Rough rice was dried with different drying methods to the safe moisture content of 12% (wet base), and head
rice yield (HRY), fatty acid value and RVA parameters were determined after drying process. The results showed that i)
as for single-pass drying, there was a critical tempering duration which could significantly improve HRY, and the critical
temperature was more obvious when the drying temperature was higher; HRY did not reach 70% by extending the tempering
duration when the drying temperature was above 60 ℃ and the moisture content reduction was higher than 9.4%, and
tempering temperature was the same as drying temperature; ⅱ) as for drying-aerating process, the HRY was more than 72%,
especially for drying with high temperature above 60 ℃ and tempering with drying temperature or even higher temperature,
RVA parameters of rice post-drying: the peak viscosity, low viscosity, breakdown value, final viscosity, setback viscosity all
increased with the extension of the tempering time; the higher the drying temperature and tempering temperature were, the
greater the value was, and there were some fluctuations; the influence of tempering temperature on RVA values was more
significant than the drying temperature or tempering duration. The trends of fatty acid value of both drying methods were
different from that of constant low temperature drying process.

3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) is a kind of food contaminant that is recognized as carcinogenic for humans.
In this study, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyze the amount of 3-MCPD generated from
the reaction between triglyceride and sodium chloride under thermal conditions. Meanwhile, the mechanism of 3-MCPD
generation was explored. Results showed that 3-MCPD was rapidly generated with increasing triolein amount and reaction
temperature. High levels of NaCl inhibited the formation of 3-MCPD, which, on the contrary, was favored by higher levels
of triolein. Despite this, the amount of stearin had no obvious impact on the generation of 3-MCPD, which may be associated
with the difficulty in hydrolysis. However, the reaction time exhibited a relatively complicated impact on the generation of
3-MCPD. With increasing reaction time, the production of 3-MCPD from the reaction between triolein and NaCl showed an
initial increase, followed by a decrease and then an increase again, but exhibited an opposite trend when olein was replaced
by stearin. Therefore, the formation of 3-MCPD in the triolein model was higher than in the stearin model.

Purpose: To explore the antioxidant activity of different solvent extracts from the flowers of Trollius ledebouri
Reichb. Methods: The dried flowers were extracted sequentially with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, 95% ethanol, 60%
ethanol, 30% ethanol and deionized water. Each extract obtained was analyzed by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry for
the contents of yellow pigment, total flavonoids and total polyphenols, and their radical scavenging activity against hydroxyl
and DPPH free radicals were tested. Results: Petroleum ether extract had the highest content of yellow pigment (11.37 ±
0.07) mg/g; 60% ethanol extract from the flowers of Trollius ledebouri had the highest content of total flavonoids (213.21 ±
1.12) mg/g and total polyphenols (121.75 ± 0.58) mg/g, 95% ethanol extract had slightly lower contents of total flavonoids
(200.47 ± 6.49) mg/g and total polyphenols (105.19 ± 0.61) mg/g. Petroleum ether extract had the strongest hydroxyl
radical scavenging ability with IC50 of 92.77 mg/L, while 95% ethanol extract had the strongest DPPH radical scavenging
ability with IC50 of 10.14 mg/L and 60% ethanol extract had slightly lower DPPH radical scavenging ability with IC50 of
10.70 mg/L. Conclusion: The hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity presented a positive correlation with the concentration
of yellow pigment, and the DPPH radical scavenging capacity presented a positive correlation with the concentration of
total flavonoids and total polyphenols; petroleum ether and 95% ethanol extracts from the flowers of Trollius ledebouri have
potent antioxidant activity.

This work studied the dry fractionation of coconut oil as a multicomponent mixture by melting and fractional
crystallization. The directional crystallization behavior of coconut oil at gradient temperatures was investigated to optimize
its crystal parameters such as crystallization temperature, melting point, cooling rate and agitation speed. As a result,
products with special properties were obtained. The Avrami equation was generally capable of fitting the crystallization of
coconut oil although some deviations were observed during the last stage of crystallization. In addition, both crystal form
and growth changed with temperature. Thus, effective fractionation of coconut oil can be achieved at gradient temperatures.

In this study, collagens from different sources were prepared by means of enzymatic hydrolysis, and their purity
and amino acid composition were identified. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to determine the thermal
hysteresis activity (THA), and the ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI) was evaluated by cryomicroscopy. The results
showed that all the collagens prepared were typical type I collagen with high purity and molecular weight of about 330 kD.
The collagens from different sources had common amino acid composition with glycine, proline and alanine as the most
abundant amino acids. Compared with bovine serum albumin (BSA), the T0 of pig skin collagen revealed a higher THA value
(0.52 ℃), and the ice crystal content φ was equal to or less than 5% at a retention temperature Th of -0.2 ℃. As observed
under a microscope, pig skin collagen extracts formed a large number of hexagonal ice crystal, demonstrating the antifreeze
activity when compared with chicken skin collagen and fish skin collagen.

The influence of extraction time, pH and extraction temperature on the yield and relative molecular weight
distribution of arabinoxylan from wheat bran was investigated by chemical analysis and high performance gel permeation
chromatography. The results showed that the yield of arabinoxylan was significantly enhanced with increasing extraction
time, pH and extraction temperature. The content of low relative molecular weight arabinoxylan was increased when the
extraction time was extended to 5 h, and a variety of arabinoxylans with high relative molecular weights could be obtained
by increasing pH and extraction temperature.

In this study, a moisture diffusion model of two-component food under a non-permeable packaging condition wasestablished on the basis of Fick’s law combined with moisture sorption isotherm and effective moisture diffusion theory. Themoisture sorption isotherm models and the isotherm effective diffusion coefficients for agar gel and biscuits were establishedbased on the experimental data, and then the model-calculated and experimental values of moisture diffusion were compared.The results showed that the experimental data could be fitted with the theoretical model very well.

A series of experiments have been conducted to establish a model system through microwave heating to explore
the formation of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) in edible oil as a function of oil type, NaCl, pH, heating time,
intermittent microwave heating and metal ions. The results showed that 1) microwave heating resulted in formation of over
9 mg/kg 3-MCPD in hot-pressed oils, whereas much less 3-MCPD was formed in cold-pressed oils and commercial oils; 2)
the amount of 3-MCPD esters increased with increasing concentration of sodium chloride solution, and increased firstly and
then decreased with increasing proportion of sodium chloride solution added, reaching maximum value at 20%; 3) acidic
condition could promote the formation of 3-MCPD; 4) the amount of 3-MCPD increased with increasing time up to 10
minutes; 5) compared to continuous microwave heating for an equal time, intermittent microwave heating could inhibit the
production of 3-MCPD; and 6) metal ions could significantly promote the formation of 3-MCPD esters because metal ions
could act as catalysts to promote the formation of intermediates during the formation of 3-MCPD. Therefore, this study can
be regarded as a data support for limiting the formation of 3-MCPD esters during microwave heating of foods.

The formation kinetics of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural was investigated in three monosaccharide solution model
systems (glucose, fructose and galactose). In this paper, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural contents in the monosaccharide model
systems were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results indicated that the formation of HMF
could be related to the initial pH. The content of HMF reached the maximum level at pH 2. With the increase of temperature
and time, the content of HMF increased, while the pH decreased. The color became darker in the monosaccharide model
systems. At 80, 100 and 120 ℃, the formation of HMF was in accordance with first-order kinetics.

Based on the determined levels of iodine in blanching water, rinsing water and blanched kelp, leaching patterns
of iodine were investigated during the process of blanching and rinsing. The iodine concentrations in blanching water and
rinsing water revealed a gradual increase until reaching a stable level with increasing amount of kelp. From the cumulative
extraction curve of iodine in response to blanching and rinsing and the fitted equation, we found that the utilization rate of
iodine in kelp blanched at a solid-to-water ratio of 3 kg/L could be increased to 46% after several cycles of blanching and
rinsing. When comparing the extraction efficiency of iodine from kelp subjected to blanching alone and followed by rinsing,
it can be concluded that the extraction efficiency of iodine can be more than 15% in the effective extraction stage.

 The present study investigated the effect of high pressure processing (HPP) (0.1, 100, 200, 300 and 400 MPa,
10 ℃, 2 min) on water distribution and microstructure of meat batters and sensory characteristics of sausages using sensory
evaluation, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results revealed
that the scores of sensory properties were significantly increased with increasing pressure from 100 to 200 MPa, but
decreased as the pressure further rose to 400 MPa (P ＜ 0.05). In addition, HPP significantly changed the microstructure of
meat batters. HPP resulted in a larger peak area of fast-relaxation time (T21), but a smaller peak area slow-relaxation time
(T22) with increasing pressure level in meat batters when compared with the control samples. Moreover, the T21 tended to
first increase and then decrease with increasing pressure from 100 to 200 and further to 400 MPa (P ＜ 0.05). Furthermore, a
significant positive correlation was observed between sensory evaluation scores and T2, as well as and T2 peak area (P ＜ 0.05).
In conclusion, the higher level vof immobilized water in the myofibrillar matrix caused by HPP can contributed to modify
the microstructure of meat batters and improve sensory characteristics of cooked sausages.

This study was intended to investigate the effect of 60Co γ-ray irradiation on the antimicrobial activity of weak
organic acid preservatives, potassium sorbate, sodium diacetate, sodium propionate, calcium propionate and sodium
acetate dehydrogenation. Irradiation dosages were set as 0, 5, 10 and 15 kGy. The target strains were Gram-negative (G–)
bacteria including Salmonella enteritidis, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli, and Gram-positive (G+) bacteria including
Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Meanwhile, the detection
wavelength and suitable preservative concentrations for microtiter plate assay were established. The results showed that
low dose irradiation under 5 kGy had little effect on the antimicrobial activity of preservatives, but 10–15 kGy irradiation
could increase the antimicrobial activity of most preservatives with a positive dose-effect relationship. Irradiation made the
antimicrobial activity of preservatives more sensitive in solution than in the solid state. It was observed that the change in
antimicrobial activity of preservatives to G+ bacteria after irradiation was more sensitivity than to G – bacteria.

MRJP1 is one of the most important members in the Major Royal Jelly Proteins (MRJPs) family with monomeric
and oligomeric forms in royal jelly. In order to investigate the secondary structure of RJP1 oligomer, MRJP1 oligomer was
extracted from fresh royal jelly and purified by ToyoScreen GigaCap Q-650M anion exchange column, then identified by
sedimentation equilibrium and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Afterwards,
we detected MRJP1 oligomer by synchrotron radiation circular dichroism (SRCD) to clarify the correlation between
its secondary structure and different concentration of Ca2+ (10, 50 and 200 mmol/L). In addition, its Tm value was also
determined. The results showed that the proportion of β-strand (about 55%) was the highest, followed in decreasing order
by random coil (20%) and α-helix (15%) and β-turns (10%). Ca2+ had little effect on the secondary structure of MRJP1
oligomer. The Tm value of MRJP1 oligomer was 55 ℃. To conclude, a new method for the purification of MRJP1 oligomer
and information on its secondary structure have been presented in this study.

Objective: To establish a prediction method for soluble solid content (SSC) of peach. Methods: Hujingmilu
peaches were investigated for the relationships of SSC with peel color value, single fruit weight, firmness with skin, and
firmness without skin based on multiple regression analysis, linear regression and quadratic polynomial regression. Results
showed that 1) stable multiple regression equations between SSC and each of the other quality indexes could hardly be
established based on the original data; 2) stable regression equations could neither be established using respectively a
value (a*), hue angle (h) and a*/b* (b* is b value) as the independent variable based on the grouped data. There was a very
significant linear relationship between single fruit weight and SSC; however, the quadratic polynomial model established
provided a poor prediction. Poor prediction of SSC as a function of firmness with skin and firmness without skin respectively
was also observed by linear regression. Yet the quadratic polynomial regression equations SSC = − 0.128 2 × (firmness with
skin)2 + 1.403 5 × (firmness with skin) + 11.418 0, and SSC = − 0.481 8 × (firmness without skin)2 + 1.975 0 × (firmness
without skin) + 13.290 0 had higher coefficient of determination (R2) and indicated very significant regression relationship.
Conclusion: It is feasible to predict the maturity of peach by analyzing the relationships of SSC with firmness with skin and
firmness without skin based on quadratic polynomial regression.

The effect of ultra high-temperature (UHT) sterilization and different ultra hydrostatic pressure treatments with a
dwell time ranging from 20 to 60 min on the quality of watermelon beverage was investigated in this paper. All investigated
treatments could significantly reduce total bacterial count, and PME and PPO activities compared with the control (P ＜ 0.05).
Longer treatment time resulted more inactivation of PME and PPO. The control was a typical non-Newtonian pseudoplastic
fluid, and its flow behavior was not affected by dwell time. As the dwell time was extended, the viscosity increased, while
the aroma became worse. UHT and high pressure treatment at 400 MPa for 20 min had the same effect on the quality, but the
watermelon beverage treated at 400 MPa for 20 min had better flavor and color.

Dry-cured pork was processed with low sodium salt and ordinary salt, respectively. A comparative study was
carried out to understand the effect of the two salts on moisture content, water activity, pH, color, sodium and potassium
content, fat oxidation, and texture and sensory of meat during processing. The results showed that the changes in physical
and chemical indicators, texture and lipid oxidation of dry-cured pork from the low sodium salt group during processing
were similar with those observed for the ordinary salt group. In addition, the final products had no significant difference in
these parameters between the two groups and showed similarly high consumer sensory acceptance. However, the sodium
content in the final products was decreased by 48.04% by using low sodium salt instead of ordinary salt.

The contents and composition of soluble phenolic compounds in pear peel, core and flesh from 11 major cultivars
in northern China were determined and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Meanwhile, the
antioxidant activities of their ethanol extracts were evaluated by DPPH and hydroxyl scavenging radical assays. Results
indicated that: 1) the highest contents of soluble phenolic compounds were found in the core, followed by the peel and flesh; 2)
8 kinds of phenolic compounds, i.e., arbutin, gallic acid, catechinic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, epicatechin, cumaric
acid and rutin were detected in both the core and peel, while 5 kinds of phenolic compounds, i.e., arbutin, gallic acid,
chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and epicatechin were detected in the flesh; 3) chlorogenic acid, arbutin and epicatechin were
the major phenolic compounds in the peel and flesh with higher content of chlorogenic acid than arbutin in the flesh and the
opposite result for the peel. At the same time, the main phenolic constituents of the core were chlorogenic acid and arbutin
with higher level of the former when compared with the latter; 4) for each of the three fruit tissues, significant positive
correlations between phenolic compound contents and DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities were observed,
suggesting the close association of phenolic compounds with free radical scavenging activity.

Comparison of three different drying methods, air blowing, vacuum drying and shade drying was carried out for
Allium macrotemon Bunge. bulbs. For this, we determined the contents of saponion and sugar in the dried bulbs as well as
the drying rate and energy consumption for the drying methods. The results showed that sucrose was the most abundant
and xylopyranose the least abundant sugar in the dried bulbs of Allium macrotemon Bunge.. The content of sapinion
reached the maximum level of 34.60 mg/g in the air-blowing dried sample at 80 ℃ and the maximum sucrose content of
40.82 mg/g was also attained by this drying method at 60 ℃. However, vacuum drying resulted in the maximum levels of
glucuronic acid and galacturonic acid (5.12 and 300.65 μg/g, respectively). The contents of arabinose and soluble sugars
were relatively stable among different drying methods. Higher drying temperature led to higher drying rate. Considering
processing characteristics and retention of effective components, air drying at 80 ℃ is the best drying method for Allium
macrotemon Bunge. bulbs.

Seedlings of eight-leafed Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa pekinensis) were cultured in germ-free conditions
supplemented with five dithiophosphate organophosphorus pesticides including malathion, dimethoate, phorate, disulfoton
and terbufos. The residues of the organophosphorus pesticides and O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate in the seedlings of
Chinese cabbage were determined by gas chromatography-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). As the
culture period progressed, the contents of all these dithiophosphate pesticides decreased and were degraded by 13.4%–65.0%
in 10 days. The dithiophosphate pesticides in Chinese cabbage seedlings were degraded significantly slower under germfree
culture conditions than under normal culture conditions. The metabolic kinetics of the pesticides followed a first-order
kinetic model. Under sterile conditions, malathion was degraded fastest with a rate constant of 0.034 67 and a half life of
19.9 d, Terbufos showed the smallest degradation rate constant of 0.007 17, and the degradation half life was 96.7 days.
Dimethoate, phorate and disulfoton were more stable, but the degradation kinetic parameters considerably varied among them.

The purification of polyphenols from the crude aqueous extract of pomegranate peel by macroporous adsorption
resin was investigated by evaluating total polyphenol content, adsorption rate and desorption rate as functions of the
adsorption and desorption conditions. Meanwhile, the contents of punicalagin, ellagic acid, chlorogenic acid, quercetin
and epicatechin were determined by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). In addition, the
inhibitory effect of purified polyphenols on fatty acid synthase was explored. The results showed that D101 macroporous
resin was the suitable resin for the purification of polyphenols and the purification process involved the following steps:
adjustment of the sample concentration to 10 mg/mL, sample loading at a flow rate of 2 BV/h, column washing with 5 BV
of distilled water, and elution with 5.5 BV of 70% ethanol. The purified product contained 71.64%, significantly higher
than that (49.31%) reported for the crude extract. The contents of punicalagin, ellagic acid, chlorogenic acid, quercetin
and epicatechin in the purified polyphenols were 46.91%, 9.44%, 0.53%, 0.75% and 0.32%, respectively. Moreover, the
polyphenols from pomegranate peel had a potent inhibitory effect on fatty acid synthase with an EC50 (concentration for 50%
of maximal effect) of 0.72 mg/mL.

The changes in physio-biochemical indexes and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content during germination of
five maize cultivars under hypoxia stress were investigated. Results showed the physiological and biochemical indexes
of five maize cultivars significantly changed during 72 h germination under hypoxia. At the end of germination, the
sprout length increased to 15.5－26.3 mm, the respiratory rate was improved by 1.7－3.2 folds, the dry matter was lost by
35.6%－40.6%, the starch content was consumed by 15.5%－28.9%, and the content of reducing sugar and free amino acids
increased by 1.7－4.7 and 7.4－13.3 folds, respectively. GABA content in germinated maize increased by 9.3－13.2 folds
when compared with the original maize. Furthermore, significant differences in GABA content and germination rate among
different maize cultivars during germination were observed. Germination rate of cultivar ZHN was the highest (85.5%) with
a maximum GABA content of 0.65 mg/g md. Hence, ZHN could be considered as a good source for GABA accumulation.
GABA content in maize during germination under hypoxia revealed a significantly (P ＜ 0.01) positive correlation with
sprout length, respiration rate and free amino acid content, respectively. The nutritional quality of maize could be improved
through germination under hypoxia stress.

The kinetic behavior of two antioxidative peptides, His-Asp-His-Pro-Val-Cys (HDHPVC) and His-Glu-Lys-
Val-Cys (HEKVC), as well as glutathione (GSH) for their DPPH radical scavenging activity was investigated. Three
kinetic parameters of the two antioxidative peptides, including second-order rate constant (k2), antiradical power (ARP)
and stoichiometry were calculated and compared with those of GSH. Results showed that the antioxidative capacity was
sequenced as HEKVC＜HDHPVC＜GSH. All of them were considered to belong to slow kinetics behavior and showed a 3–5
folds higher EC50 than at the steady state. It is concluded that HDHPVC and HEKVC are excellent natural antioxidants.

The objective was to investigate the effect of vacuum salt permeation on the quality and thermo-physical
properties of frozen lotus root slices. The changes in texture, color, vitamin C and freezing point, latent heat of phase
transition, apparent specific heat and partial glass transition temperature (T ’g) of lotus root were determined. The results
showed that 4% NaCl maintained the texture and color of lotus roots slices with less loss of vitamin C. As the concentration
of NaCl increased, the freezing point decreased, phase-transition temperature range shifted to a wider range, both latent heat
and apparent specific heat decreased, and T’g increased by 2.98–4.50 ℃.

Six novel cis/trans-but-2-enedioic acid esters containing a hydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester moiety were
synthesized as potential food preservatives, aiming to discover the new bioactive molecules that can kill food-related
bacteria and fungi, and their structures were characterized by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR) and elemental analysis. The antimicrobial activity assays in vitro showed that these compounds
had strong bioactivity against all eight microorganisms tested. Among the most promising antibacterial and antifungal
compounds, 4-(methoxycarbonyl) phenyl methyl fumarate (4a) showed the best antimicrobial activity, and it was effective
against S. cerevisiae, A. flavus and P. chrysogenum with minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) of 25, 37.5 and 37.5 μg/mL,
respectively.

In this study, the effect of oak chips on the aging of Chinese rice wine was investigated. Oak chips were added
to the samples manufactured in 2012 at various ratios (0, 3, 6 and 9 g/L). Four months later, volatile flavors and free amino
acids were detected. Meanwhile, sensory evaluation was conducted to analyze the quality of Chinese rice wine. The results
showed that comparing with control (without added oak chips), the number and contents of higher alcohols in the samples
treated with oak chips had a significant decline, the number of aldehydes increased significantly whereas the contents of
aldehydes reduced, and the number and contents of esters also present a significant increase (P ＜ 0.05). These changes
illustrate that oak chips could promote the generation of aldehydes from alcohols, acetals from alcohols and aldehydes, esters
from alcohols and acids, acids from aldehydes, thus accelerating the aging of Chinese rice wine. In addition, the contents of
phenylalanine, threonine, arginine, histidine, tyrosine and valine in samples treated with oak chips decreased significantly,
suggesting that this method could improve the aging of Chinese rice. In the present study, 6 g/L was the optimal ratio for
improving the aging of Chinese rice wine after four months of storage.

In this research we aimed to obtain soluble metallothionein (MT) of Sinopotamon henanense. Therefore, a
recombinant phoA plasmid containing MT open reading frame fused with a 6×His tag was constructed. The plasmid
possessed the promoter and signal sequence of the alkaline phosphatase gene of Escherichia coli. Subsequently, the
recombinant phoA-MT vector was transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3) strain for MT expression. The fusion protein
induced by a low concentration of phosphate was purified by Ni2+ affinity chromatography and analyzed by UV absorption
spectrometry, SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. The results demonstrated that fusion protein was expressed with high purity
as a monomer and a dimmer, with molecular weight of approximately 7.5 and 15 kD, respectively.　

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the microbial transformation products of gypenoside ⅩLⅥ. Methods:
Gypenoside ⅩLⅥ was transformed by the probiotics Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus grown in skim milk
medium. The transformation products were identified by high performance liquid chromatography-ion trap time of flight
(LCMS-IT-TOF) mass spectrometry. Results: The products were identified as gypenoside L, gypenoside LI, damulin B and
damulin A. Conclusion: More bioactive constituents from the natural product may be obtained by microbial transformation.

This paper reports the optimization of the fermentation conditions for cellulase production by Penicillium
spinulosum 16-7 by Plackett-Burman design and response surface methodology using the statistical software Minitab.
By using Plackett-Burman design, carbon source (a combination of rice straw and wheat bran at a mass ratio of 7:3)
concentration, culture temperature and time were identified as main factors that influence cellulase production. The
selected variables were further investigated by steepest ascent analysis and optimized by response surface analysis.
The highest cellulase activity was obtained after culture at 27.11 ℃ for 146.27 h at a carbon source concentration of
3.45 g/100 mL, leading to a predicted filter paper activity of 132.53 U/mL. Under the modified fermentation conditions of
3.45 g/100 mL carbon source concentration, 27 ℃ and 146 h, carboxymethyl cellulase activity was 387.58 U/mL and the
filter paper activity was 128.86 U/mL, 49.07% higher than that obtained before optimization.

Predominant strains of yeasts, Bacillus and lactic acid bacteria responsible for post-fermentation of Douchi
were isolated and identified from selected commercial samples of Douchi such as “Beijing Xianju”. The production
performance of the isolated strains was evaluated in terms of antimicrobial activity, enzyme production capacity, and salt and
temperature tolerance. The screened strains were identified by molecular biology method as B. subtilis, B. amyloliquefacien,
P. pentosaceus, W. cibaria, I. orientalis and C. tropicalis. This study has the potential to provide a theoretical reference for
the development of Douchi fermentation starters.

In this study, the medium composition and culture conditions for microencapsulated Lactobacillus bulgaricus
FMG-4 were optimized using response surface methodology. The results showed that the optimal medium for high cell
density culture of microencapsulated Lactobacillus bulgaricus FMG-4 was an MRS medium supplemented with 97.15 g/L
whey powder, 10.00 g/L soy protein powder, 7.55 g/L yeast powder, 8.03 g/L calcium carbonate, 0.30 g/L magnesium sulfate
and 0.02 g/L manganese sulfate. The optimal culture conditions were 41.7 ℃ and an initial pH of 6.9. Under the optimized
culture conditions, the density of L. bulgaricus FMG-4 reached 3.18×1011 CFU/g.

The effect of heat treatment on the relative activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) from mushroom was
investigated. The changes of secondary and tertiary structure of PPO after heat treatment at various temperatures (50, 55,
60 and 65 ℃) for 10 min were analyzed by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and fluorescence emission spectroscopy.
The results showed that the relative activity of PPO decreased gradually with increasing treatment time at each investigated
temperature. CD spectral analysis also showed that the secondary structure of PPO was changed after the heat treatment,
which was reflected by a decrease of α-helix content and an increase of β-sheet content. However, no obvious difference was
observed for β-turn and random coil contents. Meanwhile, fluorescence emission spectral analysis showed that the tertiary
structure of PPO was changed after the heat treatment with an apparent red shift in the maximum peak wavelength.

The objective of this study was to optimize fermentation conditions of Alternaria LJX27 (an endophytic fungus
from Cinnamomum pauciflorum) for enhanced production of safrole by response surface methodology with quadratic general
rotary composite design. The production of safrole was investigated with respect to fermentation conditions including
inoculum amount, pH, fermentation temperature, fermentation time and shaking speed. Fermentation experiments performed
under the optimal conditions: medium pH 8; temperature, 24 ℃; shaking speed, 200 r/min; and incubation time, 5 d; resulted
in maximum production of 2.13 g/L, which was 67.72% higher than that obtained before optimization. Safrole production
was affected in decreasing order by initial medium pH, fermentation time, fermentation temperature and shaking speed. Our
investigations indicated that the developed regression model was applicable for optimizing the fermentation conditions for
safrole production.

The change in the composition of volatile components in Crassostrea gigas before and after hydrolysis was
analyzed according to sensory evaluation, SPME-GC/MS analysis and ROAV (relative odor activity value). The effect of
ginger juice on lipid oxidation and flavor of oyster hydrolysates was studied. The results showed that the relative contents
of lipid oxidation products such as pentatal, 3-methyl-butanal, heptatal, (E)-2-nonenal, (Z)-4-heptenal and 3,5-octadien-
2-one, which were responsible for fishy and fatty odor, were increased to 5.09%, 1.6%, 1.3% and 0.5%, respectively. The
unpleasant smell of oyster protein hydrolysates might be mainly related to lipid oxidation during hydrolysis. However, after
addition of ginger juice, the unpleasant-odor compounds derived from fat oxidation such as trans-2-pentenal, nonanal, (Z)-4-
heptenal, and 2,3-octanedione were not detected. Meanwhile, the contents of 3-methyl-butanal, hexanal, and trans-2-hexenal
were reduced by 81.02%, 33.28% and 54.39%, respectively. The major volatile components of ginger such as geraniol,
citronellol, citral, p-cymene and linalool were detected in oyster protein hydrolysates, which contributed to the flowery,
lemon and orange flavor of the hydrolysates. Therefore, ginger juice had a significant contribution to the flavor improvement
of oyster hydrolysates.

Objective: The antibiotic susceptibility of 39 lactic acid bacterial strains isolated from yak milk cheese was
evaluated in this study. Methods: Disc diffusion method was employed to test antibiotic susceptibility of these isolates
to eight most widely used antibiotics, including ampicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, neomycin, nalidixic acid,
streptomycin, tetracycline and vancomycin. Results: These strains primarily presented resistance to four antimicrobial
agents: vancomycin, neomycin, streptomycin and nalidixic acid. The number of resistant strains was 36 (92.3%), 32 (82.1%),
38 (97.4%) and 39 (100%), respectively. There was variation in susceptibility between the species. Multidrug resistance
was identified in most isolates. Conclusion: This study provides valuable data on these isolates for the consideration of
application as probiotic bacteria or fermentation starters.

Fermentation conditions of Neurospora crassa for the production of lycopene were optimized by response surface
methodology with Box-Behnken design. The cultured cells were disrupted by ultrasonication and milling for the extraction
of pigment with ethyl acetate-acetone (2:1, V/V) before analysis by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Good separation of lycopene was achieved by using acetonitrile-dichloromethane (10:90, V/V) as the mobile phase, and the
detection was performed at 472 nm. The yield of lycopene was 10.09 mg/L under the optimal fermentation conditions: 30 ℃,
an inoculum size of 6.5%, a shaking speed of 100 r/min and 110 h.

The fruit bodies of Termitomyces were collected, and total DNA was extracted as the template to amplify internal
transcribed spacer (ITS). Subsequently, the PCR products were sequenced, and the phylogenetic tree of Termitomyces was
established based on different parts of ITS region by the MEGA5 software. The results showed that the rDNA-ITS region
of 10 different species of Termitomyces was between 527 bp and 661 bp in length. The phylogenetic tree showed that there
were eight branches of Termitomyces. T. clypeatus and T. globules were gathered together. The unknown species A1, E1 and
H1 which were in a single branch may be new species. B1, G1, and D1 could be identified as T. heimii. In addition, I1 could
be T. eurrhizus, and ZZ1 could be T. robustus. However, C1 could not be determined based on the present study. The results
showed that the region of ITS1 and ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2 could be used to build the phylogenetic tree for interspecific
Termitomyces. The phylogenetic tree of ITS1 had a significantly higher supporting rate, and the ITS2 could be helpful
for the confirmation of some unknown species. Therefore, this work has laid a foundation for the classification system of
Termitomyces and provided ITS region sequence information for the identification at the molecular level.

Destroying the balance of plasma cholesterol into hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis.
The aim of this report was to investigate the effects of phlorizin on blood cholesterol level and gene expression of cholesterolregulating
enzymes in Golden Syrian hamsters maintained on a 0.1% cholesterol high fat diet. Totally 36 hamsters were
randomly divided into control group and three experimental groups with 3, 6, and 9 g/kg phlorizin, and serum total
cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerols (TG) and high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) were detected. Then, the contents
of cholesterol in liver and fecal neutral and acidic sterols were determined by GC. The gene expression of cholesterolregulating
proteins in the small intestine was assayed with Real-Time PCR. Serum TC and TG were significantly decreased
in 9 g/kg phlorizin group compared with those in the control group, while HDL-C in 6 and 9 g/kg phlorizin groups were
significantly increased (P ＜ 0.01). The hepatic cholesterol level in the experimental groups supplemented with 6 and 9 g/kg
phlorizin was significantly lower than that in the control group (P ＜ 0.01). Higher excretion of fecal cholesterol was observed
in the phlorizin groups. The amount of total fecal neutral sterols was increased compared with that in the control group
(P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01). The excretion of total fecal acidic sterols was increased as the amount of phlorizin increased (6 g/kg,
P ＜ 0.05; 9 g/kg, P ＜ 0.01). It was also found that the cholesterol-lowering activity of phlorizin was associated with downregulation
of intestinal 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase, niemann-pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1), acyl-
CoA-cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (ACAT2), microsomal triacylglycerol transport protein (MTP), and up-regulation of ATPbinding
cassette transporter such as subfamily G member 5 and 8 (ABCG5/8) transporters. The mechanisms underlying the
cholesterol-lowering activity of phlorizin were mediated most likely by increasing the sterol excretion and decreasing the
cholesterol absorption and synthesis.

The inhibitory effects of 40% ethanol extract of Eucommia ulmoides leaves on alpha-glucosidase and glucose
transport were investigated in Caco-2 cells in vitro to elucidate the anti-hyperglycemic mechanism of Eucommia ulmoides
leaves. The alpha-glucosidase inhibitors in the ethanol extract were also identified by GC-MS analysis. The kinetic study
showed that the 20% ethanol elution fraction (EEB) from macroporous resin AB-8 of the ethanol extract of Eucommia
ulmoides leaves could competitively inhibit alpha-glucosidase with a Ki value of 32.90 mg/mL, indicating that alphaglucosidase
has a strong affinity with the extract. Meanwhile, the inhibition was found to be reinforced as the concentration
of EEB increased. For investigation of the inhibitory effect of EEB in Caco-2 cells, cytotoxicity assays were firstly conducted
by using different concentrations of EEB (0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.50 and 1.00 mg/mL) to determine the safety level at which cell
growth and viability could not be affected. All tested concentrations of EEB had no effect on the growth or viability of Caco-2
cells. Subsequently, EEB at various concentration exhibited effective suppression on alpha-glucosidase by using maltose
(28 mmol/L) as the substrate in Caco-2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 of 0.57 mg/mL. Furthermore,
EEB could also attenuate glucose transport in Caco-2 cells, which could be decreased to 26.25% by EEB (1 mg/mL). These
results indicate that EEB exerts strong anti-hyperglycemic effect by suppressing disaccharidase and glucose transportors.
GC-MS analysis was conducted to elucidate the composition of the ethanol extract of Eucommia ulmoides leaves. It was
found that acids, monosaccharides, polyphenols, esters, amino acids were the main components of EEB. Further analysis by
GC-MS revealed that the ethanol extract was rich in DL-isocitric acid lactone, thymol, catechin, 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid
and 3,4-dihydroxy cinnamic acid. These compounds may play important roles in the hypoglycemic effect of the extract. The
present study suggests Eucommia ulmoides leaves are a medicinal food material for preventing and treating diabetes, and
could be further developed into healthful products.

Objective: This study aimed to isolate lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from mare’s milk and its products, which have
nationality characteristics and special functions. The mare’s milk and its products were made by natural fermentation in
pastoral areas of Inner Mongolia. In order to ensure their safe application in the food fermentation industry, it is necessary
to assess the safety of LAB isolated from mare’s milk and koumiss. Methods: Indole test, nitrate reductase assay, amino
decarboxylase test, hemolysis test, D-lactic acid assay and plasmid extraction were performed to identify whether harmful
metabolites or drug resistance exists in the tested strains. Results: Negative results were observed in all tests except for D-lactic
acid, which was detected in small amounts in strains JHZ9, JHZ15, JHZ25 and JNN1. Neither resistance to the tested drugs
nor transferable resistant plasmid was detected in seven tested strains. Conclusion: Neither harmful metabolites nor drug
resistant plasmids has been detected in the seven strains, which belong to Enterococcus.

In this study, we studied the changing patterns of residues of chlorothalonil, pyridaben, cypermethrin anddifenoconazole in cowpea during household processing, in order to provide the basis for effective dietary exposureassessment. These pesticides were detected by gas chromatography with electron capture detector (GC-ECD). The resultsshowed that the washing factors of the four pesticides were 0.152–0.722, 0.620–0.903, 0.464–0.922 and 0.581–0.882,respectively, and the cooking factors were 0.077–0.311, 0.194–0.554, 0.198–0.479 and 0.443–0.732, respectively. Theremoval rates of the pesticides residues in cowpea were similar after being fully washed by different methods and thecooking factors were mainly related to the changes in cowpea quality with different cooking methods. It is concluded that thelevels of pesticide residues in cowpea are signif??icantly reduced after being washed and cooked, and it can reflect the situationof food safety more truly. This has a great significance for ensuring food safety when taking processing factors into accountfor risk assessment of dietary intake.

According to the National Food Safety Standard, Food Microbiological Examination: Salmonella (GB 4789.4—
2010), CHROMagar medium was used for the isolation of Salmonella from 1 350 samples collected from broiler slaughter
and processing chain. The duplex PCR method for invA and hut gene was used to further identify the isolated strains. The
isolated Salmonella strains were tested for their antimicrobial susceptibility against 10 kinds of antibiotics (combination) by
using Kirby-Bauer method. The susceptibility was determined by the standard of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
(CLSI, 2010). The results showed that 156 strains of Salmonella were identified from the samples. Approximately 13.53%
of the broiler feces samples were Salmonella positive. The occurrences of Salmonella contamination after defeathering,
bowel, evisceration and cleaning were 0.00%, 7.23%, 9.80% and 11.54%, respectively. The occurrences of Salmonella
contamination before and after chilling were 14.50% and 9.33%, respectively. For Salmonella isolated from broiler slaughter
and processing chain, the highest drug-resistance of all strains was nalidixic acid (100%) and ampicillin (85.90%). Many
isolates were resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (44.23%), gentamicin (39.10%) and tetracycline (35.26%). All of
the isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxon, and 53.85% of them were multi-drug resistance. The Salmonella isolates from
broiler slaughter and processing chain had 39 antimicrobial resistance profiles. Therefore, the contamination and drugresistance
of Salmonella were severe in the broiler production chain.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the hypolipidemic effect of functional foods consisting of dietary
fiber from edible seaweeds (DFES) as the major ingredient and different proportions of the aqueous extracts of hawthorn,
Herba Gynostemmatis Pentaphylli and Rhizoma Alismatis as the auxiliary ingredients. According to the method for assessing
the assisting effect of dietary supplements on blood lipid reduction published by the Chinese Ministry of Health, male
Kunming mice were used to establish an animal model of hyperlipidemia by feeding a high fat diet. The model mice were
divided randomly into model control group and experimental groups with oral administration of high-, medium- and lowdose
DFES, formulations Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ, and simvastatin, respectively for 4 weeks. Both normal control and model control
groups were given normal saline. The levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein
cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and the pathological change of liver were detected at
the end of the experiment. The results showed that DFES could significantly decrease the levels of TC, TG, and LDL-C
and increase the levels of HDL-C in the serum of hyperlipidemia mice. The serum lipid levels of hyperlipidemia mice
administered with DFES and medicinal herbal extracts together were closer to those of normal mice, suggesting that their
combinations can effectively reduce serum lipid levels in hyperlipidemia mice.

Objective: To study the hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects of total flavonoids from Malus baccata leaves (MLTF)
on STZ-induced diabetic mice. Methods: MLTF were extracted from Malus baccata leaves with 70% ethanol and its bioactive
components were quantified by HPLC. Diabetes mellitus was induced in mice by intraperitioneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ,
100 mg/kg). All mice were divided randomly into five groups, including normal control, diabetic model, metformin (250 mg/kg),
MLTF high-dose (500 mg/kg) and low-dose (300 mg/kg) groups. All mice were subjected to intragastic administration for 4
weeks. Body weight, and food and water intakes were monitored every day during the administration period, and fasting blood
glucose (FBG) was measured 3 times. We also tested the effect of MLTF on diabetic mice by using oral glucose tolerance test
(OGTT). At the end of the experiment, liver, kidney, spleen and thymus samples were removed and weighed to calculate the
tissue indexes. Blood samples were collected to evaluate blood lipid. Results: The contents of rutin, phlorizin, quercetin and
phloretin were 9.72, 51.04, 9.44 and 2.73 mg/g, respectively in MLTF. High-dose administration of MLTF could significantly
reduce the FBG and the area under the glucose tolerance curve (AUC). In contrast, low-dose MLTF could only improve the FBG
to some extent. Compared with the model group, both high-dose and low-dose MLTF could significantly decrease TG and TC
levels, and ameliorate HDL-C level. Our present study found that injured mouse organs could be repaired by low- and high-dose
administration of MLTF. Conclusion: MLTF can improve glucose and lipid abnormalities.

Purpose: To determine the effect of PUFA diet on gut microbiota and obesity-related cell factors in rats. Methods:
A total of 30 five-week-old healthy female rats were randomly divided into three groups: control group, n-6 PUFAcontaining
diet group and n-3 PUFA-containing diet group. The rats had free access to the feeds and water for eight weeks.
Body weight was recorded once a week during the trail period and the levels of Bifidobacterium (Bif), Lactobacillus (Lac),
Akkermansia muciniphila (Akk) and obesity-related cell factors, fatty acid synthetase (FAS) and fasting-induced adipose
factor (FIAF) were evaluated by qRT-PCR at the end of the trial. Results: The adiposity and FAS level in the n-3 PUFAcontaining
diet group were significantly lower than that in the control group (P ＜ 0.05), and the levels of Bif, Lac, Akk and
FIAF, and the thickness of the intestinal mucosa in the n-3 PUFA-containing diet model group were significantly higher than
those in the control group (P ＜ 0.05). Conclusion: An obvious change in gut microbiota was observed in rats fed n-3 PUFAcontaining
diet; meanwhile the occurrence and development of adiposity were inhibited.

Lactobacillus fermentum Zhao (LFZ), a novel strain of Lactobacillus isolated from naturally fermented
yak yogurt in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in western Sichuan, has been found to have good viability in simulated gastric
fluid and stronger cholate resistance than Streptococcus thermophilus (ST). This study aimed to compare the gastric
ulcer-preventive activity of LFZ-fermented soybean milk with the commercial ST-fermented sample when orally
administered to mice. By using reserpine-induced gastric ulcer mice model as a control group, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α and IFN-γ
cytokine levels of the mice in LFZ group were lower than those of the mice in ST group. The serum SS (somatostatin) and
VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) levels of LFZ mice were higher than those of ST mice, and the MOT (motillin) and SP
(substance P) levels were lower than those of ST mice. The gastric ulcer area of LFZ mice was also smaller than that of ST
mice. These results suggest that LFZ-fermented soybean milk shows better quality and gastric ulcer-preventive activity
than the ST-fermented one.

Objective: To observe the toxic effects of zinc threoninate chelate (Thr-Zn) and zinc sulfate on the embryo-fetal
development in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats on days 6 to 15 of pregnancy when they were diluted with corn oil. Methods: The
pregnant rats were administered daily with Thr-Zn at a dose of 1 200 mg/(kg·d) bw or the same zinc dose from zinc sulfate
(575 mg/(kg·d)) by gavage during days 6 to 15 of pregnancy and the basic living conditions were observed. Body weights
were measured on days 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 of pregnancy, respectively. On day 20, the pregnant rats were sacrificed and
their uterus were collected and weighed. The numbers of corpora lutea, implantations, absorbed fetuses, dead fetuses and
live fetuses were examined. Fifty percent of fetuses were examined for visceral alterations and the remaining half were
examined for skeletal abnormalities. Results: For both the Thr-Zn and zinc sulfate groups on the 7th day, the food intake
was significantly decreased (P ＜ 0.05), and the weight gain also was significantly reduced (P ＜ 0.05). The Thr-Zn group
had 18 cases of sternal missing and compared with the corn oil group, the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).
The zinc sulfate group had 13 cases of sternal missing and two pregnant rats died; compared with the corn oil group, the
difference was similarly statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05). Conclusions: High-dose administration of the two zinc sources
has certain reproductive toxicity on pregnant SD rats, but Thr-Zn is relatively safe.

Objective: To study the effect of dietary oxidized konjac glucomannan (OKGM) on the quality and lipid metabolismrelated
gene expression of Schizothorax prenanti Tchang (SPT). Methods: The SPT with body weight of approximately 80 g were
randomly divided into five groups which were fed 0 (control group), 0.4%, 0.8%, 1.6% and 3.2% (experimental groups) OKGM
for 60 days, respectively. The results showed that compared with the control group, the protein content in abdominal muscle of SPT
was significantly increased by adding 1.6% and 3.2% OKGM in the SPT diet (P ＜ 0.05), the fat content in abdominal muscle was
significantly reduced by adding 0.8% OKGM in the diet (P ＜ 0.05); however, the amount of OKGM had no significant impact
on muscle moisture or crude ash in SPT (P ＞ 0.05). In addition, no significant difference in pH, dehydration rate, hydroxyproline
content or collagen content in abdominal muscle of SPT was observed in response to varying amounts of OKGM (P ＞ 0.05).
Meanwhile, PPAR-α mRNA expression level in muscle of SPT was significantly increased by dietary addition of 1.6% OKGM
(P ＜ 0.05), and a significant increase in this parameter was also observed for liver of SPT administered with 0.8% OKGM
(P ＜ 0.05). In contrast, FABP mRNA expression level in muscle of SPT was significantly decreased by dietary addition of
0.8% OKGM (P ＜ 0.01), yet the amount of OKGM had no significant impact on the expression level of FABP mRNA in liver (P ＞ 0.05).
Conclusion: The dietary addition of OKGM can improve the quality of SPT and regulate the gene expression associated with lipid metabolism.

Biological accumulation and release of the two heavy metals Cd and Cu in gill, hepatopancreas and muscle of
Procambarus clarkii were studied with initial Cd2+ concentrations of 0, 0.05 and 0.10 mg/L, and initial Cu2+ concentrations
of 0, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/L, respectively. Kinetic parameters such as heavy metal uptake rate constant (k1), extraction rate
constant (k2), bio-concentration factor (BCF) and biological half-life (T1/2) and equilibrium concentration (ρAmax) in vivo of
the heavy metals were obtained by non-linear curve fitting. The results showed that obvious accumulation of Cd and Cu was
observed in Procambarus clarkii and the concentrations of heavy metals in gill, hepatopancreas, and muscle exhibited an
apparent positive correlation between accumulation time and exposure concentrations. But the concentrations of both heavy
metals revealed different levels in different tissues following the decreasing order: hepatopancreas ＞ gill ＞ muscle for Cd,
and gill ＞ hepatopancreas ＞ muscle for Cu. The maximal heavy metal contents (ρAmax) in gill, hepatopancreas and muscle
were positively correlated to the exposure concentration. The BCF of Cd and Cu in the tissues ranged from 2 to 207 and
from 3 to 226, respectively. The T1/2 of Cd and Cu in the tissues ranged from 3 to 29 d and from 7 to 36 d, respectively.

Objective: To investigate the effect of endurance exercise combined with ginseng glycopeptide on blood
lipids and antioxidative capacity in hyperlipemia rats. Methods: A rat model of hyperlipidemia was induced by highfat
diet feeding for 8 weeks. The rats not fed with high-fat diet were selected as the normal control group (group N),
and the hyperlipidemia rats were randomly divided into four groups by total cholesterol, i.e., model control group
(group F), 80 mg/(kg·d) GGP group (group G), endurance exercise group (group E), 80 mg/(kg·d) GGP coupled with
endurance exercise group (group GE). Group E and group GE were subjected to small and medium-intensity running
training for 8 weeks. GGP preparation in normal saline was subcutaneously injected to the rats from group G and group
GE at a dose of 80 mg/(kg·d). The model rats were subjected to subcutaneous injection with normal saline for 8 weeks.
At the end of the experiment, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C),
low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoproteins A1 (ApoA1) and B (ApoB), superoxide dismutase
(SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH) were determined. Results: Compared with group N, group F
showed significantly increased levels of TG, TC, LDL-C, ApoB and MDA (P ＜ 0.01 or P ＜ 0.001), but significantly
lowered levels of HDL-C, ApoA1 and SOD (P ＜ 0.01 or P ＜ 0.001). Compared with group F, the levels of TG, TC,
LDL-C, ApoB and MDA were increased significantly (P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01 or P ＜ 0.001), while HDL-C, ApoA1
and SOD were significantly lower than in group E, group G and group GE (P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.001). Compared with
group E, TC level was significantly lower in group G (P ＜ 0.05), while SOD was increased significantly in group GE
(P ＜ 0.05). However, other indices decreased but no statistical difference was found (P ＞ 0.05). The levels of TC,
TG, LDL-C and ApoB were significantly lower in group GE (P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01), and HDL-C, SOD and GSH were
increased significantly in group GE than in group E (P ＜ 0.05). Compared with group G, the levels of TG, LDL-C and
ApoB were significantly lower in group GE (P ＜ 0.05), while SOD and GSH were increased significantly in group GE
(P ＜ 0.05). Similarly, other indices exhibited a reduction, but no statistical difference was observed. Conclusion: Blood lipid
levels in hyperlipidemia rats are reduced in response to GGP injection combined with endurance exercise. This combination
exerts a better lipid-lowering effect than either alone.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of perilla (Perilla frutescens) seed on acute
hepatic injury induced by carbon tetrachloride. Identification of potential biomarkers was performed by high-performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC) and flow injection electrospray ionization with time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry
(FIMS) combined with principal component analysis (PCA). Blood and hepatic tissue metabolic profiles were acquired
and correlated with the biochemical and histopathological results. In this work, metabolomic profiling, and biochemical
and histopathological studies together confirmed the liver protective effect of perilla seed. Perilla seed at a dose equivalent
to 20 g/kg per day caused a similar effect to that of bifendate (3.5 mg/kg per day). Compared with normal control group,
the expression of LysoPC, LysoPE, PA, carnitine, citric acid, inosine, methylated nucleoside, and taurohyocholate were
increased significantly in model group, whereas the opposite results were observed for the animals which had given perilla
seed extract. These findings indicated that the developed metabonomic method based on FIMS might be used as a potentially
powerful tool for fast and comprehensive estimation of the liver protective effect of perilla seeds.

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is a regulatory enzyme ubiquitous in mammals that has an important catalytic
function in producing nitric oxide. Its presence in bacteriahas been detected in recent decades. This paper summarizes the
structure, biochemical characteristics and biological functions of bacterial NOS. Meanwhile, the application of bacterial
NOS in food science is also discussed. Moreover, the future research and development trends are proposed.

Limonene is one of the most widely distributed terpenes in nature, and is widely used as a flavor and fragrance
additive in food products. The biotransformation of limonene to more valuable oxygenated derivatives has emerged as an
attractive alternative. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions without generating toxic wastes, and the products obtained
with better regio-and enantioselectivity can be labeled as “natural”. Biotransformation products of limonene are described in
this paper. Meanwhile, the major biotransformation pathways and some enzymes involved are elucidated. Furthermore, this
paper provides a systematic review of the factors affecting the biotransformation of limonene.

In recent years, the aroma has caught wide attention as an important indicator for the flavor quality of peach fruits.
Over 100 kinds of volatile aroma components have been identified from peach fruits. The aroma volatiles in peach fruits are
affected by genetic factors and external environment. The key enzymes regulating the biosynthesis of aroma components
have been demonstrated. Since the composition of aroma volatiles in peach fruits and their contributions to peach flavor
have been reported, the major aroma volatiles and key enzymes involved in their biosynthesis in peach fruits are reviewed in
this paper. The effects of preharvest and postharvest conditions such as maturity, variety, storage conditions and cultivation
management measures on aroma components and contents are discussed. Finally, some issues concerning the aroma
metabolism of peach fruits are also analyzed and future research prospects are proposed. In conclusion, we hope this paper
could provide references for further studies on aroma volatile components in peach fruits.

Along with the development of science and technology, magnetic field has been applied in all walks of life. In
recent years, it also has been widely used in foods. Most recent studies mainly focus on the application of magnetic field
in food preservation and sterilization as well as its biological effect on edible fungi. Therefore, this paper discusses the
mechanism of action and application in the food industry of magnetic field.

The quality characteristics of yak meat proivde the foundation for developing high-value yak meat products. This
paper provides a systematic review of recent studies regarding yak meat quality in terms of nutritional quality, eating quality,
processing quality and hygienic quality. It is concluded that yak meat is rich in nutrients, free from contamination and safe to
eat, although its eating quality is inferior to that of beef (depending on consumer preference).

Microwave drying technology and related equipment have been widely applied in light industries such as
food and agricultural product processing. However, the non-uniformity of microwave heating has become one of the
bottlenecks for the application of microwave drying technology. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the
current status of studies on microwave drying uniformity in China and abroad. Furthermore, future research directions
on this topic are discussed.

Recently, non-O157 shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, especially the top six non-O157 shiga toxinproducing
Escherichia coli serogroups that are named as “the Big Six” by the United States Department of Agriculture,
have been responsible for numerous outbreaks worldwide. These non-O157 STEC pose a severe threat to human health
and therefore has gained increasing global attention. “the Big Six” include E. coli O26, O45, O103, O111, O121 and O145
serogroups. Nowadays, little research has been reported on “the Big Six” in China. This article reviews recent outbreaks of “the
Big Six” and various methods applied to detect these pathogens.

Heavy metal immunoassay is a new technology for the detection of heavy metals. Over the traditional chemical
methods, immunoassay has many advantages such as fast detection, low cost, simple operation, high sensitivity and excellent
selectivity. It can be used for rapid detection on site. The recent progress of heavy metal immunoassay is briefly reviewed in
this article. Future development trends and prospects are also proposed.

Peanuts are one of the most dangerous food allergens. Peanut allergens can cause severe and even lethal
hypersensitivity reactions in humans. In recent years, peanut allergic reactions have attracted extensive attention worldwide
due to their potential lethality and chronicity as well as increasing incidences of peanut allergy. The mechanism of peanut
allergy and desensitization to peanut allergens have become hot research topics. Effective desensitization methods are of
great practical significance for ensuring the safety of peanut-containing foods. This paper elucidates the mechanism of
peanut allergy, main peanut allergens and existing desensitization methods.

Polyphenols ingested into the body are decomposed by enzymes produced by the intestinal microflora into
phenolic acids which are more readily absorbed by the body, resulting in improved bioavailability and activity. These
characteristics imply potential applications in improving human health and food processing. This paper reviews the
classification, distribution in foods, absorption and utilization by the body, biotransformation products and formation
mechanism of polyphenolic compounds, with the expectation of providing references for the development of quality healthbeneficial
and functional foods.

Hen’s egg ovomucoid (HOVM) is the most dominant allergic protein with the strongest allergenicity in egg. In
this paper, the structure and characteristics of HOVM are reviewed with respect to amino acid sequences, carbohydrate
moieties, disulfide bond positions and three tandem domains. Meanwhile, the physicochemical properties of HOVM are also
described. The emphasis is put on discussing its allergenicity, especially its intrinsic relationships with structural features
such as disulfide bonds, carbohydrate moieties and three domains

As a rapid, simple and high-throughput analytical technique, protein chip has been increasingly applied in the fields of
food inspection, proteomics, disease diagnosis, drug screening, agroforestry, animal husbandry and judicial expertise. This paper is
intended to provide a brief overview of its applications and problems involved as well as future prospects.

Current studies have demonstrated the serious disinfectant resistance in food-borne bacteria. Escherichia coli as
an indicator bacterium for food contamination and drug resistance reveals much higher resistance to quaternary ammonium
compounds (QACs) than do Gram-positive bacteria. In addition, the resistance to QACs and antibiotics can be disseminated
and co-transmitted, thus resulting in co-selected disinfectant and antibiotics-resistant bacteria. Therefore, the chemical
structure, species and mechanism of action of QACs, the genetic mechanism as well as genotype and phenotype underlying
QACs resistance of Escherichia coli, and the mechanism of co-transmission with antibiotic resistance are summarized
in this article. To date, little is known about the mechanism of disinfectant resistance in food-borne E. coli. Thus, further
research on the disinfectant resistance is needed. Understanding the mechanism of QACs resistance of E. coli can provide a
theoretical and scientific basis for regulating the use of disinfectants and preventing food-borne E. coli infections.

Repeatability, reproducibility and consistency are considered as the indexes for the ranking capability of panels
and panelists for sensory evaluation. The type, difference and number of samples are very important in ranking performance
measurement. Rank is identified as the basic data style to evaluate the ranking capability. If the order of samples is unknown,
the optimal evaluation order should be firstly confirmed by the methods combining Friedman test and least significant
difference (LSD) after unsuitable panelists who have less repeatability and reproducibility are rejected. This paper was focused
on the application approach of the two-variable Spearman rank correlation and Kendall coefficient of concordance for multiple
variables in evaluating the repeatability, reproducibility, consistency of panels and panelists. Meanwhile, a good manufacturing
practice to evaluate the ranking capability of panels and panelists has been established, which will provide a theoretical
foundation for proficiency testing of sensory ranking panels from different laboratories. It is not only helpful for monitoring the
performance of panels and panelists, but also for improving management capacity of sensory evaluation laboratories.

This paper reviews recent patents on low-carbon technologies related to beer production in China with the aim
of providing references and supports for related enterprises and research instituations to plan future patent applications and
formulate market strategies. The patents which have been published during January, 1986—August, 2012 were retrieved
from the patent database of State Intellectual Property Office of P. R. China (SIPO) based on M-Trend platform and analyzed
in terms of quality and quantity, patent type, development trend, life cycle, focus degree, major countries and regions of the
applicants, patent applicants and major technological fields. The results indicate that the field of low carbon technologies
related to beer production in China is rapidly growing, which is reflected by a rapid increase in the number of patent applic
ations, increasingly elevated focus degree, continuously strengthened positionof low-carbon technologies in the beer field,
and more reasonable patent structure and technological distribution although the international competitors are in infancy.
However, some problems are still being faced such as lagging development, smaller proportions in the whole beer field, and
relatively little investment for patents. In addition, a whole industry chain has not formed yet.