the mouse’s ears by dimethyienzene and of the rat’s tarsus caused by para-carrageenin. Conclusions: Limonoids from citrus frutis have potent anti-inflamation and analgesic effect.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice on insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia amelioration in the fructose-fed rats test. Method: A total of 60 rats were randomly divided into five groups to receive 8-week diets as follows: regular diet; high-fructose diet; high-fructose diet preventively supplemented with 5 g of extract/kg diet; and the other two groups firstly received high-fructose diet for 4 weeks, then treated with 5 g of extract/kg diet or 270 mg of pioglitazone/ kg diet for the last 4 weeks. Results: The anthocyanin-rich extract prevents the development of fructose-induced insulin resistance, and significantly ameliorates the hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance in fructose-fed rats, but the extract fails to reverse the fructose-induced hyperinsulinemia as pioglitazone does.

Soybean peptides were extracted from soybean with column chromatogram after being hydrolyzed by papain. The average peptide-length was assayed by the colorimetric method reacting with ninhydrin. A control group fed saline water (0.25 ml/d) and three experimental groups fed 4,12 and 20 mg/ml (0.25 ml/d) respectively, were designed to investigate the effects of the soybean peptides on the small intestine growth and the mucosal disaccharidase activities. The results showed that body weight and protein content of small intestine mocusa both increase (p<0.05) by administration of the peptides at the dosage of 12 mg/ml/d, but there are no effect on the length and weight of small intestine tissue. The activities of mucosal dissacharidase decrease significantly (p<0.01) by administration of the peptides at the dosage of either 12 or 20mg/ml·d.

Objective: To study the effect of Hubei Rubus chingii Hu leaf on serum lipid metabolism in hyperlipidemia rats and adults. Methods: In hyperlipidemia animal models, according to the serum TC, TG and HDL-C concentrations levels, 50 rats were randomly divided into five groups: control group, hyperlipidemia model group, and 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 g/kg bw dose groups. Control group was fed with basic feed and other groups were fed with high percent lipid feed. Dose groups were ingested with Rubus chingii Hu water soluble extract for 30 days, and control and model groups ingested with water, then the serum TC, TG and HDL- C concentrations were determined. In human intervention trials, 112 hyperlipidemia adult volunteers were selected and ran- domly divided into two groups, namely experiment group and control group, according to their serum TC, TG levels, age, gender and diet etc. Experiment adults group were given Rubus chingii Hu leaf drinking in the dose of 3 times per day and 2g per time without changing daily custom and diet, while control group adults were not given any intervention trematmeat. 30 days later, serum TC, TG and HDL-C levels were determined. Results: In animal study, compared with control, serum TC, TG levels of 1.0, 2.0 g/kg bw dose of Rubus chingii Hu leaf groups decrease significantly (p<0.05) after 30 days of treatments. At the end of human trial, comparison with control, serum TC, TG levels of experiment groups decrease significantly(p<0.05). whereas the rate of effective lowering lipid level is 80.4% in experiment group at the end of trials. Conclusion: Hubei Rabus chingii Hu leaves show significant effects of decceasing regulating serum lipid levels in rats and human adults as well.

Objective: To investigate the influence of low molecular chitooligosaccharides(COS) in diabetic rats. Methods: Diabetic model was induced by injecting streptozotocin (STZ) and the rats were treated with high fat and sugar diet for four weeks. Rats were randomly divided into four group: normal group, model group, positive control group and different COS treatment group. Blood sample was taken out from rats at the end of the experiments after 24 hours’ fasting for determination of the blood glucose, fructosamine. Fresh liver was taken out for determination of the glycogen, SOD, MDA. Results: Comparing with the normal group, the blood glucose, fructosamine were obviously different in model group (p<0.01). The above mentioned index was improved (p<0.05) at the end of the experiments in COS group. And the effect was determined by dosage and molecular. Conclusions: The best molecular of COS was 1700, and the dosage was 140 mg/kg·d in this diabetic model.

Objective: To study the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of soybean plant extracts. Method: Appling to ear swelling of mice, paw edema induced by ovalbumin in rats, cotton granuloma in rats, hot plate in mice and writhing test in mice. Results: Soybean plant extracts can inhibit ear inflammation induced by xylene in mice and paw swelling induced by ovalbumin in rats, and cotton rats can reduce the quality of cotton granuloma in rats, it is demonstrated that soybean plant extract has anti- inflammatory effect clearly. Analgesic tests showed that the soybean plant extracts can significantly improve the pain threshold of mice in the hot plate test, and effective inhibition writhing response frequency induced by acetic acid. Conclusion: Soybean plant extract has anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.

Objective: To investigate the effect of CGMP with different doses on intestinal flora in mice. Methods: 60 BALB/ c mices were divided into ten groups(controls and 4～10 groups).The control 1group was administered only normal fodder. The control 2 group was administered sweet whey at dose of 0.2 ml/d. The control 3 group was received the equal volume of normal saline, and the 4～10 groups were administered the equal volume of CGMP which were of different consistencies for 15d. We analyzed the intestinal flora at 0(before terminating), 3, 5, 7, 10, 15d and 22d (after terminating CGMP for 1 week) and observed the vary regular of the intestinal flora in each group. Results: The number of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus increased (p< 0.01), pathogenesis decreased(p<0.05), Enterobacter, Enterococcus had no obvious change on the whole in experimental groups compared with the controls in the intestine and faeces. There is a best dose(100μg/d) in the experiment, and the number of pathogenesis, Enterobacter, Enterococcus decreased obviously in the group 8(100μg/d). This experiment demonstrated that CGMP have had the function of regulating the intestinal flora.

To investigate the effects of three forms of zinc sources on the antioxidation ability of weaning mice. Eighty-one weaning mice (KM) were allotted at random into 3 groups. In the first week, the mice were fed on the basal diet lack of zinc. Then the mice of group 1 were fed with zinc in zinc sulfate(ZnSO4), group 2 and 3 were supplemented respectively, with zinc in zinc- leucine (Zn-Leu) and zinc-methionine (Zn-Met). The serum and liver zinc contents were increased for the supply of three forms of zinc. The MDA (malondialdehyde) concentration was decreased when mice were supplemented with zinc but showed no significant difference for three different zinc sources(p>0.05). After 7 days of supplement with zinc, T-AOC,T-SOD, CuZn- SOD and GSH were all increased by zinc supplementation. There was difference between group 2,3 and group 1(p<0.05). Zn- Leu and Zn-Met improve the capability of antioxidtion more effectively than ZnSO4, but there is no significant difference in the capability of antioxidtion between the zinc chelated amino acid groups themselves.

It has been suggested that lycopene has many biological functions, such as quenching singlet oxygen and eliminating free radical, promotion cell communication and signal cells and inhibiting cellular malignant transformation. Since the subject of lycopene bioefficacy and bioavailability has not been studied thoroughly yet, this experiment carried out the study on lycopene affection with anti-oxidative enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) from mice liver. Lycopene was firstly extracted from tomatoes by petroleum ether. The group of 6 mice was fed 1 week with the lycopene then killed for assay. The activities of SOD, POD, CAT and the content of malondiadehyde (MDA) were determined respectively. Due to lycopene treatment, the activities of SOD, POD increase, while the content of MDA decreases. Compared to control group, the results showed that lycopene can enhance mice’s anti-oxidative capability and inhibit their lipid peroxidation.

Objective: To study the influence of blackcurrant seed oil on serum lipid level in hyperlipidemia rats. Methods: Forty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups randomly: control group, hyperlipidemia model group, high-dose group and low- dose group. The concentration of serum triglyceride(TG), cholesterol(TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) and arterioscle- rosis indes(AI) were assayed after 21 days. Results: The levels of TG, TC and AI in high-dose group and low-dose group were obviously lower than that in hyperlipidemia model group, while the level of HDL-C in high-dose group and low-dose groups was much higher than that in hyperlipidemia model group. Conclusion: The results showed that blackcurrant seed oil had the function of reducing serum lipid level obviously.

ACE inhibitory peptides were prepared from whey protein by composite enzyme (alcalase and trypsin), and effects of peptides on blood pressure of the spontaneously hypertensive rats and angiotensin I converting enzyme(ACE) active were studied in this paper. Results showed that the peptides concentrations were 40, 80 and 160 mg/kg in vivo could depress blood pressure to 172±8, 165±7, 162±9 mmHg and the lowest number is -36±9 mmHg after administration 2 hours. At the same time ACE activity decreased with 85.62±5.23, 75.52±7.35, 61.46±8.74 U/μl(p<0.05). These results testified that the peptides had apparent effects on depressing blood pressure.

To investigate the effect of pilose antler active polypeptide soft capsules on the immunity of immunized initiatively mice. Three groups Wistar rats were given intragastrically (ig) distillated water (control group), wine (wine group), wine+PAAP (experiment group) respectively for 15 days. The systemic and respiratory tract immune functions were detected at same time. The results show that: in wine+PAAP group, the systemic and respiratory tract immunodepressions which were induced by wine could be relieved by PAAP. Atrophy of thymus gland and the index of thymus and spleen were increased by PAAP. The phagocytosis of PMN, the percentage of peripheral T lymphocyte, the activity of T lymphocyte and the serum antibody could be increased by PAAP than that of control group. In respiratory tract, the phagocysis of Am and the percentage of T lymphocyte in BALF could be increased by PAAP than that of control group.

Objective: To observe effects of different extracts from Salsola on blood pressure in hypertension rats. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were injected L-NNA to achieve murine hypertension models, then were given different extracts of Salsola and the systolic pressure(SP), diastolic pressure(DP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Conclusion: Two kinds of extracts of Salsola all have effective hypotension results in rats with L-NNA caused hypertension, There was statistically significant difference in comparisons between before and after being given medicine (p<0.01), and the alkaloild effects of depressing blood pressure are better than alcoholic extracts. Alkaloid is a kind of active ingredient of depressing blood.

Grey systems theory and method were used here, the article simulated shelf-life entironment at (constant temperature 20℃, and constant humidity 90%, texture profile analysis(TPA) tests in sarcocarp and core, were carried out and the texture parameters studied chewiness is found to be the diagnostic gene of shelf-life property changes, with grey model GM(1,1) and grey forecasting model based on chewiness were thus established. The veracity and applicabilidy of the grey forecasting model of carrot core were confirmed through demonstration and test. This model and method can be taken as an important tool to understand the research results of fruit and vegetable storeage and shelf-life.

With the aboveground and underground part of H.cordata as raw materials, the changes of chemical components and effects of antibacterial activities of H.cordata were studied during desiccation and storage. The results indicated that: during desiccation, the contents of vitamin C, fat and flavone of H.cordata tend to declines, while the content of total sugar increases, and the content of protein did not change prominently. The content of vitamin C, fat, protein, flavone in H. cordata also decreased, however during storage and the contents of sugar increases. At the beginning and after one day of desiccation, the minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC))of the essential oil on Staph.aureus and Sarcina are 1/2×10-3 ml/ml, but after two, four and eight days, the MIC is 10-3 ml/ml; while with the increase of the MIC of the essential oil off the two bacteria is rises to 2×10-3 ml/ml after sixteen days of desication MIC of the essential oil also increases with the increase of storage time.

The fresh Liyang Oenanthe stolonifera after being selected and packed was stored at 0±1℃ and room temperature (20±2℃) respectively, and the changes of quality and physiology characteristics studied. The results showed that 0±1℃ temperature is more effective on slowing down respiratory rate, decreasing the losses of water and reducing sugars, restricting the fibrosis, and inhibiting the oxidized breakage and tissue browning of Liyang Oenanthe stolonifera.

Kiwifruit belongs to breath-leap type fruit with obvious afterripening process and softening quickly if without effective preservative measure after gathering, and becoming putrifiable and deteriorated within short time. So it is urgent to study the physiological characteristics of kiwifruit during packaging storage. This paper studied the effects of 1-MCP on kiwifruit quality and physiological characteristics with "Haywood, Junkie or Wincey" kiwifruit as test materials stored respectively at different temperatures and regular intervals. The results showed that: the 1-MCP can delay the respiratory intensity of kiwifruit during packaging storage and keep down acidity, VC content and upholding hardness. And so as to put forward the optimal packaging storage technology. The results provide good theoretical reference to the packaging storage of kiwifruit in processing enterprise and business management.

Taking Paenibacillus polymyxa as the biological controls bacterium, the inhibition effects of Paenibacillus polymyxa on penicilliosis of nectarine after harvest were studied. The treatment of fruit surface disinfection was studied through different methods, and the inhibition effects of Paenibacillus polymyxa with penicilliosis nectarine after harvest were also investigated with differentt reated solutionss ucha st heb iologicalc ontrolsf luid,t hea sepsis solution,t heh eateds olutiona nd thec entrifugals upernate. The results showed that for the disinfection effects, the ethyl alcohol is the best, ultraviolet ray the next and the sterilized water the worst, whereas for the inhibition effects the biological controls solution is the best, the asepsis solution and the centrifugal supernate the next and the heat treatment fluid is very weak.

The well packaged dry salted ducks were stored at different storage temperatures. The effects of storage temperatures on the changes of quality were studied and the key factors influencing quality were found. The results showed that the lipid oxidation or rancidity flavor was the main factor leading to non- acceptability of the dry salted ducks by consumers even if the microbe and physicochemical indexes were within the standard limits. The changes of acid value, peroxide value with time and temperature showed precision of the first order chemical reaction and Arrhenius equation. EA and K0 of acid change reaction, peroxide-induced reaction were obtained. That was 66.1kJ/mol, 2.173×1010 and 103.96 kJ/mol, 1.016×1017 respectively.

The fresh grapes were processed by different intensities of the alternating magnetic field, the decay ratio, shedding ratio, seeping sugar ratio, sensible judgement, pH, activity of PPO, peneteativity of cell membrane, content of sugar were evaluated. The results showed that the fresh grapes are processed by 0.87A/m and 1.79 A/m intensity of magnetic field to give the best effect. The decay ratio, shedding ratio and seeping sugar ratio are all reduced remarkably, and the seneory judgement is also the best. Its content of soluble sugar is less than the control. While its pH, and permeability of cell membrane become less and its activity of PPO is inhibited more than the control.

The preservative effects on the different proportion ratios of the chitosan-starch formed edible films for the chilled meat were studied, whereas the thickness, watersolubility and transmittancy of the edible films were assayed. The optimum compositions of the edible films to preserve the chilled meat were established. The results showed that the higher the concentration,the better the preservative effect. The meat when packaged with 90% chitosan and 10% starch film shows good fresh red color, with the test results as: the total flora logarithmic 4.98, the drop loss 1.59%, a-value 17.86 and TVB-N 17.91 mg/100g.

Cordycepin is of a kind of important active components with important physiological and pharmacological activities. The latest research progress on extraction and determination methods of cordycepin from Cordyceps militaris has been summarized to lay basis for large scale purification.

Cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase ) is an important industrial enzyme used to produce cyclodextrin. Due to the extraordinary structure of cyclodextrin, it has been widely applied in food, pharmaceutical, chemical, agricultural and environmental industries. The present review attempts to summarize the reported data concerning the source, characteristics, mechanism, screening and the molecular biology of the enzyme.

The status of misusing banned azo-dye such as para-red was reviewed as well as the progression in detecting methods for azo-dye in food in order to provide references for monitoring food safety.

The enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli(EHEC) O157:H7 which was reported in recently is one of the most dangerous foodborne pathogen.Therefore the method which is quickly, convenient, accurate and sensitive to prevent and control the pathogen is very important. This article reviews several methods of detecting the pathogen detailedly, such as the cultivation and identification detection methods, immunodetection methods and PCR detection methods and so on.

The biological function and functional components of royal jelly have been widely studied as a kind of natural health product. In this paper, the research progresses about antibacterial components of royal jelly, antimicrobial spectrum, isolation method of antibacterial peptides and method of antibacterial assay were summarized briefly.

A brief introduction to α-linolenic acid was given in this paper. The extractions of α-linolenic acid in linseed, perilla, and ucommia were reviewed. The suggestion on the development of plant resources rich in α-linolenic acid was also given.

The viable cells of probiotics are emphasized for yoghurt and fermented foods. Not only viable cells but also non-viable cells products of probiotics have beneficial health effects. The non-viable cells of probiotics have showed similar clinical effects oni mprovingl actoset olerance,a llergicr hinitisa ndg astroenteritis asv iablec ells. Viable cellsa re strongert hann on-viable cells in stimulating immune system, anti-tumour capabilities and viginosis curing effects caused by Candida sp, yet weaker in removing aflatoxin. Currently most studies have been focused on viable cells of probiotic bacteria. Nevertheless, there has been some controversy on the functions of viable and non-viable cells. In the future it is suggested that double-blinded, placebo- controlled and randomised studies on the function of viable and non-viable cells of probiotics bacteria would be warranted to look for their differences and mechanisms.

At present, there are many studies on continuous fermentation in microorganism fermentation engineering. The paper summarizes its application, startup and steady-state, relative processes, disadvantages, new theories and new techniques and so on, in order to offer a fundamental floor to its industrialization.

Quinolones bactericides are artificial nalidixic acids derivates which can kill bacterias by inhibiting their DNA-gyrase. They were widely applied because of their good absorbability, long half life and so on. But they have side effects on human, So now people paid much attention to quinolones residues in meat and eggs since quinolones had been often used in livestock and fishfarm industries. Therefore, the European Union(EU) has set tolerance levels for these compounds as maximum residue limits (MRLs) in 1990s. At present the common determination methods are also HPLC and other correlative methods, for example, HPLC-UV, HPLC-FD, LC-MS-MS. In addition, there are also Fluorescence spectrometry, CE and ELISA which are common determination methods for quinolones residues as well.

This research takes dandelion, pineapple as the primary materials with citric acid, honey, and so on as supplementary materials, and makes the natural drink with unique flavor and nutritional value in light of scientific processing. The research deals with processing, prescription and the technical key of dandelion, pineapple compound healthy care drink. Through the orthogo- nal experiment and the variance analysis, the test determines the optimum formulation of the prescription, i.e. A3D4C4E2B2, that is dandelion and pineapple compound juice 45ml, honey 2ml, potassium citrate 0.15g, sucrose 0.3g, water 52.55ml. In a small -scale production experiment, it was concluded that the optimum stabilizer combination is 0.02% of CMC-Na.

Pea beer was developed by the following procedures: pea used as raw materials, then pea germination, then saccharification and juice extraction, then addition of beer yeast, and then fermentation. The optimum technical parameters in the production of pea beer were determined as follows by L9(33) orthogonal test, chief fermentation temperature at 13 ℃, pea sprout juice concentration as 11°P, and inoculation quantity of yeast as l.5×107 particle/ml. Higher alcohol content, diacetyl content, and alcohol degree in product beer were 56.1mg/L, 0.05mg/L and 3.95% respectively (the attenuation real degree was 67. 2%). The product beer not only had the flavor of beer produced by barley malt but also contained rich vitamin C, multiple amino acids and anticancer substances.

By utilizing kiwi fruit pulp powder, flour specially used for biscuits, fruit sugar, plant palm oil, sweet agent and raising agent as raw materials, the compound formulation of kiwi fruit raw fiber low-sugar biscuits is carried out through the single factor test and orthogonal experiment. The results showed that the best burden scales of low sugar kiwi fruit raw fiber biscuits were: 14.9% kiwi fruit pulp powder, 49.7% flour specially used for biscuits, 13.9% maltitol and fruit sugar, 14.9% plant palm oil, 0.39% raising agent, 0.30% albumen sugar and 5.91% water.

HACCP system is a world general management system for food safety in food production and food marketing enterprises. It was utilized to carry out a series of assessment of raw materials, environment and processing technique. Measures for preventing remarkable harm were made through the analysis of latent risk in the above process as well as the determination of crucial control point, in order that the beef bones processing and the final product, beef bones extract meet, with food safety requirements.