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CHINA GENERAL CHAMBER COMMERCE
BEIJING CAPITAL AGRIBUSINESS & FOODS GROUP
BEIJING ACADEMY OF FOOD SCIENCES
CHNFOOD
FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS
MEAT RESEARCH
JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
JOURNAL OF FUTURE FOODS
Food Science of Animal Products
CHINA BREWING
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Table of Content
15 March 2012, Volume 33 Issue 5
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Basic Research
Effect of Rosemary on Color Change and Antioxidant Stability of Fresh Pork
YING Li-sha,ZHAO Dong-fang,FU Yang,ZHANG Min
2012, 33(5): 1-6. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205001
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Two rosemary extracts with different carnosic acid contents (CAP05 and CAP20) were added to fresh pork. Samples were stored at 4 ℃ with illumination of standard supermarket fluorescent lamps for 8 days. CIE a* value, hue, oxymyoglobin, metmyoglobin, lipid and protein oxidation and sensory evaluation of fresh pork were investigated. Results showed that rosemary with 5% carnosic acid revealed better protective effect on fresh pork than rosemary with 20% carnosic acid. Moreover, r500, r1000 and R500 exhibited better protection against discoloration, lipid and protein oxidation during storage. The r500 had the least discoloration and odor at the end of storage. Statistical analysis showed a significant correlation of color CIE a* value with the contents of oxymyoglobin, metmyoglobin, TBARS and carbonyls (P<0.01).
Effect of Enlargement Treatment on Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activities of Red Globe Grape
LIU Jin-chuan,MENG Jiang-fei,GUO Zhi-jun,GENG Wan-gang,QIAO Ling,ZHANG Ang,ZHANG Zhen-wen,FANG Yu-lin,
2012, 33(5): 7-12. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205002
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The effect of enlargement treatment on total phenols and antioxidant activities of red globe grapes were determined in this study. The phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities were investigated during the berry growth and maturation after enlargement treatments. The difference between the treatment and the control, the correlation coefficients between phenolic compositions and antioxidant capacity, as well as the correlation coefficients among different methods for quantifying antioxidant capacity were analyzed based on DPS. The results showed that the content of total phenols and antioxidant activities of red globe grapes could be increased by enlargement treatments. The effect of enlargement treatment on total polyphenols, total flavonoids, total flavanols, cupric reducing power, potassium ferricyanide reducing power were higher than on DPPH radical scavenging capacity, ferrous ion chelating capacity and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. The phenolic compounds had a significant positive correlation with cupric reducing power and potassium ferricyanide reducing power, but a significant negative correlation with hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. Both DPPH radical scavenging capacity and ferrous ion chelating capacity had no positive correlation with phenolic compounds. A significant positive correlation between cupric reducing power and potassium ferricyanide reducing power, and positive correlation between cupric reducing power and DPPH radical scavenging capacity were observed. The potassium ferricyanide reducing power and cupric reducing power had a significant negative correlation with hydroxyl radical scavenging activity.
Lipolysis and Lipid Oxidation in Perch during Curing and Air Drying Ripening
LIU Chang-hua,ZHANG Jian-hao,WANG Yan
2012, 33(5): 13-18. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205003
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Perch was used as the material to prepare dry-cured perch through dry-salting and drying-ripening process. In order to explore the rule of lipolysis and lipid oxidation during the preparation process, the change of lipid compositions, lipase, lipoxygenase (LOX), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance value (TBARs) and peroxide value (POV) in perch muscle samples were measured. The results showed that lipid compositions revealed a significant decrease (P<0.05) in neutral lipid and phospholipids, and a significant increase in free fattty acid (FFA) (P<0.05). Palmitoleic acid(C16:0), stearic acid(C18:0), oleic acid(C18:1), eicosapentaenoic acid(C20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid(C22:6) were major fatty acids. The activities of three lipases exhibited a significant decrease during preparation process (P<0.05), among which phospholipase activity had the largest decline. Neutral lipase always showed higher activity than acidic lipase and phospholipase (P<0.05), while LOX activity revealed a gradual decrease during drying-ripening period. Both POV and TBARs value exhibited an initial increase and then a final decrease in the whole process. Therefore, high temperature in the post-drying process could effectively promote the hydrolysis of lipid-oxidized products and accelerate the development of flavor.
Antioxidant Activity and Functional Properties of Carp Meat Protein Hydrolysates
LIU Qian,SHI Xue,KONG Bao-hua
2012, 33(5): 19-24. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205004
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Carp meat protein was hydrolyzed by alcalase to prepare hydrolysates with different hydrolysis degrees. The antioxidant activity and functional properties of the hydrolysates were investigated at various pH conditions. The results showed that inhibitory capability to lipid oxidation, DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power and metal chelating activity of the hydrolysates increased with the increase of DH (P<0.05). Solubility, emulsifying activity index (EAI) and emulsion stability index (ESI), foaming capacity (FC) and foam stability (FS) of the hydrolysates reached the lowest level at pH 4.0(PI). Meanwhile, solubility, EAI and ESI increased with increasing pH (P<0.05). However, FC and FS increased at the beginning and then decreased with increasing pH. These results demonstrated that hydrolysis could increase antioxidant activity and solubility of carp meat protein, but caused lower emulsifying and foaming activity at higher DH.
Effect of High Hydrostatic Pressure and Heat Sterilization on Volatile Components in Peach Juice
XU Zeng-hui,JIA Jian-hui,LU Xiao-lian,PENG Yi-jiao,TIAN Xu,GUO Hong
2012, 33(5): 25-28. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205005
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In this paper, the effect of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and heat sterilization treatments on volatile components in peach juice was investigated. The major volatile components in untreated peach juice were acetic acid, 1-pentanol, 3-methyl-methoxy-2-propyl acetate and benzaldehyde. The esters exhibited the increase after HHP treatment, which were acetyl butyl ester and dibutyl phthalate with the content increase by 516.67% and 40.91%, benzaldehyde and nonanal with the content increase by 219.78% and 130.55%. Meanwhile, HHP treatment revealed the occurrence of new compounds such as 3, 4-dimethyl-2-hexanone and diethyl phthalate and an obvious loss of alcohols. Heat sterilization led to dramatic change of volatile components in peach juice, which exhibited the content decrease of acetyl butyl ester, and complete loss of 1-methoxy-2-propyl acetate, acetic acid, 3-methyl-pentanol and benzyl methanol. However, the increased 2-decen-1-ol (oil flavor) damaged the flavor of peach juice. All of these results indicated that HHP could retain better flavor of peach juice than heat sterilization.
Factors Influencing the Binding between Green Tea Extract and Bile Salt
LIU Shu-min,WANG Juan,HUANG Hui-hua
2012, 33(5): 29-32. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205006
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Through determining the binding capacity of green tea extract to sodium taurocholate, glycocholate and sodium cholate under polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), medium pH, ionic strength and urea in vitro, the adsorption behavior of green tea extract to bile salts were compared. The results showed that medium pH and urea concentration had significant effects on binding of green tea extract to bile salts(P≤0.05), but the effect of ionic strength was not obvious(P≥0.05).
Inhibitory Effect and Mechanisms of Sophorolipids against Staphyloccocus aureus
HU Jing,ZHAO Xiao-hui,ZHU Chun-yu,HU Feng-qing,HUI Jing
2012, 33(5): 33-36. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205007
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To explore antibacterial mechanisms of sophorolipids against Staphylococcus aureus, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of sophorolipids against S. aureus and the growth curves of S. aureus were determined. The microscopic structure of S. aureus was observed through scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Results showed that sophorolipids effectively inhibited the growth of S.aureus. The inhibitory effect of sophorolipids was a concentration-depended mode, and the MIC of sophorolipids was 1.5625 mg/mL. However, the inhibitory effect of sophorolipids was stable at acid and high temperature condition, indicating that it had excellent stability. Furthermore, sophorolipids should pay antibacterial role through destroying cell membrane and cell wall according to SEM and TEM.
Effect of Molecular Weight Change on Oil Release during Enzyme-assisted Aqueous Extraction Process of Oil
SUI Xiao-nan,JIANG Lian-zhou,,LI Yang,QI Bao-kun,LIU Wen
2012, 33(5): 37-41. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205008
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In this study, the yields of oil and protein obtained from 4 extrusion methods and enzymatic hydrolysis of four enzymes were compared. Meanwhile, the relationship between protein molecular weight and oil yield during enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction process (EAEP) was also explored. By using alcalase 2.4L, oil was almost completely released after 3.6 h. The release of oil had an obvious correlation with molecular weight of the protein hydrolyzed from 70000 to 5000. After 3.5 h hydrolysis, 90% protein was hydrolyzed into peptide with molecular weight smaller than 5000. Oil cannot be released at the beginning of EAEP, due to the inhibition of protein with molecular weight larger than 70000.
Effect of Pulsed Electric Field on Particle Distribution Properties of Powder Phosphatides Dispersion System
JIA Xiao,ZENG Xin-an
2012, 33(5): 42-45. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205009
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The effect of pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment on particle properties of powder phosphatides dispersion system was studied. The results showed that the size distribution of powder phosphatides was significantly narrowed and shifted towards smaller size direction with the increase of electric field strength and number of applied pulses. The average particle size was reduced by 65.8% from 594.4 nm (contrast) to 203 nm at a filed intensity of 70 kV/cm. It was demonstrated that the particle size was decreased to 511.2 nm under lower filed intensity (20 kV/cm) with 50 pulses, and to 349.7 nm under higher filed intensity (60 kV/cm) with 25 pulses, Therefore, small particles can be easily obtained after PEF treatment with higher filed intensity and less pulse number.
Isolation and Antifungal Properties of a New Protein from Adlay Seeds (Coix chinensis)
LI Chen,BAI Cheng-zhi,LI Yu-ying,WANG Zhuan-hua
2012, 33(5): 46-48. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205010
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A protein from adlay (Coix chinensis) seeds was isolated by degrease with acetone and ether, extraction with 20 mmol/L Tris-HCl buffer, ion exchange chromatography on Resource S column and size exclusion chromatography on Superdex 75 column. The purity was higher than 95%. Partial characterization and antifungal activity were assayed. The protein exhibited a molecule mass of 28 kD in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This protein could exert potent inhibitory activity toward fungal species including Alternaria alternate, Trichoderma reesei and Panus conchatus in a dose-dependent pattern. Antifungal protein has become a popular research topic because of their resistance to pathogenic diseases. In this paper, the studies have demonstrated that adlay seeds have potentially exploitable significance and explored an effective method for the isolation and purification of antifungal proteins from plant seeds.
Effect of Glycosylation on Gel properties of Egg White Protein
SUN Qiang,CHI Yu-jie,XU Wei
2012, 33(5): 49-52. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205011
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The effect of glycosylation on gel strength and water-holding capacity of egg white protein (EWP) was investigated. The change of amino acid compositions, total sugar content, and intrinsic viscosity as well as particle size distribution were detected by amino acid analyzer, phenol sulfuric acid method, and ostwald viscosimeter as well as static laser light scattering instrument. The results showed that gel strength and water-holding capacity of egg white protein were improved after glycosylation. Both of them reached to the highest value after glycosylation for four days, which revealed the improvement by 91.7% and 35.2%, respectively. The content of lysine in egg white protein exhibited a decrease by 28.42% and the content of total sugar revealed an increase by 2.18% at the fifth day during the glycosylation process. Intrinsic viscosity revealed a slight increase as the extension of treatment time. The particle size of the protein was in the range of 0.1-50.0μm and the conversion from small size protein to large size protein was observed at the first two days, and no significant change was observed during the last four days.
Analysis of Regional Characteristics of Free Amino Acids in Pulp of Nagafu 2,, Apples from Different Habitats
SUN Li-jun,GUO Yu-rong,LI Jing-jing,FU Cheng-cheng,LI Zhuo
2012, 33(5): 53-57. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205012
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Objective: To analyze the regional characteristics of free amino acids (FAAs) in pulp of Nagafu 2,, apples from ten habitats. Methods: The contents of free amino acids were measured by automatic amino acid analyzer. Principal component analysis was conducted and eleven kinds of FAAs were classified as four principal components. Apples from different habitats were described as six categories in scatter diagrams generated by the first and the second principal component analyses combined with apple regionalization. Results: Comprehensive indices showed that different habitats could result in the difference in the contents of FAAs, which suggested that the method for measuring the contents of FAAs by automatic amino acid analyzer was feasible. Principal component analysis could be used to analyze regional characteristics of FAAs in pulp of Nagafu 2,,apples effectively.
Differences in Particle Size and Structure of Casein Micelle from Different Milk Sources
LI Zi-chao,WANG Li-na,LI Yun-kai,XU Ming-fang
2012, 33(5): 58-61. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205013
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The particle distribution of casein and the structure of casein micelle from milk, buffalo milk and goat milk were studied by nanoparticle size analyzer and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The results suggested that the size distribution of casein and the structure of casein micelle from milk, buffalo milk and goat milk were significantly different. The average casein particle diameter from buffalo milk was 182.3 nm. The connected casein particles formed slender micelles, and the micelles cross-linked into a network structure. The average casein particle diameter from milk was 207.4 nm, and the connected casein particles formed thick micelles. The average casein particle diameter from goat milk was 173.8 nm, and the connected casein particles formed short casein micelles but the micelles can not be cross-linked into a network structure.
Functional Properties of Enzymatically Modified Silver Carp Protein
CHEN Zhi-jun,LI Xiang-hong,LIU Yong-le,YU Jian,WANG Fa-xiang,WANG Jian-hui
2012, 33(5): 62-65. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205014
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Functional properties of protein hydrolysates from silver carp were studied through comparison with unhydrolyzed protein. The silver carp protein was hydrolyzed by complex protease. The results showed that after enzymatic hydrolysis, the solubility of silver carp protein was more than 90% in the pH range of pH 2-10, which was significantly higher than that of non-enzymatic hydrolyzed protein. The foaming did not exhibit obvious change, which was only 1.85%. The foam stability was extended by 60 min. The emulsifying capability was 8 fold as many as that of non-enzymatic hydrolyzed protein. Meanwhile, emulsion stability also increased. However, water-binding capacity and oil-binding capacity as well as the viscosity of hydrolysates reduced. The results indicated that enzymatic hydrolysis of protein in silver carp by complex protease could improve the functional properties, which will have practical application.
Effect of Zn2+ on Membrane and Membrane Permeability of Isochrysis galbana 3011
ZHAO Pei,WANG Xue-qing,CHEN Qing-sen, PENG Bo-li,KANG Kai,CHEN Huan
2012, 33(5): 66-70. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205015
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Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscope were used to explore the effect of Zn2+ on membrane potential and membance permeability in Isochrysis galbana 3011. The processed microalga were detected by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscope with DiBAC4(3) and PI staining through single-factor tests. The statistical software of SPSS 17.0 was used for variance analysis of the data. The results showed that the membrane potential in macrophage was increased significantly and the membance permeability was changed after stimulated with Zn2+ in 5μg/L for 4 min. Therefore, a dynamic membrane status was observed and 5μg/L Zn2+ could lead to partial membrane depolarization and change the membance permeability of Isochrysis galbana 3011, which may be linked to sodium ion channel.
An Investigation into the Stability of Crocin-1
FU Xiao-mei,WANG Zheng-tao
2012, 33(5): 71-73. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205016
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The effects of pH, temperature, sunlight, UV light and initial concentration on the stability of crocin-1 were studied by chemical kinetics. The results suggested the degradation reaction of crocin-1 in solution could be fitted by pseudo-first-order reaction. The stability of crocin-1 was effect by pH, temperature, sunlight, UV light and initial concentration. Crocin-1 was sensitive to temperature, and is prone to degradation. The activation energy of croin-1 in solution was 45.36 kJ/mol.
Effect of Chopping Time on Particle Size Distribution in Meat Batters
GAO Fei-fei,WANG Zhang-gui,PENG Zeng-qi,JIN Hong-guo,WANG Rong-rong,ZHANG Ya-wei,YAO Yao
2012, 33(5): 74-77. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205017
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In order to form a fine emulsified meat batters, the fat must be cut into particles with appropriate size. Therefore, shear conditions were particularly important to emulsion of meat batters. Too long shearing time can cause the product out of oil and too short shearing time cannot meet the emulsion requirements. In the present study, fresh pork and back fat were used as raw materials and the raw meat was chopped within 1, 3, 5 min and 7 min under the shearing rate of 3000 r/min, respectively. Laser particle size analyzer was used to analyze fat particles size and distribution characterization under different chopping time. The results showed that under the condition of chopping time for 5 min and 7 min, fat particles in meat batters have a smaller size as well as concentrated distribution, and did not revealed significant difference.
An Electrochemical Study of the Difference in Antioxidant Activity between Resveratrol and Pterostilbene
YU Mu-yang,ZHANG Meng,GAO Ling-feng,HE Jian-bo
2012, 33(5): 78-82. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205018
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The oxidation mechanisms of trans-resveratrol and its derivative pterostilbene were studied to better understand the difference in antioxidant activity between the stilbene compounds. The effects of pH and accumulation time were examined by cyclic voltammetry, and the formation of oxidation products was in situ by thin layer UV-Vis spectroelectrochemistry. It was observed that adsorptive accumulation of pterostilbene on the oleaginous surface of the carbon paste working electrode was much stronger than that of resveratrol. The initial oxidation of both the stilbenes occurred at the p-hydroxyl group via one electron one proton transfer, forming phenoxy free radicals. The radical intermediates of pterostilbene might couple immediately to yield dimers at the electrode surface, while those of resveratrol, especially in the alkaline media, had to undergo the oxidative cleavage of the center double bond to produce soluble small molecules. Lipophilicity of pterostilbene superior to resveratrol might be the important reason for its higher antioxidant activity, since lipophilicity increases the adsorptive accumulation as well as accelerates the dimerization of the oxidized radical intermediates.
Variations in Antioxidant Compound Contents and Antioxidant Activity during Processing of Traditional Chinese Green Tea
SHEN Lin,LIU Kai-lang,DENG Li-li,SHENG Ji-ping,
2012, 33(5): 83-87. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205019
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This research was conducted to investigate variations in the contents of total phenols, total flavonoids, and ascorbic acid, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and anti-auto-oxidation activity in traditional Chinese green tea at different stages of processing. The total phenol content in fresh tea leaves was 119.91 mg/g of dry weight and decreased to 100.33 mg/g in green tea. Similar trend was observed for total flavonoid content, which decreased from 2.90 mg/g to 2.04 mg/g. Moreover, both classes of compounds decreased mainly at the moisture regain stage. In addition, a gradual decrease (from 4.17 mg/g to 2.95 mg/g) in ascorbic acid content was observed. Fresh tea leaves showed a slight decrease in TEAC (from (524.94 ± 18.68)μmol/g to (487.03 ± 17.97)μmol/g) after being processing into green tea. No linear relationship was observed between TEAC and total phenol or total flavonoid contents (R2=0.19, and R2=0.01, respectively). The anti-auto-oxidation activity of green tea was higher than that of fresh tea leaves and the inhibitory rate increased from 52.45% to 78.12%. Therefore, the contents of the main antioxidant compounds decreased and the antioxidant activity changed slightly during the processing of traditional Chinese green tea.
Heat Stability of Flaxseed Oil-based Blend Oil
DENG Qian-chun,HUANG Qing-de,HUANG Feng-hong,ZHENG Chang,ZHOU Qi,XU Ji-Qu,YANG Jin-e
2012, 33(5): 88-92. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205020
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Flaxseed oil-based blend oil (FOBBO) contains abundant essential fatty acids and micronutrients with a n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio of 2:1. The effect of heating at 150 ℃ or 210 ℃ for 0-60 min on physico-chemical properties, stability and flavor components of FOBBO was investigated in this study. The results showed that, after heated for no more than 60 min, minimal effect was happened to the acid value and fatty acids compositions of the blend oil. Trans fatty acids and oxidative polymers were not detected, which showed that the blend oil possessed desired heating stability. Little aldehydes and undesired volatile flavor were detected, POV and oxidation induction time decreased when the heating time was above 30 min, which was probably related to the disruption of vitamin E. Vitamin E concentration decreased 11.1% and 34.3% after heated at 150 ℃ and 210 ℃ for 60 min. These results suggest that it is desirable for FOBBO that the heating time is less than 15 min at 210 ℃.
Correlations between Sensory Texture and Fat or Water Content in Cooked Fish
LI Nan-nan,FAN Zhi-hong
2012, 33(5): 93-97. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205021
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Sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis Gray) and tilapia (Tilapia nilotica × T. mossambica ♀) were prepared by 6 different cooking methods including steaming, microwaving, microwave baking, oven roasting, frying, and high-pressure roasting. The moisture and fat content, the sensory evaluation score, as well as the texture of the samples prepared by each method were analyzed, and the correlations among the composition data to the sensory score and the texture characteristics were analyzed. The results showed that, among the 6 cooking methods, the steamed sample showed maximum moisture retention and the highest sensory acceptability. Moisture was remarkably positively correlated with sensory juiciness and springiness in both fish samples, while fat content was significantly positively correlated with hardness and tended to be negatively correlated with cohesion. Predictive equations for important sensory parameters as a function of texture attributes showed differences between the two fish species.
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (EPR) Study of Soybean Protein Isolates Prepared by Different Processing Methods
HUANG You-ru,CHEN Yi-yong,ZHU Dong-xing,ZHAO Yang,WANG Tan-yu
2012, 33(5): 98-101. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205022
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Soybean protein isolates were prepared by different methods and comparatively analyzed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The results showed that soybean protein isolates obtained by different methods were different in central singlet signal attributed to the carbon radical (g value ranged between 2.0051 and 2.0054). The central free radical signal of soybean protein isolates could be weakened by decreasing extraction temperature, reducing lipid contents of defatted soybean flakes or inactivating lipoxygenase activity.
On-line Analysis of Electrochemical Properties of Grape Spirit during Dilution
ZHANG Ning,YANG Xing,ZENG Xin-an,PENG Hua-feng
2012, 33(5): 102-105. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205023
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Grape spirit with a 85.0% alcohol content was diluted with soft water to 40.2%, various electrochemical properties including pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) value, oxidation reduction potential (ORP) value and conductivity were on-line measured using a multi-parameter analyzer in this study. It was demonstrated that during the dilution process, the pH value increased first, then declined, and finally reached a stable value of 5.10.The DO value increased gradually until saturation was reached.The ORP value decreased sharply at first and then increased step by step to a stable value. On the other hand, the conductivity gradually increased during the whole dilution process.
Extraction and Activity of Flavonoids from Glutinous Rice Tea Grown in Huaguo Mountain
HU Xi-lan,JIANG Qin,YIN Fu-jun,LIU Tao
2012, 33(5): 106-108. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205024
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Flavonoids were extracted from glutinous rice tea grown in Huaguo Mountain by solvent extraction and isolated by column chromatography on silica gel. The antioxidant activity in vitro was determined by DPPH free radical scavenging assay. The results indicated that flavonoids from glutinous rice tea had certain free radical scavenging ability. In conclusion, glutinous rice tea has the potential to be developed as an anti-aging and antioxidant health-care tea.
Effects of Different Heat Sterilization Treatments on Jincheng Orange Juice Quality and Its DNA Stability
LI Xing-xin,FU Yi-fan,ZHOU Yu,Li Ji,PAN Si-yi
2012, 33(5): 109-113. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205025
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Fresh Jincheng orange juice was treated by high-temperature instantaneous method (93 ℃, 30 s), low-temperature and long-time method (70 ℃, 15 min) and the method (80 ℃, 10 min) commonly used by domestic enterprises in order to study the effects of different heat sterilization methods on the quality of orange juice. Physio-chemical characteristics including juice color, pH, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), VC, organic acids, reducing sugars and microbiological indexes of Jincheng orange juice were determined. At the same time DNA integrity was preliminarily studied. The results showed that both high temperature and long heating time had an unfavorable effect on orange juice, the contents of VC and organic acids decreased and genomic DNA integrity was significantly impaired. Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that treatment at 80 ℃ for 10 min is better than the other two in maintaining the quality of orange juice.
Effect of Adding Co-precipitated Ferric Hydroxide on the Quality of Milk
LI Cheng,QUAN Hai-hui,SHI Hui-min,FU Gang,FAN Li-ping
2012, 33(5): 114-117. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205026
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Chemically co-precipitated ferric hydroxide was added to sterilized milk at different levels to investigate its effect on the sensory quality and physicochemical indexes (pH and TBA) during storage at 4 ℃ of milk. The milk added with the compound at a level ≤ 5.3 mg/100 g was good in sensory quality. The iron fortificant could increase the pH of milk and the increment was positively associated with the addition level. Little changes in pH were observed during storage, but TBA showed an upward trend and had no significant difference when the iron forticant was added at different levels. The iron content of milk accounted for 89% of the iron fortificant added at a level ≤ 5.3 mg/100 g after 8 days of storage. Thus, co-precipitated ferric hydroxide can be used as an iron fortificant in milk.
Bioengineering
Preparation of Encapsulation-crosslinked Aggregates of Phospholipase A1
WANG Yan,WANG Xue,LI Yue,LI Zhi-ping,YU Dian-yu
2012, 33(5): 118-123. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205027
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In order to prepare reusable immobilized phospholipase A1 with high activity, the encapsulation-crosslinked aggregate method was used. The immobilization conditions and partial properties of immobilized phospholipase were determined. Results indicated that the optimal preparation conditions were enzyme concentration of 0.06 g/mL, precipitant saturation degree of 80%, precipitation time of 35 min, glutaradehyde concentration of 0.4%, cross-linking time of 6.5 h, sodium alginate concentration of 0.2% and Ca2+ concentration of 0.25 mol/L. Under the optimal preparation conditions, the recovery rate of enzyme activity was 80.2%. The thermal stability of immobilized phospholipase was better than that of free phospholipase. Meanwhile, after seventh repeated use, the relative activity of immobilized phospholipase still remained more than 65%.
Isolation and Identification of Drought-tolerant Bacteria from Xerophtes
ZHANG Yan-tao,SHENG Ji-ping,GE Jia,JIAO Yu-cui,WANG Zheng-rong,CHENG Fan-sheng,SHEN Lin
2012, 33(5): 124-128. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205028
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Drought-tolerant bacteria were isolated and identified in this paper. One hundred and forty two bacterial strains were isolated from the typical drought-tolerant plants. Through adding polyglycol 6000 (PEG6000) to the fluid nutrient medium for decreasing osmotic potential, the drought tolerance of endophytic bacteria were analyzed. One of these strains, PB14, has the capability of drought resistance up to 60 g/100 mL PEG6000. This strain was identified as Bacillus cereus based on morphological and biochemical experiments as well as 16S rDNA sequence analysis.
Purification and Enzymatic Properties of Alliinase from Chive (Allium schoenoprasum L.)
FU Yi-fan,ZHOU Yu,LI Xing-xin,LIU Ying,WANG Lu-feng,PAN Si-yi
2012, 33(5): 129-133. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205029
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Alliinase (EC 4.4.1.4) was isolated from stalks of chive (Allium schoenoprasum L.), and its enzymatic properties were investigated. The enzyme was purified to apparent homogeneity using various steps, including homogenizing, centrifuging, ammonium sulfate precipitating, dialyzing, DEAE-52 ion exchange chromatography and Sephadex G200 gel filtration chromatography. SDS-PAGE electrophoresis was used to analyze the purity of alliinase. The results showed that the purity of alliinase was high and reached up to electrophoresis purity. The molecular weight of the subunit was 54.5 ku. The specific activity of the pure alliinase was 11.44 U/mg, and the activity recovery rate was 32.1%, which exhibited 19.6-fold enhancement in purity. The optimal reaction temperature and pH of purified alliinase were 45 ℃ and 7.0, respectively. Kinetic studies showed that Km and Vmax of alliinase using S-methyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide as the substrate were 45.31 mmol/L and 40.32 μmol/(mg·min), respectively.
Effect of Organic Solvent on Catalytic Kinetics of Polygalacturonase
LIU Xiao-lin,LI Xiao-ting,GONG Guo-yong,HUANG Lei,HUANG Zhuo-lie,WU Zhi-quan,LI Chun-yi
2012, 33(5): 134-137. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205030
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Water-soluble chitosan with low molecular weight was employed to modify polygalacturonase (PG). After modification, the catalytic kinetics of PG and modified polygalacturonase (COS-PG) were investigated in buffer, methanol, ethanol, acetone and tetrahydrofuran solution using pectin as substrate. The results indicated that Km of COS-PG revealed a slight decline, but Vmax revealed an increase. Km and Vmax of PG and COS-PG declined both in 2% methanol and 2% ethanol. Km and Vmax of PG and COS-PG increased in 2% tetrahydrofuran solution. Conversely, in 2% acetone solution, Km increased but Vmax declined.
Screening and Biological Characteristics of Bacillus sp. with High Anti-fungal activity against Pythium aphanidermatum
ZHANG Xu,SHANG Nan,ZHANG Bao,ZHANG Zhi-gang,SHANG Qing-mao
2012, 33(5): 138-143. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205031
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Pythium aphanidermatum is known as an important plant pathogenic fungus that can cause various types of crops rot and damping off, as well as results in spoilage of fruits and vegetables, thus leading to great loss of agricultural production and food industry. In order to obtain spore-forming bacteria with anti-fungal activity for fruit and vegetable preservation and biological control, we have screened 204 strains of spore-forming bacteria isolated from 26 kinds of foods, such as lemon, grape, Chinese date, yogurt, fermented bean curd, Harbin sausage, bean paste and other food samples. Totally 62 strains of spore-forming bacteria were assessed by confrontation culture tests to reveal strong anti-fungal activity against P. aphanidermatum. The fermentation supernatants of 4 strains with stronger anti-fungal activity through Oxford cup plate assay method were tested for their anti-fungal activity, and L-NM62 revealed the strongest anti-fungal activity against P. aphanidermatum. The inhibition zone of cell free supernatant was (24.54 ± 0.13) mm in diameter. According to the characteristics of morphology, physiology and biochemistry tests, and the comparison of 16S rDNA sequence, strain L-NM62 was identified as Bacillus subtilis. Further study of L-NM62 on physiology characteristics showed that the optimal growth temperature, pH and inoculums were 37 ℃, 7.5 and 1.0%. Under these optimal conditions, L-NM62 had a wide anti-fungal and antibacterial activity and presented a potential prospect.
Preparation of Liquid Seed and Optimal Fermentation Conditions for Mycelial Biomass and Cordycepin Production in Submerged Cultivation of Cordyceps militaris
WEN Ting-chi,LI Guang-rong,KANG Ji-chuan,KANG Chao,LEI Bang-xing
2012, 33(5): 144-149. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205032
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In order to explore the optimal preparation method of liquid seed and fermentation conditions for mycelial biomass and cordycepin production in submerged cultivation of Cordyceps militaris (BCEC07), effect of liquid seed on mycelial growth and cordycepin production by inoculating different concentrations of spores in seed culture was investigated. Single factor tests were used to investigate the effects of medium compositions on mycelial growth and cordycepin production in liquid fermentation of C. militaris. Among these factors, sucrose, peptone, MgSO4, K2HPO4 and NAA were the most suitable carbon, nitrogen and mineral sources as well as growth factors, respectively. Through orthogonal tests and the analysis of variance, the optimal liquid media was composed of 30 g/L sucrose, 25 g/L peptone, 0.5 g/L MgSO4·7H2O, 1.5 g/L KH2PO4 and 4.0 mg/L NAA for mycelial growth and 30 g/L sucrose, 25 g/L peptone, 0.5 g/L MgSO4·7H2O, 1.5 g/L KH2PO4 and 3.0 mg/L NAA for cordycepin production, respectively. This optimal liquid medium culture resulted in the yield of cordycepin up to 645.12 mg/L and the yield of mycelial biomass up to 31.60 g/L in 500 mL shake-flask culture, which revealed the enhancement by 0.316 fold and 0.43 fold compared with the basal medium.
Optimization of Fermentation Conditions for Efficient Production of Lactic Acid from Corn Starch by Rhizopus oryzae
XU Zhong-yi,YAN Qiao-juan,JIANG Zheng-qiang,CAI Wei,WANG Xin-lei
2012, 33(5): 150-154. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205033
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The fermentation conditions of lactic acid produced from corn starch by Rhizopus oryzae were investigated. Rhizopus oryzae HB12 was newly isolated from soil samples. Based on single factor and orthogonal tests, the optimal fermentation medium was composed of 140 g/L corn starch, 2 g/L NH4Cl, 0.3 g/L KH2PO4, 0.3 g/L MgSO4·7H2O, 0.05 g/L ZnSO4·7H2O and 80 g/L CaCO3. The optimal fermentation conditions were 2.5 × 106 spores in 50 mL of medium cultured at 35 ℃, 200 r/min shaking for 108 h in 250 mL flask. Under the optimal fermentation conditions, the yield of lactic acid produced from corn starch was up to 104.9 g/L with a conversion of 74.9%. The volumetric production rate was up to 0.97 g/(L·h), which revealed 49.4% enhancement compared with the original conditions. Therefore, Rhizopus oryzae HB12 can effectively utilize inexpensive corn starch for the production of lactic acid, which will have good prospect for industrial application.
Rheologic Properties of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium Fermented Milk
TIAN Fen,NIAN Jing-qi,HUO Gui-cheng
2012, 33(5): 155-159. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205034
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In this paper, 5 yogurts fermented by 2 Lactobacillus acidophilus and 3 Bifidobacterium were used as the experimental subjects to explore their pH, titratable acidity, dynamic rheology and texture profile. The results indicated that the acid-producing capacity of Lactobacillus acidophilus fermented milk was stronger than that of Bifidobacterium fermented milk. Texture profile analysis showed that texture of Lactobacillus acidophilus fermented milk was hard. All samples showed a strong thixotropic loop behavior in the rising and decline curve of shearing force, and the size of thixotropic loop was decreased according to the order of B. infantis KLDS 2.0604, B. longum KLDS 2.0001, Lb.acidophilus KLDS AD2, B. infantis KLDS 2.0002 and Lb. acidophilus KLDS AD1, which suggested that the recoverability of B. infantis 2.0604 fermented milk was the weakest under the condition with the damage of shearing force. A sudden increase in the pattern of apparent viscosity was not observed in KLDS 2.0002 fermented milk, which revealed the poor elasticity of KLDS 2.0002 fermented milk. All of these investigations showed that the texture and viscoelasticity of KLDS AD2 fermented milk should be the best.
Effect of Cross-interaction between Enterobacter aerogenes and Enterobacter cloacae on the Production of Biologic Amine
LI Bin,SHU Rui-hua,XU Xing-lian,ZHOU Guang-hong
2012, 33(5): 160-164. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205035
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Enterobacter aerogenes and Enterobacter cloacae, as the major cadaverine- and putrescine-producing bacteria, are often isolated simultaneously in the fermented sausages. In this study, E. aerogenes and E. cloacae were inoculated in medium with different proportions during the culture course of 48 h. E. aerogenes revealed strong ability to produce cadaverine, and E. cloacae exhibited a relatively strong ability to produce putrescine. Cadaverine levels exhibited significant changes between the mixed inoculation and the two pure cultures; Two bacteria also had a weak cross-interaction on the production of putrescine.
Effect of Feeding Period on Expression of FAS mRNA in Fatty Liver of Goose
LIU Zhen-chun,GUO Xuan,YANG Tong-ao,LIANG Guo-peng,WU Wei
2012, 33(5): 165-169. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205036
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Landes geese were used as the materials to explore the expression rule of FAS mRNA in fatty liver through real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR method during overfeeding weeks. Fluorescence quantitative PCR results showed that the expression of FAS gene revealed an obvious increase during pre-feeding fold and pro-feeding 1 week, feeding 2 weeks, feeding 3 weeks and feeding 4 weeks, which were 0.035, 0.128, 0.253, 0.876 fold and 1.009 fold enhancement, respectively. A positive genetic correlation between FAS mRNA expression in fatty liver tissue and feeding weeks was observed. These results suggested that FAS gene had a certain readjustment function during the developing process of fatty liver in goose and the process of body fat deposition. Thus, FAS is a regulation gene to promote fat deposit inside liver of goose, which provides valuable technical parameters for future studies of fatty liver.
Genetic Diversity and Phylogeny of Lactic Acid Bacterial Strains Isolated from Yak Yoghurt in Western Sichuan Platea
TIAN Hong,PU Biao,ZHANG Xiao-ping
2012, 33(5): 170-176. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205037
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The genetic diversity and the phylogeny of 81 lactic acid bacterial strains isolated from yak yogurt samples collected from Western Sichuan Plateau were studied by using 16S rDNA-PCR-RFLP, ISR-PCR-RFLP techniques, and 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. The results showed totally 23 16S rDNA genotypes were detected and the tested strains could be divided into four taxa on the basis of 61% similarity, and 16 taxa on the basis of 81% similarity. Sequence analysis of 16S rDNA genes showed that genus Lactobacillus and genus Enterococcus were two major genera in all tested strains. ISR-PCR-RFLP analysis also revealed 19 ISR genotypes, and the tested strains could be divided into four taxa on the basis of 60% similarity, and 14 taxa on the basis of 80% similarity.
Isolation and Identification of Facultative Anaerobic Strains with High Yield of Hexanoic Acid from Luzhou-flavor Liquor Pit Mud
ZHAO Hui,CHANG Yan,WANG Wei,LING Hong-zhi,PING Wen-xiang,ZHAO Zhi-chang,YANG Zhao-hui
2012, 33(5): 177-182. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205038
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In order to screen and identify hexanoic acid-producing anaerobic bacteria with high yield from liquor pit mud and to apply it in maintaining pits or artificial pit mud. The hexanoic acid-producing anaerobic strains with high yield were isolated and selected from the fine pit mud of the distillery in the northeast area by facultative anaerobic culture and trace component analysis. The yields of hexanoic acid were up to 213.6914, 170.465 mg/100 mL and 103.5097 mg/100 mL, respectively. The species identification showed that three strains were Bacillus fusiformis, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus megaterium, respectively, through morphological observation, physiological and biochemical tests and molecular biology methods. The optimal pH was 7, 6.5 and 7 and the optimal temperatures were 34, 34 ℃ and 37 ℃ as well as the optimal inoculums were 5%, 5% and 3%. This study provides a theatrical guidance for the application of efficiently artificial pit mud.
Isolation and Identification of Spoilage Microorganisms of Semi-dry Noodles
LI Jie,SUN Shu,ZHU Ke-xue,PENG Wei,ZHOU Hui-ming
2012, 33(5): 183-187. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205039
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Objective: To explore the major spoilage microorganisms in semi-dry noodles and to provide theoretical basis of preservation. Methods: The major microorganisms in semi-dry noodles were isolated and identified by means of morphological and biochemical tests. Results: The dominant spoilage microorganisms were Bacillus and Staphylococcus. The isolated bacteria strains were Bacillus subtills, B. licheniformis, Staphylococcus epidermidis and S. aureus. The isolated mould strains belonged to the species of Aspergillus candidus, A. versicolor and Penicillum cyclopium. During the first 2 days, species of B. subtills and B. licheniformis were dominant. After 2 days of storage, S. epidermidis became the dominant bacteria in the semi-dry noodles and S. aureus was also detected.
Optimization of Conditions for Immobilization of Lactobacillus helveticus Using Sodium Alginate
GUO Yu-xing,PAN Dao-dong,,LIU Yang,WANG Cui-cui
2012, 33(5): 188-192. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205040
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In this study, Lactobacillus helveticus was immobilized using sodium alginate and used to product yogurt with ACE inhibitory activity. As determined using one-factor-at-a-time method in combination with an L9(34) orthogonal array design, the optimal immobilization conditions were sodium alginate concentration 1.5 g/100 mL, cell concentration 1:10 (m/V), CaCl2 concentration 0.1 mol/L, and immobilization time 1 h. The immobilized strain and traditional yogurt starter consisting of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus were used together to ferment 11 g/100 mL milk power solution at 37 ℃ until coagulation was completed. Good coagulation was achieved after 8 h of fermentation. The pH of the yogurt obtained with a gentle and smooth taste was 4.2 and the ACE inhibitory activity 70.3%.
Optimization of Conditions for Protoplast Fusion between Single Inactivated Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Lactococcus lactis
LI Li,FANG Jie,HUANG Jie-jie,FU Rui-yan
2012, 33(5): 193-198. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205041
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Single inactivated protoplast fusion technique was used for the fusion of Lactobacillus delbrueckii FQ with Lactococcus lactis FL. The protoplast formation, regeneration and fusion conditions were examined in this study. Results showed that the optimal enzymolysis conditions for L. delbrueckii FQ were ultrasound treatment for 90 min at 37 ℃ in the presence of 10μg/mL mutanolysin and 1 mg/mL lysozyme. Under these conditions, the protoplast regeneration rate reached 6.36%. The protoplast formation rate of L. lactis FL was up to 99.97% after 90 min of treatment with 10 mg/mL lysozyme in the presence of 1 mg/mL glycine. L. lactis FL protoplasts showed an inactivated rate of 96.89% after 120 min of exposure to 65 ℃. The fusion rate between Lactobacillus delbrueckii FQ and Lactococcus lactis FL reached 2.72 × 10-6 after 5 min of infusion at pH 6.5 in the presence of 400 g/L PEG 6000 (included 0.02 mol/L MgCl2 and 0.01 mol/L CaCl2).
Optimization of Culture Conditions for the Growth of Bacillus subtilis natto Utilizing Soybean Meal as Nitrogen Source
ZHANG Qiang,WANG Su-ying
2012, 33(5): 199-202. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205042
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Cell suspension turbidity (optical density at 660 nm, OD660 nm) was measured using an automated growth curve analyzer to investigate the growth of Bacillus subtilis natto during incubation in a liquid culture medium composed of soybean meal as nitrogen source and glucose as carbon source. The optimal concentrations of soybean meal and glucose were found to be 50 g/L and 10 g/L, respectively. Using one-factor-at-a-time combined with orthogonal array design method, temperature, pH and time were identify as major factors that influence the growth of Bacillus subtilis natto. Further, Box-Behnken experimental design was used to optimize the main influencing factors. Bacillus subtilis natto achieved the highest biomass after 13 h of incubation at initial pH 6.16 and 35.5 ℃ in the presence of soybean meal treated by ultrasonic for 4.32 min, and the cell suspension turbidity was 1.635 under these conditions.
Isolation and Identification of Yeasts from Koumiss as a Traditional Kazakh Fermented Drink in Xinjiang
LI Jing,JIA Jia-jia,YANG Yan,TIAN Yan,WU Yun
2012, 33(5): 203-207. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205043
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In this study, 34 stains of yeasts were isolated from koumiss (a traditional fermented Kazakh drink in Xinjiang) sampled from Nanshan, Shuixigou and Zhaosu. According to the colonial morphology and biological properties, the strains were identified to consist of 1 stain of Schizosaccharomyces, 1 stain of Sehizoblastosporion, 1 stain of Torulopsis, 1 stain of Saccharomycodes, 9 stains of Kloechera, 5 stains of Kluyveromyces, 8 stains of Dekker, 3 stains of Trichosporon, 2 stains of Hansenula, and 3 stains of Brettanomyces. Strain 12 was further identified by 5.8S rDNA sequencing and phylogenetic tree analysis. The homology between the strain and Kluyveromyces marxianus was 96%. This was consistent with the results of identification based on morphological and biochemical properties, showing that yeast identification based on 5.8S rDNA sequences is accurate.
Response Surface Methodology for Optimization of Hydrolysis Conditions for the Production of Milk-derived Angiotensin-I Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitory Peptides
XU Xin,CAI Li-li,LIU Guo-yan,HE Jia-yi,WEI Xiao-rui,Wang Zhi-ying,ZHANG Jun
2012, 33(5): 208-212. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205044
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In our present study, response surface methodology was used to optimize process conditions for the hydrolysis of sodium caseinate by trypsin to prepare highly active angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides. ACE inhibitory rate was measured by RP-HPLC. One-factor-at-a-time method followed by response surface analysis was used to analyze the effects of pH, temperature, hydrolysis time, substrate concentration, enzyme/substrate ratio on ACE inhibitory activity of sodium caseinate hydrolysate. A mathematical model describing the relationship of ACE inhibitory activity of sodium caseinate hydrolysate with temperature (A), hydrolysis time (B), substrate concentration (C) and enzyme/substrate ratio (D) was obtained as follows: Y=-11.21347+4.32902A-1.45953B+3.42928C-0.20303D+0.050303AB+0.047422AD+0.14955BC +0.12486BD - 0.054526A2 - 0.079754B2 - 0.53587C2 - 0.28096D2. The optimum hydrolysis conditions were determined as pH 7.0, 52.31 ℃, 19.44 h, substrate concentration of 5.91 g/100 mL and enzyme/substrate ratio of 8.37‰, resulting in an ACE inhibitory rate of 97.11%.
Optimization of Fermentation Parameters for Pumpkin Wine by Response Surface Methodology
ZHANG Jing-yuan,WANG Cheng-rong,YANG Shao-lan,ZHANG Hong-bin
2012, 33(5): 213-217. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205045
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Based on central composite design response surface methodology was applied to optimize fermentation parameters for pumpkin wine. Alcohol content in pumpkin wine was investigated with respect to yeast inoculum size, temperature and fermentation time, and a quadratic polynomial model was established. The optimum fermentation parameters were determined as follows: yeast inoculum size 0.10%, fermentation temperature 24.58 ℃ and fermentation time 129.73 h. The alcohol content in the pumpkin wine obtained was 8.03% (V/V).
Construction and High Expression of Pichia pastoris Transformants Carrying Human Cu/Zn Superoxide Dismutase Gene
CHI Chun-ping,SHI Cheng-bo,CAO Yu-feng,CHEN Zi-yang,XU Jun,ZHANG Jian-feng,JIA Yuan,LI Zheng,WANG Xiao-jie,NIU Ling,TIAN Hai-shan,SUN Biao,LI Xiao-kun
2012, 33(5): 218-223. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205046
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Artificial rhCu,Zn-SOD gene was synthesized according to the amino acid sequence of human SOD with yeast preferential codons, then cloned into the eukaryotic expression vector pPIC9K, named pPIC9K/Cu,Zn-SOD. The plasmid was transformed into Pichia pastoris GS115 by electroporation and screened for high-copy transformants under the selective pressure. Three recombinant yeast strains were obtained with high expression. Gene copy number increased 2-8 folds by Southern blot identification. The expression activity increased 2-4 fold. The recombinant gene copy number was positively correlated with the SOD protein yield. The Expressed protein was secreted to the supernatant as dimmer with low degree of glycosylation. The molecular weight was about 40 kD. The product can specificity bind to the antibody of Cu,Zn-SOD. Transformants entered the logarithmic growth phase after 16 h and the stable growth phase after 24 h in culture. After 50 passages, 3 recombinant strains remained stable, indicating it could be used for industrialization production of Cu,Zn-SOD. Cu,Zn-SOD activity was determined as 600U/mL in supernatant. The high expression strain was build after the optimal shake flask culture conditions of pH 6.0, temperature 30 ℃, 1.5%(V/V) ethanol, and 72h induced.
Diversity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Different Habitats in Shacheng Region
ZHAO Jing-jing,LI Yan,
2012, 33(5): 224-228. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205047
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In this study, the biodiversity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from different environments associated with Longan grape in Shacheng wine-producing region was investigated. In the continuous three years 2008, 2009 and 2010, 227 samples were collected from vineyard soil, the surface of winery equipments, grape juice contacted with winery equipments and naturally fermented grape and 1358 yeast strains were isolated from them. Molecular-level identification based on a PCR-RFLP analysis of 5.8S ITS rRNA and secondary screening using lysine medium were carried out to obtain 270 Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Further, the strains were divided using Interdelta PCR into 16 classes, including 5 from vineyard soil, 4, 10 and 11 from at the 2nd, 3rd and 4th stages of natural fermentation respectively, 3 from the surface of winery equipments and 3 from grape juice contacted with winery equipments. Saccharomyces cerevisiae species notably varied with sampling time and habitat. Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains isolated from naturally fermented grape had the greatest possibility of being indigenous strains.
Application of Response Surface Methodology for Optimization of Liquid-State Fermentation Process for Ergosterol Production by Rhizopus oryzae
WANG Cai-sheng,WANG Le-yi,GAO You-ling,TAN Zhi-wen,YANG Zhen-feng
2012, 33(5): 229-233. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205048
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In order to maximize intracellular ergosterol production in Rhizopus oryzae in liquid-state fermentation, nitrogen and carbon sources and fermentation time were optimized using response surface methodology. Ergosterol was determined by HPLC and the fermentation medium used was based on PDB liquid medium. The effects of carbon and nitrogen source types on ergosterol production were examined. One-factor-at-a-time experiments were conducted to analyze the effects of yeast extract, glucose and fermentation on ergosterol production. The optimum carbon and nitrogen sources were found to be glucose and yeast extract, respectively. The optimum fermentation process was achieved after 9.64 d of culture in a modified PDB liquid medium containing 3 g/L glucose and 5 g/L yeast extract. Under these conditions, the average ergosterol production was 5761.83μg /100 mL of fermentation broth, which was in agreement with the predicted value (5.818.39μg /100 mL of fermentation broth) from the model established and 247.86% higher than before the optimization. Moreover, the ratio of ergosterol to dry cell was 1.60% (100 mL liquid culture medium).
Immobilization of Ganoderma lucidum in Sodium Alginate Beads and Effect on Extracellular Triterpene Production
DONG Yu-wei,TANG Bu-wei,MIAO Jing-zhi,CAO Ze-hong
2012, 33(5): 234-237. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205049
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In this study, Ganoderma lucidum were immobilized by sodium alginate and calcium chloride. Immobilization conditions of Ganoderma lucidum using entrapment method were studied. The effects of immobilization conditions on triterpenes yield were also evaluated. The results showed the optimal conditions of immobilization of Ganoderma lucidum by sodium alginate were as follows: 4.5% of sodium alginate, 2.2% of calcium chloride, nature pH, 40 immobilized beads, 28 ℃, 110 r/min, cultured 12 days, the highest triterpenes yield was (49.53±1.37)×10-2 mg/mL. Immobilized cells had better acid and alkali resistance, higher triterpenes yield after long time culture than non-immobilized cell. It can be recycled five times.
Nutrition & Hygiene
Immunomodulatory Effect of Fucoidan from Laminaria japonica in Mice
LI Fang,LI Ba-fang,WANG Jing-feng,ZHANG Jing,LI Yao,ZHAO Xue
2012, 33(5): 238-242. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205050
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Objective: To investigate the effect of fucoidan from Laminaria japonica on immune regulation in immunodepressed mice by oral administration. Methods: In this study, different fucoidan fractions were obtained by acid hydrolysis, anion exchange chromatography on Q-Sepharose FF and free radical oxygen degradation and ultrafiltration technology from high molecular weight fucoidan extracted from Laminaria japonica. The fractions with higher sulfate ester and fucose content on immune regulation were selected by chemical analysis. KM mice were randomly divided into twelve groups: normal control group, model control group, positive group, low dosage (25 mg/(kg·d)), medium dosage (50 mg/(kg·d)) and high dosage (100 mg/(kg·d)) groups of F-2, Fa and Fb fractions, respectively. The immune regulation was investigated by using the model mice in normal and in immunodepression induced by hydrocortisone. Results: The effect on immune function of mice administered with different fucoidan fractions from Laminaria japonica did not reveal significant difference. All F-2, Fa and Fb could antagonize the decline of spleen/body weight induced by hydrocortisone, increase hemolysin content (HC50), and promote the ability of macrophages for celiac macrophage. Meanwhile, both F-2 and Fa could improve delayed hypersensitivity level, while Fb had no significant effect on delayed hypersensitivity level. Conclusion: Fucoidan fraction had an excellent effect on immune regulation in immunodepressed mice. However, these fractions did not reveal significant difference in the effect on immune function of mice.
Effect of β-Casomorphin-7 on Blood Glucose Level and Its Anti-lipid Peroxidation Effect in Diabetic Rats
HAN Dong-ning,WANG Yan-xia,XU Chen-yang,ZHANG Yuan-shu,XUE Hong-xia
2012, 33(5): 243-247. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205051
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Objective: To explore the effect of β-casomorphin-7 (β-CM-7) on blood glucose and oxidative stress in diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin (STZ). Methods: Forty male SD rats were divided into 4 groups: normal group, diabetic control group, insulin treatment group (administered with humulin at 3.7 × 10-8 mol/(day animal)) and β-CM-7 (7.5 × 10-8 mol/(day animal)) treatment group. After administration for 30 consecutive days, all rats were sacrificed and measured for serum glucose level, MDA level, SOD activity and the contents of insulin and glucagons as well as leg muscle glycogen and liver glycogen contents. Results: The β-CM-7 treatment and insulin treatment groups revealed a significant decrease in blood glucose level, a reduction in MAD level, and an increase in SOD activity when compared with the diabetic control group (P<0.05). The β-CM-7 treatment group displayed an increase in insulin content when compared with the diabetic control group and a significant increase (P<0.05) in liver glycogen content when compared with the blank control group. Conclusion: β-CM-7 can reduce free radical-mediated oxidative stress and blood glucose level, promote the secretion of insulin and increase the content of muscular glycogen in diabetic rats thus having hypoglycemic effect.
Antioxidant and Immunomodulating Activities of Polysaccharide from Scallop Gonad
SONG Sun-yang,SUN Li-ming,,ZHU Bei-wei,NIU Hai-ling,YANG Jing-feng
2012, 33(5): 248-251. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205052
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Scallop gonad polysaccharide extract (SGP) was obtained by hydrolysis with a series of commercial enzymes. Its antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH system, Fenton system and reduction reaction. MTT assay was used to evaluate its effect on tBOOH-induced oxidative damage and lymphocyte proliferation. The effect on complement activity was evaluated by spectrophotometry. The results indicated that SGP had reducing power and scavenging effect on DPPH and hydroxyl free radicals. SGP at the 0.2μg/mL could also protect RAW264.7 cells from oxidative damage induced by tBOOH. Moreover, SGP could also promote lymphocyte proliferation and activate complement activity.
Effect of Persimmon Fruit Polyphenol on Lipid Metabolism of Hyperlipidemia Mice
ZHANG Qian-qian,FAN Jin-shuan,WU Jing-chao,CHEN Si
2012, 33(5): 252-255. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205053
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Objective: To explore the effect of persimmon fruit polyphenol on lipid metabolism of hyperlipidemia mice. Methods: Totally 80 mice were divided into 7 groups including normal control group A and B, high blood fat group, persimmon fruit polyphenol groups at high, middle and low dosages and positive control group were treated with different supplementations after the hyperlipidemia mouse model had been established through high fat diet. Levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), total triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), lipid peroxides (LPO), hepatic free fatty acid (FFA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic lipase (HL) in mice were evaluated. Results: Persimmon fruit polyphenol could remarkably reduce the levels of serum TC, TG, LDL-C, LPO and hepatic FFA (P<0.01), slightly increase the level of HDL-C and notably improve the activities of SOD, LPL and HL (P<0.01). Conclusion: Persimmon fruit polyphenol could alleviate hyperlipidemia by regulating lipid metabolism of mice, thus preventing arteriosclerosis(AS).
Effect of Krestin Polysaccharide on Antioxidant Capability and ATPase Activity in Brain Tissues of Rats with High Intensity Exercise
XI Xue-feng,WANG Dan-yi,XIONG Zheng-ying,ZHANG Lin
2012, 33(5): 256-259. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205054
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Objective: To explore the effect of Krestin polysaccharide (PSK) on the activities of antioxidant enzymes and Na+-K+-ATPase as well as Ca2 +-Mg2 +-ATPase in brain tissues of rats after exhaustive exercise. Methods: 24 SD rats were divided into three groups including the control group without exercise, exercise group and exercise plus PSK group. Each group included 8 rats. The rats from the exercise and exercise plus PSK groups were subjected to high-intensity endurance running for 8 consecutive weeks. The changes in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase were measured. Results: The activities of SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, T-AOC, Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase as well as blood sugar revealed a significant decrease in exercise groups when compared with the control group without exercise (P<0.01 or P<0.05). Meanwhile, the generation of MDA exhibited a significant increase in exercise groups (P<0.05). Moreover, PSK could improve the activities of SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, T-AOC, Na+-K+-ATPase, Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase and blood sugar in brain tissues of the rats with exhaustive exercise (P<0.01 or P<0.05), and reduce the MDA generation (P<0.05). Conclusion: PSK can improve the activities of antioxidant enzymes, Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase in brain tissues of the rats with exhaustive exercise, which is important for keeping energy supply during the exercise and enhancing the exercise capacity of rats.
A Preliminary Investigation into Canthaxanthin Accumulation in Male Rat Serum
ZHAO Ting,HUI Bo-di, PEI Ling-peng
2012, 33(5): 260-262. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205055
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This study was aimed to investigate canthaxanthin accumulation in male rat serum. A total of 38 male SD rats were selected with 250 g body weight and divided into 6 groups of 6 ones each (the remaining two served as controls). A single (1 mL) dose of canthaxanthin (1.75 mg in soybean oils) was orally administered to each rat. At 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 h and 16 h post-administration, blood was collected from each group to analyze total flavonoids in serum by HPLC (equipped with C18 column and PDA detector). The results obtained showed that canthaxanthin was detectable in rat serum at 0.5 h post-administration, reached the maximum level at 2 h, and at 16 h presented a level lower than that at 0.5 h.
Changes in Cytokines in the Peripheral Blood of Immunosuppressed Mice and Those with Food Allergy
ZHANG Hao,HU Zhi-he
2012, 33(5): 263-267. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205056
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An immunosuppressed mouse model and a mouse mode of food allergy were created and used to determine the changes in cytokines such as IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IFN-γ and TGF-β in the peripheral blood by ELISA. The results showed that the spleen and thymus indices of the immunosuppressed model induced by cyclophosphamide (CY) injection significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.05) compared with the blank control group with the lowest level on the third day of administration. The peripheral blood in the mouse model with allergy to albumin displayed an extremely significantly increase in IgE level (P ≤ 0.01). IFN-γ (except for the third day) and TGF-β (also except for the third day) contents and IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio in the peripheral blood in the immunosuppressed mouse model significantly decreased and IL-10 also showed a decreasing trend. A significant increase in IL-4 level was observed except for the second day, but IL-4 level significantly increased only on the third day, and IL-12 level decreased at first and then increased. The mice allergic to albumin showed significant increases in IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 and TGF-β levels, but a significant decrease in IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio, and no obvious changes in IFN-γ and IL-12 levels. In conclusion, the balance between Th1 andTh2 cells is shifted to Th2 cells in both models. Immunosuppression has a greater impact on Th1 cells but a weaker impact on Th2 cells than food allergy.
Protective Effect of Lycium barbarum Polysaccharide against Cisplatin-induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats
ZHANG Hai-lian,GAO Li-ping,LENG Hong-tao,LI Zhen
2012, 33(5): 268-271. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205057
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Objective: To reveal the protective effect and possible mechanism of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) against cisplatin (CDDP)-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Methods: A total of 50 rats were randomly divided into blank control group, CDDP model group, and high-dose, medium-dose and low-dose LBP groups (orally administered at doses of 277, 554, 1008 g/(kg ·d) respectively once daily for 15 days). The blank control and CDDP model groups were both orally administered with distilled water during the adminstrtion period. After 10 days of administration, the blank control group was given normal saline by intraperitoneal injection while a single injection of CDDP in the remaining groups was carried out to establish a mouse model of renal injury. At the end of the administration period, all rats were sacrificed to determine serum BUN and Scr contents as well as NO and MDA contents and NOS and SOD activities in the kidney. Results: In the rats with CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity LBP pretreatment could significantly reduce the increase in serum BUN and Scr levels and kidney MDA and NO levels and NOS activity caused by CDDP (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusions: Oral intake of LBP ameliorates CDDP-induced renal dysfunction. The mechanism may be related to the decreased NOS activity and NO and MDA contents.
Application of Different Bone Mineral Density Measurements in the Assessment of Calcium Supplement
ZHANG Peng,SHEN Jie,LIU Fu-kang,WANG Ting-ting,YIN Hong,SUN Gui-ju
2012, 33(5): 272-274. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205058
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Objective: To assess the enhancing effect of a commercially available calcium supplement on bone mineral density in rats and to compare the application of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and Archimedes, principle bone mineral density. Methods: According to Protocol 1 from Method for Testing the Function of Increasing Bone Density,, 2003 Technical Standards for Testing and Assessing of Health Food, 45 weaned SD rats were divided at random into calcium carbonate control group, low calcium control group, and high-dose, medium-dose and low-dose calcium supplement groups (administered at doses of 1.00, 0.33 g/kg and 0.17 g/kg, respectively). Results: The high-dose group showed a significant increase in apparent calcium absorption rate, body weight gain, and bone mineral density and calcium content when compared with the low-dose group (P < 0.05). All indexes investigated except bone mineral density indicated no significant difference between the high-dose and calcium carbonate control groups. There was a good correlation between the results of bone mineral density determination by the DEXA method and Archimedes, principle. Conclusions: The calcium supplement has an enhancing effect on bone mineral density in rats. Moreover, the DEXA method and Archimedes, principle are both applicable for the determination of bone mineral density.
Reviews
A Review on Formation Mechanism, Determination and Safety Assessment of Furfural and 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in Foods
ZHANG Yu-yu,SONG Yi, LI Quan-hong
2012, 33(5): 275-280. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205059
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Sugar-rich foods could generate large amounts of furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural during thermal processing. During these different processes, the contents of furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural were also different in foods. When the contents of furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural exceeded a certain limit, it would harm human health. In this paper, the mechanisms, determination methods and safety of furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural have been reviewed.
Research Progress in Neuronal Protection Mechanisms of Daidzein
ZHOU Li,ZHANG Yong-zhong,
2012, 33(5): 281-284. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205060
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Daidzein is an isoflavone in an aglycone form. It has a series of biological activities. The animal experiments, clinical researches and epidemiological investigations indicated that daidzein has multiple functions for preventing and treating menopausal symptom, osteoporosis, breast cancer, prostate cancer and other diseases. More attentions have been paid to its capability for neuronal protection. In this paper, the functions and the neuronal protection mechanisms of daidzein have been discussed.
Analysis of Food Safety Risk Pre-warning Data from the EU,s Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) System
TANG Xiao-chun,XU Jian-jun,QU Han-yi,ZHANG Hui-yuan,HU Yue
2012, 33(5): 285-292. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205061
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In order to improve food safety, the members of European Union are paying more attention to this issue and depending on the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF), which is an important information exchange platform to ensure food safety around Europe. Since 2001, the RASFF annual report has been released every year. In 2009, 121 countries have already involved. Based on the current data of RASFF annual reports since 2008, the information analysis, information categories, hot issues, important events, the reports regarding of China, risk change trend and new progress of Europe food safety pre-warning system have been summarized and discussed in this paper.
Application of Culture-independent Methods for Analyzing Microbial Communities in Cheese: A Review
MO Bei-hong,SUN Li-guo
2012, 33(5): 293-298. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205062
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The application of culture-independent methods in food industry is still in the preliminary stage. In this paper, the application of the most common culture-independent approaches for describing both bacterial and fungal communities in cheese and for monitoring microbial community in cheese manufacturing and ripening process has been reviewed. The most commonly used DNA fingerprinting techniques for investigating microbial communities in cheese are introduced, which include PCR-DGGE, PCR-TTGE, SSCP-PCR, DHPLC and other techniques. Furthermore, the benefits, pitfalls and perspectives of culture-independent methods in cheese are discussed. Based on the discussion, a polyphasic approach with the combination of culture-dependent and culture-independent methods may be the best strategy to achieve more accurate structures of microbial communities.
Research Progress of Application of Polysaccharides and Modified Polysaccharides in Film Coatings for Food Preservation
WANG Fu-chao,LI Jun-guo,DONG Ying-chao,NIU Li-bin,LI Jun
2012, 33(5): 299-304. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205063
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Polysaccharides and modified polysaccharides have been widely applied recently as the safe, non-toxic and effective fresh-keeping materials. The applications of polysaccharides and modified polysaccharides in film-coating preservation of fruits and vegetables as well as eggs are summarized in this paper. The mechanisms of the preservation and the film-coating methods were explored. The future development directions and application prospects of polysaccharides in film-coating preservation were proposed.
Research Progress in Hepatoprotective Effect of Propolis and Active Components
DU Xia,SUN Li-ping,XU Xiang
2012, 33(5): 305-308. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205064
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Current studies have revealed that propolis has significantly hepatoprotective effect. The scientists have paid extensive attention to the research in this field. The effects and mechanisms of propolis as well as the bioactive components against carbon tetrachloride liver injury, D-gal-induced liver injury, drug-induced liver injury and alcoholic liver injury in this paper have been reviewed in this paper. In addition, the future development trend has also been discussed.
Research Progress and Applications of Metagenomics in Food Science
ZHANG Wei-xiao,LI Jian,QIAN Yu,SUO Hua-yi,
2012, 33(5): 309-314. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205065
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Metagenomics is an advanced methodology by means of extracting all microbialgenomic DNAs in certain environmental habitat, constructing and screening metagenomic libraries to seek novel functional genes and biologically active compounds without cultivating. It can mine microbial resources to the greatest extent. Therefore, it is increasingly becoming one of the most important subjects in microbiological research and development. This paper reviews the recent research progress of metagenomics and its applications in the area of food science, especially in enzyme preparation development, food safety and hygiene, food fermentation, ecological evolution, food nutrition, and the discovery of new compounds, and explores its future prospects in the area of food science.
A Review of the Effect of Food Processing on Pesticide Residues
LI Yun-cheng,MENG Fan-bing,CHEN Wei-jun,HUANG Xia,JIAO Bi-ning,
2012, 33(5): 315-322. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205066
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Food processing can not only change food quality characteristics, but also have effects on food safety characteristics, such as pesticide residues. Most unit processing operations, including washing, peeling, juicing, sterilization and fermentation, could largely reduce pesticide residue levels in food, but some processing operations, such as concentration, drying and oil extraction, may lead to an increase in pesticide residue levels. In addition, some pesticide residues can be converted into other chemicals during food processing. Good knowledge of the effects of food processing on pesticide residues can provide a basis for optimizing food processing technologies and more importantly, basic data for food safety risk assessment. This paper reviews the effects of commonly used treatments in food processing on pesticide residues.
Research Advances in Heterologous Expression of ClassⅡa Bacteriocins from Lactic Acid Bacteria
LIU Guo-rong,,SUN Yong,LI Ping-lan
2012, 33(5): 323-327. doi:
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201205067
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Class Ⅱa bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria, which have a strong antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes, have become a hot topic in the research and development of natural preservatives. However, the bacteriocins are always produced at very low levels under the control of the biosynthesis regulatory system and their extraction is very complex, which makes it very difficult to meet the demands for relevant studies and practical applications. For this reason, the heterogenous expression of classⅡa bacteriocins has been widely studied in recent years. This paper summarizes a comprehensive systematic review of recent studies on the heterogenous expression of the bacteriocins in E. coli, lactic acid bacteria and yeast and points out the current main problems and future research directions.