The aim of this study was to compare the specific activity of myrosinases from the seeds of seven cruciferous
plants, and the composition of glucosinolates in rapeseed meal degraded by these different myrosinases were determined by
gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the specific activities of seven myrosinases were
significantly different (P ＜ 0.05) and followed the descending order: broccoli seeds (BSm) ＞ rapeseeds (RPSm) ＞ white
cabbage seeds (WCSm) ＞ radish seeds (RDSm) ＞ kale seeds (KSm)＞ cabbage seeds (CSm) ＞ mustard seeds (MSm).
Six compounds were detected in the degraded products by myrosinase from RPS (RPSm): 1-butene,4-isothiocyanate, allyl
isothiocyanate, benzene,2-ethyl,isothiocyanate, benzenepropane nitrile, goitrin and 2,1-benzisoxazole. The highest content (33.22%)
of 1-butene,4-isothiocyanate was found in the degraded products by myrosinase from CS (CSm), which was more than the content
of 32.20% by RPSm. Besides, under the same experimental conditions, this compound was not detected in the degraded products
by myrosinase from MS (MSm). Butane,1-isothiocyanate was a new compound found in the degraded products by myrosinases
from WCS, KS , MS and CS. Comparing with RPSm, four new oxazoles and three new nitrils but not 2,1-benzisoxazole were
found in the degraded products by six other myrosinases. Under the same condition, the glucosinolates degradation products
generated by RPSm and other myrosinases were significantly different. The specific activity of RPSm was lower than that of BSm,
but the sorts and contents of oxazoles and nitriles in its degradation products were the least. It can be concluded that RPSm is the
appropriate myrosinase source to degrade the glucosinolates in rapeseed meal.

Water in oil (W/O) microemulison (ME) of linoleic acid/ethanol/H2O to envelop tea polyphenols was prepared.
The ternary phase diagram, electrical conductivity, particle size, rheological behavior and oxidation resistance ability of the
microemulison were investigated. The results showed that the W/O microemulsion was formed when linoleic content was
above 24%. This ME, characterized as pseudoplastic and temperature thixotropy, had an uniform particle size. It was found
by determining peroxide value that compared with the blank, the inhibition rates of linoleic acid oxidation for microemulsion
with adding 0.01 and 0.1mg/mL tea polyphenols were 68.32% and 92.42%, respectively.
Key words: linoleic acid; tea polyphenols; inverse microemulsion; antioxidant

A model system consisting of tea polyphenols and caffeine was set up for studying the formation mechanism of
green tea cream. The transmittance, particle size, amount of tea cream, caffeine and catechins contents of the solution were
investigated to study the effects of different concentrations of polyphenols and caffeine compounds on the formation of tea
cream. The results showed that the transmittance of the solution was decreased from 95.5% to 24.7%, the particle size was
increased from 198 to 475 nm and the amount of precipitate was increased from 8 to 244 mg/L with increasing addition of
polyphenols and caffeine. These changing trends were more pronounced with increasing concentration of one of the two
components at a constant level of the other. High performance liquid chromatography analysis of the contents of caffeine and
catechins showed that caffeine and EGCG were the main compounds of tea cream. Based on our results, green tea infusion was relatively
more stable when polyphenols concentration was lower than 1 200 mg/L and caffeine concentration lower than 200 mg/L.

This study reports the separation of fractions with inhibitory activity against 5α-reductase from oiltea camellia
extracts (OCE), prepared by refluxing the fruit hull of oiltea camellia (Camellia oleifera Abel.) with hot ethanol. After
polyamide chromatography and color development using n-butyl alcohol-methanol-water-glacial acetic acid volume ratio
3:2:2:1, OCE were clearly divided into seven fractions, namely Fr1 through Fr7, whose Rf was in the range of 0.85–0.037 5.
The results of inhibition assays indicated that Fr 4 and Fr 5 had the highest inhibitory effect on 5α-reductase, with inhibition
rates of (73.01 ± 2.93)% and (76.28 ± 1.37)%, respectively, which were significantly higher than that reported for OCE
(57.79 ± 1.67)%. The yield of Fr5 was 2.10% and its composition was relatively simple by HPLC detection, suggesting
successful concentration of active ingredients. These results suggest that the application of polyamide chromatography can
effectively separate anti-5α-reductase components from OCE, and provides a basic condition for the preparation of key anti-5α-
reductase compounds from OCE and a convenient and efficient method of separating strongly polar phenolic acids system as well.
Key words: polyamide; chromatography; oiltea camellia extracts; 5α-reductase; active fractions

We explored the effect of pretreatment and extraction conditions (repeated freeze-thawing, extraction solvent and
pH) on the superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity of phycobiliprotein from Nostoc sphaeroides Küting. The results
revealed that this activity was not affected by repeated freeze-thawing before extraction, but enhanced by using phosphate
buffer as the extraction solvent. The extracts at pH 5.6 and pH 7.3 did not show a significant difference from each other
with respect to superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity, although both slightly inferior to that obtained at pH 8.1. The
superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity of phycobiliprotein from Nostoc sphaeroides Küting became stronger with
increasing digestion time in simulated intestinal juice, but was attenuated in simulated gastric juice.

The effects of light quality on nutritional quality and antioxidant properties of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) sprouts
were investigated in comparison with those of darkness. As compared with control and other light quality treatments, blue
light emitting diodes (LEDs) significantly promoted the contents of soluble protein, free amino acids, vitamin C (VC), total
phenolics and total flavonoids, and the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of alfalfa sprouts.
Moreover, the content of nitrate was significantly decreased under blue LEDs. The yield of fresh sprouts was increased
observably under red LEDs, while white LEDs were suitable for dry matter accumulation in alfalfa sprouts. In addition,
white LEDs significantly promoted the accumulation of carotenoid and nitrate in sprouts. Yellow LEDs were suitable for
the accumulation of quercetin after 6, 8 and 12 days of culture, concomitantly with the highest PAL activity among all the
investigated treatments. The content of quercetin was positively correlated with phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity
under yellow LEDs. These results revealed that blue LEDs were suitable for promoting the nutrient quality of alfalfa sprouts.
Key words: alfalfa; sprouts; growth; nutritional quality; antioxidant

In this study, the optimum isolation condition of crude cysteine proteinase inhibitors (CPIs) from silver
carp eggs that provided increased specific activity as measured by Azocasein assay was determined as homogenization
using 20 mmol/L phosphate buffer containing 0.1 mmol/L phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) at pH 6.0, and pH
readjustment to 8.0 after acid (pH 3.0) treatment of the homogenate at 30 ℃ for 10 min. Under the optimized conditions, the
purity of CPIs was enhanced 16.54 folds. SP Sepharose fast flow chromatography analysis demonstrated effective removal
of acid, alkali and protein impurities with poor thermal stability using acid treatment at pH 3.0 than at pH 4.0, giving rise to
a purification factor of 48.22. After further chromatography on a Sephacryl S-200 column, partially purified low-molecularweight
fractions named as Ⅱ-b and Ⅱ-c were obtained with a specific activity of 1 098.59 and 1 769.23 U/mg, respectively,
and their purification folds were 312.10 and 502.62 times, respectively. The electrophoresis analysis showed that Ⅱ-b and
Ⅱ-c could not be identified by gelatin substrate-SDS-reverse zymography. However, after reaction with papain under the
appropriate condition, both fractions were found to contain at least two low-molecule-weight CPIs (7 and 10 kD) as
indicated by SDS-PAGE analysis. When added to silver carp surimi at a level of 5 U/g, each fraction significantly improved
the gel strength significantly by 48.77% and 55.55%, respectively, and inhibited softening.

Tomato peel is a by-product of tomato sauce processing. Dietary fiber from tomato peel was subjected to
ordinary extrusion or carbon dioxide blasting enhanced extrusion for modification. The changes in the composition, surface
morphology, primary structure and crystal structure before and after modification were monitored to assess the effectiveness
of both treatments. The results showed that both treatments did not alter the content of total dietary fiber from the tomato
skin, but significantly increased the content of soluble dietary fiber, and also significantly changed its composition and
structural properties. The amount of soluble dietary fiber from the tomato skin treated with ordinary extrusion and carbon
dioxide blasting enhanced extrusion, respectively, could increase from (3.40 ± 0.23) g/100 g to (5.86 ± 0.29) g/100 g and
(12.13 ± 0.37) g/100 g, indicating better performance of carbon dioxide blasting enhanced extrusion. The increase of soluble
dietary fiber was derived from the degradation of insoluble dietary fiber. After being treated with carbon dioxide blasting enhanced
extrusion, the tomato peel dietary fiber had rough surface, significantly reduced size and decreased crystallinity.

In this study, rapeseed proteins obtained from defatted meal of double-zero rapeseed (Qinyou No. 7) by alkaline
extraction and acid precipitation were hydrolyzed with Alcalase 2.4L to produce rapeseed protein hydrolysates (RPHs). After
chromatographic separation of RPHs on a Sephacryl S-100HR column, three fractions were harvested. Fraction III showed
the most potent antioxidant activity in terms of oxygen radical absortion capacity (ORAC) and cellular antioxidant capacity
(CAA). This fraction had an ORAC value of (1 610.38 ± 112.51) μmol TE/g, a CAA value of (124.66 ± 2.18) μmol QE/g,
and an EC50 value of (57.84 ± 3.38) μg/mL. Furthermore, the results of amino acid composition analysis and electrophoresis
indicated a possible association between the antioxidant activities and either molecular weight distribution or amino acid
composition.

Four polysaccharides (P1, P2, P3, and P4) were prepared from the spent mushroom substrate of Cordyceps
militaris after the extraction with cellulase, fractional precipitation with ethanol and deproteinization with Sevag regent.
Their molecular weight distribution and monosaccharide composition were analyzed by gel chromatography and gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The polysaccharide P2 was further purified by Superdex 200 gel-filtration
column and its primary structure was studied by sodium periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, infrared spectroscopy as
well as nuclear magnetic resonance. The results showed that the fractional precipitation by ethanol in combination with
deproteinization by Sevag regent could provide preliminary purification for the polysaccharides, resulting in 3 relatively
pure polysaccharides (P2, P3, and P4) with molecular weight of 35.9, 9.4 and 3.7 kD, respectively. The structural analysis
demonstrated that P2 was a glucan with a chain mainly comprised of α-(1→4) pyran glucan. Both P3 and P4 were
heteropolysaccharides consisting of mannose, galactose and glucose with glucose being the main monosaccharide.

In order to evaluate the polyphenolic composition and antioxidant activity of propolis collected from different
areas, nine propolis samples were extracted with 75% aqueous ethanol. The polyphenolic composition of the resulting
extracts was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). Furthermore, the
antioxidant capacity of the extracts was evaluated in vitro by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) as well as Hep G2
cellular assays by flow cytometry. All the propolis samples were rich in polyphenolics, including flavonoids, phenolic acids
and esters. The flavonoids mainly included pinobanksin-3-O-acetate, pinocembrin, chrysin, pinobanksin and galangin; the
phenolic acids and related esters mainly included caffeic acid phenethyl ester, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid and isoferulic
acid. In addition, the ORAC assay showed that all the propolis samples had free-radical scavenging activities; the same
results were obtained in Hep G2 cellular assays. Our results indicated that propolis with strong antioxidant capacity usually
contained large amounts of polyphenolic compounds.

In this study, the physico-chemical properties of fresh citrus pectin (FCP) and dried citrus pectin (DCP) were
analyzed and compared. FCP and DCP were prepared from fresh and dried citrus peel by traditional acid method with metal
chelators (sodium hexametaphosphate). Then, their physico-chemical properties parameters were determined including
moisture, ash content, acid insoluble ash content, protein content, and pectin quality evaluation indexes such as galacturonic
acid content, esterification degree, gelation degree, relative average molecular weight and apparent viscosity. The results
showed that both pectins had no significant difference in physico-chemical properties. Galacturonic acids content,
esterification degree, gelation degree and relative average molecular weight of FCP were 77.29%, 67.5%, 179.8 and 158.8 kD,
respectively, and those of DCP were 74.98%, 66.7%, 153 and 109.1 kD, respectively. Apparent viscosity of FCP was higher
than that of DCP. An obvious difference between both in quality was observed. Especially, FCP had a higher gelation degree as
an important indicator of pectin quality than DCP. This was probably due to the higher molecular weight of FCP. However, the
esterification degree and galacturonic acid content of both pectins met the requirements of the national standard for pectin quality.
Therefore, dried citrus peel is more suitable for commercial pectin production for storage and season reasons.

Sago starch has high commercial value and a broad development potential in China. In this study, by comparing
with potato starch and sweet potato starch, the digestibility of sago starch was examined using the Englyst method and the
relations with pasting properties, amylose content, molecular chain length distribution or fat content were explored. The
results showed that sago starch contained higher content of rapidly digestible starch (RDS, 90.32%) and lower resistant
starch (RS) content (3.27%). Sago starch also contained lower level of fat content (0.11%), higher content of short chain
(degree of polymerization (DP) 10–30, 83.57%), lower content of long-chain starches (DP ＞ 55, 0.80%), higher content of
amylose (29.3%) and lower final viscosity value (1 096.67 mPa·s). The chain length distribution, amylose and lipid content
played main roles in the starch digestion characteristics.

Casein consists of about 80% of the proteins of milk or milk powder, which is susceptible to oxidation during
food processing and storage. Fenton reaction-induced casein oxidation and the associated chemical and structural changes
were investigated. The effects of the main components in the Fenton reaction system as well as reaction temperature and
time on casein oxidation were investigated by using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE),
and the concentrations of Fe2+, ascorbic acid, and H2O2 were optimized. Fenton reaction-induced casein oxidation and its
chemical and structural changes were assessed by changes in solubility, degree of protein denaturation, and total sulfhydryl
and carbonyl contents of casein. Results showed that casein was oxidized to a great degree in the Fenton system containing
0.8 mmol/L FeSO4, 1 mmol/L EDTANa2, 10 mmol/L H2O2, 0.8 mmol/L ascorbic acid, 5 mg/mL casein after incubation at
37 ℃ for 4 h. The electrophoretic patterns indicated decreases in band intensity of casein and increases in density of the high
molecular weight (HMW) protein bands. These changes were greater with increasing concentrations of Fe2+, ascorbic acid,
and H2O2 in the Fenton reaction system as well as temperature and time. Smaller changes in the casein bands were seen with
increasing its concentration. Solubility and total sulfhydryl content were decreased, and degree of protein denaturation and
carbonyl content were increased after oxidization of casein. In conclusion, casein oxidation leads to cross-linking into high
molecular weight (HMW) substances and modification of functional groups of amino acid residues, which consequently
results in decreased protein solubility and increased protein denaturation degree.

Objective: To investigate the effects of explosion puffing and sun-drying on the composition of phenolic
compounds and their antioxidant activity in Chinese jujubes. Methods: The total phenolics and flavonoids contents were
measured by Folin-Ciocalteu and NaNO2-Al(NO3)3 assays. Antioxidant properties were evaluated by DPPH and ABTS free
radical scavenging, reducing power and β-carotene-linoleic acid emulsion assays. Phenolic compounds were qualitatively
and quantitatively analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: The contents of total phenolics
were significantly increased by explosion puffing, while no obvious change in the content of total flavonoids was observed
in puffed jujubes. In contrast, these components revealed a marked decrease in sun-dried jujubes. The DPPH free radical
scavenging capacity and reducing power of puffed jujubes were significantly superior to those of the fresh and sun-dried
counterparts. The ABTS free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity coefficient (AAC) as determined using β-carotenelinoleic
acid of sun-dried jujubes were significantly lower than those of the fresh and puffed ones, and no significant
difference between fresh and puffed jujubes was observed. The total phenolics, flavonoids contents and antioxidant activity
of puffed jujubes were markedly higher that those of sun-dried samples. The composition of phenolic compounds in
Chinese jujubes were obviously changed after drying treatments. The contents of gallic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic
acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, rutin, cinnamic acid and quercetin revealed the highest levels in puffed jujubes. The
antioxidant activity of the jujube was significantly correlated with the contents of total phenolics and flavonoids. Conclusion:
Puffed jujubes contain the most abundant phenolic compounds and possess the highest antioxidant activity. The processing
time is short. Moreover, the products are fragrant, sweet and crisp. Therefore, explosion puffing as a feasible and innovative
technology can be developed as a drying method for Chinese jujubes.

The objective of this study was to develop a simple method to prepare pale, soft and exudative (PSE) rabbit meat.
In order to ensure the consistency of test material, rabbit longissimus dorsi and rear leg muscles were used as raw materials
to prepare PSE rabbit meat as described for PSE pork and poultry meat. U nder water bath at 37 ℃, the changes in sensory
quality, pH, color, dehydration rate, elasticity, myofibrillar protein solubility and gel G’ value of rabbit longissimus dorsi
and rear leg muscles were investigated. The results indicated that with the extension of treatment time, both muscles had
worse sensory quality; pH, a* value, elasticity, myofibrillar protein solubility and gel G’ value were significantly decreased
(P ＜ 0.05); L* value and water loss rate were increased (P ＜ 0.05). After water bath heating for 2 h, the limit pH of
longissimus dorsi muscle was less than 5.74, L* value was larger than 63.40, and water loss rate was higher than 25.36%;
when the heating time was extended to 3 h, the limit pH of rear leg muscle was less than 5.84, L* value was larger than
56.82, and water loss rate was higher than 17.85%. After being held at 37 ℃ for 2 h, longissimus dorsi muscle exhibited the
PSE characteristics; this result was observed for rear leg muscle after 3 h of holding at 37 ℃.

The influences of different drying methods, including traditional hot air drying, freeze drying and vacuum drying,
on the physio-chemical properties and antioxidant activities of crude polysaccharides extracted from Tremella fuciformis
(TFPs) were investigated. The results showed that freeze-dried TFPs (TFPs-F) had higher extraction efficiency, total sugar
content and viscosity. It was also found that molecular size distribution and antioxidant activities of TFPs were affected by
three different drying methods. The IC50 for reducing power and scavenging activities against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
(DPPH free radical), hydroxyl and superoxide anion radicals of TFPs-F were 2.61, 1.64, 1.78, and 1.75 mg/mL, respectively.
Moreover, it was clearly demonstrated that the IC50 of traditional hot air dried and vacuum dried TFPs was higher than that
of low temperature freeze dried TFPs. The data obtained in vitro models suggest that freeze drying is an appropriate and
effective way of obtaining the polysaccharides with antioxidant activity from Tremella fuciformis.

Water soluble polysaccharides from fruiting body of Dictyophora indusiata (D. indusiata) collected from different
places of China were efficiently extracted by using microwave-assisted extraction. The molecular parameters and chemical
characters were investigated and compared using high performance size exclusion chromatography coupled with multiangle
laser light scattering (HPSEC-MALLS), and saccharide mapping based on polysaccharide analysis by carbohydrate gel
electrophoresis (PACE), respectively. The results showed that the HPSEC chromatograms, the molecular weights and their
distribution of polysaccharides from different samples of D. indusiata were similar. All α-1,4(6)- and β-1,3(4)-glucosidic,
β-2,1-fructosidic and α-1,4-galactouronic linkages existed in polysaccharides from D. indusiata. Their similarity of partial
acid and enzymatic hydrolysates of polysaccharides in D. indusiata collected from different regions was high. The results are
helpful to better understand the polysaccharides from D. indusiata, and beneficial to improve their quality control.

The nutritional components of Abelia engleriana tender leaves as a potential source of functional foods
were analyzed, and gel extracts from these leaves were identified and measured for galacturonic acid content, degree of
esterification, aqueous solubility, gel characteristics and antioxidant activity. The results showed that the tender leaves
were rich in protein, crude polysaccharide, pectin, Ca, Fe, Zn, Se, β-carotene, pantothenic acid and seven kinds of essential
amino acids, thus having good nutritional value. The contents of crude polysaccharides, pectin and gel extracts were
5.68%, 15.9% and 21.69%, respectively. The gel extract from the tender leaves consisted mainly of crude polysaccharides
such as water-soluble high methoxyl pectin and exhibited good hydrophilicity and water holding capacity. It contained
68.72% galacturonic acid, and had a degree of esterification of 61.62% and an aqueous solubility of 98.63%. The firmness,
cohesiveness, consistency and viscosity index of the formed gel were negatively proportional to the amount of water used for
the extraction. Gels with good viscoelasticity and chewiness were obtained from the extraction at a water-to-solid ratio less
than 10:1. As the concentration of the extracted gel was increased up to 0.5 g/100 mL, its antioxidant capacity was enhanced,
while the upward trend slowed down and finally reached a plateau when the concentration exceeded 0.5 g/100 mL. Its
maximum 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging ability was 79.68%, and ferric reducing antioxidant
power (FRAP) 8.86 mmol/L. These results demonstrate that the tender leaves of Abelia engleriana have good nutritional
value and a strong antioxidant capacity, providing a source of useful ingredients in functional foods.

An antimicrobial protein was isolated and purified from the seed kernels of Ginkgo biloba and its antimicrobial
activity was analyzed. Ginkgo biloba seed protein (GBSP) was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis, DEAEcellulose
DE52 ion-exchange and Sephadex G-75 gel filtration through bioassay-guided method. A protein fraction named
GBSPⅠ-A possessing antimicrobial activity, was obtained. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
(SDS-PAGE) analysis suggested that the protein was homogeneous and its apparent molecular mass was 42.80 kD. The
results of chromatographic identification by Superdex G-75 and HPGPC showed a single and symmetrical peak with a
molecular weight of 39.32 kD. The protein exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against K. pneumoniae, S. aureus,
T. delbrueckii, and A. niger with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 20, 20, 20, and 12 mg/mL, respectively.
This study could provide a theoretical basis for the discovery of a new antibacterial protein and the development of
food preservatives.

In this article, the growth of microwave-induced free radicals in rice starch and their annihilation process during
storage were investigated. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and signal simulation software were applied to investigate
the relative quantity and structure of microwave-treated starch radicals. The results showed that microwave treatment could
induce starch radicals which could exist for a long time at room temperature. The starch radicals were carbon-centered
radicals. The growth of radicals was much faster when rice starch was treated at 1 600 W (160 W/g) than at 800 W (80 W/g).
After microwave treatment, the signal intensity started to drop after a short period of increase. Three components were
separated from microwave-induced starch radicals in the experiment. The main component was the radical located at the C1
position of the glucose ring.

After treatment with acid, amylase or glucoamylase, starches from yam (Dioscorea opposita Thunb.) tuber and
bulbil were characterized for physical and chemical properties by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction
and rheometer. The results showed that the native starch granules from yam tuber and bulbil exhibited a complete oval
shape with a smooth surface and no cracks. Yam starches were degraded by enzymatic and acid treatments, and the surface
of acid-treated starch granules was more severely damaged. The crystallinities of native, acid- and enzymatically-treated
bulbil starches were 32.02%, 27.02% and 31.13%, respectively, while those of native, acid- and enzymatically-treated tuber
starches were 34.32%, 29.27% and 33.55%, respectively. The transmittance and retrogradation percentage of starch paste
showed that the native starch from yam bulbil could be aged most easily. Rheological characteristics illustrated weak gel
properties of yam starches.

This study aimed to explore the in vitro antioxidant activities of total flavonoids and total polyphenols from
tartary buckwheat natto, made from mixtures of soybeans and tartary buckwheat fermented with Bacillus subtilis natto. The
scavenging rates against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), 2,2’-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothi azoline-6-sulfonic
acid) ammonium salt (ABTS), hydroxyl and superoxide anion free radicals, and reducing power were investigated and
compared with those of yellow soybean paste and sweet soybean paste. The results showed that tartary buckwheat natto
exhibited the highest scavenging activities on DPPH, ABTS, hydroryl and superoxide anion free radicals despite having
slightly weaker Fe3+ reducing activity than sweet soybean paste. Our results also showed a highly significant correlation
between antioxidant capacity and either total flavonoids or total polyphenols (P ＜ 0.01) for all three investigated samples.

Objective: The roots, stems, leaves and flowers of Poacynum hendersonii Woodson were compared for
differences in the contents of free and bound phenolics and antioxidant activity, and the correlation between phenolic content
and antioxidant activity was analyzed. Methods: The contents of free and bound phenolics were measured by Folin-Ciocalteu
assay, and the content of total flavonoids by NaNO2-Al(NO3)3 assay. The antioxidant properties were evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-
1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) free radical
scavenging and reducing power (FRAP, ferric reducing ability of plasma) assays. Results: The total phenolic content in different
parts of Poacynum hendersonii Woodson decreased in the following order: leaves ＞ roots ＞ flowers ＞ stems, with significant
differences among these parts (P ＜ 0.05), and the contents of free, bound and total phenolics ranged from 3 560.19 to 6 273.23,
13.45 to 22.01 and 3 582.20 to 6 286.68 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per 100 g dry weight (md), respectively. The average
percent contribution of free to total phenolics was 99.60%. The contents of free, bound and total flavonoids in the roots, stems,
leaves, and flowers ranged from 1 080.3 to 2 488.21, 9.69 to 28.59 and 1 106.81 to 2 516.8 mg of rutin equivalents (RE)/100 g md
respectively. The average percent contribution of free to total flavonoids was 98.64%. The phenolic extract of the leaves showed
more significant antioxidant activity in radical scavenging and reducing power assays than those of three other parts. There was a
good linear relationship between total phenolics and antioxidant activities (r ＞ 0.950 0). Conclusion: Various parts of Poacynum
hendersonii Woodson are rich in phenolics and possess high antioxidant activity.

The scavenging effects of five typical phenols on sodium nitrite under varying conditions of phenol-to-nitrite
molar ratio, temperature and pH were investigated as well as the inhibitory effects on the synthesis of diethylnitrosamine
(NDEA). Results showed that the five phenols were all capable of scavenging sodium nitrite in a concentration-dependent
manner, and their scavenging capabilities followed the decreasing order: 1,3-benzenediol ＞ o-benzenediol ＞ pyrogallol ＞
p-benzenediol ＞ phenol. A higher temperature and an acid condition promoted the scavenging of sodium nitrite by phenols.
Pyrogallol, p-benzenediol and o-benzenediol could apparently restrain the generation of NDEA at low concentration. Phenol
promoted rather than inhibited the generation of NDEA. 1,3-Benzenediol benefited NDEA formation at low concentration,
but an inhibitory effect was observed at high concentration. The blocking of nitrosamine synthesis by phenols was favored
under the conditions of high temperature and weak acid.

The present research investigated the effects of eight different culture media (numbered as A through H) on the
nutritional composition, polyphenol contents and antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities,
and reducing power) of Pleurotus ostreatus. Results showed that Pleurotus ostreatus from various culture media presented
differences in their nutritional composition, polyphenol contents and antioxidant activities. The highest contents of ash,
sugar and dietary fiber were detected in Pleurotus ostreatuses cultured with medium H, and the highest contents of water,
protein and fat were detected when the edible mushroom was cultured with media C, F and B, respectively. Differences in
all investigated mineral elements were seen in the Pleurotus ostreatus cultured with various culture media, and some of them
even showed great differences. Six fatty acids were found in different amounts among eight samples of Pleurotus ostreatus,
together with differences in polyphenol contents. Polyphenols reached the highest level when medium E was used. The
antioxidant activity was enhanced as the concentration of polyphenols (for both free and bound forms) increased. However,
the differences in each antioxidant activity of Pleurotus ostreatus cultured with various culture media varied with the
concentration of polyphenols.

The inhibition mechanism of morin on xanthine oxidase (XO) in phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) was investigated by
UV-vis absorption, fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy combined with molecular simulation technique. The
results showed that morin could be a good reversible XO inhibitor in a mixed-type manner with an inhibitory concentration
leading to a 50% loss in the activity (IC50) and an inhibition constant (Ki) of 1.35 × 10–5 mol/L and 1.21 × 10–5 mol/L,
respectively. Strong fluorescence quenching and secondary structure changes of XO were observed due to the formation of
a complex with morin. The results from molecular simulation have further confirmed that morin was mainly bound to the
active site of XO where it interacted with some primary amino acid residues such as Phe914, Phe649, Phe1009, Leu648,
Leu1014, Leu873, etc. by hydrophobic force. It could be concluded that morin inhibited XO catalytic activity by entering
into XO’s hydrophobic cavity, blocking the insertion of substrate xanthine and influencing the formation of active center.

An intracellular β-glucosidase from Vintage Red Yeast was purified by ion exchange column chromatography.
The effects of temperature, pH, metal ions, glucose and alcohol on the stability of the purified β-glucosidase were studied.
The results showed that the enzyme was purified to 19.41 folds with a yield of 38.67%. The purity of β-glucosidase was
determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). One band was obtained with a
molecular mass of about 45 kD. Characterization of the purified β-glucosidase indicated good thermostability in the range
from 20 to 40℃ and good pH stability in the range from 5.0 to 10.0. The enzyme activity was strongly inhibited by Al3+, and
Cu2+, whereas K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Zn2+ and Na+ had no effect on the β-glucosidase activity. Glucose and alcohol did not have
significant inhibitory effect on the β-glucosidase activity.

Water stress protein (WSP) gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from the Nostoc commoune
Vauch. genome (Genbank NO. KF003026), and cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pET28a. After being
sequenced, the recombinant plasmid pET28a-WSP was transformed into E.coli BL21, and recombinant water stress protein 1
(Re-WSP1) was induced to express by isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG). The soluble 6 × histidine (His)-tagged fusion
Re-WSP1 was further purified by Ni+-NTA affinity chromatography. The molecular weight of the fused Re-WPS1 was 40 kD
as expected. When applied to cells in culture, Re-WSP1 could significantly suppress the growth of SW480 colon cancer
cells, but had a negligible effect on that of FHC normal colon epithelial cells. In addition, Re-WSP1-treated SW480 cells
displayed the apoptotic characteristics of chromatin condensation and typical fragmented nuclei, as demonstrated by DAPI
staining. Re-WSP1 could also activate procaspase-8 and procaspase-3, resulting in their cleavage into active fragments.
Taken together, Re-WSP1 has shown obvious anti-colon cancer effects on SW480 cells, and induced apoptosis by caspasedependent
pathway in SW480 cells.

By adding different amounts of inulin to milk before yogurt fermentation, it was found that the added inulin
was able to stimulate the growth of lactic acid bacteria, enhance the water holding capacity, viscosity and sweetness of
yogurt, decrease the pH value, and changed the texture. At the same time, inoculum size and fermentation temperature were
investigated by single-factor experiments, and response surface methodology was designed to optimize the two fermentation
conditions together with inulin concentration. By analyzing the experimental data using Design-Expert V8.0.6, the optimum
fermentation parameters were determined as follows: 47.85 g/L inulin, an inoculum size of 2.34%, and a fermentation
temperature of 42 ℃. Under these conditions, the sensory score of yogurt was 92.12 showing a relative standard deviation of
0.37% compared to the theoretical value of 92.46.

Totally 75 suspected bifidobacterium were obtained in modified MRSC broth with 60 mg/mL X-Gal. Of these
strains, 11 with high viability were screened by simulating the micro-environment of the human gastrointestinal tract using
MRSC broth (pH 3.0) and then MRSC with 3 mg/mL bile salt for 20 h. Physiological and biochemical tests were conducted
on NCU712, NCU701, and NCU708. They were all identified as B. longum via 16S rDNA sequencing. NCU712 was in line
with the characteristics of B. longum. Preliminary study on its tolerance to the human digestive environment was conducted.
The results showed that the viable count rose slightly with increasing incubation time when the pH of artificial gastric
fluid equaled or exceeded 3.5. The death value (the time it takes to kill 90% of cells) of NCU712 was 92.97 min and 30.42
min in artificial gastric fluid at pH 2.5 and pH 3.0, respectively. The number of viable NCU712 cells remained more than
107 CFU/mL after 2.5 h. The number of living bacterium remained above 108 CFU/mL after 4.0 h in artificial intestinal fluid.
The number of viable NCU712 cells was reduced by one order of magnitude after being incubated in MRSC with 3 mg/mL
bile salt for 24 h. In summary, B. longum NCU712 has excellent tolerance to the human gastrointestinal tract and may be
regarded as functional probiotic with great application potential.

The medium components and culture conditions for Bacillus subtilis 10075 were optimized by single-factor
and orthogonal array design methods to increase the production of neutral protease. The results showed that the optimized
medium consisted of 8.0% maltose, 4.0% peptone and 0.08% MgSO4, and the optimized culture conditions were 37 ℃, 7.0
and 42 h for temperature, initial pH and time, respectively. The activity of neutral protease after optimization was increased
from 98.36 to 353.45 U/mL.

 In this study, 16 strains isolated from Inner Mongolian dairy tofu were identified by 16S rDNA sequence
analysis. Of these, nine strains were identified as Pediococcus acidilactici, five as Enterococcus faecium, one as
Lactobacillus plantarum and one as Lactobacillus rhamnosus. The screened strains were further investigated for their
tolerance to simulated artificial gastric juice and bile salt, hydrophobicity, in vitro cholesterol-reducing and antioxidant
activity. The results showed that L. plantarum M1-2 and L. rhamnosus M6-1 had high tolerance to simulated gastric juice;
E. faecium M7-1, M8-1 and M8-2 were highly tolerant to bile salt; L. plantarum M1-2 and L. rhamnosus M6-1 exhibited
a higher hydrophobicity for methylbenzene and hexadecane than other screened strains. The results of in vitro functional
characterization showed that E. faecium M1-1, L. plantarum M1-2, P. acidilactici M1-3 and M2-1 exhibited a high
cholesterol-reducing ability with an in vitro cholesterol removal rate more than 30%. L. rhamnosus M6-1 showed the highest
tolerance to hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl and DPPH radical scavenging activities. In conclusion, L. plantarum M1-2 and
L. rhamnosus M6-1 showed good probiotic potential among the screened strains, and thus they can be considered as potential
probiotics to be applied in functional foods.

The amount of succinic acid and esterifying enzyme activities produced during the growth of Monascus purpureus
were measured by chromatographic analysis and enzyme activity assay to monitor the dynamic changes in the production
of succinic acid and esterifying enzymes. The culture conditions were optimized for enhanced production of succinic acid
and esterifying enzymes by this strain. The results showed that the production of succinic acid reached a peak of 3.62 g/L on
the fifth day, and decreased obviously after the sixth day; while esterifying enzyme activities continued to accumulate until
reaching 143.65 U/mL on the ninth day. All inoculum size, pH, temperature, shaking speed and fungal morphology could
affect the production of succinic acid and esterifying enzymes. Granular fungi produced more succinic acid and esterifying
enzymes. Considering both parameters, the fermentation should be terminated on the sixth day under the optimized culture
conditions of 10%, 6.5, 30 ℃ and 180 r/min for inoculum size, initial pH, temperature and shaking speed, respectively.

Objective: To evaluate the improvement effect of sialoglycoprotein from crucian carp (Carassius auratus)
spawn on osteoporosis in ovariectomized female rats and to explore the underlying mechanism. Methods: The animal
model of osteoporosis was established by removing bilateral ovaries. The rats were intragastrically administered with the
sialoglycoprotein at a daily dosage of 400 mg/(kg·d) for 90 days. At the end of the experiment, serum and urine indexes
indicating bone absorption and formation, and osteoprotegerin (OPG) level, receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB (RANK)
and receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) in serum were determined. Results: Sialoglycoprotein from
crucian carp spawn showed a suppressive effect on the contents of deoxypyridinoline, calcium and phosphorus in urine and
the activity of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and cathepsin-K in serum associated with bone absorption, the activity of
bone alkaline phosphatase and the contents of osteocalcin, propeptide carboxy-terminal procollagen in serum associated with
bone formation. Meanwhile, it also up-regulated the contents of OPG, down-regulated the contents of RANKL and decreased the
ratio of RANKL to OPG. Therefore, the sialoglycoprotein could prevent bone absorption in ovariectomized rats with osteoporosis
and inhibit its high bone turnover rate. Conclusion: Sialoglycoprotein from crucian carp spawn could prevent osteoporosis of
ovariectomized rats, and its functional mechanism is probably related to the decrease of RANKL/OPG ratio.

Objective: Luteolin is a natural flavonoid abundant in many edible plants. The aim of this study is to explore
the effect of luteolin (LU) on obesity-associated adipose tissue macrophage (ATM) polarization and its underlying
mechanisms. Methods: Five-week-old C57BL/6 mice were fed with low-fat diet (LFD), high-fat diet (HFD), or HFD with
0.0l% luteolin (HFD＋0.0l% LU) for 12 weeks, respectively. Macrophage infiltration and polarization were detected by
immunohistochemical staining or real-time PCR in epididymal adipose tissue. The in vitro effect of luteolin on RAW264.7
macrophage inflammation and polarization in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and/or PMA-stimulated conditions was also
explored. The expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines and M1/M2 marker genes were detected by real-time PCR.
Results: Dietary luteolin reduced HFD-induced ATM infiltration and mRNA levels of M1 macrophage marker genes. In LPSstimulated
conditions, luteolin inhibited the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and M1 marker genes in RAW264.7
macrophages. In contrast, the expression of M2 marker genes was enhanced by luteolin. However, these effects of luteolin
were aborted by protein kinase C (PKC) activator phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Conclusion: Luteolin can inhibit obesityassociated
ATM and RAW264.7 macrophage polarization in LPS stimulated-conditions through protein kinase C pathway.

Purpose: In order to infer the influence of casein glycomacropeptide (CGMP) on the cytokine network in rats treated
with dimethyl hydrazine, we studied the changes in cytokines in peripheral blood and colon of rats challenged with intraperitoneal
injection of dimethyl hydrazine, followed by intragastric administration of different doses of CGMP. Methods: A total of 60 Wistar
rats were randomly divided into five groups: normal, model, low dose CGMP, moderate dose CGMP and high dose CGMP groups.
The rats from all other groups except for the normal group were injected weekly with dimethyl hydrazine at 30 mg/kg bw. At
the same time, the rats in the low-, moderate- and high dose-CGMP groups were orally administered daily with CGMP at 10, 50
and 100 mg/(kg·d), respectively. Fifteen weeks later, the rats were killed and colon and serum samples were taken. The number
of colon aberrant crypt foci was counted, and the levels of cytokines in colon and peripheral blood were detected by using the
Luminex assay. Results: 1) no significant difference in body weight in rats among CGMP-treated and control groups was seen
whereas CGMP significantly reduced the levels of endotoxin and reactive oxygen species in a dose-dependent manner; 2) CGMP
significantly inhibited the formation of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in a dose-dependent manner; 3) CGMP significantly inhibited
imbalance of Th1/Th2 cytokines in rats treated with dimethyl hydrazine in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions: CGMP could
improve colon damage in rats treated with dimethyl hydrazine by effectively inhibiting the formation of ACF in a dose-dependent
manner, downregulating the levels of Th2 cytokines such as IL-4, and promoting the secretion of Th1 cytokines such as IL-2 to
improve the imbalance of the cytokine network.

Hawthorn fruits contain flavonoids, which can play roles in antioxidant capacity. The present research was focused
on the effect of dietary supplementation of a hawthorn fruit extract rich in flavonoids at various doses (0, 0.8 and 4 mg/mL)
on Drosophila melanogaster life span, antioxidant enzymes activities and related gene expression. The results showed that the
life span of Drosophila melanogaster could be prolonged by consumption of the hawthorn fruit extract. Moreover, CuZn-SOD
activity was increased significantly (0.8 mg/mL, P ＜ 0.05 and 4 mg/mL, P ＜ 0.01); CAT activity was enhanced
significantly at the dose of 4 mg/mL (P ＜ 0.05) while the content of MDA was decreased. Real time-PCR showed that
the mRNA expression of CuZn-SOD, CAT (4 mg/mL, P ＜ 0.05), and PHGSH-Px (0.8 mg/mL, P ＜ 0.05; 4 mg/mL,
P ＜ 0.01) were increased. Taken together, the hawthorn fruit extract can exert antioxidant activity in vivo via up-regulation
of endogenous antioxidant enzymes.

This study was designed to investigate the chemical structure of sialyglycoproteins from crucian carp Carassius
auratus eggs (CA-SGP) and the effects of CA-SGP on the proliferation, differentiation and mineralization of MC3T3-E1
cells. CA-SGP was isolated from the water soluble protein of crucian carp eggs using anion exchange chromatography and
gel exclusion chromatography, and its composition was determined. The proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells was determined
by MTT assay, the secretion of collagen type (COLⅠ), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and osteocalcin (OCN) were detected
by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the mineralized nodule of MC3T3-E1 cells was evaluated by staining
with Alizarin red S dye. The analysis of chemical structure showed that the CA-SGP was composed of 14.33% protein
and 62.81% carbohydrates in which the content of N-acetylneurainic acid (Neu5Ac) was 19.72%, and the monosaccharide
composition of CA-SGP was Man, GlcN, GalN, and Neu5Ac. The activity assays indicated that the CA-SGP effectively
promoted the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells, significantly increased the secretion of ALP, OCN and COLⅠand enhanced
the mineralization ability. In conclusion, CA-SGP significantly promotes the proliferation, differentiation and mineralization
of MC3T3-E1 cells and can be used as an active ingredient in a safe and effective anti-osteoporosis functional food.

The contents of proteins, crude fat, fatty acids, amino acids, total sugar, reducing sugar, mineral elements, vitamin
B1 and vitamin B2, and α and β-amylase activities in tartary buckwheat were determined to reveal the changes in nutrients
during germination. The results showed that the contents of proteins, fat and total sugar were significantly decreased. Meanwhile,
the contents of soluble low molecular sugar, nitrogen-containing substances and fatty acids were greatly increased.
The content of reducing sugar was increased from 1.61% to 10.63%, and an increase in total amino acid content of 3.85%
was observed. The contents of seven essential amino acids were markedly increased during the first four days of germination,
and the lysine content was increased by approximately 30.5% at the end of germination. Non-essential amino acids also
displayed an increasing trend. Compared with ungerminated tartary buckwheat, the contents of vitamin B1 and B2 did not significantly
change. Meanwhile, α and β-amylase activities exhibited an increase. During germination, the values of essential
to total amino acid ratio and essential amino acid index (EAAI) were increased, the compositional pattern of EAA measured
up better to the FAO/WHO standards, and the first limiting amino acid was changed from lysine to methionine and cysteine.
In conclusion, the nutritional value is improved in tartary buckwheat during germination.

Objective: The effect of casein glycomacropeptide (CGMP) on cell proliferation and on the expression of
cyclooxyenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitrite oxide synthase (iNOS), and glutathione-S-transferase π (GST-π) in HT-29
cells was explored to provide a reliable basis for the use of CGMP as an ingredient in functional foods. Methods: HT-29
Cells were cultured with CGMP for 12, 24 and 48 h. The inhibition of HT-29 cells proliferation was measured by MTT
[3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. The expression of COX-2, iNOS, and GST-π was
detected by reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) after the HT-29 cells were treated for 24 h. Results: 1)
CGMP inhibited the proliferation of HT-29 cells in a time-dependent fashion, and the optimal concentration was 10-4 mg/mL.
2) Low doses of CGMP (10-5, 10-4 and 10-3 mg/mL) significantly reduced the expression of three genes. Conclusion: To some
extent, CGMP can inhibit the proliferation of HT-29 cells in a time-dependent manner. The mechanism is associated with
decreasing the expression of COX-2, iNOS and GST-π by CGMP and further improving human colorectal cancer.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary fiber from corn husk on trans fatty acids-induced
insulin resistance in mice. Methods: The mouse model of hyperlipidemia was established by feeding with a diet with trans
fatty acids. Different groups of mice were given water-soluble dietary fiber, water-insoluble dietary fiber alone or their
combination with an SDF to IDF of ratio of 1:3 (m/m) at low, moderate and high doses. Results: The intake of trans fatty
acids significantly elevated fasting blood glucose, fasting serum insulin, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance
significantly (P ＜ 0.01), and reduced insulin sensitivity index, islet β-cell function and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD)
significantly (P ＜ 0.01). Dietary fiber from corn husk significantly reduced fasting blood glucose and insulin resistance
(P ＜ 0.01), and significantly elevated insulin sensitivity index and islet β-cell function (P ＜ 0.01). Compared with those in
the hyperlipidemia model group, these parameters in mice fed with high dose of SDF:IDF changed significantly (P ＜ 0.01).
Conclusions: Trans fatty acids can lead to insulin resistance in mice. Intervention with corn husk dietary fiber can improve
the symptoms, and the best effect is achieved by the intake of high dose of SDF:IDF.

Objective: To explore the protective effect of Cordyceps militaris stroma polysaccharides (CMSP) on alcoholinduced
acute liver injury in mice. Methods: Mice were randomly divided into blank control, alcohol-induced liver injury
model, positive control and CMSP treatment groups (at doses of 150, 300 and 600 mg/(kg·d)) groups. After 30 consecutive
days of intragastric administration, all mice except for blank control group were given by gavage 50% alcohol at a dose of
12 mL/kg to induce acute liver injury. At 12 h after alcohol administration, all the mice in each group were killed by cervical
dislocation and their bloods were collected for the measurement of superoxide dismutase (SOD), alanine transaminase (ALT)
and aspartate transaminase (AST) activities and triglyceride (TG) content in the serum. Moreover, the liver, spleen and
thymus were collected to calculate the coefficients. The activities of SOD and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) as well as
the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) in liver homogenate were measured, and pathological changes
in liver tissue were observed. Results: The liver, spleen and thymus coefficients, serum SOD, ALT and AST activities and
TG content, and the contents of MDA and GSH in the liver of mice from the CMSP groups were significantly different from
those of the liver injury control group (P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01). Conclusion: CMSP has a significant hepatoprotective effect
on alcohol-induced acute liver injury in mice.

In order to provide safety guarantee for its development and application, the acute toxicity and mutagenicity of
corn germ antioxidant peptide (CGAP) in mice were evaluated by testing maximum tolerable dose (MTD), and mutagenicity
of CGAP was studied by sperm abnormality test, bone marrow cell micronucleus test and Ames test. The results showed that
MTD of CGAP was larger than 34 g/kg in mice and all the results of mutagenicity tests obtained were negative. Thus, CGAP
does not show any acute toxicity or mutagenicity.

This study aimed to investigate the preventive and therapeutic effects of piperlonguminine (GBN) on alcoholic
fatty liver disease (AFLD) in mice. Adult male Kunming mice were randomly divided into four groups: normal control,
model, GBN low dose and high dose groups. The mice in normal control group were fed with a normal diet, and those in the
other groups were fed with high-fat diet, and, at the same time, administered with alcohol daily at a level of 0.8 mL/30 g bw.
The mice in GBN low and high dose groups were intragastrically administered with 0.8 mL/30 g bw of GBN at doses
of 10 and 40 mg/(kg·d), respectively, and the normal control and model groups were given equal volume of distilled
water, continuously for 6 weeks. After 12 h of fasting following the last administration, all the mice were sacrificed
for the measurement of liver index, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), total cholesterol (TC)
and triglyceride (TG) levels in serum and the pathological histological observation of liver tissue. Compared with the
model group, the low and high dose groups significantly decreased liver index to (4.42 ± 0.50)% and (4.53 ± 0.44)%,
respectively. Also, the levels of AST, ALT, TC and TG in serum were significantly decreased (P ＜ 0.01). And pathological
histology showed that GBN obviously improved hepatocyte fatty degeneration of alcoholic fatty liver in mice. In conclusion,
GBN can effectively prevent the occurrence and development of alcoholic fatty liver.

Objective: In this study, the protective effect of fucolysated chondroitin sulfate from the sea cucumber Cucumaria
frondosa (Cf-CHS) on kidney was accessed in high fat diet-(HFD) induced diabetic mice. Methods: To establish diabetic
models, mice were fed with HFD. The diabetic mice were administered with different doses of Cf-CHS daily for 19 weeks.
Urine was collected to analyze the levels of glucose, microalbumin (mAlb), total protein, urea nitrogen (UN), uric acid (UA),
creatinine (Cr) and the excretion of N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase (NAG). Kidney tissue was collected to make microscope
slides. Results: Cf-CHS could significantly (P ＜ 0.01) decrease the levels of glucose, mAlb, total UN, UA, Cr, and NAG
in urine and observably improve kidney tissue of diabetic mice. Conclusion: Cf-CHS has a remarkably protective effect on
kidney of diabetic mice.

Objective: To evaluate the physical and chemical properties of polysaccharides from selenium-rich tea and the
effects of these polysaccharides on swimming performance and recovery from swimming-induced fatigue in mice. Methods:
The polysaccharides were extracted by using the method of water extraction and alcohol precipitation. The proximate
composition and ultraviolet and infrared spectral characteristics of selenium-rich tea polysaccharides (STPs) were tested. At
the same time, a 5-week endurance exercise model in mice was established, and the mice were given by oral gavage different
doses of STPs. The swimming exhaustion time of mice was recorded and the concentrations of blood glucose, blood urea
nitrogen (BUN), blood lactic acid (BLA) and the contents of hepatic glycogen and malonaldehyde (MDA) as well as the
activity of hepatic glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were measured immediately and at 24 h after exhaustive exercise.
Results: STPs were Se-binding glycoproteins and could prolong the swimming exhaustion time, improve the carbohydrate
metabolism, significantly increase the activity of GSH-Px and reduce the content of MDA in liver tissue of mice. Conclusion:
STPs have an anti-fatigue effect in mice and the underlying mechanism is related to regulating the carbohydrate metabolism
and improving tissue lipid peroxidation caused by excessive exercise.

Purpose: This study investigated undergraduates’ attitudes toward the safety risks of food additives and the
influencing factors, aiming to support the government’s strategies for risk communication. Method: Undergraduate students
from Peking University were randomly enrolled into the survey and filled the self-reported questionnaires. Results:
Participants perceived high risk of food additives and showed strong negative attitudes toward the safety risks of food
additives. Knowledge and risk control reduced the risk perception and negative affects effectively. However, the participants
generally lacked knowledge about food additives; 71.4% of them misreported the illegal additives as food additives. Besides,
they also showed strong distrust on the food manufactories. Only 8.9% of them believed that the corporations would use
the food additives legally. Conclusion: It is necessary to popularize the knowledge about food additives in proper ways and
increase the risk control for food processing companies.

Purpose: To investigate the effect of resveratrol (Res) on proliferation of 3T3-L1 preadipocyte and its potential
molecular mechanisms. Methods: 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were plated in plastic dishes and treated with or without indicated
levels of Res (25, 50, 75, and 100 μmol/L). Cell toxicity of different doses of Res was assayed by MTT test. The mRNA
expression of LYRM1 was determined by real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the expressions of proapoptotic
protein Bak and anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 were confirmed by Western blot. Results: Res treatments dosedependently
suppressed the proliferation potential of preadipocyte, via reduced expression of LYRM1 mRNA, increased
Bak protein expression and decreased Bal-2 protein expression. Conclusion: Res treatments suppressed 3T3-L1 preadipocyte
proliferation, which may be associated with reduced LYRM1 expression and then mitochondrial dysfunction, finally leading
to progressive apoptotic process.

The effect of polysaccharides extracted from pumpkin peel (PPPs) on the exhaustive swimming time and related
physiological indexes in mouse models of aging induced by D-galactose was investigated. Mice were randomly divided into
normal control group, aged model group, low-dose PPPs group (125 mg/(kg·d)), middle-dose PPPs group (250 mg/(kg·d)),
and high-dose PPPs group (500 mg/(kg·d)). The aging model was induced by D-galactose at a dose of 100 mg/(kg·d) for
60 consecutive days. The mice in three PPPs groups were administered with PPPs by gavage from day 41 onward for the
next 20 days, while those in the normal control and aged model groups with distilled water. After the last administration,
exhaustive swimming time and the contents of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), blood lactic acid (BLA), hepatic glycogen (HG),
muscle glycogen (MG), MDA, SOD and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined. The results showed that PPPs could
extend the exhaustive swimming time, decrease the contents of BUN, BLA and MDA, and obviously increase the reservation
of HG, MG, SOD and LDH. In conclusion, PPPs have an excellent anti-fatigue effect in mice.

Objective: This study aimed to examine the immune-regulatory effect and acute toxicity of Agaricus blazei
polysaccharide in mice. Methods: The effects of Agaricus blazei polysaccharide on immunological organs in mice and the
ability of the reticuloendothelial system to clear inert carbon particles from bloodstream were observed in order to explore
the immunoregulatory effect on mammals. By using an improved Karber’s method, the acute toxicity of Agaricus blazei
polysaccharide was studied. Results: Agaricus blazei polysaccharide (77–150 mg/kg, ig, 7 d) could promote cell proliferation
in the thymus and spleen. Agaricus blazei polysaccharide at 120 mg/kg caused an increase in proliferation rates of thymus
and spleen of 13.1% and 8.5% for juvenile mice and of 4.0% and 18.3% for adult mice, respectively. Agaricus blazei
polysaccharide at 150 mg/kg increased the phagocytic index by 21.7% in the carbon particle clearance test, and enhanced the
corrected phagocytic index by 11.8% in mice, indicating that Agaricus blazei polysaccharide can promote immune function
in mice. The LD50 of Agaricus blazei polysaccharide by intravenous injection was 840.8 mg/kg, equivalent to intravenous
injection of 6.5 g of Agaricus blazei polysaccharide into an adult one time. After two weeks, the body weight of the survived
mice was increased by 61.1% on average. After oral administration of Agaricus blazei polysaccharide at 15.0 g/kg, only mild
discomfort occurred and all mice were alive. This dose is relatively equivalent to an intake of 115.4 g of Agaricus blazei
polysaccharide for adults per day, and is also equivalent to an ingestion of 881–1 265 g of Agaricus blazei. Conclusion:
Agaricus blazei polysaccharide can enhance immune function in mice with minimal acute toxicity.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the protective effect of lignans from the fruits of Schisandra chinensis
(Turcz.) Baill. (SCL) on acute liver injury induced by ethanol in mice and to reveal the underlying mechanism. Methods:
A total of 50 mice were randomly divided into normal control, model, low-dose SCL (25 mg/(kg·d)), high-dose SCL
(50 mg/(kg·d)) and positive control (bifendate, 150 mg/(kg·d)) groups. The mice were intragastrically administered with
corresponding drugs, respectively, for 15 days. Then 50% ethanol (12.0 mL/kg) was given to the mice in model groups
1 hour after the last administration. The mice in the normal control group were administered with an equal volume of
distilled water. All the mice were sacrificed 12 hours later, and their blood samples were collected. The activities of alanine
aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and triglyceride (TG) level in serum as well as the contents
of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in liver tissues were
measured. Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) staining was performed for observing pathological changes of the liver tissues.
Results: SCL significantly decreased the activities of ALT and AST and TG levels in serum (P ＜ 0.05). Meanwhile, the
MDA content and NOS activity in liver tissues were reduced significantly whereas the GSH content was significantly
increased by SCL (P ＜ 0.05). Moreover, HE staining showed that SCL significantly improved the liver cell edema, necrosis,
and central venous congestion. Conclusions: SCL confer a significant protective effect on alcohol-induced acute liver injury
in mice, which might be attributed to their anti-oxidant capacity.

Objective: To investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of citrate sweet potato starch (CSPS), prepared
using esterification with citric acid, on the growth and intestinal microenvironment of Schizothorax prenanti Tchang.
Methods: Totally 180 fish with an average body weight of (75.47 ± 5.43) g were randomly divided into five groups of 12
fish in each group, with three replicates for each group. Control group was fed a basal diet, and three test groups were fed
a diet supplemented with CSPS at doses of 3.5%, 7%, 14% and 28%, respectively. Sixty days later, all fish were weighed
and dissected, and feed conversion rate, feeding rate and specific growth rate were calculated. After removing the intestine,
the intestinal mucosa height was measured. The intestinal flora was analyzed by PCR-DGGE. Results: Compared with the
control group, final body weight, feeding rate and specific growth rate were significantly increased in 7% and 14% CSPS
groups (P ＜ 0.05). Foregut plica mucosa height was significantly decreased in 14% and 28% CSPS groups (P ＜ 0.05). As
for the midgut, the intestinal flora in 3.5% CSPS group was more similar to in the control group. The foregut and hindgut
intestinal flora revealed an extremely significant difference between the control group and three test groups, despite showing
50.0 ≤ q ＜ 75.0 (moderate similar). Conclusion: The growth of Schizothorax prenanti Tchang is promoted by dietary
supplementation of CSPS at a low dose (7%) but inhibited at a high dose (28%). At the same time, CSPS can affect the
intestinal flora of Schizothorax prenanti Tchang.

Xiaguan Tuocha is a functional drink and known to possess some health properties. In order to identify the
chemical components and investigate preventive effects of Xiaguan raw (unfermented) Tuocha (XRT) on gastric injury
in vivo, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and cytokine analysis were used in this study, and the gastric
secretion and pH of gastric juice were also tested. Twelve components were found in XRT, all of which contributed to the
preventive effect on gastric injury. XRT at higher concentration reduced the levels of serum proinflammatory cytokines such
as IL-6 and TNF-α compared with at lower concentration. The 1 000 mg/kg XRT showed the best inhibitory effect on gastric
injury (78.7% inhibitory rate). The 1 000 mg/kg XRT treated rats also exhibited similarly low gastric secretion (2.0 mL) and
higher pH of gastric juice (pH 3.1) compared with normal rats. Xiaguan Tuocha contained many functional components and
exerted a strong preventive effect on gastric injury.

Purpose: To study the effect of different processing methods on the physiological function of hulless barley.
Methods: Ovarietomized rats were randomly divided into five groups by weight. Control group was fed on a basal diet and
four experimental groups were fed on fried, microwave-treated, cooked and extruded hulless barley, respectively. After 28
days, all rats were sacrificed to assay serum lipid, microbes in cecum contents, intestinal metabolites, and so forth. Results:
Processed hulless barley increased cecum tissue weight, short-chain fatty acid content and the content of high-density
lipoprotein cholesterol, decreased the intestinal pH and the contents of intestinal free ammonia, serum cholesterol, serum
triacylglycerol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, promoted the proliferation of the beneficial bacteria, and inhibited the
proliferation of harmful bacteria. Conclusion: Processed hulless barley could improve intestinal health and decrease blood
lipid to some extent. Microwave-treated and extruded samples were more effective.

Choerospondias axillaris, a traditional Chinese medicinal and edible fruit, is reported to have strong biological
activity and various health benefits. To date, 25 compounds including flavones and organic acids have been reported
present in C. axillaris. Biological studies have uncovered its cardiovascular, antioxidant, immuno-enhancing, and antitumor
activities. This review is focused on the recent advances in research on chemical constituents, pharmacological and
biological activity of C. axillaris, which can provide some guidelines for the development of functional foods, medicinal
research and utilization of C. axillari in the future.

Considering the frequent outbreaks of food safety scandals, co-regulation has been carried out in order to promote
food safety governance in China. The essence of the transformation from traditional regulation to co-regulation is that the
top-bottom management model turns into the regulation model combining top and bottom power, government and society.
Combining a literature review with case studies, this paper reviews the recent progress on co-regulation in Europe, analyzes
the roles of thee primary responsibility bodies-enterprises, government and the third party in food safety, discusses the
regulation mechanisms of media, non-governmental organizations and consumers, and highlights the importance of the third
party that can be regarded as the complement of the top-bottom regulation due to its bottom-up pressures.

The functional evaluation of food has long been controversial, mainly because whether the results from animal
experiments and methods in vitro exactly represent the functions in human body. Even among human individuals, there
are obvious differences, so the results of animals experiment certainly cannot provide valuable references for humans. The
reason for the limited availability of human subjects for functional evaluation of foods mainly lies in the fact that the existing
evaluation methods for functional foods are mainly derived from medicinal practices and pathogenic animal models are
often required to evaluate the functionality and efficacy of oral medicinal products, despite the health rather than therapeutic
purposes of foods. Another key problem is how to quantitatively evaluate the physiological changes in vivo for the functions
of functional foods. In this paper, a review about these areas is made, and the network methods are emphasized for their
important role in quantitative evaluation of complex and nonlinear problems. The wireless cell-cell communication networks
and metabolic networks which belonged to the directed and weighted networks are reviewed as well as flux control analysis.
Biomacromolecule interaction networks as the expanded forms of the undirected and unweighted networks are currently a
hot research area. By these networks one can calculate various parameters to quantitatively characterize the complex and
nonlinear physiological effects of wireless communication network and the metabolic networks formed around the central
metabolic pathways in vivo. It is concluded that network methods, particularly the metabolic network and intercellular
wireless network methods will play an important role in quantitative evaluation of functional foods in vivo using only a few
milliliters of peripheral blood from volunteers.

Cordyceps is a famous traditional Chinese herbal tonic, which has immune-regulating, anti-tumor, and fatigueresisting
functions. The physiological active materials including cordycepin, cordyceptic acid, cordyceptic polysaccharides,
sterols, and superoxide dismutase enzymes have been confirmed as the major functional components in Cordyceps. Recently,
a series of methods for the determination of these components in different species of Cordyceps have been reported. This
paper reviews some recent techniques for the detection of the major functional components of Cordyceps, aiming to provide
valuable references for the quality control of Cordyceps.

Anthocyanins are a class of water soluble flavonoids and show some pharmacological activities such as
hepatoprotective activity and anti-tumor activity. The potential anti-tumor mechanism mainly include anti-mutagenesis,
antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, induction of differentiation, inhibiting proliferation by modulating signal transduction
pathways, inducing cell cycle arrest and stimulating apoptosis of tumor cells, inducing autophagy, anti-invasion and
metastasis, reversing drug resistance of tumor cells as well as increasing sensitivity to chemotherapy. In this review, the
latest progresses on the anti-tumor activities of anthocyanins and the underlying molecular mechanisms are summarized.

β-Carotene, a typical representative of carotenoids, is the main source of pro-vitamin A. It has been widely
used in chemical, cosmetic, feed, food, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and other industries. Natural β-carotene has
wider applications for its safety and bioavailability compared with the synthesized one. Among all commercialized
natural β-carotene sources, microbial sources of β-carotene are much preferred due to its economical process and less
limitation of environment factors, such as light, climate, producing region, etc. The present review is focused on the
current advances in the view points of strain breeding, fermentation optimization, and bioreactor development, which
will enhance our understanding of this bioprocess.

Considering the defects of traditional nutritional fortifiers of minerals such as iron, calcium and zinc, ferritin could
be a good carrier of mineral nutritional fortifiers because of its special structure and functions. In this article, the structure
of ferritins is reviewed, along with its functions as carriers to encapsulate metal ions, such as iron, calcium and zinc. This
review implies that ferritins will surely possess a bright prospect in the field of food industry.