Changes in the contents of glucosinolates, anthocyanins, vitamin C and total phenolics and ferric reducing
antioxidant power (FRAP) value in two radish cultivars known as ‘Fushunhong’ and ‘Shengfengbai’ were investigated
during seed germination. The results showed that individual glucosinolates decreased significantly in two radish cultivars
except for glucoraphasatin in ‘Shengfengbai’. The phenolic contents in 5-day-old sprouts of ‘Fushunhong’ and ‘Shengfengbai’
decreased by 61.62% and 43.93%, respectively, as compared to those of raw seeds. Vitamin C was found to be absent in
seeds but its content increased sharply with the progress of germination, reaching 65.81 and 52.48 mg/100 g, respectively, in
7-day-old sprouts of ‘Fushunhong’ and ‘Shengfengbai’.

Objective: To study the combined effect of L-histidine and KCl on myosin solubility, aggregation and heatinduced
gel properties. Methods: Rabbit Psoas major myosin was extracted and purified. After dialysis against different
concentrations of KCl (1, 150 and 600 mmol/L) in the presence of L-histidine, it was measured for solubility, turbidity
and heat-induced gel properties at different ionic strengths. Results: After L-histidine treatment, the solubility of rabbit
meat myosin in a low ionic strength solution (1 mmol/L KCl) increased from 17.2% to 64.4%, and this is accompanied by
a significant decrease in the extent of aggregation and a significant increase in the hardness and water-holding capacity
(WHC) of heat-induced gels (P ＜ 0.05). Nevertheless, at both physiological (0.15 mol/L KCl) and high ionic (0.6 mol/L
KCl) strength, neither myosin solubility nor aggregation was affected by the presence of L-histidine in dialysis, although a
significant decrease in the hardness of heat-induced gels was observed (P < 0.05). The WHC of heat-induced gels showed a
significant reduction at high ionic strength, but exhibited no change at physiological ionic strength. Conclusion: L-histidine
treatment can result in a significant increase in myosin solubility and heat-induced gel properties at low ionic strength
conditions. This may provide new insights for developing low sodium gel-type meat products.

Chitosans with two different degrees of deacetylation (DD) were used separately prepare different concentrations
of chitosan solutions by using different concentrations (V/V) of acetic acid solutions as dispersing agent and different
concentrations (m/V) of sorbitol as plasticizer. We examined the effect of acetic acid, sorbitol and chitosan concentration on
the pH and conductivity of chitosan solutions, and illustrated the roles of ionic polymerizations in chitosan film formation.
The rheological properties of chitosan film-forming solutions were studied and the effect of sorbitol on the properties of
chitosan film-forming solutions and the formed films was analyzed. Results showed that sticky solution was formed by
combination of ions from sorbitol, acetic acid and chitosan. Chitosan film-forming solutions with and without sorbitol as
plasticizer were both pseudoplastic fluid, and sorbitol presented a good compatibility with the two kinds of deacetylated
chitosan that could form uniform and continuous films, resulting in a shift in the endothermic and exothermic peak
temperatures of chitosan films and presenting certain influence on their thermal stability.

In this article, using phycobiliprotein of Nostoc sphaeroides Küting as raw material, the influence of pH,
temperature and light on the chroma and concentration of phycobiliprotien were studied, and established the degradation
kinetics of phycocyanin and its chroma of Nostoc sphaeroides Küting. The results showed that aqueous phycocyanin at pH 3
exhibited almost no characteristic absorption peaks in the visible region, and characteristic absorption peaks appeared and the
peak values gradually increased along with increasing pH, reaching the maximum at pH 6, followed by a gradual decrease.
The characteristic absorption peaks of phycocyanin displayed a slight blue shift at higher pH levels. The Hunter-b value of
phycocyanin was the lowest at pH 4, and its darkest color was blue. There was a significant difference in Hunter-b value at
all pH levels tested. The half-life of phycocyanin at 50 ℃ was 8.09 and 11.05 times higher than those at 60 ℃ and 70 ℃,
respectively and the half-life of chroma at 50 ℃ was 29.17 and 72.74 times higher than those 60 ℃ and 70 ℃ respectively.

Our present study used CIELab system to obtain the color space parameters of young red wine from the Eastern
Foot of Helan Mountain and to explore the correlation between anthocyanins and color parameters. Ten different young
red wine samples made from different grape varieties grown at the Eastern Foot of Helan Mountain in 2012 were tested.
Ultraviolet spectroscopy and pH-differential method were used to determine the CIELab color space parameters and total
anthocyanins. A correlation analysis was made between total anthocyanins and color space parameters. The results showed
that different wine samples had different color space parameters, such as L*, a*, b*, Cab and Hab, suggesting different color
characteristics. Total anthocyanin contents (TAC) were 161.2－287.8 mg/L, which showed a significant correlation with the
parameters L*, a* and Cab, and determined luminosity, hue and saturation of young red wine.

The thin layer drying characteristics of carrot slices were investigated and moisture content (relative to dry matter)
was modeled as a function of drying time under different conditions of temperature, air flow rate and sample thickness.
Meanwhile, based on Fick’s diffusion law, the effective diffusion coefficients of water (Deff) in carrots were calculated and
modeled as well. Results showed that the thin layer drying kinetics of carrots could be described by the Page equation, the
coefficients of equation were obtained through regression analysis, and the equations of Deff vs. air temperature, air flow rate
and sample thickness were obtained by multiple linear regression. The experimentally observed Deff values increased from
0.84 × 10-9 to 6.69 × 10-9 m2/s with increasing drying temperature, air flow rate and sample thickness.

Brown granulated sugar was used to simulate the flocculation and clarification of syrup by sulfurous acid
method to investigate changes in Zeta potential at different operational stages and the effect of different flocculatants on
this parameter. The results showed that the absolute Zeta potential value of sugar liquor rapidly increased with the gradual
addition of calcium hydroxide, but slowly decreased with increasing the fumigation intensity and then continued to slowly
reduce to the minimum level with the addition of flocculatant during sulphur fumigation and neutralization. During the
whole course from addition of calcium hydroxide, sulphur fumigation and neutralization to flocculation and sedimentation,
the absolute value of Zeta potential gradually declined, the repulsive force between particles became weaker, the stability of
the dispersion system was lowered, and coagulation and flocculation occurred finally.

The effect of ionic strength on the chain conformations of high (712.6 kD), medium (205.8 kD) and low (76.4 kD)
molecular weight chitosan was studied by intrinsic viscosity and static light scattering. Our results showed that the intrinsic
viscosities and mean square radiuses of the three samples decreased with increasing ionic strength. The chain stiffness of
chitosan became weak as the molecular weight increased. With an increase in ionic strength, the protonated amino groups
of chitosan chains were gradually screened by counter ions, which might account for the decrease in intrinsic viscosity and
mean square radius of gyration. This study indicated that the thickening effect of chitosan could be regulated by changing its
chain conformation through the adjustment of environment factors, which would be helpful for its application as a thickener
in food systems.

The effect of glycosylation under wet-heating conditions on functional properties of soybean protein isolate
(SPI) was investigated by determining the pH, solubility and gel properties of glycosylated products from the reaction between
8 g/100 mL of SPI and glucose with a weight ratio of 4:1 in double distilled water at 70, 80 and 90 ℃ for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 h,
respectively. The results showed that the color of the model system at each temperature became darker with extended heating
time, the pH was decreased, the sobubility, emulsifying activity and emulsion stability were significantly improved
(P ＜ 0.05), and the gel springiness and hardness tended to initially increase and then decrease. The most obvious
improvement was observed when the glycosylation reaction temperature was 90 ℃. The solubility and emulsifying activity
were increased from 17.37% and 0.168 at 0 h to 38.7% and 0.574 at 6 h, and the highest gel hardness and springiness, 81.3 g and 0.936
were obtained at 3 h. Hence, glycosylated modification can effectively improve functional properties of soy protein isolate.

Purpose: To investigate the dynamic accumulation pattern of the main antibacterial constituent, polysaccharides
in Kudingcha collected at different months. Methods: Kudingcha was subjected to reflux extraction on a hot water bath
and the process was repeated for three times. The cylinder plate method was used to measure the antimicrobial capacity.
The diameter of inhibition zone was used to determine the optimal harvest time for Kudingcha. The sugar content was
determined by the phenol sulfuric acid method. The correlation between polysaccharides and antibacterial activity was
evaluated. The fingerprint spectra of Kudingcha aqueous extract obtained by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
(FTIR) were studied and the correlation between characteristic peaks and antibacterial activity was evaluated. Results: The
polysaccharide content in Kudingcha increased gradually during the first three months, and reached the peak of 96.6 mg/g
in April. Then, it declined gradually to the lowest level of 47.7 mg/g in December. The greatest diameters of inhibition zone
of Escherichia coli, Staphyloccocus aureus Rosenbach, Pseudomonas aeruginosa were observed when exposed to aqueous
extract of Kudingcha harvested in April, and the lowest level when exposed to Kudingcha harvested in December. This trend
was similar to the observation for polysaccharide content. Conclusion: The content of antibacterial components is at the
highest level in Kudingcha harvested in April, and the best harvest period is in April. Glycosides and polysaccharides are
antibacterial components in Kudingcha.

The effects of erythritol, xylitol and lactitol on gellan gel texture were investigated by using a texture analyzer.
Both gellan gel strength and hardness were reduced more markedly by the addition of three alditols in higher amounts. The
impact of the alditols was observed in the decreasing order: lactitol > xylitol > erythritol. However, the brittleness of gellan
gel was not significantly affected by these alditols. The effect of 15 g/100 mL mixed alditols on the texture of gellan gel was
weaker than that of individual alditol at the same concentration, indicating no synergistic interaction between the individual
alditols. Lactitol influenced the texture of gellan gel when the gelation cation was K+ (40 － 400 mmol/L). However, lactitol nearly
had no effect on the texture of gellan gel at lower Ca2+ levels (2 － 10 mmol/L) rather than higher Ca2+ levels (10 － 50 mmol/L).

Bioactive proteins were recovered from a liquid byproduct containing roughly 1.5% protein, with approximately 50%
being protease inhibitors by expanded bed adsorption using macroporous resin Amberlite XAD7HP. The recovered proteins were
analyzed for amino acid composition. The results indicated that XAD7HP allowed the separation between protease inhibitors and
patatin. The protease inhibitors exhibited an activity of 410 mg/g against trypsin and contained Ser, Leu and Glu at 3.2, 9.14 and
8.14 g/100 g, respectively, with the ratio of essential to total amino acids being 40.80%. Similarly, hydrophobic amino acids, Ile,
Leu, Val, Phe and Tyr, were present in relatively higher quantities in these protease inhibitors.

Crude extract was obtained by the extraction of rice bran using organic solvent. Nine pure compounds
were isolated and identified from the extract using silica gel column chromatography and Sephadex LH-20 column
chromatography. Their chemical structures were elucidated as oleic acid, linoleic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl stearate,
2,3-dihydroxypropyl oleate, 3-hydroxy-1,2-propyl diolein,1,3-diolein, 1,3-2-oleyl,2-stearoyl triacylglycerol, stigmasterol,
and ergosterol by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electro-spray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS).

Pasteurization is a commonly used method in sterilization of juice. In order to explore the influence ofpasteurization on jackfruit juice, the volatile aroma compounds in jackfruit juice prepared from 6 Malaysian cultivars (m1,m2, m3, m4, m5 and m6 ) before and after pasteurization were investigated and classified by using headspace solid-phasemicroextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatograghy-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and cluster analysis method, respectively.The results showed that 58 and 55 kinds of aroma compounds were detected in 6 jackfruit cultivars before and afterpasteurization, respectively. After pasteurization, ethyl acetate, n-propyl acetate, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 3-hexen-1-ol,acetate,n-heptyl acetate, decyl acetate, 2,4-dodecadienal, 1,9-dodecadiene and (E)-9-octadecenoic acid ethyl ester disappeared.Furthermore, propyl butyrate, ethyl hexanoate, hexyl isovalerate, methylbutyl hexanoate, bicyclohept-2-ene, 2,6-dimethyl-6-(4-methyl-3- penten-1-yl)-benzoic acid, 2-methylbutyl ester, ethyl 9-hexadecenoate and ethyl 9,12,15-octadecatrienoate werenewly detected. The results of cluster analysis indicated that the pasteurization showed less impact on aroma compounds ofm1, m3 and m5, whereas had more impact on m2, m4 and m6, especially for m6 and m4.

Hawthorn was dried with an air-impingement jet dryer, and the effects of drying temperature, air velocity, drying
box width and distance from nozzle to material box on the drying characteristics and effective diffusion coefficient were
studied. In addition, the drying data were fitted to 7 drying mathematical models and the best drying model was screened
out. The results showed that air-impingement jet drying of hawthorn was a rate-falling drying process. The drying curve
and drying rate curve were significantly affected by air temperature but not significantly by air velocity, drying box width
or distance from nozzle to material box. The effective diffusion coefficient was increased with increasing air temperature
and air velocity, but decreased with increasing drying box width and distance from nozzle to material box. The maximum
effective moisture diffusion coefficient was 9.271 × 10-8 m2/s. The Page model and Modified Page model were the most
suitable for describing air-impingement jet drying behavior of hawthorn in the experimental conditions used in this study.

Acid-soluble collagen (ASC) and pepsin-soluble collagen (PSC) from the skin of farmed Chinese giant
salamander (Andrias davidianus Blanchard) were extracted with 0.5 mol/L acetic acid solution and pepsin at 4 ℃,
respectively, and purified for further property analysis. Results showed that both ASC and PSC contained two α
chains and one β chain (dimer of α chains), indicating them both to be typeⅠ collagen. Among all amino acids in ASC and
PSC, glycine had the largest amount, followed by glutamic and proline, while cystine was the least abundant. The contents
of amino acids in ASC and PSC were 144 and 173 residues/1 000 residues, respectively, and their denaturation temperatures
were 23.5 and 26.5 ℃, respectively. These observations manifested that PSC possessed a better thermal stability than ASC.
In addition, the largest UV absorption of ASC and PSC was observed at 233.0 and 232.0 nm, respectively, which agreed
with the characteristic UV absorption of collagen. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of ASC and PSC were almost
identical. Both collagens had amide Ⅱ and amide Ⅲ, and a series of absorption peaks between them, indicating the existence
of integrated triple helix structure in ASC and PSC.

A ferric ion-reducing system and three free radical systems were used to evaluate the radical-scavenging capacity
and antioxidant activity of collagen peptides from Lophius litulon skin in vitro. The peptide components were separated by
ultrafiltration and the fraction with the highest hydroxyl radical scavenging activity in vitro was obtained. In addition, aged
mouse models were constructed and determined for SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, MDA and Hyp contents in the skin after oral
administration of the screened fraction. The results showed that Lophius litulon skin collagen peptides had strong reducing
power and superoxide anion, DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity in vitro. When the sample concentration was
10 mg/mL, the scavenging rates of hydroxyl, DPPH and superoxide anion radicals and the ferric ion reducing power were
70.48%, 68.78%, 42.53% and 0.676, respectively. The fraction with relative molecular weight less than 2 000 D had stronger
hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and its IC50 was 15.7 mg/mL. The activities of SOD, GSH-Px and CAT in skin were
increased by respectively 20.9%, 41.3% and 58.1% at the dose of 100 mg/(kg·d) when compared with the model group.
Moreover the generation of MDA was significantly inhibited.

Sensory quality attributes directly affects overall consumer acceptability and purchasing of melon fruits, mainly
including aroma, color, taste and flavor, which have a strong varietal specificity. To clarify the possible cause of the intervarietal
variability of sensory quality attributes of melon fruits, principal component analysis (PCA) and Pajek were used to
compare 20 different melon materials from 7 varieties in this study. It was found that fruit shape, volatile aroma, and other
physicochemical traits of these materials varied a lot from each other. PCA results showed that the cumulative contribution
of the first three principal components (PC) was 77.0%; PC1 was associated with fruit abscission, yellowing and a rise
in respiration rate and ethylene burst, and PC2 was significantly correlated to the distinction between oriental melon and
muskmelon. The results of Pajek showed that the aroma and physiochemical properties determining the inter-varietal
variability of melon quality included alcohol content, fruit respiration rate, ethylene release rate, yellowing, fruit abscission
and total amount of roma compounds.

Ten varieties of Kalimeris indica (M1 through M10) were selected to determine their contents of β-carotene,
polyphenols, flavonoids and saponins according to Chinese national standards and common methods. The inhibitory activity
against non-enzymatic glycosylation and its relationship with active ingredients were analyzed as well. The results showed
that Kalimeris indica was rich in the active ingredients; of the varieties investigated, M2 and M5 contained the highest
amounts of β-carotene, M3 and M10 contained the highest amounts of polyphenols and flavonoids, M4 and M6 contained the
highest amounts of saponins. Crude extracts from all these varieties were highly effective against protein glycosylation with
inhibition rates between 49% and 71%. The inhibition of non-enzymatic glycosylation caused by either methylglyoxal (MGO)
or glucose oxidase (GO) displayed positive linear correlation with the contents of polyphenol or flavonoid, while saponin
contents were linearly correlated only with the inhibition of non-enzymatic glycosylation caused by MGO.

The distribution pattern of 3’,5’-cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP) during the production
of concentrated apple juice was investigated. HPLC was employed to determine the cAMP content in
apple pomace left after juice extraction with water or aqueous ethanol and in concentrated apple juice. The
change trend of cAMP content in concentrated apple juice was analyzed as a function of dilution factor and
soluble solid content. Distribution coefficient (DCcAMP) was calculated to describe the distribution regularity
of cAMP. The result showed that cAMP contents in apple pomace, 70 °Brix concentrated apple juice, and
30 °Brix concentrated apple juice were (63.444 1 ± 2.323 6) μg/g, (58.611 3 ± 1.349 3) μg/mL and (12.018 3 ± 0.583 9) μg/mL,
respectively. An equation indicating cAMP content (y) as a function of soluble solid content (x) in concentrated apple juice
was established as follows: y = 0.808 5x − 1.218 5. Furthermore, the DCcAMP of 70 °Brix and 30 °Brix concentrated apple
juice were 92% and 19%, respectively. Thus, during the production of concentrated apple juice, cAMP preferred to exist in
apple pomace and could be enriched by the concentration process

Endophytic fungi were isolated from Ligustrum lucidum by tissue separation and their 1,1-diphenyl-2-
picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was studied. Metabolite components with high DPPH radical scavenging
activity were purified. One hundred and one strains of endophytic fungi were isolated from leaves, stems, roots and branches.
It was found that NZ-18 strain had the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity and an active component was prepared from
its fermentation metabolites by liquid chromatography, which was identified as a pure compound by HPLC and TLC and named
as compound 1. The compound I at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL could scavenge 94.88% of DPPH at 0.2 mg/mL. The present study
indicated that there were many endophytic strains from Ligustrum lucidum whose metabolites could scavenge DPPH free radical.

In this present work, chitosan-whey protein isolate composite film (CWF) was prepared by casting technique
through mixing chitosan (CTS) dissolved in 2% (by volume) aqueous acetic acid with 1 g/100 mL whey protein isolate
(WPI) dissolved in deionized water under continuous stirring. The tensile strength (TS), breaking elongation rate (E), water
vapor permeability (WVP), and transparency of CWF were determined. The preparation conditions of CWF were optimized
to be CTS with a deacetylation degree (DD) of 90% and a molecular weight (MW) of 300 kD in a film-forming solution at
pH 3 with the addition of 1.5% glycerol and 0.5% WPI aqueous solution. The mechanical properties and stripping
property of CWF were significantly improved over those of CTS, and CWF also showed a slight improvement in WPI and
transparency. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis indicated that the cross-sectional microstructure of CWF was
uniform and compact, and the appearance was semi-translucent. Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) results
showed a strong interaction and good compatibility between the molecules of CTS and WPI in the preparation of CWF.

The aim of this work was to develop an edible composite film based on Chinese longsnout catfish (Leiocassis longirostris Günther)
skin collagen and chitosan. Using an orthogonal array design, mechanical properties of the film were investigated as a function
of mass ratio of collagen to chitosan, plasticizer type and concentration, and heating temperature and time. The results showed
that mass ratio of collagen to chitosan had a greater effect on the tensile strength of composite films than heating temperature.
The elongation at break was significantly affected by plasticizer type and concentration but only marginally by heating time. The
optimal preparation conditions that provided the best mechanical properties were determined as 6:4, 20%, 70 ℃ and 30 min for
mass ratio of collagen to chitosan, glycerol concentration (relative to total solutes), heating temperature and time, respectively.
The surface of composite films under the optimized conditions was smooth and without any bubbles. The tensile strength was
(21.98 ± 0.33) MPa and the elongation at break was (127.35 ± 3.03)%.

L-ascorbic acid, soluble solid, titratable acid, protein, amino acid and total phenol contents in 10 kiwifruit varieties
were determined, and a cluster analysis based on the experimental data was carried out on different kiwifruit varieties. Their
DPPH radical scavenging activity was comparatively evaluated, and the correlation with VC content and with total phenolics
content was explored. The results showed that mature kiwifruits contained 12.27% – 20.37% soluble solid, 0.85% – 1.77%
titratable acid, 54.86 – 159.08 mg/100 g L-ascorbic acid, 0.86%–1.85% protein, 10.74 – 17.94 mg/g total amino acid, and
63.71 – 152.46 mg/100 g total phenolics. DPPH radical scavenging rates were in the range of 13.75% to 68.34%. Among
different kiwifruit varieties, soluble solid, L-ascorbic acid and total phenol contents in Cuixiang, Hongyang, Jintao and
Huayou kiwifruits were higher, vitamin C and total phenolics were less abundant in Huangjinguo and Hayward kiwifruits,
and the remaining varieties were generally in the middle. Huayou exhibited the highest contents of VC (159.08 mg/100 g)
and total phenol (152.46 mg/100 g) and the highest DPPH radical scavenging rate (68.34%) as one of the varieties having
the highest nutritional value. The observed significant correlation between antioxidant activity and total phenol content or
vitamin C content suggests that the antioxidant activity of kiwifruits is closely correlated with its bioactive components such
as vitamin C and total phenols.

The inhibitory activity of flavonoids from Artemisia selengensis straw against the formation of fluorescent
advanced glycation end products (AGEs) was evaluated in a bovine serum albumin-methylglyoxal (BSA-MGO) model.
The formation of total AGEs could be generally followed by measuring their characteristic fluorescence at the excitation
and emission maxima of 370 and 440 nm, respectively. Results indicated that 4 elution fractions (F-10, F-30, F-50 and
F-70) obtained with AB-8 resin from the flavonoid extract of Artemisia selengensis straw revealed significant inhibitory
activities against the formation of AGEs in decreasing order: F-50 ＞ F-30 ＞ F-10 ＞ F-70, which was consistent with the
inhibitory effects of rutin and luteolin purified from F-30 and F-50 against the formation of AGEs. Meanwhile, the inhibitory
activities of elution fractions were found to be linearly correlated with their total flavonoid contents. The adduct formed from
the reaction between luteolin and MGO was purified, and LC-MS analysis showed that luteolin might have the potential
to inhibit the formation of AGEs by trapping MGO to form a di-MGO conjugated adduct. Our findings showed that the
flavonoids from Artemisia selengensis straw could inhibit the formation of AGEs in vitro, implying their potential use as a
new inhibitor for preventing and alleviating diabetes and diabetes-related complications.

Interactions between bovine serum albumin (BSA) and lemon yellow or sunset yellow were studied by UV-visible
absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence emission spectroscopy. The dynamic quenching rate constants at 310 K were
calculated according to Stern-Volmer equation to be 2.51 × 105 and 1.42 × 105 L/mol for lemon yellow and sunset yellow,
respectively. The static quenching constants at 310 K were calculated according to Lineweaver-Burk double-reciprocal
equation to be 5.79 × 105 and 5.56 × 105 L/mol, respectively. The number of binding sites at 310 K was calculated
according to lg((F0－F)/F)=lgK0+nlgρ to be 0.556 95 and 0.640 56, respectively. A good linear relationship was observed
between lemon yellow or sunset yellow concentration in the range of 0 – 3 μg/mL and fluorescence quenching intensity.

The activities of cathepsins B, H and L, pH, gel strength, folding flexibility, water-binding capacity (WBC) and
whiteness of surimi from the four major Chinese carps (grass, black, silver and bighead) were investigated before and after
the industrial rinsing process. The results indicated that the quality of surimi from all these Chinese carps was improved
significantly. Meanwhile, gel strength and folding flexibility, water-holding performance and whiteness value were
significantly increased, and the activities of cathepsins B, H and L were decreased significantly. Cathepsin H was almost
completely removed, whereas cathepsins B and L were was retained to a large extent. The surimi gel strength and WBC of
the four Chinese carps decreased in the following sequence: black carp ＞ silver carp ＞ bighead carp ＞ grass carp.

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of sanguinarine (SAN). The 2,2-diphenyl-
1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of SAN was measured, and the protective effect against oxidative
damage and carbohylation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) induced in Cu2+/H2O2 and 2,2-azobis(2-amidinopropane
dihydrochloride) (AAPH) system was examined. The 2-thio-barbituric acid (TBA) method was applied to determine the
protective effect of SAN against FeSO4-induced oxidative damage of soy lecithin and AAPH-induced oxidative damage of
herring sperm DNA. The results showed that SAN effectively removed DPPH free radicals in a dose-dependent manner, with
a clearance rate of 85.94% at a concentration of 100 μmol/L. Adding 1 to 100 μmol/L SAN could significantly protect BSA
against oxidative damage induced by Cu2+/H2O2 and AAPH system, and adding 10 to 100 μmol/L and 0.1 to 100 μmol/L
SAN could significantly protect BSA against carbonylation damage induced by Cu2+/H2O2 and AAPH system, respectively.
SAN significantly protected soy lecithin against FeSO4-induced oxidative damage and protect herring sperm DNA against
AAPH-induced oxidative damage in the range of 6.25–100 μmol/L. In conclusion, SAN can effectively scavenge free
radicals, inhibit oxidative protein damage and carbonylation, and suppress lipid and DNA oxidative damage.

Currently, the safety supervision of import and export foods in China is facing a grim situation. The supervision
involves production risk, team risk and other risks. Using technique for order preference by similarity as an ideal solution
(TOPSIS) method, based on risk analysis and risk assessment code, a quantitative risk assessment method can be developed
for the safety supervision of import and export foods. The supervision work of import and export laver at the Lianyungang
port was assessed, and the quantitative data over the past three years were compared. The model developed in this study is
highly effective in practical applications and has promising prospects.

Poly-γ-glutamic acid, as a high molecular polymer produced by microorganism, is widely used in industry,
agriculture, food, medicine and cosmetics. This study aimed to use response surface methodology for a systematic
optimization of fermentation medium composition for the production of poly-γ-glutamic acid by a glutamic aciddependent
strain of Bacillus subtilis GXA-28. A response surface regression equation was established based on the
results of one-factor-at-a-time, Plackett-Burman, steepest ascent and Box-Behnken experimental designs. The optimal
medium formulation, as predicted from the equation, consisted of 33.65 g/L sucrose, 0.4 g/L yeast extract, 1.6 g/L
NH4Cl, 15 g/L monosodium glutamate, 0.4 g/L KH2PO4, 1.68 g/L K2HPO4·3H2O, 0.1 g/L MgSO4·7H2O and 0.04 g/L
MnSO4·H2O. The yield of poly-γ-glutamic acid reached 16.63 g/L, which was 20% higher than before the optimization,
and the conversion rate of the substrate glutamate reached 100% by using the optimized medium at 40.2 ℃ with shaking at
a speed of 160 r/min for 22 h.

Six strains were screened and isolated for their ability to degrade carotenoids and produce flavor compounds
from the soil on which perennial flowering plants are grown. Morphological observation and 16S rDNA sequence
analysis showed that three of the six strains were clustered with Bacillus subtills and Bacillus tequilensis, two of
them had a higher similarity with Bacillus methylotrophicus and Bacillus pumilus, and one had the closest genetic
relationship with Bacillus lichniformis. Degradation of carotenoid was determined by observing the transparent circles
in carotenoid agar plates and detecting the optical density (OD) at 495 nm. The degradation products were determined
preliminarily by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The identified major products were 2-heptanone,
palmitic acid, phthalic anhydride and other substances.

Casein nonphosphopeptides were used to modify soybean polypeptide by plastein reaction. The resulting CNPPsoybean
polypeptide complexes were studied by SDS-PAGE and their emulsifying properties and microstructure were investigated.
The optimum reaction conditions were found to be reaction at 42 ℃ and pH 4.8 for 3 h with added rennin at 5 g/100 mL,
resulting in a yield of products of (45.26±0.62)%. SDS-PAGE demonstrated that CNPPs bound to soybean polypeptide. The
functionality evaluation of CNPP-soybean polypeptide complexes showed the emulsibility and emulsion stability to be 0.28±0.02
and (13.44±0.47) min, respectively, both of which were higher than those of soybean polypeptide. The miscrostructure showed a
larger number of homogeneous spherical microemulsion particles than that of unmodified soybean polypeptide, illustrating that the
modification of soybean polypeptides by CNPPs can increase the protein emulsibility and emulsiion stablity effectively.

An efficient protease–producing and facultative anaerobic bacterium B-1 was isolated from naturally fermented
Douchi by transparent inhibition zone plate assay. The diameter of inhibition zones in anaerobic conditions was found to be
bigger than in aerobic conditions. Based on physiological and biochemical identification and 16S rRNA sequence analysis, it
was identified as Bacillus methylotrophicus. Meanwhile, this study revealed that the optimal pH and temperature for protease
activity and stability from Bacillus methylotrophicus B-1 were pH 7.0 and 40 ℃, respectively. The protease activity was
activated by Mn2+. In addition, Bacillus methylotrophicus B-1 and Bacillus subtilis A-12 were used at an inoculum size of 6%
on raw soybean meal to study the effect of fermentation on the contents of crude protein and small peptides and hydrolysis
degree. The results showed that the content of small peptides and hydrolysis degree of soybean meal fermented by Bacillus
methylotrophicus B-1 were 28.37% and 29.55%, which were 9.04% and 16.07% higher than those of that fermented by
Bacillus subtilis A-12, and 27.22% and 29.13% higher than those of raw soybean meal, respectively.

In order to obtain safe and reliable new biological preservatives, Bacillus subtilis PNG27 fermented food
was used to improve its antibacterial activity. Skim milk powder and tomato juice as well as incubation temperature
and time were identified as key medium components and fermentation conditions by one-factor-at-a-time and Plackett-
Burman experimental designs. A Box-Behnken response surface methodology was used to determine the optimal medium
composition and fermentation conditions as 16.0 g/L wheat flour, 20.0 g/L skim milk powder, 200.0 mL/L soybean meal
hydrolysate, 40.0 mL/L tomato juice, 10.0 g/L NaCl, 50.0 mL of medium in a 250-mL triangular flask, and incubation
at 32.14 ℃ for 60.0 h. The maximum model-predicted diameter of the inhibition zone of the fermented broth under the
optimized conditions was increased by 42% for Pseudomonas fluorescens and by 47% for Bacillus pumilus compared with
those observed before the optimization.

Much evidence showed that quorum sensing (QS) is involved in food spoilage. Inhibition of QS has the potential
to provide a new targeted preservation procedure. A screening model based on the spoilage potential and characteristics
of specific spoilage organisms in chilled pork was set up. Several biochemical and physiological tests were applied to
exclude undesired strains. Eighty-six strains with siderophere-producing capability were isolated from 116 strains picked
up from Pseudomonas CFC-selective medium with chromeazurol S (CAS) agar assay. Twenty-one strains able to produce
decarboxylase were isolated from 66 strains picked up from double-layer violet red bile dextrose agar (VRBDA) plate with
decarboxylase detection vial assay. Furthermore, the capability of these isolates (86 siderohere+ and 21 decarboxylase+
isolates) to produce N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) was evaluated with a biosensor strain (Agrobacterium
tumefaciens). It was found that 51 siderosphere+ strains and 19 decarboxylase+ strains could produce AHLs. Eleven
of these isolates were identified based on 16S rDNA, including seven Pseudomonas sp. strains able to produce
siderophere and AHLs and four Enterobacteriaceae stains able to produce decarboxylase and AHLs. These strains will
be useful for the further studies on target preservation

To prepare high-activity peptides with calcium absorption-promoting function, desalted duck egg white after
electro-dialysis was hydrolyzed by one of five enzymes (alcalase 2.4 L, neutrase 0.8 L, protamex, trypsin, and pepsin), and
then deamidation and amino acid composition analysis of the peptides were conducted. The results showed that protamex
was selected as the optimal enzyme when the amount of soluble calcium-binding peptide and the degree of hydrolysis (DH)
were measured. The optimal enzymatic hydrolysis conditions were as follows: Protamexdosage 20 000 U/g, substrate
concentration 30 g/L, temperature 50 ℃, pH 6.5, and hydrolysis time 3.5 h. Under these conditions, the DH reached 21.97%
and the amount of soluble calcium-binding peptide was 29.22 μg/mL. After deamidation, the amount of soluble calciumbinding
peptides was increased significantly (P ＜ 0.05). Amino acid analysis revealed that a lot of amino acids in the
peptides contributed to the calcium-binding capacity. Conclusion: Desalted duck egg white can be used to produce highactivity
peptides with calcium absorption-promoting functions and deamidation of duck egg white peptides can increase the
amount of soluble calcium-binding peptides significantly.

This paper reports on the optimization of preparation conditions for antioxidant peptides by hydrolyzing fertilizedegg white with alkaline protease. One-factor-at-a-time method was used to explore the effect of hydrolysis temperature,pH, substrate concentration and enzyme amount on the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activityof hydrolysates. Subsequently, the response surface analysis based on Box-Behnken design was employed to optimize thehydrolysis conditions. The results showed that hydrolysates showing the highest DPPH scavenging rate of 84.97% wereproduced from hydrolysis of fertilized egg white at a substrate concentration of 4.28 g/100 mL at 46 ℃ and pH 9.1 withan enzyme amount of 21 000 U/g. In conclusion, peptides with high antioxidant activity can be prepared by hydrolyzingfertilized eggs with alkaline protease and the optimized conditions allow accurate theoretical prediction.

 Aspartate kinase (AK) is the first critical enzyme in the biosynthesis pathway of vital amino acids, in which
AK is strictly regulated by metabolites. In the present study, AK from Corynebacterium pekinense was mutated using sitedirected
mutagenesis combined with high-throughput screening and G377F with high activity was successfully constructed.
Then, the purified AK from G377F was characterized. The results showed that the optimum reaction pH of G377F was 9.0,
which was slightly higher than that of the wild-type strain (WT). The optimum reaction temperature of G377F was 25 ℃,
which was consistent with that of WT. The half-life period of G377F increased from 2.6 h (WT) to 5.3 h. The pH tolerance
of G377F maintained more than 50% of its original vitality in 5 h, which was identical to that of WT (3 h). In addition, AK
from G377F had a good tolerance to metal ions and organic solvents. To some extent, the inhibition by Lys could be released and
the co-presence of Lys and Met had an active effect on the G377F. Kinetic studies showed that the Vmax of AK from G377F was
10.3 times higher than that of WT. The n value was 1.0, which was significantly lower than that of WT, indicating that the positive
cooperativity of AK from G377F decreased, which showed that AK from G377F tended to be a Michaelis enzyme.

This study reports the optimization of fermentation conditions for the production of bacteriocin by Bacillus subtilis
HJD.A32. using response surface methodology. The optimal fermentation conditions were determined to be fermentation in a
medium at pH 5.3 at 30 ℃ for 30 h with an inoculum density of 4% and an inoculum age of 24 h while shaking at 147 r/min.
The potency of bacteriocin produced under the optimal conditions after being treated or not with catalase was raised
respectively by 100% and 300% as compared to that produced under the original fermentation conditions.

Aims: To our knowledge, the production of aureofuscin is very low in the wild-type strain of Streptomyces
aureofuscus (S. aureofuscus). This study attempted to increase the production of aureofuscin by over-expression of a
regulatory gene in the wild-type strain. Methods and Results: The aurj3M gene was amplified by PCR from S. aureofuscus
SYAU0709, ligated into the vector pMD19, and sequenced. Recombinant bacterial strains were constructed by transforming
SYAU0709 with an expression plasmid (pBJAUM) that contained aurj3M, thereby increasing the number of aurj3M gene
copies. Conclusions: The fermentation results showed aurJ3M gene could promote aureofuscin production. Specifically,
the recombinant strain produced approximately 600% more aureofuscin, as quantified by high-performance liquid
chromatography analysis. The recombinant strain also had good genetic stability.

Aspergillus niger 08013, showing the highest endoinulinase activity of 3.05 U/mL was screened from 20
Aspergillus niger strains conserved in our laboratory. The results of one factor-at-a-time experiments showed that the
appropriate fermentation conditions were 100 mL of medium in a 250-mL triangular flask, 30 ℃, an inoculum size of
1 cm2/250 mL, shaking at a speed of 180 r/min and pH 5.0. The optimal fermentation conditions were determined by central
composite design and response surface methodology to be 99 mL of medium in a 250-mL triangular flask, 31 ℃, an
inoculum size of 0.99 cm2/250 mL, shaking at a speed of 180 r/min and pH 5.0. Under the optimized conditions, the activity
of endoinulinase produced by the strain 08013 was 6.43 U/mL, which was increased by 111% as compared to the initial
activity before the optimization, 3.05 U/mL.

This study aimed to identify and characterize the pathogenic bacteria which caused pollution in Pleurotus eryngii.
Two strains named CTE722-B and CTE722-C were isolated from Pleurotus eryngii polluted in summer collected from a
mushroom factory. According to their microstructure, physiological, biochemical properties and 16S rDNA sequences,
the phylogenetic positions of the two strains were defined. By measuring the diameter of inhibition zone, the efficacy of
sanitizers commonly used in the food industry against them was investigated. The results showed that CTE722-B and
CTE722-C were identified as Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas marginais, respectively. Although the growth of two
strains was restrained within a short time after adding dichloroisocyanuric acid sodium salt, cresol soap or benzalkonium
bromide into the medium, the antibacterial efficacy of these sanitizers was poor due to the high volatility.

Tetramethylpyrazine (TTMP) was prepared from Bacillus subtilis S0507 under solid-state fermentation. Response
surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the culture conditions. On the basis of the results of one-factor-at-atime
experiments, a Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used to investigate the interactive effect of culture temperature, time
and solid-to-liquid ratio (water content of the solid medium) on TTMP production, and the experimental data obtained
were analyzed with Design-Expert v8.0.1.6 software. The optimal culture conditions as determined by response
surface analysis were 33.84 h, 41.75 ℃ and water content of 59.63%. The measured yield of TTMP under the optimized
conditions was 332.70 mg/kg, showing a relative deviation of 0.84% in comparison with the theoretically predicted
value of 335.49 mg/kg. Thus, response surface methodology is feasible to optimize the culture conditions for TTMP
production by Bacillus subtilis S0507.

Assessment of protein nutritional value by mathematical modeling based on fuzzy pattern recognition according
to the FAO/WHO standards and the whole egg protein pattern was conducted on two allergenic protein α-subunitdeficient
soybean lines so as to explore the effects of amino acid composition on the nutritional value of soybean with the
characteristics of α-subunit deficiency. Amino acids were detected by an automatic amino acid analyzer. SDS-PAGE was
used to analyze the confirmation of α-subunit deficiency. A near infrared grain analyzer was used for the determination
of protein and oil. The results indicated that the contents of essential amino acids, total amino acids, protein and oil were
not decreased in soybean seeds with α-subunit deficiency. Meanwhile, the 11S/7S ratio in soybean seeds with α-subunit
deficiency exceeded 4.65, which was higher than known values of 2.0–3.0 for the public. In addition, the content of essential
amino acids was similar to or higher than those recommended by the FAO/WHO and the whole egg patterns. Furthermore,
the scores from five chemical analysis methods in the two patters and the results from the developed mathematical model
were similar to the standards in this study. In conclusion, the α-subunit deficient soybean lines have balanced amino acid
composition, reasonable 11S/7S ratio, and higher nutrition value.

Objective: To explore the influence of spermidine (SPD) on the metabolism of free radicals in skeletal muscle and its
anti-fatigue effect in mice. Methods: Mice were divided into negative control (normal saline), low-, middle- and high-dose SPD (0.5,
1.0 and 1.5 mmol/(kg·d), respectively) and positive control groups (American ginseng oral liquid, total saponin 30 mg/(kg·d)). The
administration period was 6 days per week for 5 weeks. Before each administration, body weight was measured based on which
the volume of administration was determined. The mice were subjected to swimming without weight loading for 45 min each
day during the administration period. Ten mice were sampled randomly from each group to examine the exhaustive swimming
time. The other 10 mice in each group with 30 min swimming with loading were dissected after 30 min recovery to determine the
activities of serum creatine kinase (CK) and skeletal muscle glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), total-superoxide dismutase (T-SOD)
and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and skeletal muscle MDA content. Results: Compared with the negative control group, SPD
could prolong the exhaustive swimming time of mice (P ＜ 0.05); The activities of GSH-Px, T-SOD and SDH were improved in
skeletal muscle (P ＜ 0.05). Furthermore, the content of MDA was reduced (P ＜ 0.05). On the other hand, compared with the
positive control group, low- and medium-dose SPD showed a significant difference in anti-fatigue effect (P ＜ 0.05), and high-dose
SPD revealed slightly better anti-fatigue effect than American ginseng although no significant difference was observed (P ＞ 0.05).
Conclusion: SPD at a dose of 0.5－1.0 mmol/(kg·d) can increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduce the accumulation
of free radicals. Meanwhile, SPD can improve the metabolism of skeletal muscle and prevent injuries, and delay the onset of
exercise fatigue in mice significantly. Therefore, SPD is an excellent anti-fatigue tonic.

Objective: Casein glycomacropeptide (CGMP) has many physiological functions and unique nutritional
properties. This study aimed to explore its effect on peritoneal immune cells and intestinal mucosal barrier in mice. Methods:
After being intragastrically given CGMP at doses of 30 and 120 μg/d, respectively, 96 female Kunming mice were tested
for phagocytic activity, intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) subpopulations and the number of IgA+ plasma cells in
the lamina propria by flow cytometry, hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and immunofluorescence, respectively. Results:
CGMP administration to mice resulted in a significant increase in phagocytic activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner.
Compared with the control group, CGMP administration also resulted in a significantly higher percentage of intraepithellal
lymphocytes (IEL) in the duodenum and a significantly greater number of IgA+ plasma cells in the lamina propria (P ＜ 0.01).
Conclusion: CGMP can enhance phagocytic activity, induce intestinal mucosal immune response and enhance the intestinal
mucosal barrier function.

Objective: The effect of malvidin-3-galactoside chloride (Mv-3-gal-Cl) on TNF-α-induced inflammation in
human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) was investigated in this study. Methods: HUVEC were treated with TNF-α
(10 μg/L) alone and combined with Mv-3-gal-Cl (1, 10, 50 and 100 μmol/L), respectively. DMSO was used as control. The
soluble ICAM-1 protein content in cell supernatant was detected by ELISA. The change in ICAM-1 mRNA expression
level in cells was detected by RT-PCR. The expression of ICAM-1 and IкBα was assessed by Western blotting. The
activity of NF-кB was evaluated by immunofluorescence. Results: Mv-3-gal-Cl appeared to specifically down-regulate the
TNF-α-induced cell surface expression of ICAM-1 and ICAM-1 mRNA expression and protein release from HUVEC cells
in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibitory effect of Mv-3-gal-Cl on protein expression might be associated with
the suppression of NF-κB in HUVECs. Conclusion: Mv-3-gal-Cl can inhibit TNF-α-induced inflammation in HUVECs. The
anti-inflammatory effect of Mv-3-gal-Cl provides a theoretical basis for preventing and treating pro-inflammatory cytokinesinduced
endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases resulting from inflammation.

Objective: The protective effect of a refined polysaccharide fraction from Termitomyces albuminosus (RTAP) on
kidney, spleen and thymus in mice with acute alcoholic hepatic injury was investigated. Methods: The refined polysaccharide
from Termitomyces albuminosus was extracted by ultrasound-assisted hot water. Mice were randomly divided into blank
control group, alcoholic injury model group, positive control group (administered with 150 mg/(kg·d) bifendate by gavage)
and RTAP groups at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/(kg·d). All mice were administered for 30 days prior to administration
of 50% alcohol 12 mL/(kg·d) except that the blank control group was given an identical volume of saline. After alcohol
treatment, all mice were sacrificed through cervical dislocation and subjected to analysis of antioxidant capabilities in the
kidney, spleen and thymus. Results: Compared with the model control group, the contents of MDA in kidney, spleen and
thymus were obviously decreased, while the contents of GSH and activities of SOD, CAT and GSH-Px were obviously
increased in the RTAP treatment groups. Conclusion: RTAP has antioxidant effect on kidney and immune organs in mice
with alcoholic hepatic injury, and the mechanisms might be associated with its antioxidant activity.

Objective: To study the effect of dietary oxidized konjac glucomannan (OKGM) on growth performance,
blood lipid and lipid metabolism enzyme activities in Schizothorax prenanti Tchang (SPT). Methods: Three hundred
SPT with initial body weigh of (79.54 ± 8.12) g were randomly divided into 5 groups with 3 replicates of 20 fish in
each group. The feed for control group (D1) was free of OKGM, and that for treatment groups contained 4, 8, 16 and
32 g/kg OKGM, respectively. The experiment lasted for 60 days. Results: Compared with the control group, body
weight gain rate and specific growth rate were significantly improved by adding 8 g/kg and 16 g/kg OKGM in the
SPT diet (P ＜ 0.05). Addition of 16 g/kg OKGM in the SPT diet could significantly increase protein efficiency ratio,
and reduce feed conversion ratio and muscle moisture (P ＜ 0.05). Meanwhile, addition of 8 g/kg OKGM resulted in
a significant reduction in the fat content in muscle and hepatopancreas (P ＜ 0.05). In addition, addition of 4–16 g/kg
OKGM in the SPT diet significantly enhanced intraperitoneal fat ratio (P ＜ 0.05). Moreover, addition of OKGM in the
SPT diet affected the contents of total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density
lipoprotein cholesterol in serum without any dose-response relationship. OKGM addition at a dose of 4–8 g/kg in the
SPT diet could significantly decrease the content of free fatty acids. Furthermore, the activities of lipoprotein lipase,
hepatic lipase and total lipase were significantly increased by adding 16 g/kg OKGM (P ＜ 0.05). On the other hand,
the activity of intestinal lipase was significantly improved due to addition of OKGM at a dose of 8–32 g/kg (P ＜ 0.05).
Conclusion: Feed containing appropriate amounts of OKGM can improve the growth performance of SPT, increase the
feed conversion ratio, decrease muscle fat content, and improve the activities of lipid metabolism enzymes and lipase.
Meanwhile, OKGM at a dose of 4–16 g/kg is the optimal concentration in SPT feed.

Objective: To investigate the intestinal mucosal immunomodulating activity of a homogeneous Dendrobium
huoshanense polysaccharide (DHP) and its absorption and distribution in the small intestine of mice. Methods: DHP was
labeled with fuoresceinamine via cyanogen bromide activation, and the intestinal mucosal immunomodulating activity was
detected. A confocal laser scanning microscope was used to detect the absorption of DHP and binding to Peyer’s patch cells
via oral administration, in vitro small intestine co-culture and co-culture with Peyer’s patch cells. Results: The intestinal
mucosal immunomodulating activity was increased by 12.8%, 31.1%, 37.6% and 60.5% when compared with the control at
DHP concentrations of 25, 50, 100 and 200 μg/mL, respectively. Fluorescent labeling had no effect on the intestinal mucosal
immunomodulating activity of DHP. It could not only be absorbed through the small intestine in vivo and in vitro, but also could
distribute in intestinal lamina propria and bind to certain cells in Peyer’s patches. Conclusion: DHP possesses intestinal mucosal
immunomodulating activity and can be absorbed through Peyer’s patch cells of the small intestine.

Male Kunming mice were randomly divided into five groups with 8 mice in each group, including negative and
positive control groups and three Pu-erh tea groups with high (1.35 g/(kg·d)), medium (0.90 g/(kg·d)), and low (0.45 g/(kg·d))
dosages. The body weights of the mice were measured once a day. Furthermore, the levels of glucose and insulin and the
activity of α-glucosidase in the serum were determined when each group was fasted for 24 h after continuous administration
for 30 days so as to evaluate the effect of Pu-erh tea on blood glucose. The results showed that Pu-erh tea was significantly
effective to reduce body weight, fat index, blood glucose, insulin and α-glucosidase activity. When compared with the
positive control group, serum glucose concentrations in the mice from low-, middle- and high-dosage Pu-erh tea groups were
reduced by 16.86%, 29.64%, and 49.58%, respectively, insulin levels by 17.17%, 32.32%, and 47.47%, respectively, and
α-glucosidase activities by 8.86%, 17.86%, and 32.43%, respectively. Thus, Pu-erh tea has weight- and fat-reducing effects,
and can lower serum insulin and α-glucosidase levels and effectively improve insulin resistance. Therefore, it can be used as
a potential health drink for the prevention and/or treatment of diabetes and high sugar disorders.

Objective: The aims of this study were to research the physico-chemical properties and nutrient contents of
Radix Asparagi seed oil, to observe the sedative-hypnotic effects in mice and to evaluate its acute toxicity. Methods: The
physicochemical properties of Radix Asparagi seed oil were determined according to the Chinese national standard method. Its
unsaponifiable matters were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The contents of mineral elements
were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). KM mice were used to evaluate its acute toxicity and to
observe its effects on spontaneous motion and synergism with pentobarbital sodium at a subliminal dose in mice. Results:
The contents of moisture, ash, crude fat and vitamin E of the seed oil were determined to be 1.87 g/100 g, 0.15 g/100 g,
96.6 g/100 g and 405.55 μg/g, respectively. The results of GC-MS analysis showed that the unsaponifiable matters mainly
contained sterol compounds (41.8%) and hydrocarbon compound (17%), etc. A variety of minerals were detected, with
sodium, magnesium and calcium being dominant at levels of 297.92, 216.88 and 145 μg/g, respectively. When administered
at doses of 4.65 and 2.33 g/kg, the oil had obvious inhibitory effect on spontaneous motion in mice, and greatly increased the
number of sleeping mice induced by pentobarbital sodium at subliminal dose. During the 14-day observation period after a
maximum single dose of the seed oil, no mice died and no abnormality in body weight or motion was observed. Conclusion:
Radix Asparagi seed oil is rich in nutrients, has the sedative-hypnotic effect and is of high safety.

Objective: A comparative evaluation of the nutritional and biological potential of six samples of commercial
infant formula milk powder (three from Chinese milk source and the other three from foreign milk source) was carried out
by animal feeding tests. Method: After 30-day feeding with these samples, freshly weaned SD rats were subjected to safety
and nutritional evaluation. Results: Infant formula milk powder from different milk sources did not result in a significant
difference in the growth and development performance, body weight and weight gain, food utilization rate, routine blood
parameters or blood biochemical parameters in animals. Conclusion: The nutritional and biological potential of the six
samples of infant formula milk powder from two different milk sources are identical.

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) was added as a functional ingredient to milk to prepare an SOD-supplementedyoghurt. Changes in the SOD activity of the supplemented yoghurt during storage 4 ℃ and the stability under simulatedgastrointestinal digestion were investigated. The results showed that the enzyme retained 84.5% of its original activity after6 days of storage, and 64% after 14 days. When exposed to simulated gastrointestinal fluid at pH 2 for 3 h, SOD and itssupplementation in yoghurt, although maintaining only 0.1% and 8.7% of the original activity, respectively, showed higheractivity levels in simulated gastrointestinal fluids at pH 3 and 4, reaching 50.4%, 60.7%, 65.4% and 84.4% of the originalactivity, respectively. After 4 h incubation in artificial intestinal fluid, the residual activity was 44.8% for SOD solution.Exposure to bile salt solutions at different concentrations for 4 h resulted in a residual enzyme activity of over 87.4%. Aftercontinuous digestion in the artificial gastric fluid and artificial intestinal fluid, the residual activity was 15.4% and 72.4% forSOD solution and SOD-supplemented yogurt, respectively. Therefore, SOD has excellent tolerance to artificial gastric fluidat a pH level above 3, artificial intestinal fluid, and bile salt environment. In contrast, it when added to yoghurt, it has higherstability to simulated gastrointestinal digestive fluid.

Lactic acid bacteria are one of the most common microorganisms in fermented meats. Hydrolysis of meat proteins
is essential to the flavor development and quality improvement. This review provides a brief description of microbial
enzymes involved in meat protein hydrolysis and their effects on meat quality characteristics as well as an overview of the
role of lactic acid bacteria in degradation of sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins in fermented meat products and simulated
systems in vitro. Some disadvantages of recent research and future research trends are discussed. We hope that this paper
could provide a value reference for the development of functional meat starter cultures.

Litopenaeus vannamei has been widely used in the food industry due to its excellent nutritional value and
delicious taste, but unfortunately, consumption of Litopenaeus vannamei can cause allergic reactions in some people.
Therefore, it has gained growing attention from many researchers. In this paper, the properties, composition, spatial structure,
and allergic epitopes of four kinds of allergens including tropomyosin (TM), arginine kinase (AK), myosin light chain (MLC)
and sarcoplasmic calcium-binding protein (SCP) with molecular weights between 20 and 80 ku are reviewed. This paper will
be useful for a better understanding of the mechanisms of these allergenic proteins and reduction of their allergenicity.

The frequent occurrence of food safety scandals has become one of the most serious problems in China. One of
the most important reasons may be due to the lack of stringent penalties from food safety laws and regulations to offenders.
Although the Food Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China has been issued and enforced for four years, there are
still quite a few issues that need to be revised. Food safety issues are not a unique phenomenon in China. During the first
industrial revolution, the UK has also experienced similar food safety crises. It turns out that the process of improvement
of their food safety status is closely related to the improvement of food safety laws. This article reviews the historical
evolution of food safety legislation in the UK, discusses the current food safety legal system in China, and puts forward three
suggestions on regulating food safety liability in the Food Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China.

Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) technology can result in prolongation of the shelf-life of aquatic products
by inhibiting microbial growth and oxidative reactions. CO2 is the most important gas for MAP preservation of tuna due to
its bacteriostatic and fungicide properties. O2 can maintain the red color of the meat. There is currently sharp disagreement
about the safety of meat products using CO for color retention. The achievable extension of shelf life depends on gas
mixture, film types, gas volume proportion, initial microbial population, and most importantly, storage temperature. MAP
can significantly extend the shelf life of fishery products when compared with air packaging. This paper provides a review
of recent advances in modified atmosphere technology of tuna. Meanwhile, we point out that future research may focus
on packaging improvement or combination with one or more additional techniques as well as the effectiveness of MAP in
reducing damages and protecting the quality during temperature fluctuation.

American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) belongs to the genus Panax of the family araliaceae. Because
of its special properties and a number of pharmacological functions, it is widely accepted in the world. Polysaccharides
from American ginseng play an important role in immunoregulatory and anti-tumor effects. This paper reviews the
recent progress made in the research of American ginseng polysaccharides, including extraction, isolation, purification,
identification and bioactivity.

Detection techniques for added sugar in fruit juice play a very important role in distinguishing adulterated
samples from natural fruit juice, and their potential applications assume critical importance for guaranteeing the quality
and safety of fruit juice products. This article reviews the current status and recent advances in analytical techniques for
added sugar in fruit juice such as infrared (IR) spectroscopy, stable isotopic analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
and chromatography. Some advantages and disadvantages of these techniques are discussed. This paper hopefully provides
theoretical basis for identifying adulterated fruit juice.

Unintended effects from exogenous gene may form new metabolites or change metabolic patterns and nutrients
of genetically modified crops, and even generate some new toxic substances. The study on unintended effects is one of
the important contents of safety evaluation of genetically modified foods. This review focuses on the latest applications of
metabolomics in evaluation of unintended effects of genetically modified crops, and describes research expectations in this
field, so as to promote the development and improvement of safety evaluation system for genetically modified foods.

in vitro evaluation of the antioxidant activity of plant compounds or plant extracts is an important aspect of
functional factor research. The DPPH (1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay is widely used for antioxidant
activity evaluation of plant compounds and extracts. However, this method lacks a standardized program so that results from
different experiments may be difficult to compare with each other. The present review presents a comprehensive overview
of the principle, measurement procedure and wavelength, initial DPPH free radical concentration, reaction time, calculation
of the scavenging rate, expression of results and evaluation indices. Several external factors influencing the DPPH assay are
also discussed.

Molecular imprinting is a novel technique for efficient separation and molecular recognition. Owing to its simple
preparation, specific recognition to the template molecule and good chemical and physical stability, it has been widely
used in drug residue analysis in recent yeas. This paper focuses on recent applications of molecular imprinting technique in
solid phase extraction, chromatographic separation, membrane separation and sensor. Furthermore, the shortcomings and
improvement directions are discussed. We expect that this paper could provide references for better applications of molecular
imprinting in drug residue analysis.

Cronobacter sakazakii is a gram-negative, sporeless enteric bacillus, and is one of the very important
opportunistic foodborne pathogens associated with meningitis, septicemia, and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates
and immunocompromised infants. However, information regarding the pathogenicity and pathogenic mechanism of
Cronobacter sakazakii is still limited and not well documented. In this paper, we reviewed the recent progress in the study
of the pathogenic mechanism of Cronobacter sakazakii with reference to outer membrane protein A, lipopolysaccharides,
biofilm, the host cell cytoskeleton, iron acquisition mechanism, the presence of trehalose, the presence of extended-spectrum
β-lactamases, and intercellular interaction.

Food safety standards are of important significance for protecting consumer health and safety and enhancing
the government’s capabilities in food safety oversight as well as in standardization and guiding of the behaviors of food
producers and operators. In this paper, we describe the current status of China’s food safety standards from both longitudinal
and horizontal perspectives. We point out the current problems existing in China’s food safety standard system with respect
to the legal status of food safety standards，legislative subjects and the current situation of food safety supervision. China
is attempting to establish a more perfect food safety standard system by improving the content of the food safety standards,
defining legislative subjects and introducing enterprise standards.