Single factor and orthogonal array designs were applied to optimize the conditions for microwave-assisted
extraction of ginsenosides, and the determination of eight main monomer saponins and total saponins in Panax ginseng
extracts was performed by high performance liquid chromatography and spectrophotometry to investigate the influence
of different extraction conditions on the ginsenoside contents and composition in Panax ginseng extracts. The results
showed that 1) the optimum extraction conditions for total saponins were determined as follows: microwave power, 600 W;
extraction temperature, 45 ℃; extraction time, 5 min; the ratio of material to solvent, 1:20; and extraction number, 3; 2) the
optimum extraction conditions for saponin monomers (leading to an extraction yield of 0.98%) were 300 W, 35 ℃, 15 min,
a material-to-solvent of 1∶25, and three extraction cycles; 3) under the optimum conditions, with 80% aqueous methanol as
the extraction solvent, the yield of total saponins was 6.02%, while the total yield of eight ginsenoside monomers was 0.43%
compared to 0.71% with water-saturated butanol as the extraction solvent. In summary, ginseng quality evaluation and
process optimization results were influenced by different extraction methods, extraction conditions and evaluation indexes.

A central composite design was used to investigate the best conditions for separation of anthocyanins from
sugarcane tip extracts. In the separation procedure, the independent variables studied were pH value, elution volume, and
flow rate. Using anthocyanins content as the response variable, a multivariable quadratic regression equation was developed. The
optimal separation conditions for anthocyanins from sugarcane tip extracts were determined as follows: the extract was distilled
with water followed by pH adjustment to 5.51 and loaded onto a column packed with D141-type resin with a resin-to-extract (dry
weight) ratio of 20:1, and then the column was eluted with 3.76 BV of 30% aqueous ethanol at a flow rate of 1.59 BV/h. The
anthocyanins content of the purified product obtained was 91 mg/kg, which was similar to the predicted value.

Papain hydrolyzate of silkworm pupae protein with DPPH radical scavenging activity was decolorized by the
combined use of activated clay, alkaline Ca-bentonite and bentonite. Based on decolorization efficiency and retention rate of
radical scavenging activity, the decolorization conditions were optimized by using single-factor design and central composite
design (CCD) coupled with response surface methodology (RSM). When the hydrolyzate with a concentration of 9.61 mg/mL
and an initial pH of 7.2 was added with activated clay:alkaline Ca-bentonite:bentonite (1:1:1) in a proportion of 1.9% and
incubated for 1.0 h in a thermostatically controlled water at 60 ℃ with shaking at a speed of 150 r/min, it retained 84.5%
of its original DPPH radical scavenging activity and the decolorization rate was 94.5%, both close to the predicted values
with a relative error less than 5%, suggesting the reliability of the developed response surface model. Comparing the amino
acid composition of the decolorized hydrolyzate with that of the untreated one, it was found that the contents of
hydrophobic and aromatic amino acids which are significantly effective in inhibiting DPPH free radical were reduced
after the decolorization treatment.

Among ten types of macroporous resins, D101 resin was selected as the best for the decolorization and
deproteinization of Pu-Erh tea polysaccharides. When 50 mL of the sample at a concentration of 3.8 mg/mL, pH 4 was
adsorbed by 11 mL of D101 resin 50 ℃, the decolorization rate was 82.33% and the removal rate of protein was 70.89%.
Six polysaccharide fractions were obtained after subsequent DEAE-52 cellulose column chromatography.

Phyllanthus emblica L. fruit juice was microencapsulated by spray drying for retaining its nutrients and extending
its scope of application. The microencapsulation conditions were optimized based on the microencapsulation rate and
retention rate of VC and powder yield. The optimal microcapsule wall was a mixture of arabic gum with maltodextrin
(1:1, m/m) with a core-to-wall material ratio of 1:5 (m/m). Using combination of single factor and orthogonal array designs,
the optimal spray drying conditions were determined as follows: solid content, 20%; feeding flow rate, 8 mL/min; input
temperature, 140 ℃; and air velocity, 0.6 m3/min. Under these conditions, the yield of powder was 64.83%, the retention rate
of vitamin C was 67.33%, and light yellow powder was obtained with a moisture content of 5.59%.

The conditions for microwave-assisted extraction of flavonoids from Illicium verum leaves were optimized by the
combined use of Plackett-Burman design and response surface methodology (RSM) as follows: ethanol concentration, 67%;
ratio of solvent to solid, 26:1; extraction temperature, 75 ℃; initial microwave power, 500 W; and extraction time, 8 min.
The yield of total flavonoids was 6.97% under these conditions. The flavonoids from I. verum leaves were purified by D101
macroporous resin in comparison with preparative chromatography. The results indicated that preparative chromatography
is not only an efficient and rapid method for the purification of flavonoids extract, but also can preliminarily separate
flavonoids.

Chromium threoninate is a new type of chromium supplement. It was prepared by adding chromium chloride
to an aqueous solution of threonine. By combined use of single factor method and response surface methodology with a
Box-Behnken design involving four factors with three levels, the optimal synthesis conditions were determined as reaction
between threonine and chromium chloride with a molar ratio of 3.86:1 for 3.25 h at pH 6.11 and 93.52 ℃. Under these
conditions, the actual yield of chromium threoninate was 68.73%, similar to the expected value (68.82%) with a relative
error of 0.13%, suggesting the reliability of the optimized synthesis conditions.

This study was carried out with a view of determining the optimal conditions for extracting proanthocyanidins
from F. altissima fruits by combined use of single factor and orthogonal array designs. The effects of solvent type and
concentration, extraction time, solid/liquid ratio, pH and temperature on the extraction rate of proanthocyanidins were
investigated. The extracted proanthocyanidins were assayed by colorimetry using n-butanol:hydrochloric acid at a
wavelength of 546 nm. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions were found to be extraction at 40 ℃
for 1 h using 80% ethanol acidified to pH 3 with a solid/liquid ratio of 1:15, and the effect of four important variables
on the extraction rate of proanthocyanidins followed the decreasing order: solid/liquid ratio > extraction temperature >
ethanol concentration > extraction duration. By repeating the optimized extraction procedure five times, the content of
proanthocyanidins in F. altissima fruit was measured to be 13.05% and the extraction rate of procyanidins was 91.46% after
the second extraction.

The alkali extraction of protein from defatted adlay bran was optimized using orthogonal array design and
the functional properties of the extracted protein were investigated in comparison to that obtained by aqueous enzymatic
extraction. The optimal extraction conditions were found to be extraction at 45 ℃ for 4 h with a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1:8
at pH 9, resulting in an average extraction yield of 63.75%. The products obtained by both extraction methods contained 16
amino acids including 7 essential ones. However, the protein obtained by aqueous enzymatic extraction was superior to that
obtained by this method regarding solubility, emulsifying properties and foaming properties.

Crude glycoproteins (PDGs) were obtained from Polygonatum odoratum through phosphate buffer extraction.
PDGs were further purified by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration and concanavalin A affinity chromatography, and PDG1
and PDG3 were acquired. The molecular weights and antioxidant activity of these two fractions were determined. The
results showed that PDG1 and PDG3 had a molecular weight of 186 and 28.3 kD, respectively, and PDG, PDG1 and PDG3
had reducing power, strong abilities to scavenge hydroxyl radical and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazy (DPPH) radical and
inhibitory effects against lipid peroxidation, showing a dose-effect relationship in the range of 1–10 mg/mL. Generally,
PDG1 and PDG3 exhibited better antioxidant activity than PDGs.

This paper is concerned with the selection and optimization of important extraction parameters as well as their
levels for the increased yield of huperzine A from the aboveground parts of Huperzia serrata by combined use of single
factor method and response surface methodology (RSM). Solid-to-solvent ratio, solvent concentration and temperature were
identified as main variables that affect extraction efficiency, and their levels were optimized using RSM based on a threevariable,
three-level Box-Behnken design. When the extraction was performed for 4 h under the optimized conditions: 1.5%
tartaric acid as extraction solvent with a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1:30 (g/mL) and an extraction temperature of 41 ℃, the
yield of huperzine A was 11.192 8 mg/100 g.

In this study, we developed an integrated procedure using ultrafine grinding, α-amylase treatment and microwaveassisted
extraction to prepare konjac flour with expanded applicability by removing alkaloids. The results indicated that
alkaloids could be removed almost completely from 160-mesh konjac flour by the integrated methods. Compared with the
control sample, the treated konjac flour had higher swelling ability and luminance value and also had a stable hydrogel
network structure and a high ability of shear deformation resistance, but the viscosity stability almost remained
constant. Therefore, this integrated procedure can be used to prepare alkaloid-free konjac flour with improved
physicochemical properties.

An optimized ultrasonic-assisted procedure was proposed for the exhaustive extraction of superoxide dismutase
(SOD) from “Ming” mung bean, a famous cultivar in Mingguang, Anhui province. Seven operating parameters were
screened for their effects on the specific activity of SOD using Plackett-Burman design, and solvent-to-solid ratio, phosphate
buffer pH and ultrasonic-waterbath temperature were identified as the most significant variables. Subsequently, the levels
of the three variables were optimized by response surface methodology. The optimal extraction conditions for SOD were
determined as phosphate buffer at pH 7 as the extraction solvent with a solvent-to-solid ratio of 22:1 (mL/g), waterbath
extraction at 44 ℃ with an ultrasonic power of 140 W for 20 min and subsequently at 60 ℃ for additional 1.5 h without
ultrasonication. Under these conditions, the specific activity of SOD was 856.95 U/mg. “Ming” mung bean as a new source
of SOD contained more abundant SOD when compared with the traditional sources.

The crude proanthocyanidins extracted from pitaya peel were purified by macroporous adsorption resin. AB-8
macroporous resin was selected as the best adsorbent for proanthocyanidins based on adsorption and desorption capacities in
comparison with DM130 and ADS-17. Effects of sample loading flow rate, elution flow rate and eluent concentration on the
purification of pitaya peel proanthocyanidins by AB-8 macroporous resin were investigated. The best results were achieved
by sample loading at a flow rate of 2 mL/min followed by elution with 50% ethanol at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The purified
product contained 96.65% proanthocyanidins including catechin, epicatechin and dimmer as indicated by colorimetric
observation and qualitative analysis by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry
(HPLC-ESI-MS).

The aim of this study was to optimize the separation and purification of polysaccharides from Ma bamboo shoots
(Dendrocalamus latiflorus). Crude polysaccharides were extracted from bamboo shoots by hot water extraction method,
deproteinized, decolorized by dialysis and fractionated by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex-50 column chromatography.
The results showed that papain treatment combined with Sevag method was the best deproteinization condition. Three major
polysaccharide fractions were eluted from DEAE-52 cellulose with water, 0.05 mol/L NaCl and 0.1 mol/L NaCl, namely
BSP1, BSP2 and BSP3, respectively. The fractions were further purified by Sephadex-50 column chromatography to produce
BSP1A, BSP2A and BSP3B, respectively. These further purified polysaccharides were found to contain almost no protein or
nucleic acid with a purity more than 95.3%.

The chemical compositions of short and long chain triglycerides (SLCTs) were analyzed by gas chromatographymass
spectrometry (GC-MS) through mass spectral library searching and characteristic ions. A gas chromatography with
flame ionization detection (GC-FID) method was developed for determining the content of SLCTs in edible oil samples
using DB-17 ht fused silica capillary column as the analytical column. The results showed a good linear correlation between
peak area and concentration in the range of 0.5–20.0 mg/mL. The relative standard deviations for retention time and
peak area of each SLCT were less than 0.05% and 2.0%, respectively, suggesting good reproducibility of the developed
method. The average recoveries from spiked samples of transesterified and original soybean oil were 98.62% and 97.59%,
respectively. This method allowed accurate and highly repeatable quantification of SLCTs in edible oils.

A rapid and sensitive fluorescent method was developed to determine fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled Lycium
barbarum polysaccharides (LBP-FITC) in rat plasma. The linear calibration curve was obtained in the range from 0.05
to 10 μg/mL in rat plasma and the linear equation was y = 1 378.7x-14.98 (R2 = 0.998 9). The inter-day coefficients of
variation (CVs) at 0.1, 1.0 and 10 μg/mL of LBP-FITC were between 1.97% and 6.90%, and the intraday CVs at the three
concentrations were between 2.62% and 4.15%. The recovery rates of LBP-FITC in rat plasma were between 93.37% and
95.72%. LBP-FITC was stable in rat plasma. The established method is suitable for LBP-FITC pharmacokinetic study. After
oral administration of LBP-FITC to rats, the non-compartmental model was used to calculate the main pharmacokinetic
parameters by WinNonlin software. The results of pharmacokinetic parameters indicated that the peak concentration (Cmax)
was (2.39 ± 0.71) μg/mL, the time to reach the peak value (tmax) was (1.17 ± 0.41) h, the area under the curve (AUC0-t) was
(45.85 ± 7.12) (μg·h)/mL, the AUC0-∞ was (127.31 ± 39.00) (μg·h)/mL, the t1/2 was (80.32 ± 32.70) h, the clearance (CL) was
(1 693.96 ± 492.47) mL/kg, and the mean retention time (MRT) was (20.64 ± 1.36) h.

The nutrients in muscle, skirt and fatty tissues from Florida soft-shell turtles, Apalone ferox with a body weight
of 600–700 g grown in greenhouse and imitative ecological farming conditions were determined. The results showed that
protein contents were significantly lower in muscle of the eco-farmed turtle but significantly higher in its skirt tissue than in
their respective counterparts in the greenhouse turtle (P < 0.05). Fat contents were low in leg muscles of both the eco-farmed
turtle and the greenhouse turtle, indicating that they are high protein and low fat foods. The contents of total amino acids
(TAA), essential amino acids (EAA), delicious amino acids (DAA) and pharmacodynamic amino acids (PAA) in muscle
of the eco-farmed turtle were lower than those in muscle of the green house turtle (P < 0.05). As for the skirt tissue, the
contents of DAA and PAA in the eco-farmed turtle were significantly higher than in the greenhouse turtle (P < 0.05). The
amounts of total fatty acids and total saturated fatty acids in muscle and the amount of monounsaturated fatty acids in fatty
tissue of the eco-farmed turtle were significantly higher than those of the greenhouse turtle (P < 0.05). The contents of total
fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids and eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexenoic acid + docosapentaenoic acid in fatty
tissue of the greenhouse turtle were significantly higher than those of the eco-farmed turtle (P < 0.05). The amino acid score
and chemical score in muscle of the two kinds of turtle were close to or greater than 1, indicating that their nutrients are
relatively balanced and both of them contain high quality proteins.

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-time of flight mass spectrometry (TOF) was used to
qualitatively determine the phenolic compounds of mulberry. It was found that using acetone-distilled water (4:1, V/V) as
the extraction solvent, ultrasonic extraction for 15 min was the optimal extraction method. Solid-phase extraction using
a C18 cartridge was effective for isolating polyphenols from sugars and amino acids, which facilitated the subsequent
identification by mass spectrometry. A total of 14 polyphenols in mulberry were found mainly in the forms of phenolic
acids, anthocyanin and flavonoids, including six phenolic acids, 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid, chlorogenic
acid dimer, 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid dimer, cis-iso-isomers chlorogenic acid, and 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid; four anthocyanins,
prodelphinidin-3-galactosidase, prodelphinidin-3-glucoside, cyaniding-3-glucoside, and cyaniding-3-rutinoside; three flavonoids,
rutin, ellagic acid hexyl glycoside, and quercetin 3-O-(6’-O-malonyl) glycoside; as well as one resveratrol derivative.
Key words: mulberry; phenolic compounds; high performance liquid chromatography; quadrupole time of flight-mass
spectrometry (Q-TOF-MS)

The changes in textural properties and anthocyanins content of Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) grapes
were determined during maturation in the present study. The mechanical properties of grape skins and texture profile
analysis (TPA) of berries were detected with a texture analyzer. Furthermore, the total anthocyanins content, the contents
of 9 anthocyanins components and the extraction rate of anthocyanins in grape skin were determined at different maturity
stages by spectrophotometry and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the contents of
total and extractable anthocyanins in the skins of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes gradually increased after veraison, reaching
the maximum level (880.29 and 841.38 mg/kg berry, respectively) at 6 weeks after veraison (WAV). The skin thickness
increased during maturation and was significantly positively correlated with the anthocyanins content in skin (R2 = 0.568).
However, the skin thickness showed an extremely negative correlation with the extraction rate of anthocyanins (R2 = - 0.475).
One of the skin hardness parameters, Young’s modulus (Esk) was found to be positively correlated with the anthocyanins
content in skin (R2 = 0.581), and to be negatively correlated with the extraction rate of anthocyanins (R2 = - 0.609). However,
no statistical relationship was found among the TPA parameters, the anthocyanins content and the extraction rate of
anthocyanins in skin.

A new type of material (MonoTrap) was applied as the adsorbent for headspace sampling to extract volatile
compounds in the steam-cooked meat of sowing enhanced yesso scallop immediately after caught or after air-transported to
our laboratory. The volatile compounds were isolated and identified by GC-MS. Totally 55 and 45 volatile compounds were
finally detected in fresh and aged yesso scallop. Based on the odor threshold, 10 key aroma compounds whose ROAV were
greater than 1 were further selected in fresh yesso scallop, namely decanal, nonanal, trimethylamine, octanal, 2-nonenal,
1-octen-3-ol, hexanal, heptanal, 1-heptanol and 2,7-octadien-1-ol in decreasing order of their contribution to the flavor.
2-Nonena was detected in fresh but not aged yesso scallop. 2-Octenal, 2-decenal, undecanal, benzeneacetaldehyde, 2-pentylfuran
and 2-ethyl-furan were auxiliary volatile compounds detected in fresh yesso scallop, while those found in aged yesso
scallop were 2-octen-1-ol, 2-octenal, benzeneacetaldehyde and dimethyl sulfide.

This study aimed to determine the aroma components of green tea by headspace solid phase micro-extraction
(HS-SPME) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The effects of SPME temperature and adsorption
time on the kinds and amounts of aroma compounds in green tea were evaluated. The characteristic aroma components in
three kinds of green teas, Xihu Longjing, Huangshan Maofeng and Xinyang Maojian, were identified. The results showed
that optimum adsorption was achieved using 50/30 μm DVB/CAR/PDMS fiber for adsorption at 80 ℃ for 60 min. A total
of 58 characteristic aroma compounds were found in the three kinds of green tea, with geraniol, 3-hexenyl ester, (Z)-hexanoic
acid, linalool, 1-nonanal and nerolidol being the major aroma compounds in decreasing order of abundance. Canonical
discriminant functions were established using the relative peak areas of 16 aroma compounds common to these three kinds
of tea, which could effectively discriminate among 31 green tea samples with an accuracy of nearly 96.8%.

Volatile aroma components in American almonds were extracted by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HSSPME)
and were identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). SPME was carried out using a DVB/
CAR/PDMS fiber at 80 ℃ for 15 min, and the split ratio used was 5:1. Thes optimized method was applied to analyze
almonds. The results indicated that 44 and 57 volatile compounds were identified in raw almonds and roasted almonds,
respectively. The major volatile aroma components in raw almonds were 1-hexanol, heptanol, 1-pentanol, 1-nonanol, ethyl
acetate, acetic acid, butyl ester and toluene. As for roasted almonds, in addition to the six substances, other components such
as acetic acid, butanal, 3-methyl-, hexanal, furfural, benzaldehyde, benzeneacetaldehyde, nonanal, 2,5-dimethyl-pyrazine,
and 2-pentyl-furan were also detected.

In order to compare the differences in muscle nutrient composition between farmed and wild Leiocassis
longirostris, the main nutrient components in the muscles of farmed (fed formulated feed) and wild (captured in Beibei
section of Jialingjiang River in Chongqing) Leiocassis longirostris were analyzed in this paper. The general nutrient
components were determined with routine methods, the amino acid compositions were measured with an amino acid
analyzer, and the fatty acid compositions were analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results
showed that the moisture content in muscle of farmed Leiocassis longirostris was significantly higher than that of wild
Leiocassis longirostris (P < 0.01), while the contents of crude protein and crude fat were significantly lower than those of
wild Leiocassis longirostris (P < 0.01), and no significant difference was found in ash content between farmed and wild
Leiocassis longirostri (P > 0.05). There were 18 kinds of amino acids found in the muscles of farmed and wild Leiocassis
longirostris, and the content of total amino acids (TAA) in farmed Leiocassis longirostris was significant higher than in wild
Leiocassis longirostris (P < 0.05). No significant difference in the content of total essential amino acids (EAA) was found
between farmed and wild Leiocassis longirostris (P > 0.05). It was clear that the contents of different amino acids in muscles
of farmed and wild Leiocassis longirostris were stable, and the constitutional rate of essential amino acids met the FAO/
WHO standards. According to nutrition evaluation in amino acid score (AAS) and chemical score (CS), the first limiting
amino acid for the muscles of both farmed and wild Leiocassis longirostris was tryptophan. The content of delicious amino
acids (DAA) of farmed Leiocassis longirostris was significantly higher than that of wild Leiocassis longirostris (P < 0.01).
Meanwhile, 25 and 27 kinds of fatty acids were detected in farmed and wild Leiocassis longirostris, respectively, and no
significant difference was found in the content of saturated fatty acids (SFA) between farmed and wild Leiocassis longirostri
(P > 0.05). The content of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was significantly lower than that of wild Leiocassis
longirostri (P < 0.01), and the total content of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was significantly higher than that of
wild Leiocassis longirostri (P < 0.01). However, no significant difference was found in the content of n-3 polyunsaturated
fatty acids (PUFA) between the muscles of farmed and wild Leiocassis longirostri (P > 0.05), and the total content of
polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was significantly higher than that of wild Leiocassis longirostri (P < 0.01). No significant
difference in index of atherogenicity (IA) or index of thrombogenicity (IT) was observed between farmed and wild
Leiocassis longirostri (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the nutritional quality of farmed Leiocassis longirostri was not decreased
in comparison with that of wild Leiocassis longirostris. Therefore, the nutritional quality of farmed Leiocassis longirostris
could be improved by adjusting the feed formula.

Objective: To investigate the effects of different rinsing treatments on the deodorization of minced catfish
meat. Methods: The nutritional composition of catfish meat was measured under three different rinsing treatments, i.e.,
unrinsed (M1, control), rinsed with an aqueous solution of 0.5% sodium bicarbonate and 0.25% sodium pyrophosphate
adjusted to pH 6.5 (M2) and with distilled water (M3). The changes in odor substances were measured by Flash E-Nose
at three time points for pH (i.e., starting, extreme and fish spoilage points) during cold storage. The obtained data
were subjected to principal components analysis (PCA), and changes in the main volatile compounds were examined
to judge the effectiveness of different rinsing treatments for deodorizing catfish meat. Results: Rinsing resulted in an
increase in both protein and moisture contents and a significant reduction in fat content compared with the control
group, and M2 was more effective than M3. The Flash E-Nose could detect and distinguish quite well the volatile
substances of samples from the three groups. 2-Methyl amyl aldehyde, aldehydes, 3-methyl-3-sulfonyl-1-butanol,
trimethylamine (TMA) and other compounds, which synergistically constituted to the fishy odor of catfish, were
detected in the control sample. Effective removal of trimethylamine was achieved by rinsing. Conclusions: The quality
of the fish can be improved by using the mixed rinsing solution. The major fishy substances existing in catfish flesh are
2-methyl aldehyde, 3-methyl-3-sulfonyl-1 hydroxy butylalcohol and TMA. After rinsing process, the relative contents
of 2-methyl aldehyde, 3-methyl-3-sulfonyl-1 hydroxy butylalcohol decrease significantly, and TMA can be removed
completely. Therefore rinsing could effectively deodorize catfish meat, especially by using the blended solution.

The volatile flavor compounds of arrowhead treated by blanching and quick-freezing were analyzed by HS-SPME
and GC-MS. The results showed that 33 and 29 compounds were detected in blanched and frozen arrowhead, respectively. In
blanched arrowhead, alkenes, sulfur, ethers, aldehydes and alcohols had a relatively higher content, and among these
compounds, dimethyl sulfide, nonanal, octanal, hexanal, D-limonene, limonene, caryophyllene, heptanol and manoyl oxide
made great contribution to the volatile flavor. While, alkenes, ethers, aldehydes, alcohols and sulfur compounds were
more abundant in frozen arrowhead, and among these compounds, dimethyl sulfide, nonanal, octanal, hexanal, heptanal,
caryophyllene, pentanal, heptanol, benzaldehyde, 2-pentylfuran and manoyl oxide made great contribution to the volatile
flavor. Freezing treatment decreased the relative contents of negative flavor compounds such as dimethyl sulfide, and
resulted in the formation of more positive volatiles, consequently having a positive effect in preserving and improving the
flavor compounds.

A latex sample drying apparatus with a hot radiation box for automatically injecting samples by discs is applied
for the rapid determination of total solids and water content in milk. Important experimental conditions, such as temperature,
heating time and temperature equilibration method, were optimized using an oven drying method (a standard method) as
control for the determination of total solids and water contents in various milk samples. The results showed that the same
accuracy and precision were achieved for the determination of total solids and water contents in one sample by the proposed
method and oven drying method. The drying time required for oven drying method was 3.5 hours, compared to only
2.0 minutes for our method as a more efficient method. Therefore, a novel, simple, rapid, stable and reliable method to
determine total solids and water contents in fresh milk has been established.

Objective: To establish a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of
proanthocyanidins in lotus seed shell extract. Methods: HPLC analysis was carried out using Diamonsil C18 (4.6 mm × 250 mm,
5 μm), and the mobile phase consisted of methanol-water-formic acid-isopropyl alcohol (13:73:8:6, V/V) at a flow rate of
1.0 mL/min. The detection wavelength was set at 525 nm, the column temperature was set at 35 ℃, and the injection volume
was 10 μL. Results: A good linearity of proanthocyanidins was achieved in the range of 37.6–300.8 μg/mL (r = 0.999 5).
The average recovery was 99.2%, with relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.30%. Conclusion: This method is simple,
reproducible, accurate and reliable and thus can be used for quality control of lotus see shell extract.

In this experiment, the major nutrients and soluble protein contents in red kidney beans from the United Kingdom
and Shanxi province, China were analyzed. The extraction, functional properties and subunit composition of albumin in
red kidney beans from the two geographic origins were studied. The results showed that the major nutritional composition
of British red kidney beans was significantly different from that of those from Shanxi, and albumin was the most abundant
soluble protein in both samples, accounting for 74.08% and 66.50% of the total amount of soluble proteins, respectively,
which also contained 10.08% and 13.05% globulin, 7.23% and 7.24% gluten, and 6.79% and 6.12% prolamin, respectively.
Material-to-liquid ratio had an extremely significant impact (P < 0.01) on the extraction rate of albumin from British red
kidney beans and a significant impact (P < 0.05) on the extraction rate of albumin from Shanxi red kidney beans. Extraction
temperature and time were also significant factors for the extraction of albumin from British rather than Shanxi red kidney
beans (P < 0.05). Protein Isoelectric point for both samples was pH 4.7. Electrophoresis analysis showed that the distribution
of albumin in these two samples was substantially the same in the range of 19.0–44.0 kD, although differences in the range
of 44.0–97.4 kD were observed.

Objective: To determine the structures and contents of major carotenoids in leaves of elm (Ulmus pumila L.)
collected at different time points during one year. Methods: Carotenoids from elm leaves were extracted using acetone. The
major carotenoids were analyzed with the use of high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection coupled
to mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS) and identified by comparison of UV-visible and mass spectral data with reference
standards or data reported in the literature. The contents of major carotenoids were measured by HPLC. Results: Two major
carotenoids were identified as lutein and β-carotene. The level ranged from 880.2 to 1 385.4 μg/g (dry weight) for lutein
and from 142.8 to 364.2 μg/g (dry weight) for β-carotene with an average content of 1 098.3 and 297.7 μg/g (dry weight),
respectively. Conclusion: Ulmus pumila L. is a new resource of lutein.

Hyperspectral half-transmittance imaging technique was investigated for the detection of chilling injury in ‘Xiahui
5’ peach during storage. Sensory score, browning index, hardness and extractable juice content were measured. At the same
time, classification standard of chilling injury for ‘Xiahui 5’ peach was established based on the correlation of sensory score
with physicochemical values. Then, hyperspectral half-transmission images over the wavelength range of 400–1 000 nm
were captured. Independent component analysis (ICA) and weighting coefficients for ICA were implemented on the
pictures. The optimal wavelengths selected were 640, 745, and 811 nm. Hyperspectral half-transmission ICA images for
different injury levels of chilled peach were obtained, and black spots were found which indicated chilling injury. Finally,
the spectral average of each characteristic band was chosen as the input of the Fisher discrimination model, and an average
testing accuracy of 91.0% was achieved to distinguish chilled ‘Xiahui 5’ peach with different injury levels. This research
demonstrated that the hyperspectral half-transmittance imaging technique is feasible for the detection of chilled peach at
different injury levels.

This study aimed to improve the sensitivity, stability, accuracy and safety of the electrochemical sensor
for lead (Pb2+). The screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) was modified with carbonated hydroxyapatite to
accumulate Pb2+ efficiently, ionic liquid [BMIM]PF6 to improve electrical conductivity, and Nafion membrane
to increase the sensitivity and stability. Thus, we established an environmental-friendly and multiple sensitive
electrochemical sensor for rapid determination of trace lead. Under optimized experimental conditions, the signal
peaks of square-wave stripping voltammetry had a linear relationship with Pb2+ concentrations in the range from
3 to 600 μg/L, with a detection limit of 0.37 μg/L (RSN = 3). The relative standard deviation (RSD) of the sensor
was 3.4% (n = 8). The results determined by this method were similar to those determined by ICP-MS. The
electrochemical sensor developed in this study proved environmental-friendly, sensitive, accurate, economic and
convenient.

A highly sensitive and selective detection method for DNA of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter
(target DNA) was developed using a non-labeled molecular beacon (MB) and a nucleic acid dye TOTO-3. Under the
optimum conditions, the fluorescence intensity of TOTO-3 exhibited good linear dependence on the quantity of the target
DNA in the range of 2×10-10–200×10-10 mol/L. The fitted regression equation was Δ I = 2.022 2 C + 18.411 1, and the limit
of detection was 1 ×10-10 mol/L (3σ). The proposed method had a good precision, low detection limit, good selection and
high sensitivity. The detection of genetically modified food could be achieved by this proposed method based on asymmetric
polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

A highly sensitive and selective dual color fluorescence quantitative detection method for mercury (Hg2+) in rice
was developed by synchronous scanning fluorescence spectrometry. In this method, two complementary single-stranded
nucleic acids with T-T mismatches, SYBR GreenⅠ and graphene oxide were employed. Under the optimum conditions, the
total fluorescence intensity of SYBR GreenⅠ and carboxy-X-rhodamine (ROX) exhibited good linear dependence on the
quantity of Hg2+ in the range of 5 × 10-10–500 × 10-10 mol/L. The fitted regression equation was ΔIT = 2.121 3 C + 10.536 0
with a detection limit of 2 × 10-10 mol/L (3σ). The proposed method displayed a good precision, high selection, simple
operation, fast detection, low detection limit and high sensitivity. This method has been applied with satisfactory results.

Color is an important property that influences the consumers’ purchase decision of a food or agricultural product
and its market value. A non-destructive and rapid detection system for assessing chilled pork quality based on computer
vision system was developed. The working principle, process and hardware composition of the system as well as the
software system were introduced. The hardware system included a pH meter and an image collector, and the acquired images
were processed by binarization, Gauss denoising, edge detection and Hough-transform positioning for the extraction of the
characteristics color parameters by projection algorithm. In addition, pH was used to aid in identifying chilled pork quality.
The experimental results showed that the system could be used for distinguishing chilled pork with high accuracy and
reliability as well as good repeatability.

In this study, a multidimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCGC-
TOFMS) method was established to determine free sterols in edible oils extracted by rapid solid-phase extraction.
Compared with conventional one-dimensional gas chromatography, a better separation and a higher detection sensitivity
for trimethylsilyl derivatives of free sterols and β-amyrin were obtained by GC-GC. Meanwhile, the validation results of
the established method indicated that the limits of detection for cholesterol, brassicasterol, campesterol and β -sitosterol
were 0.03, 0.04, 0.04 and 0.05 mg/100 g of oil, respectively; and the limits of quantification for the four sterols were
0.06, 0.08, 0.08 and 0.08 mg/100 g of oil, respectively. In addition, the recovery rates of the selected four sterols spiked at
three different levels were higher than 93% with a relative standard deviation ranging from 1.4% to 10.0%. Based on the
established method, six types of edible oils and 25 refined waste oils were analyzed by GC-GC-TOFMS, and the distribution
mode of free sterols in normal vegetable oils and waste oils were also analyzed. Moreover, a method based on discrimination
index (DI) was proposed to identify refined waste oils, and the results indicated that the refined waste oils could be
discriminated from the normal six edible oils completely.

A single-tube semi-nested PCR method for common exogenous regulatory elements of transgenic crops was
established to provide a fast and accurate assay for screening genetically modified foods. Two sets of element-specific nested
PCR primers were designed based on the consensus sequence of the exogenous elements in six different transgenic crops,
respectively. A single-tube semi-nested PCR assay for CaMV35S promoter and NOS terminator was developed by testing
the amplification efficiency of different combinations of primers. This assay has been successfully applied to distinguish
GM crops with CaMV35S promoter or NOS terminator from others with high specificity. Sensitivity tests showed that the
relative limit of detection for CaMV35S promoter and NOS terminator were 0.01% and 0.05%, respectively, significantly
better than those of conventional PCR. Consequently, the single-tube semi-nested PCR assay is convenient, accurate,
sensitive and suitable for screening genetically modified foods.

A method for the analysis of polydimethylsiloxane in vegetable oils using a continuum source atomic absorption
spectrometer (CS-AAS) with a nitrous oxide-acetylene flame has been devised. Under the optimal experimental conditions,
the absorbances had a good linear relationship with polydimethylsiloxane concentrations in the range of 4 to 500 mg/L (r =
0.999 3). Recoveries of the proposed method were 95.6%–103.7% for spiked samples with relative standard deviation (RSD)
of 2.3%–3.1% (n = 6). The limit of detection of this method was 2.05 mg/kg for polydimethylsiloxane. The proposed method
was applied in the analysis of polydimethylsiloxane in vegetable oils with satisfactory results.

Objective: To establish a method for the determination of copper ion in chitosan membrane by microwave
digestion and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Method: The chitosan membrane was dissolved by
microwave digestion before analysis by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 327.4 nm.
Result: This method had good linearity with a correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.999 3, and the limit of detection (LOD) was
0.096 μg/g. Recoveries from spiked samples ranged from 72.78% to 90.91%. Conclusions: This method is rapid, simple,
accurate pollution-free and suitable for the determination of copper in chitosan membrane.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of chitosan, SiOx and their combination on the firmness of
“Fengji” navel orange fruit during storage. The mechanism involved was explored by measuring the contents of compounds
and the enzyme activities related to the cell wall structure in peels. The results indicated that 1.5% chitosan and/or
0.08% SiOx could significantly delay the decrease of orange fruit firmness during storage. Meanwhile, the best effect was
achieved by the combined treatment. All three treatments could delay the degradation of pectin, suppress the increase
of soluble pectin, increase the contents of cellulose and lignin, and inhibit the activities of pectin methylesterase (PME),
polygalacturonase (PG) and cellulase. In conclusion, both the individual and combined treatments can reinforce the strength
of peel cell wall, inhibit the decrease of fruit firmness and maintain fruit quality by regulating the synthesis and degradation
of cell wall structural materials and inhibiting related enzyme activities.

The objective of the present work was to investigate the effect of tea polyphenols the quality of Trichiurus
haumela. Trichiurus haumela fillets were treated with different concentrations of tea polyphenols (0, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25,
0.30 and 0.40 g/100 mL) and subsequently stored 4 ℃, and total viable count (TVC), physicochemical indicators such as
acid value (AV), peroxide value (POV), thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value, trimethylamine (TMA) value and total volatile
basic nitrogen (TVB-N) value, sensory evaluation score, color parameters and texture characteristics were assessed on the
treated and the control samples at three-day intervals during the storage. Results showed that TVC, AV, POV, TBA, TMA
and TVB-N and chromaticity values of Trichiurus haumela fillets presented an increasing trend with the extension of storage
time. At the same time, sensory evaluation score and texture parameters decreased gradually. All the tested parameters
changed more slowly in the experimental groups than in the control group. Tea polyphenols when used at 0.20 g/100 mL
were found to be the most effective in maintaining the quality of Trichiurus haumela by inhibiting bacterial growth and
effectively slowing down oxidative decomposition of protein and lipid. As a result, the shelf life was extended by three days
at 4 ℃, and the color and nutrients remained unchanged for a long time.

Xinjiang apricot fruits (‘Saimaiti’ cultivar) were sprayed with 1.0 mmol/L salicylic acid at four growth periods:
setting, enlargement, color-turning and 48 h before picking. The post-harvest apricot fruits were stored at 4 ℃, 90%–95%
relative humidity (RH). The lesion diameter and the incidence of disease of apricot fruits inoculated with Alternaria
alternata, the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), CoA ligase (4-CL) and cinnamate-4hydroxylase (C4H)
and the contents of flavanoids, lignin and total phenolics in apricot fruits were measured regularly. The effect of salicylic acid on
phenylpropanoid metabolism in apricot fruits during storage period was studied. The results showed that the lesion diameter and
disease incidence of apricot fruits during storage were significantly inhibited by pre-harvest salicylic acid treatment. Besides, the
activities of PAL, C4H and 4-CL and the contents of flavonoids, lignin and total phenolics in apricot fruits were increased.

This study aimed to study the effects of yeast mannan on postharvest storage of tomato fruit. Firmness, soluble
solid contents (SSC), color, ethylene release rate, respiration rate, β-galactosidase activity and wounded inoculation with
Alternaria alternata of tomato fruit infiltrated with different concentrations (0, 1.0, and 10.0 g/L) of yeast mannan were
investigated during storage. Results showed that yeast mannan could delay the decline of fruit firmness, retard the changes
of SSC, reduce the ethylene release and respiration rate, and delay the color change of tomato fruit during storage. Thereby,
the yeast mannan treatments delayed the progress of ripening and softening in tomato fruit and improved its storability.
The concentration of 1.0 g/L proved to be more effective. In addition, yeast mannan treatments inhibited the activity of
β-galactosidase in the fruit during storage and delayed the degradation of the cell wall. In the case of wounded inoculation
with Alternaria alternate, yeast mannan treatments could significantly inhibit the lesion area of the black rot on the fruit
caused by the pathogen and reduce the disease incidence during incubation.

Objective: Changes in the sensory and microbial quality, pH and dominant microflora of pomfret (Pampus
argenteus) from different growing seasons (winter and spring)were investigated during chilled storage. Methods: Based
on the results of sensory evaluation, pH and total viable count (TVC), the diversity of dominant spoilage bacteria in
pomfret were monitored by the combination of PCR amplification with physiological and biochemical identification. After
separation and purification of dominant spoilage bacteria in pomfret, the single colony types of bacteria were classified
according to their morphological features, physio-biochemical identification, Gram staining, DNA extraction, PCR
amplification and sequencing. Results: Totally 12 strains of bacteria were obtained in winter samples (WS) and 9 strains
of bacteria in spring samples (SS). The dominant spoilage bacteria in WS included 21.51% Psychrobacter spp., 16.13%
Pseudomonas fragi, 52.68% Pseudomonas fluorescens and 9.68% Brochothrix thermosphacta, while those in dominant
spoilage bacteria in spring samples (SS) included 8.62% Pseudomonas fragi, 64.66% Pseudomonas fluorescens and 26.72%
Shewanella putrefaciens. Conclusion: The species of dominant spoilage bacteria in pomfrets from both seasons during
chilled storage were mainly composed of Gram-negative bacteria, the species and proportion of bacteria were different
between the two seasons. Microbial species were more abundant in winter than those in spring. With the high proportion of
Pseudomonas fluorescens, the growth of Shewanella putrefaciens was inhibited obviously during chilled storage.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of inflatable packaging at different CO2 concentrations on the
postharvest quality and shelf-life quality of Red Fuji apple fruit and to explore the concentration threshold for CO2 injury
in apples. The apples were packaged in atmospheres containing CO2 at different concentrations (2%, 5%, and 8%) or in the
normal atmosphere (which contains 0.03% CO2, approximately considered as zero) as control and then stored in PVC bags at
low temperature (0 ± 0.5) ℃. The postharvest quality, shelf-life quality at normal temperature at ten days after cold storage
and CO2 injury incidence of apples as well as gas concentrations changes in PVC bags were studied. The results showed
that during low temperature storage, the equilibrium concentration of CO2 in bags significantly differed among different
treatments. The 8% CO2 group reached an equilibrium concentration of 6.7%, significantly higher than that of the 2% CO2
group and the control. The time of occurrence of CO2 injury and the incidence of injury varied with the initial concentration
of CO2. The CO2 injury occurred later in the control and 2% CO2 groups than in other groups, and the incidence of injury was
also lower. Compared with other treatments, 2% CO2 could reduce the respiration rate, maintain higher fruit firmness, SSC
and TA, preserve the shelf-life quality, and inhibit the mass loss. Thus, 2% CO2 is the best concentration for inflatable packaging of
apples, whereas 5% and 8% CO2 can aggravate CO2 injury, consequently having a negative effect on apple quality.

This study was performed to investigate the effect of high pressure treatment at 150 MPa on the quality of
Simmental beef stored at ice temperature (-2 ℃). The results showed that the sensory scores of beef treated by 150 MPa at
20 ℃ for 15 min were higher than those from the control group. Compared with the control group, the changes in texture,
cooking loss rate and pH of beef treated by the high pressure were less obvious. The storage life of 150 MPa-treated beef was
32 days, which was prolonged by 7 days compared with the control group. It can be concluded that high pressure is beneficial
for prolonging the storage life of the beef at ice temperature.

This study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanism of UV-C treatments on control of botrytis inpostharvest apples. Red Fuji apple fruits were treated by UV-C at different doses (3.5, 7.0, and 10.5 kJ/m2) and, two dayslater at normal temperature (20 ± 1) ℃, inoculated with conidial suspension of Botrytis cinerea, and inoculated sampleswithout UV-C treatment were used as control. The results showed that UV-C treatments at 3.5 and 7.0 kJ/m2 significantlydecreased the incidence of gray mold rot, and effectively suppressed the expansion of lesions caused by B. cinerea, andthe suppression effect of UV-C treatment at 7.0 kJ/m2 UV-C on gray mold was better than at 3.5 kJ/m2. However, UV-Ctreatment at 10.5 kJ/m2 had an adverse effect on gray mold of apple fruits only after inoculation for the earlier days while atthe later stage after inoculation, and even increased morbidity of fruits and promoted the expansion of lesions. In addition,the activities of chitinase (CHT), β-1,3-glucanase (GLU), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanineammonia-lyase (PAL) of apple fruits were promoted remarkably by UV-C treatments at 3.5 and 7.0 kJ/m2, and phenolicscontent was also increased significantly. The promoting effects of UVC-treatment at 10.5 kJ/m2 on those defense enzymesactivities and phenolics content was found only in the first several days after inoculation.

The effect of ultrasonic treatment combined with nano-packaging as a novel preservation method for fresh-cut
lettuce was studied by measuring quality, physiological and microbial indexes of the treated lettuce during storage. Results
indicated that nano-packaging treatment was more effective in inhibiting the increase of weight loss rate and maintaining
the contents of chlorophyll, vitamin C and sugar than ultrasonic treatment. However, compared with nano-packaging,
ultrasonic treatment showed a better effect on the inhibition of POD and PPO activities and microbial growth. The best
preservation effect was achieved when nano-packaging was combined with 240 W ultrasonic treatment for 10 min at 20 ℃.
This combinatorial treatment reduced the loss of weight, maintained chlorophyll and sugar contents and controlled bacterial
growth. Moreover, the activities of PPO and POD were repressed, and the senescence and browning were delayed. Sensory
evaluation showed that lettuce treated with ultrasound and nano-packaging still had commercial value after 15 days of
storage at (4 ± 0.5) ℃ and a relative humidity of 85%–95%.

Apple (Malus domestic cv. Fuji) fruit were used to study the inhibitory effects of postharvest treatment with
methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on Penicillium expansum inoculated in wounded apples as well as the influence on hydrogen
peroxide (H2O2) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, and storage quality. The results
indicated that dipping in 100 μmol/L MeJA for 10 min was the most effective against blue mould of apple fruit. In addition,
postharvest MeJA treatment increased the SOD activity, promoted the accumulation of H2O2, inhibited CAT activity and
enhanced the content of ascorbic acid and decreased weight loss, while not significantly affecting flesh hardness or the
contents of total soluble solids and titratable acid in apple fruit. These results suggest that MeJA induces disease resistance
and maintains fruit quality, and this effect may be associated with increased antioxidant ability.

The preservative effect of salicylic acid (SA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatments on fresh-cut broccoli
was investigated. Fresh-cut broccoli was dipped in 0.5 mmol/L SA and 0.15 mmol/L H2O2 for 10 and 5 min, respectively.
Antioxidative enzyme activities, reactive oxygen species level, antioxidative substance content and senescence physiological
indicators during 4 days of storage at 20 ℃ were measured. Both treatments could effectively maintain the sensory quality
of fresh-cut broccoli florets. Compared with the control group during the storage period, fresh-cut broccoli florets treated
with SA had higher activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and peroxidase (POD), and lower
catalase (CAT) activity. Besides, the generation rate of superoxide anion free racial (O2-·) was smaller, and the content of
H2O2 was higher. The contents of ascorbic acid (AsA), carotenoid (Car) chlorophyll (Chl) and protein (Pro) were higher, and
malondialdehyde (MDA) was less abundant. Likewise, fresh-cut broccoli florets treated with H2O2 presented higher activities
of SOD, APX, POD and CAT. The generation rate of O2-· and H2O2 content were lower. An increase in the contents of
AsA, Car, Chl and Pro and a reduction in MDA content were observed in response to H2O2 treatment. Further comparison
demonstrated that SA treatment had a larger effect on these antioxidative indicators than H2O2 treatment. The results also
showed that the mechanism for inhibiting senescence and effectively maintaining the sensory quality of fresh-cut broccoli by
SA and H2O2 treatments was associated with improving antioxidative enzyme activities and alleviating biological oxidation
of reactive oxygen species. Therefore, SA treatment can inhibit the activity of CAT and improve the level of endogenous
H2O2 during the early stage of storage, and the preservative effect of 0.5 mmol/L SA is better than that of 0.15 mmol/L H2O2.