The effect of different types and concentrations of salt on the pasting and rheological properties of potato starch and potato starch/xanthan gum composite system at a mass ratio of 80:1 were studied. In the presence of salt, the pasting temperature and setback of potato starch greatly increased; however, the peak viscosity, final viscosity and breakdown significantly decreased. Meanwhile, the viscosity of potato starch revealed an initial increase and final decrease. Similarly, the pasting temperature rose at first and then decreased slightly with increasing concentrations of salts. As for potato starch/xanthan composite system, salt could increase the pasting temperature, peak viscosity and breakdown. Increasing salt concentration could result in an increase in the viscosity of the composite system. Rheological results indicated that the addition of salts enhanced the pseudoplasticity of potato starch but reduced the pseudoplasticity of the composite system with no regular trend.

A resveratrol-imprinted polymer was synthesized by molecular imprinting technique by means of the sol-gel process on the surface of nano-silica using trans-resveratrol as the template molecule. The polymer (MIP-Res) was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The results of static adsorption equilibrium experiments and the Scatchard analysis showed that MIP-Res had specific recognition and adsorption capacity for resveratrol molecules when compared with non-imprinted polymers (NIPs). The best solvent for MIP-Res adsorption was chloroform:acetonitrile at a volume ratio of 1:11. The optimal adsorption temperature was 25 ℃, and the adsorption equilibrium constant Kd1 was 3.42 mg/L. The apparent maximum binding capacity Qmax1 was 11.20 mg/g, and the adsorption equilibrium could be reached within 3 h. Therefore, MIP-Res can be used for selective separation or enrichment of resveratrol.

In order to seek a safe non-toxic way for postharvest preservation and disease defense, the functions and mechanisms of methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-induced disease resistance were studied. Green mature tomato fruits (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Lichun) were inoculated with grey mould elicitor to evaluate the disease resistant inductive effect of MeJA. The pathogen resistance and chemical indexes of tomato fruits subjected to different treatments were examined. The results showed that exogenous MeJA treatment could effectively inhibit the occurrence of postharvest diseases in tomato fruits and widen the antimicrobial spectrum against Alternaria solani, Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum and Rhizopus stolonifer. Despite the direct antifungal effect, MeJA executed its function by eliciting resistance responses. The accumulation of antibacterial substances including pathogenesis-related proteins, phenolics and lycopene, could be induced by MeJA at the same level as fungal elicitor. This protective role of MeJA on postharvest tomato fruits has important practical significance and application prospects.

Tangential flow filtration (TFF) and Sephadex G-15 gel filtration chromatography were used for the separation and purification of low molecular weight polypeptides in Jinhua ham at the end of sun-drying and post-ripening. Twenty-six main peptides were obtained and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Seven of them had better repeatability and higher relative peak area. The amino acid sequences were Ala-His, Pro-Leu, Ser-Gly-Val, Ser-Gly-Phe, Pro-Leu-Lys-Pro-Ala, Leu-Leu-Ala-His and Asn-Pro-Thr, and the relative peak areas 17.81%, 8.62%, 10.58%, 5.70%, 6.11%, 6.12% and 3.49%, respectively.

In order to explore the correlation between microwave sterilization effect and nutrition loss, shiitake was used to investigate the effect of microwave treatment on surface microorganisms, color, texture, polyphenol oxidase, total phenols and antioxidant activity. The results showed that high power microwave treatment at 1000 W for 1 min, moderate power microwave treatment at 700 W for 2 min and low power microwave treatment at 400 W for 2.5 min could obviously reduce the total number of bacteria, inactivate the activity of polyphenol oxidase, and maintain good nutritional and sensory quality.

Biological activities of total polyphenol extracts from pomegranate peel grown in Xinjiang were studied. DPPH radical-scavenging method and agar dilution method were employed to evaluate antioxidant and antibacterial activities, respectively. MTT assay was used to evaluate anti-tumor activity. All four extracts exhibited strong DPPH free radical scavenging activity, and the DPPH free radical scavenging activity of two purified extracts was superior to that of the crude extracts. The purified extracts had an obvious inhibitory effect against clinical common pathogenic bacteria, especially some drug-resistant bacteria and an effective anti-tumor activity. Therefore, total polyphenol extracts with high purity from pomegranate peel grown in Xinjiang have effective antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-tumor activities.

The objective of this study was to investigate emulsifying and gel properties of common carp myofibrillar protein treated by hydroxyl radical-generating systems (HRGS) containing 0.1 mmol/L ferric chloride, 0.1 mmol/L ascorbic acid and 0－20 mmol/L hydrogen peroxide for 1, 3 h and 5 h, respectively. The results revealed that oxidative stress had a destructive effect on emulsifying and gel properties of fish myofibrillar protein. The emulsion activity index (EAI) and emulsion stability index (ESI), gel texture parameters (gel springiness and hardness), gel whiteness and gel WHC of fish myofibrillar protein revealed a significant decrease (P＜0.05) due to oxidation and the microstructure of heat-induced myofibrillar protein gels was also damaged. These oxidation-induced functional changes reveal high susceptibility of common carp myofibrillar protein to oxidative stress.

In this study, physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of intracellular polysaccharides (IPs) isolated from liquid mycelial culture of Phellinus igniarius were analyzed. Crude IPs extract was separated into 8 fractions by DEAE-52 cellulose anion-exchange column chromatography, most of which were high molecular weight neutral polysaccharides. Gel permeation chromatographic (GPC) analysis showed that the average molecular weight (MW) of IPs ranged from 5.7 × 103 D to 6.1 × 106 D. The monosaccharide composition consisted of glucose, mannose, and galactose at a molar ratio of 15:4:1, the polysaccharide content in crude IPs extract was 41% and its intrinsic viscosity was 12 mL/g. IPs from Phellinus igniarius mycelia could effectively scavenge hydroxyl and superoxide anion free radicals and chelate Fe2+. Furthermore, more obvious scavenging activity was observed against superoxide anion free radicals than hydroxyl free radicals.

In this study, nano-crystalline cellulose was prepared from soybean dregs (rich in cellulose) and used to investigate its physicochemical properties. Moreover, its structure was characterized using transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffractometer and comprehensive thermal analyzer. The prepared nano-crystalline cellulose was microspheres with particle size between 15 nm and 50 nm and still belonged to crystalline cellulose type Ⅰ. The crystallinity and average grain size were 43.28% and 5.9 nm, respectively. The nano-crystalline soybean dregs cellulose had higher expansive force and heavy metal ion-adsorbing capacity but lower oil-holding and water-holding capacities than the superfine soybean dregs cellulose.

Structural analysis of κ-carrageenan, konjac gum, and their mixture at a mass ratio of 5.5:4.5 was carried out using DSC, FT-IR and SEM. The FT-IR results showed that hydroxyl group peak of κ-carrageenan and konjac gum shifted to lower wave number direction compared with their mixture. The DSC endothermic peak of κ-carrageenan-konjac gum mixture was wider than κ-carrageenan alone. SEM image showed that the morphology of the mixture gel was more compact than κ-carrageenan. Therefore, it was speculated that κ-carrageenan acted as the backbone of the mixed gel network system while konjac gum played a scattering role.

ACE inhibitory peptides were prepared from casein by sequential hydrolysis with pepsin and trypsin. Casein hydrolysate was preliminarily separated with 6 ku MWCO ultrafiltration membrane and further purified by Sephadex G-15 column chromatography. The ACE inhibitory activity (IC50) of the separated fractions was determined by an in vitro assay, and their peptide profiles and molecular weights were measured by capillary electrophoresis (CE) and Q-TOF LC/MS, respectively. The results showed that IC50 values of casein hydrolysate, filtrate, and three fractions obtained by Sephadex G-15 column chromatography, factions Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ were 560, 250, 123.41, 66.67μg/mL and 64.29μg/mL, respectively. FactionsⅠ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ were composed of 19, 14 and 5 peptides, respectively and their molecular weights ranged from 400 to 800 u.

FTIR (fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy) was applied to explore the secondary structure of soybean protein isolates from different varieties. The overlapped peaks of amide Ⅰof soy protein isolates from different species could be fitted by Gauss peak to reveal the characteristic peaks ofα-helix, β-sheet, β-turn and random coil. Their contents and surface hydrophobicity were determined to explore the structure-activity relationship of soybean protein isolates. The results revealed a good negative correlation between the surface hydrophobicity and α-helix content (r ＝－0.945, P ＝ 0.004), and a positive correlation between the surface hydrophobicity and β-sheet (r ＝ 0.904, P ＝ 0.013) or random coil content (r ＝ 0.866, P ＝0.026). No significant correlation between β-turn and the surface hydrophobicity (r ＝－0.698, P ＝ 0.123).

The gel properties of mixed chicken breast and leg myofibrillar proteins at various ratios were studied by measuring thermal denaturation temperature, texture characteristics, rheological properties and water-holding capacity (WHC). The results showed that the gel properties of breast myofibrillar protein were significantly better than those of leg myofibrillar protein. The hardness and WHC of leg myofibrillar protein could be improved by mixing breast myofibrillar protein. The mixed myofibrillar proteins at the mass ratio of 9:1 had the highest hardness and WHC, which were 167.64 g and 83.6%, respectively, and the gel properties were generally similar with those of breast myofibrillar protein. However, the mixed myofibrillar proteins at the mass ratio of 1:9 had the lowest hardness, WHC and terminal value of storage modulus, which were 110.82 g, 48.75% and 297 Pa, respectively, and the gel properties were better than those of leg myofibrillar protein.

The effect of pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment under varying conditions of treatment time, flow rate and ethanol/lactic acid ratio on esterification between lactic acid and ethanol was investigated in this study. Meanwhile, the thermal effect and non-thermal effects of PEF treatment were also compared. The results indicated that the reaction was enhanced with decreasing flow rate or increasing single treatment time. When the molar ratio between ethanol and lactic acid was increased from 0.5:1 to 2:1, the yield of ethyl lactate was increased gradually. The non-effect of PEF treatment on esterification accounted for 69.4% of the total effect within 10 h.

Hioki LCR tester was used to measure the electric properties of Qinguang Ⅱ peaches. Meanwhile, the quality parameters of Qinguang Ⅱ peaches were measured under the storage temperature of 25 ℃. The results showed that the impedance (Z), equivalent parallel inductance (Lp), firmness, TSS, TA and water content of the peaches revealed an obvious decrease at room temperature with increasing storage time. However, the equivalent parallel capacitance (Cp) exhibited a gradual increase. A significant correlation of electric parameters (Z, Cp, or Lp) and fruit quality parameters was observed (P ＜ 0.05). Moreover, effective prediction models were established for fruit quality parameters with a significant correlation coefficient. In conclusion, electric parameters can indicate peach quality.

A new method named as integral optical density method for dynamically monitoring gelatinization process was explored in this study. The dynamic changes of three types of starches such as type A (maize starch), type B (potato starch), and type C (pea starch) were detected during the gelatinization process in excess water system. The results showed that three crystalline types of starch underwent different change processes. This difference is mainly associated with the diversity and composition of starch structure.

Antioxidant compounds from Acacia honey from Beijing were enriched by column chromatography and detected by high-performance liquid chromatography. The antioxidant activity of these compounds was evaluated by DPPH radical-scavenging assay. Eight compounds were detected in Acacia honey, which were chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, pinocembrin, chrysin and galangin at the content range of 9.5－257.8μg/100 g. Meanwhile, a significant difference in DPPH radical-scavenging capacity was also observed. In terms of both the content and antioxidant capacity, kaempferol could be recognized as the most representative antioxidant component of Acacia honey from Beijing.

The pro- and anti-oxidant properties of raspberry and blackberry from different varieties harvested at different stages of maturity were analyzed by multivariate analysis. The results of one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) showed that Triple Crown,, fruits contained even higher contents of GSH, total phenolics and total flavonoids than other varieties tested had lower total anti-oxidant capacity (TAC) at higher maturity. In addition, both variety and maturity showed more significant impact on the contents of GSH, total phenolics and MDA and hydroxyl radical-scavenging capacity in raspberry and blackberry. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) showed that variety had greater impact on TAC antioxidant capacity as compared with maturity. The results of correlation analysis and partial least squares regression (PLSR) indicated that H2O2 content was positively correlated with MDA content, GSH content or superoxide anion radical-scavenging capacity, whereas total phenolics content was positively correlated with TAC, hydroxyl radical-scavenging capacity or DPPH radical-scavenging capacity. The results of path coefficient analysis showed that the contents of total phenolics and total flavonoids had the most obvious effect on H2O2 content.

The changes in muscle pH and rigor index during ice storage of big head carp and their effects on heat-induced gel properties of salt-soluble proteins from big head carp were determined. The experimental results indicated that the muscle pH of the fish obviously decreased from 7.26 to 6.51 after 10 h of post-mortem ice storage and then began to increase after 48 h. The rigor index began to increase after 19 h of post-mortem ice storage, and reached its maximum value after 48 h, 72.1%. The lowest gel strength was observed for heat-induced gels from salt-soluble proteins extracted from big head carp muscle ice-stored for 1h.The gel strength was found to increase with increasing rigor index and they reached their maximum levels at the same time. The gel strength slowly decreased as the rigor index began to decrease.

Lotus seeds were soaked in warm water at different temperatures (25 ℃ and 35 ℃) for different periods (24, 36 h and 48 h) for accelerating their germination. Their chemical and functional properties were examined and compared with those of non-germinated lotus seeds (control). Germination resulted in significant increases in crude protein and crude lipid contents in lotus seeds (P ＜ 0.05) while no significant variations were observed in ash and moisture contents. Germinated seeds also exhibited significantly (P＜ 0.05) lower total phenolics, tannins, and catechins contents and significantly (P ＜ 0.05) higher phytic acid content. Likewise, germination significantly increased (P ＜ 0.05) the water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, emulsifying activity and foaming activity of endosperm starch from lotus seeds, but decreased its protein solubility. Furthermore, the embryo of germinated seeds demonstrated a significant rise in total phenolics, total flavonoids and phenolic alkaloids (neferine, liensinine and isoliensinine) contents. Therefore, germination could improve the nutrition quality and functional properties of locus seeds, attenuate its anti-nutritional quality, and increase phenolic alkaloids content in lotus seed embryos. In conclusion, germination is a good method for improving the nutritional quality of lotus seeds and embryos.

Thermal energy is one of the necessary conditions to produce textured plant protein by extrusion cooking technology. In the present study, the effect of barrel temperature on the properties of extruded gluten with high water content was explored. Extruded products prepared at different barrel temperatures were determined for appearance, color, texture characteristics, water-holding capacity and soluble nitrogen index. The results showed that wheat gluten was textured gradually with the increase of barrel temperature, but the appearance was bad at excessively high barrel temperatures. With a continuous increase in barrel temperature, the soluble nitrogen index and a* value increased, but the L* value and b* value obviously decreased. On the other hand, the hardness, chewiness, springiness and water-holding capacity revealed an initial increase and a final decrease. Therefore, barrel temperature is an important factor affecting product properties of extruded gluten with high water content.

In this study, anthocyanins were extracted from St. Cloud blueberries and separated by preparative high performance liquid chromatography. Three fractions, named as Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ, were obtained and evaluated for their anti-lipid peroxidation activity, reducing power, hydroxyl and DPPH radical scavenging activity, and light and heat stability using in vitro assay systems. The results showed that all the anthocyanin fractions had anti-lipid peroxidation activity, reducing power, hydroxyl and DPPH radical scavenging activity and could be ranked in decreasing order of antioxidant activity as follows: fraction Ⅰ＞ fractionⅡ ＞ fraction Ⅲ. The antioxidant activity of anthocyanins was associated with their concentration and structure. Among the fractions, Ⅲ had the strongest light and heat stability, and I had the weakest light and heat stability. Similarly, the light and heat stability of anthocyanins was also related to their structure. Thus, St. Cloud blueberry anthocyanins can be a source of natural antioxidants and used as food additives.

Faba beans (Vicia faba L.) cultivar Qidou No. 2 were used to investigate the effect of germination on major nutrients and anti-nutrients. The contents of soluble proteins, crude fat, starch, vitamin C, total amino acids, phytic acid and tannin in faba beans during germination process were determined. The results showed that soluble proteins significantly increased after 1 d of germination and then gradually decreased, while both fat and starch revealed a decrease trend. The content of vitamin C reached a maximum level of 58.65 mg/100 g after 2 d of germination and then revealed a gradual decrease, and was higher in 5 d-germinated faba beans as compared with non-germinated faba beans. Total amino acids exhibited a slight increase after 1－2 d of germination. The anti-nutrient phytic acid decreased by 33.55% after 1 d of germination, while tannin, which is also an anti-nutrient, increased to 1306.10 mg/100 g after 5 d of germination.

The effect of high intensity pulsed electric field (HIPEF) treatment on the secondary structure of ovalbumin under various pH conditions was explored using circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The results indicated that 4 circles of PEF treatment (192μs) at the field intensity of 26.7 kV/cm could induced the unfolding of α-helix structure by 25.43%, 23.99% and 42.20%, as well as unfolding of β-sheet structure by 26.20%, 15.99% and 38.53% under the conditions of pH 3, 7 and 12, respectively.

In this study, the heat-induced gel-forming capacity of egg white, egg yolk and whole egg was determined and the effect of protein concentration on properties formed gels was explored. The results indicated that the minimum protein concentrations for the formation of heat-induced gels from egg white, egg yolk and whole egg were 50, 55 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL, respectively. In the concentration range of 50－135 mg/mL, the strength and water-holding capacity of heat-induced gels from egg white, egg yolk and whole egg revealed an obvious increase, while the cooking loss revealed an overall drop along with the increase of protein concentration. In addition, protein concentration also had a significant impact on the springness of heat-induced gels from egg white, egg yolk and whole egg.

A polysaccharide from pumpkin peel, named as PP1, was extracted by hot water extraction method and purified by cetyltrim-ethlammonium bromide (CTAB) method. UV spectroscopy and HPLC were both used to analyze its purity, and its structure and monosaccharide composition were analyzed by IR spectroscopy and GC, respectively. The microstructure of PP1 was observed under an AFM based on fixation with ethanol or Ni2+. The results showed that PP1 was highly pure and contained neither nuclear acid nor protein. IR spectroscopic analysis indicated that PP1 had characteristic absorption peaks of polysaccharides and pyran ring. Its monosaccharide composition was composed of fructose, arabinose, glucose and galactose at a molar ratio of 0.92:2.76:5.52:2.24. AFM observations showed that its structure was a single chain with no branches. PP1 had a long thin structure when fixed with ethanol but a short fat structure when fixed with Ni2+.

In order to maximize the mycelial growth of Grifola frondosa in submerged culture, the optimal carbon and nitrogen sources were screened out of 6 Chinese edible and medicinal herbs including Radix Dioscoreae oppositae, Semen Nelumbo, black rice, Radix Codonopsis pilosulae, Semen Coicis lachryma jobi, and Fructus lycii and the medium composition was optimized using Box-Behnken experimental design coupled with response surface analysis. Radix Codonopsis pilosulae and Fructus lycii were suitable for use as sole carbon sources and Semen Nelumbo was the most suitable nitrogen source. The optimized medium composition was composed of 23.5 g/L Fructus lycii, Semen Nelumbo 4.3 g/L and glucose 28.8 g/L, resulting in a mycelial biomass of 16.937 g/L.

Objective: To effectively investigate yeasts involved in the spoilage of orange juice and lay the basis for the rapid detection, identification and control of yeasts in juice products. Methods: The colonial and cellular morphology of 8 yeast isolates from spoiled orange juice was observed. The 5.8S rDNA and two ribosomal internal transcribed spacers (5.8S-ITS) of yeasts were amplified with primer ITS1/ITS4. The PCR products were digested with Hha Ⅰ, Hae Ⅲ and Hinf Ⅰ, and then were sequenced using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The D1/D2 domain of 26S rDNA was also amplified with primer NL1/NL4 and sequenced. Results: Eight yeast isolates were divided into six groups according to their colonial morphology, three groups according to cellular morphology, and four groups according to molecular analysis. RFLP analysis of 5.8S-ITS region resulted in four restriction patterns. The sequence analysis results of 5.8S-ITS region were similar with those of D1/D2. The sequence identity of eight isolates and four reference strains was as high as 99%. The phylogenetic trees constructed based on 5.8S-ITS region and D1/D2 domain were almost the same and had four branches: isolate Y1 clustered with Pichia kluyveri, Y12-3 and Y18-1 clustered with Pichia fermentans, Y22, Y23, Y26 and Y56 clustered with Meyerozyma guilliermondii, and Y47 clustered with Wickerhamomyces anomalus. Eight yeast isolates from spoiled orange juice were identified as P. kluyveri var. kluyveri, P. fermentans, M. guilliermondii and W. anomalus. M. guilliermondii is observed in spoiled orange juice for the first time. The combination of ITS-RFLP analysis, 26S rRNA gene sequencing and morphological analysis was effective for the identification of spoilage yeasts in orange juice. Therefore, rDNA analysis can allow the identification of yeast species. Colony characteristics may imply genetic differences at various species levels. Furthermore, the importance of morphological analysis cannot be ignored when yeasts are identified by molecular methods.

The antibacterial activities of 24 edible or medicinal fungus strains belonging to 4 genera against 11 indicator bacteria were studied. Three edible fungi with obvious antibacterial activity and 6 indicator bacterial strains were preliminarily screened. Secondary screening was carried out to pick out strain H2 and three indicator bacteria including Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi, and Bacillus cereus for further research into the optimization of culture medium for strain H2 using response surface methodology based on inhibitory zone radii against the indicator bacteria. The results showed that the optimal culture medium for strain H2 was composed of 4.09% maltose, 1.12% peotone, 0.21% KH2PO4, and 0.11% MgSO4 ·7H2O. The inhibitory zone radii of the strain against B. subtilis, S. typhi and B. cereus were 3.513, 4.610 mm and 8.800 mm, respectively after culture in the medium.

Soil was collected from the periphery of rotten burdock roots in the burdock planting base of Qinzhuang village, Hekou town, Pei county, Xuzhou municipality. Three batches of Aspergillus niger strains (including Aspergillus niger 3.316 strains) were isolated and 17 strains with an endoinulinase (I)-to-exoinulinase (S) activity ratio of higher than 10 were screened from them by secondary screening. Strain C122803 exhibited the highest I/S ratio (2.78 U/mL) among 17 screened strains. Strain YY18 with an endoinulinase activity of 3.97 U/mL was obtained from strain C122803 through protoplast preparation and LiCl mutagenesis. The activity obtained was 42.80% higher than that of the parent strain.

Cotyledon and hypocotyl explants were subjected to callus induction and a cell suspension culture system was established for Perilla frutescens. The effects of different culture conditions on the growth of suspension cells and the accumulation of rosmarinic acid were studied. The results showed that 100% callus induction, loose tender yellow cotyledon callus tissue cultures was achieved in a short period of time when hypocotyl explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 3.0 mg/L 6-BA and 0.3 mg/L NAA. The optimal culture conditions for the cell growth of Perilla frutescens and rosmarinic acid synthesis were culture time of 7 days, inoculum amount of 20 g/L, rotation speed of 110 r/min, sucrose concentration of 30 g/L and phenylalanine concentration of 0.15 g/L. Under these conditions, the yield of rosmarinic acid was as high as 2.283 mg/g.

Objective: To establish an effective and economical method for total DNA extraction from intestinal contents in puffer fish. Methods: Three DNA extraction methods including phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol extraction method, QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit, modified FastDNA SPIN Kit for soil were designed and used in combination with polymerase chain reaction-denatured gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) technique to analyze the microbial diversity in the intestine of puffer fish. Results: Much more DNA and higher microbial diversity were extracted by phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol extraction method and QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit compared with modified FastDNA SPIN Kit for soil. Conclusion: Phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol extraction method is an effective and economical method for DNA extraction, and can be applied for studying microbial diversity.

The preparation of fermented P. cornucopiae, P. pulmonarius and P. ostreatus using a starter culture of Lactobacillus plantarum was studied. Microbial and physicochemical changes during fermentation were determined. In addition, the sensory quality of fermented mushroom was also evaluated. The results showed that mushroom could successfully conduct lactic acid fermentation and fermented mushroom had a mild acidic taste and typical characteristics of sauerkraut. The final pH for mushroom fermentation was 3.4－3.6, which was in the range of sauerkraut and kimchi. Sensory evaluation showed that fermented P. cornucopiae was a favorable product with excellent appearance, flavor, texture and overall acceptance. During the whole fermentation period, nitrite concentrations in fermented P. cornucopiae, P. pulmonarius and P. ostreatus were low, suggesting that the mushroom pickles were safe.

In order to improve the ACE inhibitory rate of hydrolyzed soybean meal, alkaline protease was used in combination with neutral protease, compound protease, trypsin or flavorzyme for stepwise hydrolysis of soybean meal. The results showed that the highest hydrolysis degree, 46.83%, was achieved when soybean meal was sequentially hydrolyzed with alkaline protease followed by trypsin. Further investigations were carried out to optimize the hydrolysis process using response surface analysis. The optimal hydrolysis process was sequential hydrolysis with neutral protease for 2 h at a dose of 5100 U/g followed by trypsin at a dose of 950 U/g for another 2 h. The ACE inhibitory rate of final hydrolysis products was up to 72.21%.

In order to exploit abundant proteins in the green algae Enteromorpha clathrata, Enteromorpha clathrata was enzymatically hydrolyzed and the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of its hydrolysate was determined spectrometrically. Alcalase was found to be more suitable for the preparation of ACE inhibitory peptides from Enteromorpha clathrata proteins than alkaline protease and trypsin. Based on one-factor-at-a-time experiments, response surface methodology was employed to optimize the hydrolysis conditions. The optimal hydrolysis process conditions were solid/liquid ratio of 1:50, enzyme dose of 2982 U/g protein, hydrolysis temperature of 47.9 ℃, hydrolysis pH of 7.53 and hydrolysis duration of 90 min. Under these conditions, a hydrolysate with an ACE inhibitory IC50 of 0.66 mg/mL was obtained. The hydrolysate consisted of fractions with a MWCO (molecular weight cut-off) of 1－5 kD and the fraction with an average chain length of 16 exhibited the strongest ACE inhibitory activity. The fractions with molecular weight of lower than 10 kD showed resistance to gastrointestinal proteases in vitro.

The inhibitory effect of (Z)-5-(4-(2-methoxyethoxy)benzylidene)-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one (MBTO) on tyrosinase in yacon was studied by spectrometrically. The results showed that MBTO had excellent inhibitory effect on tyrosinase in yacon. The optimal inhibitory concentration, time and temperature, as determined by one-factor-at-a-time design, were 30μmol/L, 210 s, and 30 ℃, respectively. The results of 3-variable, 3-level orthogonal array experiments showed that the best inhibition results were obtained by treatment with 30.0μmol/L MBTO at pH 7.5 and 30 ℃ for 330 s, yielding an inhibitory rate as high as 84.24%.

To further understand the structure-function relationship of the allergen Cra c 8 of triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) from brown shrimps (Crangon crangon) and the molecular basis of cross reaction among food allergens, physical and chemical properties as well as the difference and similarity between Cra c 8 and other triosephosphate isomerases at molecular level were analyzed by a series of bioinformatics softwares. The results showed that Cra c 8 protein was an acidic protein composed of 249 amino acids. The homology of similar proteins was relatively high and hydrophobic and hydrophilic areas had great similarity in Archaeopotamobius sibiriensis, Fenneropenaeus chinensis, Salmo salar, Triticum aestivum and Blattella germanica. The prediction results of secondary structure showed that α-helix and irregular folds were the major structures of Cra c 8 protein, while β-sheet and β-corner regions were absent. The spatial structure of Cra c 8 protein was successfully built by homology modeling. This study will provide a theoretical reference for exploring the activity and cross-reactivity properties of brown shrimp Cra c 8 protein.

In order to detect S. typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7 in fresh chicken accurately and rapidly, traditional and multiple PCR methods were combined to explore co-recovery-enrichment conditions of heat-injured S. typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7 in this study. The results showed that the scalding process could bring S. typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes and E. coli O157: H7 into a sub-lethal state. TSB-YE was the best medium that could repair sub-lethal pathogenic bacteria. The recovery time of S. typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes was 2 h, and that of E. coli O157:H7 was 4 h. After 16 h of enrichment, the best enrichment results were obtained for S. typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes and E. coli O157: H7 in TSB-YE medium Under these co-recovery-enrichment conditions, the positive rates of S. typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7 in 80 samples were 22.5% (18/80), 11.3% (9/80) and 18.8% (15/80), respectively.

Bacterial populations from air, fermented grains and mud on pit wall for Luzhou-flavor liquor-brewing workshops in Yibin were analyzed by classical microbiological methods and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Meanwhile, the fermentation characteristics of some of them was comparatively evaluated. The results showed that Bacillus cereus, B. methylotrophicus and B. tequilensi revealed a wide distribution. Bacteria in fermentated grains and mud on pit wall had the closest relationship with Jaccard index with a similarity as high as 85%. Ethanol-tolerant bacteria or starch-consuming bacteria were mainly distributed in fermented grains, acetic acid-tolerant bacteria were mainly distributed in mud on pit wall, and bacteria isolated from air in workshop could tolerate neither ethanol nor acetic acid. A stable bacterial community adapting to the brewing environment was formed and revealed an obvious diversity in Yibin Luzhou-flavor liquor-brewing region. The bacterial communities from air, mud on pit wall and fermented grains showed a correlation, while a closer correlation between fermented grains and mud on pit wall was observed.

The batch and fed-batch cultivations of Spirulina platensis were studied using ammonium bicarbonate as the nitrogen source. The results showed that Spirulina platensis could grow well when ammonium concentration in the medium was less than 5 mmol/L. However, when the concentration of ammonium bicarbonate was higher than 5 mmol/L, cell growth was inhibited and disintegrated. The fed-batch cultivation using biomass-based feeding method could yield a dry cell concentration of 3.08 g/L, and a productivity of 0.26 g/(L ·d). Moreover, the contents of protein and chlorophyll could reach up to 65.06% and 13.37 mg/g, respectively. Therefore, bicarbonate ammonium is a suitable nitrogen source for high cell density culture of Spirulina platensis.

AuRu nanoparticles were synthesized by a reverse microemulsion method. The structure, composition, and morphology of AuRu were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). A novel biosensor was prepared by using AuRu nanoparticles to modify horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The performance of the developed sensor for determining hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry. The results showed that HRP/AuRu/GC had high sensitivity and stability of determination for H2O2. The ccurrent revealed an excellent linear relationship with the negative logarithm of concentration in the range of 1 × 10-7－1× 10-3 mol/L with a linear coefficient of 0.9959. The detection limit for H2O2 was 5.02 × 10-8 mol/L. The current of electrode response still retained 91.54% of the original level after 30 days of storage.

3-Aminopropyl triethoxy silane was used to modify the surface of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles in this study.Glutaraldehyde was used as the cross-linking agent to immobilize alkaline protease. The results showed that the surface of modified magnetic nanoparticles had a good capability of magnetic separation so that alkaline protease was immobilized on its surface well. The best immobilization conditions for alkaline protease were alkaline protease amount of 7000 U/g, reaction temperature of 40 ℃ and reaction time of 1.5 h. The enzymatic activity after immobilization was 3352 U/g and the activity recovery was 48%. Moreover, immobilized alkaline protease retained 34.2% of the initial activity after fifth repeated use.

The aim of this study was to purify and characterize heat-stable extracellular protease produced by Pseudomanas fluorescens isolated from raw milk. Crude protease was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-Sepharose FF column chromatography and Sephacry S-100 column chromatography. The molecular weight, optimum pH and temperature, heat stability and amino acid sequence of purified protease as well as the effect metal ions on protease activity were analyzed. The purified enzyme is a monomer with a molecular weight of 47 kD as evaluated by SDS-PAGE. The specific activity of the crude protease was increased by 61.38 fold when compared with the purified protease. The optimum pH and temperature were 7.0 and 30 ℃, respectively. The purified protease was partially inhibited by DL-dithiothreitol but activated slightly by Fe2+. The protease revealed typical heat-stable behavior. After treatment at 130 ℃ for 3 min, more than 47.67% of the original activity was remained. The dominant amino acids in the purified protease were glycine, alanine and glutamic acid and glycine was the most dominant amino acid with a molar percentage of 42%. This study will contribute to further understanding of the properties protease from Pseudomonas fluorescens and the possible relationship between protease type and ultra high temperature-treated milk gelation.

Xanthomonas campestris XG30-18 was radiated by microwave and then treated with nitrosoguanidine (NTG) and a mutant strain named as MW-42-NTG-6 was obtained. The strain had the ability to produce high-viscosity and acid-resistant xanthan gum. The optimal carbon and nitrogen sources for the strain were sucrose + corn starch and soybean protein isolate, respectively. The optimal fermentation conditions for production of high-viscosity and acid-resistant xanthan gum by the strain, as determined using orthogonal array design method, were inoculum amount of 8%, fermentation pH of 7.0, rotation speed of 240 r/min and fermentation temperature of 28 ℃. Under these conditions, the viscosity, yield, acid-resistant pH of xanthan gum were 1790 cP, 3.92% and 4.2, respectively.

Plackett-Burman (PB) design and response surface methodology (RSM) were applied to optimize 7 medium components for pullulan production by pigment-free mutant strain UVMU3-1. The results indicated that the yield of pullulan was mainly influenced by the concentrations of glucose and KH2PO4. The components were approached to the maximum response area using steepest ascent design (SAD). Using central composite design combined with response surface methodology, the optimal medium composition was determined to be 67 g/L glucose, 5.18 g/L KH2PO4, 5 g/L (NH4)2SO4, 10 g/L NaNO3, 0.5 g/L MgSO4 ·7H2O, 2 g/L yeast extract and 10 mL/L Tween-80. The experimental yield of pullulan in the optimized medium was 19.98 g/L, which was close to the predicted value of 19.94 g/L and increased by 163% when compared with the control.

Ten strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from the digestive tract of pigs by anaerobic culture. Based on morphological, physiological, biochemical tests and 16S rDNA sequence analysis, five strains were identified as Lactobacillus plantarum, four strains as Enterococcus faecalis, and stain m661 as Enterococcus gallinarum. All ten strains had strong radical-scavenging capacity although E. faecalis M462 and L. plantarum M15 had almost no scavenging capacity against hydroxyl free radicals. The radical-scavenging capacity of most of the ten strains was positively correlated with bacterial density. At a concentration of 5 × 108 CFU/mL, the highest radical-scavenging rates against hydroxyl, superoxide anion and DPPH free radicals were 12.2%, 80.6% and 79.3%, respectively. Five L. plantarum strains revealed a DPPH scavenging rate of higher than 60%, which was significantly higher that that of four Enterococcus faecalis strains. E. faecalis had better scavenging effect against superoxide anion free radicals than other two species and the scavenging rates of four E. faecalis strains against superoxide anion free radicals were all higher than 60%. L. plantarum strains R17, R53 and R762 revealed a scavenging rate of higher than 5% against superoxide anion free radicals, and R17 was the strongest superoxide anion free radical scavenger among them.

Objective: To explore the effect of lactosucrose on intestinal development of weaned rats. Methods: Totally 24 weaned rats were randomly divided into 3 groups including normal group, lactosucrose group and Bifidobacterium group. The body weight of each rat at the 0, 7th, 14th, 21st and 35th day and total food consumption per week were recorded. The spleen weight and the length of small intestine, the contents of SOD and MDA, ileum morphology and lymphcytes in the ileum were measured after all rats were killed at the 35th day. Results: The body weight at the 7th, 28th and 35th day, the growth rate of body weight, the length of small intestine and lymphcytes in the ileum for rats treated with lactosucrose were significantly increased when compared with those of the rats from the normal control group (P＜0.05), and ileum MDA content was significantly lower than that in the rats from the normal control group (P＜0.05). Conclusion: Lactosucrose can improve intestine development of weaned rats.

Objective: An artificial lung metastatic mouse model was established by intravenous injection of B16 melanoma cells and the anti-metastatic effect of echinoside A (EA) and ds-echinoside A (DSEA) was investigated. Methods: B16 artificial lung metastatic mice were treated every other day by intraperitoneally injection of EA or DSEA for 25 consecutive days. The mice were then sacrificed and the blood was collected for separating serum. The lungs were dissected to detect metastatic colonies. The serum levels of sialic acids, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (γ-GT) and hepatic hydroxyproline, hexosamines, and uronic acid contents were measured. Results: EA and DSEA could reduce the quantity of B16 metastasis. High-dose EA and DSEA could inhibit the metastasis by 87.07% and 74.14% (P＜0.01), respectively. The content of serum saliva acid and γ-GT activity were also reduced by both EA and DSEA significantly (P＜0.05, P＜0.01). Biochemical parameters such as hydroxyproline, hexosamines and uronic acid levels in the lung were also significantly reduced by EA and DSEA (P＜0.05, P＜0.01). Conclusion: EA and DSEA can inhibit artificial lung metastases of B16 melanoma cells by inhibiting tumor cell migration and reduce the degree of lung fibrosis.

In order to exploit the resource of Rana dybowskii eggs, protamex was used to hydrolyze egg protein into small peptides in this study. The degree of hydrolysis of Rana dybowskii eggs was investigated with respect to hydrolysis parameters such as pH, enzyme dose, solid-to-liquid ratio, hydrolysis time and temperature. The optimal hydrolysis parameters were determined as follows: pH 8.0, 3000 U/g pro of enzyme dose, 55 ℃, 1:5.5 (m/V) of solid-to-liquid ratio and 5 h of hydrolysis time. The hydrolysate obtained under these conditions was determined to have obvious anti-fatigue function in mice in terms of weight-loaded swimming time and the contents of blood lactic acid and liver glycogen.

Purpose: To determine and evaluate nutritional components of black cereal and oil paste made from black rice, black soybean and black sesame. Methods: A kind of paste was made from black rice, black soybean and black sesame through extruding, blending and grinding. Its nutritional components were also analyzed. Results: The contents of water, protein, fat, ash and insoluble dietary fibre in the paste were 4.92%, 24.81%, 18.84%, 2.84% and 2.43%, respectively. In addition, the amounts of vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin E, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese and copper in 100 g of paste sample were 98.65 μg, 96.89 μg, 6.98 mg, 207.14 mg, 86.62 mg, 702.03 mg, 119.13 mg, 9.04 mg, 2.09 mg, 1.66 mg and 0.588 mg, respectively. The contents of lead and arsenic in 1000 g of past sample were lower than 0.3 mg and 0.2 mg, respectively. The contents of essential amino acids (EAA) and non-essential amino acids (NEAA) per 100 g of protein were 8.94 g and 15.63 g, respectively and the content of total amino acids (TAA) was 24.57 g. The amino acid score (AAS), chemical score (CS) and essential amino acid index (EAAI) were 1.02, 0.65 and 78.77, respectively. Moreover, the EAA/TAA and EAA/NEAA were 36.39% and 57.20%, respectively. Conclusion: Black cereal and oil paste has balanced nutrition and reasonable formula.

Objective: To study the effect of Hericium erinaceus polysaccharide on transplanted H22 tumor in mice and its mechanism. Methods: H22 tumor bearing mouse models were established by transplanting H22 tumor into normal mice. Seventy mice were divided at random into normal control group consisting of 10 mice and other 5 groups of 12 mice each: model, positive control, and low, medium and high-dose Hericium erinaceus polysaccharide groups (at doses of 50, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg, respectively). Each mouse received intragastric administration for 10 consecutive days. The positive control group was administered intraperitoneally with cyclophosphamide every other day. After the last administration, all mice were killed and the tumor growth inhibition rate, and spleen and thymus indices were calculated. Moreover, the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interlekin-2 (IL-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were determined by ELISA method, and the number of WBC and albumin level were also detected. Results: The tumor growth inhibitory rate of Hericium erinaceus polysaccharide was higher than 26%. Hericium erinaceus polysaccharide significantly increased thymus index, elevated the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-2, reduced VEGF level in tumor tissue, and increased serum albumin. The number of WBC in the Hericium erinaceus polysaccharide groups was not significantly different from the normal control group, but significantly higher than the positive control group. Conclusion: Hericium erinaceus polysaccharide has significant anti-tumor effect on transplanted H22 tumor in mice. The possible mechanisms may be related to the regulation of immune function and anti-angiogenetic function in tumor tissue.

The objective of this study is to preliminarily quantify the control efficacy of human liver cancer by propolis through evaluating the inhibitory effect on HCC cell proliferation and fat deposition. The content of flavonoids in propolis was determined by HLPC-MS to be (191.472±1.986) mg/g. The proliferation of proplis-treated hepatoma cells was evaluated by MTT. The tg9 group (propolis:olive oil ＝1:2, V/V) revealed the strongest inhibitory effect on cell proliferation. The triglyceride (TG) contents in all treatment groups were in the range of 410.333－459.672 nmol/L. Therefore, propolis can not control fat deposition in cells and the preventative effect of propolis on fatty liver is not satisfactory. However, it has strong inhibitory effect on the proliferation of liver cancer cells.

Phycobiliproteins are a group of pigment proteins with similar structures, which are formed through a covalent thioether bond between phycobilin and sulfhydryl (－SH) groups in conservative cysteine residues. Due to its fluorescence, phycobiliprotein is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. In this article, the classification and structure of phycobiliprotein, extraction procedures and purification are described. In addition, the anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and antitumor functions of phycobiliprotein as well as corresponding mechanisms are discussed. According to current studies, many efforts still need to be made for seeking potential resources and food functions of phycobiliprotein.

Chicken yolk precursors, namely very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and vitellogenesis (VTG), are synthesized via estrogen secreted by sexually mature hens, and have obvious impacts on the intrinsic quality of eggs. Very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), a yolk precursor transport receptor, can mediate the VTG and VLDL on the yolk membrane surface into oocytes and promote the maturation of oocytes. Therefore it is a key gene that influences egg production and yolk weight. Chicken yolk precursors and their receptors are closely associated with egg quality. In this paper, the structures and functions of yolk precursors and their receptors in chicken are reviewed and their impacts on egg quality are also discussed.

Adzuki bean is a kind of functional food with high protein, low adipose and abundant nutrients. In recent years, researchers have found that adzuki bean extract has good antioxidant activity, and can prevent or treat various diseases. As a result, adzuki bean has promising prospects of development and utilization. In this article, the recent research progress in functional properties of adzuki bean is systematically reviewed.

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) has a promising prospect for applications in yeast classification and identification, genetic relationship confirmation among yeast species, and breeding. It is a rapid and sensitive method to analyze microbial characters. In this paper, the recent applications of RAPD in the classification, identification and breeding of yeasts are summarized and the current research hot topics on RAPD are also discussed.

Chinese liquor has a history of thousands years and the world,s most complicated process. However, the influence of Chinese liquor in the international market is limited so that it is still focused on the domestic market. The export of Chinese liquor to the EU countries with large liquor consumption is very small. The EU,s laws and regulations relating to liquor were collected and preliminarily investigated from the following perspectives: the EU Food Safety Basic Law, food additives, contaminant limits, liquor and alcohol regulations, food labeling and food packaging and contact materials under the EU,s food safety supervision and management framework with the aim of providing some references for Chinese liquor exports to the EU market. The EU ensures food safety mainly through food labeling regulations combined with food additive regulations. In contrast, fundamental studies on physical and chemical ingredients of Chinese liquor are still weak. Therefore, China,s liquor industry should learn from other countries, experience in fundamental research on distilled spirit and wine, especially frontier research directions and ideas, lay down a solid foundation and make efforts to achieve breakthrough progress in fundamental research on physical and chemical ingredients.

Dietary intake of nucleosides and nucleotides plays an important role in maintaining the functions of bone marrow hematopoietic cells, intestinal mucosa and brain. Food is one of the major supply sources of nucleosides and nucleotides for human body. In this article, the physiological functions of nucleosides and nucleotides in immune, metabolism, and hepatic, cardiovascular and nerve systems and anti-virus and anti-bacteria activity are reviewed.

In order to provide suggestions for the national strategy on safety control of food products with TFA, the regulations of TFA in food products in the United States, European Union (EU), Canada, Japan and South Korea were analyzed and compared in terms of management concepts, models, institutions and procedures. Perfect regulation systems and clear management programs have been established in many developed countries and their supervision and management strategies for newly found substances causing potential food safety risks are generally effective, advanced and typical. China should learn from advanced experience, formulate and improve relevant law and standard systems, release operative supervision and management regulations and practical safeguard measures, and strengthen TFA safety evaluation and testing levels.

Micro-oxygenation (MOX) technology is the process of introducing a trace, continuous and controlled amount of oxygen to wine to shorten the aging time of wine and improve wine quality. In this paper, the international literature on MOX technology in the last 5 years is summarized in terms of operation, principle, material transformation, and affecting factors (such as grape characteristics, oxygen control and free SO2 content). Current problems in studying and applying MOX technology and future development prospects are also analyzed.

With the development of transgenic biotechnology and the commercialization of genetically modified crops, safety assessment of genetically modified foods (GMF) is necessary and urgent. Immune safety assessment is one of its indispensable parts. In this paper, the necessity, methods and current research progresses of immune safety assessment of genetically modified foods are summarized with the aim of creating a systematic and practical standard and procedure for GMF immune safety assessment and providing references for the establishment of standards and systems for GMF safety assessment.

Pork is the most important meat product consumed in China. However, the quality and safety of commercial pork is not optimistic. It is extremely important to improve pork safety assurance system by monitoring the relationship amongst temperature fluctuation, quality loss and risk probability in cold chain logistics. In this paper, it is emphasized particularly on the principles and application of novel management technologies such as temperature monitoring system, shelf life prediction, shelf life decision system and integrated assurance system for monitoring food quality and safety in cold chain, which could be a reference for further development of information-based management for monitoring pork quality and safety in cold supply chain.

Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) is a novel sample preparation technique. It integrates extraction and condensation, and has the advantages of simple operation, short time consumption, low cost, high recovery rate, high enrichment factor and low environmental pollution. In this paper, the principle, procedures and influencing factors of DLLME are introduced. The recent applications of this novel technique in the analysis of pesticide residues in food and environment are also emphatically discussed. Moreover, its application prospect is proposed.

Antagonistic Bacillus species is one of the most promising probiotics which can be used as a substitute for antibiotic feed additives. It is important to facilitate the application of antagonisticBacillus species in aquaculture to reduce the abuse of antibiotics. In this article, the current research and application situations of antagonistic Bacillus species in China are introduced. Meanwhile, current problems are discussed. Moreover, we suggest that the study of antagonistic Bacillus species in aquaculture should be strengthened.

EGCG is not only an important active component in tea extract, but also one of the most potential chemopreventive agents. EGCG has obvious impacts on a variety of signaling pathways in cancer cells, thus leading to the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, accelerating apoptosis and suppressing cell migration and invasion. Current research is focused on MAPK, PI3K-Akt, NF-κB and other signaling pathways. In this paper, the effect of EGCG on different signal transduction chains is summarized.

Epidemiological studies indicate that cereal dietary fiber (DF) has physiological effects by reducing the risk of many chronic metabolic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, obesity, type Ⅱ diabetes and some gastrointestinal cancers. Pentosans, also known as arabinoxylans (AX), are the major part of dietary fiber in many cereals. They can be degraded in the colon by specific intestinal bacteria possessing AX-degrading enzymes, and promote the growth of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in the gut. The prebiotic properties of pentosans are mainly affected by various degrees of polymerization, substitution, and cross-linking as well as side chain distribution. The beneficial effects of pentosans are attributed to bound ferulic acid besides their own molecular structures, which has a slow and continuous release and absorption through the colon to provide important antioxidant protection.

In this paper, the current research and development status of soybean protein concentrate (SPC) is summarized. SPC can be prepared by three methods including dilute acid washing, alcohol extraction and ultra-filtration membrane separation. SPC can be modified by eight methods such as heat treatment, microwave treatment, ultrasound treatment and enzyme treatment to improve its functional and biological properties. Modified SPC as the most important nutritional substrate used in the food industry and feed industry holds promise for a wide range of applications.

Food controlled-release system is based on packaging materials as a delivery system for the controlled release of active substances, which can realize the maintenance and improvement of food quality. In this article, the lasted advances in the application of controlled-release technology in active food packaging and in research into the release mechanism and factors affecting the release rate are reviewed. Moreover, the future development trend of controlled-release technology is also proposed.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the major threats to human health in the 21st century. All over the world there have been more than 200 million diabetic patients. Recently, many bioactive peptides derived from animals, insects and the human body have been reported as new hypoglycemic functional factors, which are more safety and have fewer side effects when compared with traditional treatments and accordingly are expected to be developed as functional foods or drugs that can prevent or even cure diabetes. In this paper, the recent research progress and applications of various types of hypoglycemic peptides are described.