Naringin and limonin are the major compounds responsible for the bitter taste of citrus juice. Although naringin
could be effectively transformed to a nonbitter chemical by naringinase, limonin is hard to be removed from citrus juice.
Naringenin is the hydrolysis product of naringin, and always disturb the determination of limonin in case of HPLC analysis
due to similar polarity and overlapped absorbance spectra with naringin. In order to develop the juice processing and
debittering process on the basis of naringinase treatment, a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedure was
established and used to study the effects of naringinase treatment, condensation and low-temperature storage on limonin in
pummelo juice. The results showed that the HPLC method achieved complete separation of limonin from naringin, prunin
and naringenin, which protected correct determination of limonin by removing the disturbance from naringenin. The limit of
detection, limit of quantification, recoveries and relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 0.95, 3.17 μg/mL, 102.6%–104.2%
and 0.34%–1.04% for limonin, respectively. Moreover, heat treatment, concentration and storage at low temperatures could
promote crystallization and make it easy to eliminate limonin from pummelo juice. By using a combined process consisting
of naringinase treatment, condensation, storage at low temperature and centrifugation of limonin crystal, 78% of the limonin
was removed from the juice, thus resulting in a pummelo juice containing 19 μg/mL of limonin.

Crude polysaccharides with significant antioxidant activity were obtained from Cortinarius purpurascens Fr. by
hot water extraction. Three drying methods, vacuum freeze drying, vacuum drying after washing only with absolute ethanol
and vacuum drying after successive washing with absolute ethanol and other organic solvents were comparatively studied
on the antioxidant activity of the fungal polysaccharides by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay
after deproteinization by Sevag method, and discoloration by macroporous resin chromatography or hydrogen peroxide.
Vacuum drying after washing only with absolute ethanol had the smallest effect on the antioxidant activity of the purified
polysaccharides. Macroporous resin chromatography was an advantageous discoloration method over hydrogen peroxide.
Sevag method exerted a significant negative effect on the antioxidant activity of the polysaccharides.

Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis was utilized for the pretreatment of brown rice. The 3-factor 3-level
response surface analysis was designed using temperature, ultrasound processing time and enzyme concentration as the
independent variables, and using total sugar content after brown rice pretreatment, brown rice germination percentage,
and γ-amiobutyric acid (GABA) content of germinated brown rice as the response values through central composite
design model. At the same time, the effect of pretreatment on the physicochemical properties of germinated brown rice
such as GABA content, total content of phenols, amylase activity, gelatinization viscosity and texture characteristics of
cooked rice was investigated. Results indicated that both processing temperature and time had significant effects on rice
germination percentage and GABA content. Treatment time of 0.71 h, temperature of 31.21 ℃, and enzyme concentration
of 0.28 g/L could result in the optimal germination percentage with the predicted maximal germination rate of 91.98%. The
predicted maximal GABA content could be up to 38.25 mg/100 g after pretreatment for 0.5 h at 35.65 ℃ with an enzyme
concentration of 0.22 g/L. Based on physical and chemical properties of germinated brown rice, the ultrasound-assisted
enzymatic pretreatment is beneficial to the enrichment of GABA, but unfavorable to the accumulation of total phenols. This
pretreatment could effectively enhance the activity of endogenous amylase, accordingly reducing the pasting viscosity of
germinated brown rice and its hardness after cooking.

Purpose: The aim of this work was to study the application of lemon dietary fiber (DF) in pork luncheon meat by
investigating its optimum concentration, antioxidant properties and the effect on residual nitrite level in product. Methods:
Lemon DF at five concentrations (0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0%) was added to pork luncheon meat. Sensory properties
were evaluated to determine the optimal concentration of lemon DF in luncheon meat. The radical scavenging activities of
lemon DF and nitrite residues in luncheon meat were determined. Results: Luncheon meat products with 0.5%–1.0% lemon
DF had sensory properties similar to those of conventional luncheon meat. Luncheon meat with 1.0% lemon DF not only had
radical scavenging activities against superoxide anion, hydroxyl and DPPH radicals, but also reduced residual nitrite level by
41%. Conclusion: The addition of lemon DF to luncheon meat provides an improvement in its nutritional properties and may
exert beneficial effects such as strong antioxidant capacity and a decrease in residual nitrite levels. Lemon DF can be used as
a functional ingredient for luncheon meat products.

Inulin was ultrasonically extracted from jerusalem artichoke tubers by enzymatic hydrolysis with both pectinase
and cellulase. By using single factor and Plackett-Burman designs, temperature, ultrasonication time and enzyme dosage
were found to be significant factors influencing the extraction process. The three factors were further optimized by response
surface methodology with Box-Behnken design. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions were determined
as a material-to-liquid ratio of 1:20 (g/mL), an extraction temperature of 51 ℃, a total enzyme dosage of 120 μg/g with
m (pectinase):m (cellulase) ratio = 1:4, an ultrasonic treatment time of 25 min, and a pH of 5.5. Experiments conducted under
these conditions gave an inulin yield of 72.2%.

The enzymatic hydrolysis of cotton seed husk with xylanase for xylo-oligosaccharides production was optimized
by response surface methodology in this research. A pretreatment time of 35.70 min with 0.17% HCl was found optimal
for the enzymatic hydrolysis, which was performed at an initial pH of 6.5. At the end of the hydrolysis, the concentration
of xylobiose in hydrolysis was measured to be 14.52 g/L, agreeing with the predicted value. The final product was mostly
xylobiose with a yield of 8.13% (relative to the dry weight of cotton seed husk).

Navel oranges harvested at proper maturity were tested in this study to examine the effects of cleaning and
disinfection time, cleaning and disinfection temperature, and NaCl, ClO2 and NaClO cleaning disinfectant concentrations
on biomass of navel orange skin so as to determine the optimum conditions for sweating-free pretreatment of postharvest
navel orange. The results showed that the total number of colonies in navel orange skin decreased with the extension
of cleaning and disinfection time, and exhibited an initial increase followed by a decrease with elevating cleaning and
disinfection temperature. Different disinfectants had obvious effects on inhibiting the total number of colonies, Penicillium
and Trichoderma viride in navel orange skin. Based on the biggest reduction of microbe counts, the disinfection capacity of
three disinfectants followed the decreasing order: ClO2 > NaClO > NaCl. Therefore, the optimum conditions for sweating-free
pretreatment of postharvest navel orange were determined as 3 min of cleaning and disinfection at 30–35 ℃with 0.15 g/L ClO2.

The microwave-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Cercis chinensis Bunge flowers was optimized with
the combined use of single-factor method and response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken design. A regression
surface model was developed indicating the effects of three operating parameters on extraction efficiency. The antioxidant
activity of the extracted polysaccharides was evaluated by DPPH, hydroxyl radical scavenging and Fe3+ reducing power
assays. The optimal extraction conditions were determined as a solvent to flower ratio of 40:1 (mL/g), 16 min extraction
time and 2 kW microwave power, resulting in an extraction yield of 30.81 mg/g. Antioxidant tests indicated that the
polysaccharides obtained by microwave-assisted extraction had antioxidant activity higher than that of those extracted by
boiling. Moreover, the former method gave a higher yield of polysaccharides.

Polysaccharides with antioxidant activity were extracted from Zizyphus jujuba cv. Junzao fruits with hot water
after ultrasonic pretreatment (120 W ultrasonic power, 60 ℃ for 30 min). Important extraction conditions were optimized
by employing response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken design. An extraction temperature of 83 ℃ and 4 h
extraction with a liquid-to-solid ratio of 17:1 (mL/g) were found to be optimal. The extraction yield of crude polysaccharides
under the optimized conditions was 9.51%. The crude polysaccharides from Zizyphus jujuba cv. Junzao had free radical
scavenging capacity, and at a concentration of 5.0 mg/mL, the ABTS+· and DPPH racial scavenging rates were 54.29% and
51.43%, respectively.

The preparation of nano-Fe3+-TiO2 modified PVA/shellac composite film was optimized in the present study. Nano-
Fe3+-TiO2 particles were used to modify polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution, and succinylated monoglycerides (SMG) was used
to emulsify and stabilize PVA/shellac solution, and then the solution was dried to form a film. By using the concentration
of nano-Fe3+-TiO2, shellac and SMG as the experimental factors and moisture permeability as the response variables, we
optimized the film formation process by response surface methodology. Antibacterial properties of composite films were
investigated. The results showed that shellac and nano-Fe3+-TiO2 modified PVA could significantly reduce the water vapor
transmission rate of the PVA-based film material (P < 0.05). Shellac concentration had significant interaction effects on
the water vapor transmission rate with nano-Fe3+-TiO2 and SMG concentration (P < 0.05). The optimal concentrations of
Fe3+-TiO2 nanoparticles, shellac and SMG were 9.18, 1.33, and 0.92 g/100 mL, respectively. These results indicated that
appropriate proportion of different components could achieve the lowest water vapor transmission rate for the composite
film. Under visible light irradiation, the composite film produced by the optimized process conditions had high antibacterial
properties, and the viable cell numbers of Salmonella and Listeria were reduced by 1.8 (lg(CFU/mL)) and 1.6 (lg(CFU/mL))
after photocatalysis for 180 min, respectively, compared with single PVA films.

The present work was undertaken to investigate optimal conditions for ultrasonic-assisted extraction azocyclotin
from dried jujube. The effects of five factors including ultrasonic power, extraction temperature, extraction time, solid-toliquid
ratio and extraction number on extraction efficiency were explored using a combination of single factor method and
response surface methodology. An extraction temperature of 45 ℃, an ultrasonic frequency of 45 kHz, an ultrasonic power
of 70 W and 50 min extractions performed six times with a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:12 (g/mL) were selected as the optimal
extraction conditions. Experiments conducted under these conditions resulted in an extraction rate of 0.15 mg/kg.

Resin NKA-Ⅱ was selected as the best one among eight kinds of macroporous resins for the purification of
polyprenols (PPs) from Ginkgo biloba leaves in terms of its highest adsorption rate for PPs. The adsorption behavior of
PPs on NKA-Ⅱ resin was further investigated and optimum parameters for adsorption and desorption were procured. The
data showed that the adsorption behavior of PPs on NKA-Ⅱ resin followed the first order kinetic equation. The adsorption
process was mainly affected by film diffusion. The adsorption isothermal curve obeyed both Freundlich and Langmuir
isotherm equations. PPs were separated by a fixed bed packed with NKA-Ⅱ resin under the operating conditions as follows:
0.73 mg/mL of the sample was loaded onto the column at a flow rate of 2 mL/min and eluted with 5 BV of hexane-acetone
(80:20, V/V) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Under these conditions, the content of PPs increased from 33.85% to 71.54%,
and the recovery was 88.76%. After the sixth regeneration, its separation capacity for PPs began to significantly decrease,
showing a good regenerability.

The purification of flavonoids from Cordyceps militaris using macroporous resin was optimized by investigating
several process parameters including resin type, sample volume, eluent pH, concentration and volume, and repeated use
of the selected resin. Static adsorption and desorption, and kinetic studies of static adsorption demonstrated that AB-8 was
selected as the better adsorbent with higher adsorption rate and adsorption capacity per unit mass for Cordyceps militaris
flavonoids compared with D-101, NKA-9 and NKA-Ⅱ. As determined by optimization experiments, the recovery of
flavonoids was more than 65% with a purity of over 17% when 40.0 mL of the sample (47.536 mg of flavonoids) was loaded
onto a 100-mL column at a flow rate of 2 BV/h of AB-8 followed by elution with 500 mL of 85% ethanol acidified to pH 5
also at flow rate of 2 BV/h and the resin was used to repeat the process once more.

The production of double screw extruded buckwheat tea was optimized by investigating the effects of three
extrusion parameters including extruder head temperature, screw speed and water content on total flavonoid content and
antioxidant capacity by single factor method and response surface methodology. The results showed that the optimum
process parameters were 79 ℃, 150 r/min, 24% for extruder head temperature, screw speed and water content, respectively.
The predicted and observed comprehensive evaluation scores of extruded buckwheat tea obtained under these conditions
were 7.47 and 7.39, respectively, suggesting good agreement. The prepared buckwheat tea had excellent brewing stability,
high clarity and perfect flavor. This study provides a technical support for dual-screw extrusion technology for the processing
of functional tea, and has a great potential for popularization.

The purpose of the present study was to optimize seed oil extraction from Chinese dwarf cherry using
combination of response surface methodology and single factor method. The optimal extraction parameters were found to be
a solvent volume to seed kernel ratio of 9.18:1 (mL/g), 5 h extraction time and 57.7 ℃ extraction temperature, leading to an
oil yield of 84.57%. The fatty acid composition of the refined oil was determined by gas chromatography. Eleven fatty acids
were detected in the refined oil, including 63.0% oleic acid and 30.7% linoleic acid. The radical scavenging rates of the oil at
concentrations of 0.7 and 1.2 mg/mL against hydroxyl and superoxide anion radicals were 90.28% and 92.60%, respectively.

In the present study, the aroma components of Pleurotus ostreatuses from eight different culture media were
investigated by solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and
analyzed by principal component analysis. Results showed that Pleurotus ostreatuses from various culture media presented
a large difference in their aroma components. The number of aroma components identified in most of them was from 26
to 35, mainly including alcohols, esters and aldehydes, while the content of alcohols accounted for more than half of the
total aroma compounds. Six principal components with a cumulative contribution rate of more than 92% to the aroma were
extracted indicating 112 kinds of aroma components from Pleurotus ostreatuses cultured in eight different culture media. In
addition, the aroma components of Pleurotus ostreatuses cultured in media C and A had higher comprehensive scores than
six other media in the principal component analysis.

In this paper, nine respective varieties of cherry tomato (YT) and common tomato (PT) were used to investigate
the quality of tomato fruits, including the contents of soluble solid, soluble sugar, titratable acid, vitamin C and lycopenes,
sugar/acid ratio, and amino acid composition. The results showed that soluble solid contents in all the YT varieties were
higher than those in all the PT varieties, with an average increase of 48%. The average contents of soluble sugar, vitamin C
and lycopene, and sugar/acid ratio in the former varieties were 34.08%, 84.59% and 76.30% higher than those in the latters,
respectively, but the average content of titratable acid was reduced by 10%. Overall, the quality of cherry tomato was
significantly higher than that of common tomato. We analyzed and authenticated 13 kinds of amino acids in fruits of ‘YT-
5’ and ‘PT-3’ having the best performance of comprehensive index, with total contents of 2.176% and 1.115%, respectively.
Among these, glutamic acid had the highest content and glycine had the lowest content. Five kinds of essential amino acids
were detected accounting for 30.94% and 24.82% of the total amino acids, respectively. Compared with PT, the largest and
smallest growth of amino acids in YT were arginine and valine, which were respectively increased by 241.67% and 38.71%.
Compared with YT, the E/T and E/N values of PT were respectively 30.94% and 0.448, which was much closer to the
requirement of an ideal protein. The percentage of each essential amino acid content to the total amino acids and the contents
of Phe + Tyr, Lys, Ile and Leu in YT fruits were in accord with the pattern of the FAO/WHO revised in 1973 except for the
lack of Val; very similar results were reported for PT fruits. The contents of essential amino acids for children and delicious,
aromatic and sweet-tasting amino acids in YT were higher than those in PT. Therefore, compared with common tomato,
cherry tomato has higher quality with improved amino acid composition.

The nutritional components and nutritional quality of mature eggs of Hucho taimen were evaluated in this study.
The results showed that the contents of crude protein, crude fat, moisture, and crude ash in fresh eggs of Hucho taimen were
33.450%, 6.432%, 56.683% and 3.418%, respectively. Seventeen common amino acids including seven essential amino
acids (EAA) and ten nonessential amino acids (NEAA) were found with total amino acids (TAA) accounting for 26.823%,
among which glutamic acid (Glu) had the highest content of 2.931%, followed by leucine (Leu, 2.627%), alanine (Ala,
2.370%) and lysine (Lys, 2.142%). The amounts of EAA and NEAA were 11.677% and 15.146%, respectively. It is clear
that the contents of different amino acids are stable and the essential amino acid composition meets the standard of the Food
and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO). According to amino acid score
(AAS), the first limiting amino acid was valine (Val) and the second limiting amino acids were methionine (Met) and cystine
(Cys), but according to chemical score (CS), the first limiting amino acids were methionine (Met) and cystine (Cys) and the
second limiting amino acid was valine (Val). Moreover, the essential amino acid index (EAAI) was 81.905. Totally 25 main
fatty acids were detected in mature eggs of Hucho taimen including 8 saturated fatty acids accounting for 1.308% of the fresh
eggs and 22.497% of the total fatty acids, 17 unsaturated fatty acids accounting for 4.483% of the fresh eggs and 77.503%
of the total fatty acids, 6 mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and 11 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). In conclusion,
Hucho taimen is a good source of high-quality protein, amino acids and fatty acids.

The aims of this study are to analyze and evaluate the nutrients of muscle in Sepiella japonica collected from four
geographic populations, Zhoushan (ZS), Wenzhou (WZ), Xiamen (XM), and Zhanjiang (ZJ) cities. The general nutrient
compositions were determined by routine methods, amino acid compositions by using amino acid analyzer, fatty acid
compositions by GC-MS and mineral contents by atom absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The results showed that the protein
contents and energy value of S. japonica from WZ were higher than those from three other areas. The maximal content
of carbohydrate was detected in ZS. The total levels of amino acids in S. japonica from different areas were arranged in
a descending order as followed: ZJ ((64.08 ± 1.05)%) > XM ((63.97 ± 0.94)%) > WZ ((63.90 ± 0.84)%) > ZS ((63.39 ±
0.67)%). The ratio of essential amino acids (EAA) to total amino acids (TAA) was in the range of 33.90%–34.32% and the
essential amino acid index (EAAI) of S. japonica from ZJ was the highest among four areas. The content of delicious amino
acids was abundant, which was in the range of (32.32 ± 0.56)% to (32.81 ± 0.68)%. The percentages of ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA
in total fatty acids were high and the content of Ca, Fe, Zn and Mg were also rich. Even though the nutritional compositions
were a little different in muscle of S. japonica from four wild populations, S. japonica is a kind of seafood with high
nutritional value when compared with other cephalopod species.

The contents of nine essential amino acids were analyzed in 28 purple kernel walnut samples from Yunnan
province in comparison with Juglans sigillata cv. ‘Dapao’ as the reference, and the variability, correlation and principal
component analysis of amino acid contents were studied at the same time. The results showed that histidine had the
maximum value of variation coefficient (39%) among the tested essential amino acids, and arginine revealed the minimum
variation coefficient (7%). No significant correlation was observed among various amino acids based on correlation analysis.
The results of principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the cumulative contribution of the top five principal
components reached 85.59%, which included the major information about the nine essential amino acids. The weight of
each amino acid was determined according to the results of PCA, and nutritional characteristics of purple kernel walnuts
were evaluated by fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. The contents of essential amino acids and nutritional value of 25 purple
kernel walnut samples exceeded the reference ‘Dapao’ walnut.

Objective: To develop a method for the determination of copper in food samples. Methods: Resonance lightscattering
technique was used. Results: The resonance light-scattering signal at 589 nm was observed when a ion-associated
complex was formed among Cu2+, tungstate and rhodamine 6G in the presence of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The lightscattering
intensity increased linearly with increasing concentration of Cu2+ in the range of 0.05–1.0 ng/mL. The linear
regression equation was ΔI = 4.38 + 77.12c (r = 0.997 1), and the detection limit was 0.026 ng/mL. The relative standard
deviations and recovery rates of the proposed method for the determination of copper in flour and tea were less than 3.5%
and in the range of 96.7%–104.1%, respectively, suggesting that this method was free from the interference of significant
amounts of other common ions. Conclusion: The proposed method possesses the advantages of simple operation, rapid
determination, excellent reproducibility, high sensitivity and good selectivity so that it can be used for the determination of
copper in food samples.

Dancong tea variety is the major variety of Dancong oolong tea production and research found it could also be
used to produce black tea. In order to confirm the aroma compounds and the main characters of these black teas, headspace
solid-phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to determine the
volatile aroma compounds and their contributions to the total aroma. The results showed that 46 aroma compounds including
alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ketones, terpenes and hydrocarbons were identified, among which the alcohols were the most
important compounds, followed by aldehydes and esters. Linalool, nerol, methl salcylate, linalool oxide and nonanal were
the five most important compounds, representing more than 60% of the total aroma. Floral and honey aroma were the major
aroma character of black tea from Guangdong Dancong tea variety.

Biochemical components of one bud with two leaves from 27 tea varieties planted in Chongqing were detected in
comparison to those from their original habitats in order to analyze the characteristics and tea-processing suitability of the
samples from Chongqing by correlation, multidimensional scaling and cluster analyses. The results showed that the samples
from the cultivation area exhibited the largest change in amino acids as compared to those from the original habitats,
followed by caffeine and tea polyphenols. There were high variability in ECG, C and EGC contents, catechin quality index,
and PPO and POD activities. The content of tea polyphenols had a negative correlation with amino acids; caffeine content
had a significantly positive correlation with tea polyphenols, catechins and the ratio between tea polyphenols and amino
acids. PPO activity had a significantly positive correlation with POD activity. Multidimensional scaling and cluster analyses
separated the 27 tea varieties into 4 groups and the processing suitability of each group was different.

A fast method for vanadium determination by ultrasound-assisted digestion-graphite furnace atomic absorption
spectrometry (UAD-GFAAS) was proposed. Using single factor and L9 (34) orthogonal array designs, the best digestion
conditions (30 min, 60 ℃) influencing and the best GFAAS conditions (ashing at 900 ℃ for 20 s, atomization at 2 700 ℃
for 5 s) were achieved. The UAD-GFAAS method could provide complete mineralization of the samples for vanadium
determination in sea cucumber with a detection limit of 1.44 × 10-3 μg/mL and acceptable analytical recovery of 94.2%–
105.4% for vanadium. Values of 0.27–1.43 μg/g in terms of total vanadium and 0.22–1.08 μg/g in terms of organic
vanadium were obtained in sea cucumbers from different sampling sites, suggesting a significant difference between North
and South coastal habitats of China. The highest vanadium content (2.56 μg/g) in Holothuria scabra was determined among
fourteen species of edible sea cucumber. Total vanadium and organic vanadium contents showed significant differences
among different species and different sampling sites of sea cucumbers. Moreover, most vanadium exists in an organic form.
Therefore, ultrasound-assisted digestion-graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry is a rapid, accurate and stable
method, which has a high practical value.

Polyamide chromatography and preparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used for
the separation and preparation of two isomers of hyperoside from Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medicus flowers. The results
indicated that the 50% ethanol eluate contained a mixture of hyperoside and its isomers after polyamide chromatography.
Then the freeze-dried mixture was separated by preparative HPLC on Calesil A-120 column (250 mm × 21.2 mm, 10 μm)
with acetonitrile-0.2% aqueous acetic acid (15:85, V/V) as the mobile phase by injecting 20.0 mg of the sample at a flow rate
of 25.0 mL/min; the column temperature was 30 ℃, and detection wavelength was 280 nm. Two isomers were achieved and
identified by MS, 1H and 13C NMR as hyperoside and isoquercitrin with purities of more than 99% and 97%, respectively,
and both were stereoisomer.

An ultra performance liquid chromatography-isotope dilution mass spectrometry (UPLC-IDMS) method has
been developed for the determination of biotin in milk powder. After spiking biotin-D2 as an internal standard, samples were
extracted with water. The mobile phase consisted of 10 mmol/L ammonium acetate with 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile.
The biotin was identified under multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) mode and quantified by an internal standard method.
The results showed a good linear calibration in the range of 1–50 ng/mL, the recoveries at three spiked levels and the relative
standard deviations were 89.6%–93.1% and 1.71%–4.33%, respectively. The limit of detection and quantification for biotin
were 0.6 μg/100 g and 1.5 μg/100 g, respectively. This method is sensitive, time saving, and accurate for the determination
of biotin in milk powder.

Electronic tongue (E-tongue) technology was applied in this study to detect the taste profiles of the abdomen,
claw, leg meat and gonad part of female Eriocheir sinensis farmed in Yangcheng Lake, Songjiang and Chongming regions
from different quality grades. The principal component analysis (PCA) of E-tongue data showed that the taste profiles
of four edible parts of Yangcheng-Lake crabs in three grades (premium, first and second) could be distinguished well.
Soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) method was applied to establish the habitat identification models
of Yangcheng-Lake crabs based either on one single part or on multiple parts with a rejection ratio of 100% for non-
Yangcheng-Lake crabs. In addition, partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was also used in this study to build
three grade evaluation models for Eriocheir sinensis of different grades. The correlation coefficients of the PLS-DA models
were all more than 0.90. Also, based on the PLS-DA models, the grades of 16 unknown crab samples could be correctly
identified with 100% accuracy.

In order to understand the nutritional value of Odontobutis potamophila muscle, the nutritional composition and
quality of in the muscle of ecologically cultured O. potamophila (2 years old) in winter were analyzed and evaluated by
biochemical analysis. The results showed that the moisture, crude protein, crude fat, and crude ash contents in fresh muscles
of O. potamophila in winter were 78.08%, 18.26%, 1.11%, and 1.30%, respectively. Glutamic acid, aspartic acid and lysine
revealed the most abundant among 18 kinds of amino acids detected in muscles. The contents of total amino acid (TAA),
total essential amino acid (EAA), total half-essential amino acid (HEAA), and total delicious amino acid (DAA) in fresh
muscles were 19.47%, 7.74%, 1.80%, and 7.09%, respectively. The EAA/TAA, EAA/NEAA, and DAA/TAA ratios were
39.75%, 77.92%, and 36.42%, respectively. According to nutritional evaluation using amino acids score (AAS) and chemical
score (CS), the first limiting amino acid was Trp, and the second limiting amino acid was Val. The essential amino acid
index (EAAI) and the ratio of branched chain amino acid to aromatic amino acid (F value) were 74.86 and 2.15, respectively.
Totally 6 saturated fatty acids (SFA), 4 mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and 10 poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were
found in the dry muscle. The ΣSFA, ΣMUFA, ΣPUFA, Σn-3 PUFA, EPA+DHA, and Σn-6 PUFA were 31.83%, 20.91%,
47.27%, 30.60%, 23.58%, and 15.56%, respectively. The ΣSFA/ΣUFA and Σn-3 PUFA/Σn-6 PUFA ratios were 0.47% and
1.97%, respectively. Therefore, O. potamophila is a kind of high nutritional value, delicious, and high quality fish, and the muscle
has some health benefits. The muscle of O. potamophila in winter has higher contents of crude protein and crude fat, and better
amino acid and fatty acid compositionsso that its nutritional value is higher than that in the breeding season.

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyze capsaicinoid compounds (capsaicin and
dihydrocapsaicin) in Sichuan cuisine dishes. According to the results of HPLC analysis and sensory estimation, the pungency
level of samples was divided into 5 grades including grade 5 as strong pungency with capsaicinoids content higher than
0.291 8 g/kg, grade 4 as pungency with capsaicinoids content in the range of 0.092 4–0.291 8 g/kg, grade 3 as moderate
pungency with capsaicinoids content in the range of 0.019 5–0.092 4 g/kg, grade 2 as slightly pungency with capsaicinoids
content in the range of 0.001 95–0.019 5 g/kg and grade 1 as non pungency with capsaicinoids content less than 0.001 95 g/kg.
Among 123 samples, the percentage of each pungency level was 39.84% (grade 1), 18.70% (grade 2), 26.83% (grade 3),
12.20% (grade 4) and 2.44% (grade 5). Furthermore, the analysis indicated that the pungency level of samples was influenced
not only by the species and amount of chilies and its products, but also by the processing method, the size of raw material,
processing temperature and other condiments.

‘Hongyou’ Chinese toon (Toona sinensis), the major cultivar in China, was used to investigate the nutritional
components and antioxidant activity of tender buds at three different harvesting periods, with the aim of providing a
theoretical basis for selecting its best harvesting time. The results showed that the contents of chlorophyll, soluble sugar,
soluble protein and flavone in Toona sinensis leaves were higher at phase Ⅲ (which were 1.72, 119.94, 3.87 and 11.83 mg/g,
respectively) than two other phases. The contents of chlorophyll, amino acids, proteins, polyphenols and flavones in leaves
were significantly higher than those in stems of Toona sinensis (P < 0.01) at all harvesting periods, while no significant
difference in soluble sugar at phase Ⅲ and vitamin C at phase Ⅰ between leaves and stems was observed. The antioxidant
activity of Toona sinensis bud extracts at different harvesting times and from different parts indicated a significant doseeffect
relationship (P < 0.05). Toona sinensis bud leaf extracts showed higher scavenging capacity against DPPH free
radical but lower scavenging capacity against hydrolxyl free radical than Toona sinensis bud stem extracts. The scavenging
capacity against hydrolxyl free radical and total reducing power of Toona sinensis bud extracts were the strongest at phase Ⅱ,
while the DPPH radical scavenging capacity were the highest at phase Ⅰ. Considering the variations of nutrient contents,
antioxidant activity and edibility, phase Ⅱ is the best harvesting time for the ‘Hongyou’ cultivar of Toona sinensis.

The contents of nutrient elements such as P, S, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr were determined using total
reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (TXRF) in the flesh of Chinese dwarf cherry from ten genotypes and Jing Ou 2
from 5 producing areas. The results indicated that Chinese dwarf cherry was a rich source of elements especially Ca, and
the highest Ca content (441.1 mg/kg fresh fruit ) was found in genotype CH among ten genotypes. A large variability in
nutritional element contents among the examined genotypes was obtained, because of the variation coefficients larger than
30% in S, Fe, Ca, and Sr contents. Principal component analysis was applied to the data matrix to evaluate analytical results.
It was found that P, S, K, Rb, Ca, and Sr might acted as eigenelements for the germplasm resource of Chinese dwarf cherry.
The fruit quality of nutrient elements was also significantly affected by producing area and the highest nutrient element
contents were found in Zhangbei county of Hebei province.

Objective: To study the extraction and monosaccharide composition of polysaccharides from eggplant branches.
Methods: The aqueous extract of eggplant branches was deprotenized by four different methods, trichloroacetic acid
(TCA), Sevag, combination of TCA with papain, combination of Sevag with papain. Further purification was conducted
by DEAE-D22 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 gel column chromatograph sequentially. The obtained polysaccharide
was analyzed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: A
polysaccharide, named as ESP-1, was obtained. Meanwhile, the best deproteinization method was achieved by the combined
use of TCA and papain, resulting in a deproteinization rate of 93% and a polysaccharide loss of 45.3%. By TLC and HPLC,
the polysaccharide was confirmed based on its physicochemical properties. In addition, ESP1-1 was mainly composed of
mannose, glucose, fructose and xylose.

It is difficult to extract genomic DNA from Tremella fuciformis due to the disturbance of abundant
polysaccharides and proteins. In this paper, a method is reported to directly extract DNA from dried Tremella fuciformis
without spore separation or mycelium culture procedures which enables one to achieve high-quality DNA in a high yield for
RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) analysis. The RAPD results indicated the presence of DNA polymorphisms
in the tested samples. The results of this study will contribute to DNA extraction and variety identification of dried Tremella
fuciformis in food analysis and detection.

The volatile substances in hydrolyzed corn protein powder were analyzed by using solid phase micro-extraction
and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS), and the SPME conditions were optimized. The extraction and
separation were achieved by using a 65 μm PDMS/DVB solid-phase micro-extraction fiber, putting 2.0 g of acid hydrolyzed
corn protein powder, 5 mL of pure water and 2.0 g of NaCl in an extraction bottle, setting extraction temperature at
60 ℃, and extracting for 30 min. By using GC-MS to identify the volatile flavor substances in the sample, a total of
50 compounds were isolated and identified to be aldehydes, aromatic compounds, sulfur compounds, organic acids, pyrazine,
furan and pyrrole, which largely contributedto the flavor.

A high performance liquid chromatography method was developed for determining chemical hybridizing agent
SQ-1 and its dissipation curve in leaves and spikelets of foxtail millet. The samples were extracted with acetonitrile,
cleaned up with N-propylethylenediamine (PSA) and quantified by the external standard method. There was a good linear
relationship between the peak area and concentration of SQ-1 over the range from 1 to 1 000 mg/L, and the linear equation
was y = 30 377x + 27 634, with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 9. The lowest detectable concentration was 0.05 mg/kg.
The mean recoveries of SQ-1 in leaves and spikelet of foxtail millet varied from 87.0% to 95.5% with a relative standard
deviation ranging from 0.74% to 2.28% at fortification levels of 10–500 mg/kg. The results indicated that SQ-1 could be
transported from leaves to spikelets. The trend of SQ-1 residual dynamics was first increased and then decreased. The halflives
of SQ-1 were 1.83–2.08 days in leaves and no SQ-1 pesticide residues were detected after 21 days. The half-lives of
SQ-1 were 25.21–28.41 days in spikelets, and its degradation rate in spikelets was significantly lower than in leaves.

The Cd (Ⅱ) in tap water was enriched by diffusive gradients in thin-film (DGT) technique with sodium poly
(aspartic acid) (PASP) as binding phase (PASP-DGT) and measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry
(GFAAS). The recoveries of Cd (Ⅱ) in the synthetic solutions measured by DGT-GFAAS method were 96.2%–101.7%. The
concentration of Cd (Ⅱ) in tap water measured by DGT-GFAAS was 0.21–0.35 mg/L with recoveries of 95.4%–107.0% and
RSD of 3.7%–7.4%. The detection limit of the DGT-GFAAS method was 0.002 5 μg/L (sampling time 48 h). Therefore, this
method can be used to measure trace Cd (Ⅱ) in tap water.

The contents of heavy metals including lead, cadmium, mercury and inorganic arsenic in Ruditapes philippinarum
collected from terminal markets and supermarkets in Zhoushan were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer and
atomic fluorescent spectrophotometer. The food safety and pollution level of Ruditapes philippinarum were also investigated.
The results indicated that the contents of lead, cadmium and mercury in the edible parts of Ruditapes philippinarum were
consistent with the national food hygiene standards. The contents of inorganic arsenic in some samples (accounting for 6%–
10% of the total number of tested samples) were significantly higher than the maximum contamination level. The general
composite pollution index of inorganic arsenic for Ruditapes philippinarum was 0.71, which represented a medium pollution
level. The contents of lead, cadmium, mercury and inorganic arsenic accounted for below 10% of the provisional tolerable
weekly intake (PTWI), which could be identified as a low risk for consuming Ruditapes philippinarum in the terminal
markets and supermarkets from Zhoushan.

For implementation of labeling regulations, an event-specific real-time PCR method for the detection of
genetically modified soybean MON89788 was established in this study. Primers and TaqMan probe were designed based on
the event-specific sequence of MON89788 soybean. The specificity, sensitivity and repeatability of the developed method
were examined, respectively. The results showed that the method could amplify a 127 bp product specifically; the limit of
detection was 0.1% in 50 ng of soybean genomic DNA, approximately corresponding to 40 soybean haploid genome copies;
and this method had good repeatability and could be successfully applied to the detection of real samples. These results
indicated that the strain-specific real-time PCR method was suitable for the identification of genetically modified soybean
MON89788 and its products.

A method for the determination of florfenicol amine (FFA) in aquatic products was developed by hydrophilic
interaction chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS-MS). Samples were extracted with alkalinified ethyl
acetate and cleaned up with n-hexane and lipid adsorbent (LAS). An Acquity UPLC BEH HILIC (55 mm × 2.1 mm, i.d.
1.7 μm) colunm was used for the separation by gradient elution program using acetonitrile-5 mmol/L ammonium acetate
containing formic acid (0.2%) as the mobile phase, and an electrospray ion trap mass spectrometer was used in the positive
ion mode. The FFA was quantified by the matrix-matched external standard method. The results showed that the established
method had a good linear correlation (r2 > 0.990) in the range of 0.1–20 μg/L. The average recoveries of FFA at spiked level
of 1.0–50.0 μg/kg were in the range of 70.5%–87.7% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 4.8%–11.6%. The limit of
quantization (LOQ) was 1.0 μg/kg. This method proved to be simple, sensitive, accurate, and suitable for the determination
and confirmation of FFA in aquatic products.

A novel method was developed for the determination of seven fungicide residues in fruit juices using temperaturecontrolled
ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (IL-DLLME) coupled with high performance liquid
chromatography with photodiode array detection (HPLC-PDA). Parameters affecting the extraction performance such as the
type and volume of extraction and dispersive solvents, temperature, extraction time and centrifugation time were studied and
optimized. Under optimized conditions, the enrichment factors ranged from 64 to 101, and the limits of detection of the established
method were in the range of 4.3–13.0 μg/L. The recoveries from apple, pear, grape, peach and orange juices at three fortified levels
of 0.02, 0.05 and 0.10 mg/L ranged from 70.0% to 116.2% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 9.8%. Therefore, this
method can meet the requirements for the determination of fungicide residues in various fruit juices.

An ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS-MS) method was developed
for the determination and confirmation of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium (EDTA-2Na) residues in canned
eight-ingredient porridge. The EDTA-2Na residues in the test samples were extracted with water by means of high-speed
homogenization. The extract was derivatized with FeCl3 reagent, cleaned up by chloroform and MAX anion exchange
column. The residues were determined and confirmed by UPLC-MS-MS using an external standard method. The linear range
was 1.0–50.0 μg/mL for EDTA-2Na with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.992 2. The average recoveries of EDTA-2Na in
spiked samples ranged from 79.4%–105.3%, with relative standard deviations between 7.93% and 9.94% at spiked levels
of 20–400 mg/kg. The limit of detection was 20 mg/kg for EDTA-2Na. The method is sensitive, accurate, repeatable and
suitable for the determination of EDTA-2Na residues in canned eight-ingredient porridge.

The objective of this study was to collect and analyze residue data of carbendazim, thiabendazole and prochlorazin edible fungi in Beijing plantation woodlands. Samples were extracted with acetonitrile, cleaned up by mixed PSA andMCX dispersive solid-phase extraction, separated by ultra performance liquid chromatography, detected using a triplequadrupole mass spectrometer under the multi-reaction monitoring model, and quantitatively analyzed with externalstandard method using matrix-match standard solution. Average recoveries in samples ranged from 74% to 100% at threespiked levels from 0.01 to 1.0 mg/kg, with relative standard deviations varying from 2% to 13.0%. Thiabendazole residuesin the tested samples were below 0.01 mg/kg, carbendazim residues ranged from 0.01 to 0.42 mg/kg and prochloraz residuesranged from 0.01 to 0.51 mg/kg, which were all less than their maximum residue limits in edible fungus (5.0, 1.0 and2.0 mg/kg, respectively). Based on these results, the three pesticides residues were safe for the edible fungi in Beijingplantation woodlands.

A sensitive and simple method based on capillary electrophoresis (CE) with electrochemiluminescence (ECL)
detection has been developed for the separation and determination of rhodamine B in chili power. The effects of detection
potential, the concentration of Ru(bpy)3
2+, the acidity and concentration of the running buffer, separation voltage and
injection time were investigated to acquire the optimum conditions. The detection electrode was a 300 μm diameter platinum
microelectrode at a detection potential of 1.14 V (versus Ag/AgCl). Rhodamine B could be well separated within 6 min in a
50 cm length fused-silica capillary at a separation voltage of 15 kV in a 20 mmol/L PBS buffer (pH 8.0). The response range
of rhodamine B was from 5 × 10-7 to 5 × 10-5 mol/L with a detection limit of 1 × 10-7 mol/L (RSN = 3). The proposed method
demonstrated long-term stability and reproducibility with relative standard deviations (RSD) of less than 3.5% for both
migration time and electrophoretic peak area (n = 5). This method can be successfully applied to the analysis of rhodamine B
in chili power with satisfactory assay results.

Objective: To study the quality and safety of cultivated products in leather industrial zone. Methods: The heavy
metal elements Pb, Cd, Ni and Cr in the vegetables were determined by ICP-AES after HNO3-H2O2 digestion. The pollution
degree was evaluated by Nimerlo composite index. Results: The detection limits for Pb, Cd, Ni and Cr was 0.3–4 mg/L, with
coefficients of variation ranging from 0.59% to 4.48%, and the recovery rates of the metal elements from spiked samples
were 86.4%–103.5%. Nimerlo composite index was 4.028, 3.014, 3.345, 7.111 and 7.383 for pakchoi, Chinese cabbage,
mustard greens, celery and radish, respectively. Based on overall evaluation of heavy metal pollution, especially Pb, such
farmland should not be planted vegetables including mustard greens, Chinese cabbage, celery and radish. Conclusion: The
pollution degree of heavy metals in vegetables can be judged by the Nemero index.

In this study, the antioxidant activity of extract from Liquidambar formosana Hance leaves (LE) obtained
by sequential steps including ethanol extraction, ethyl acetate extraction, macroporous resin chromatography
with aqueous ethanol elution was evaluated by reducing power, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide
anion and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays. Meanwhile, the effect of the extract on preserving the quality of loquat
fruits was investigated by storing the fruits at 6 ℃ after steeping in 10, 30 or 50 mg/100 mL LE solution. Decay index,
hardness, total soluble solid (TSS) content, titratable acid (TA) content, membrane permeability, peroxydase (POD) activity,
phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity and lignin content were determined every 5 days to evaluate the quality and
physiological characteristics of loquat fruits during storage. The results showed that LE had strong radical scavenging
activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide anion, hydroxyl free radicals and significant reducing
power, and could inhibit the increases in decay index, hardness, membrane permeability, PAL activities and POD activities,
and slow down the decreases in TSS and TA contents and the accumulation of lignin. In conclusion, LE has bright prospects
in quality preservation of loquat fruits and treatment 1 (10 mg/100 mL) has better practicability.

The effects of two kinds of bio-pesticide, osthole and spinosyn on the storage quality of wheat were studied with
one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model
was established to evaluate the changes in wheat storage quality. During wheat storage for four and eight months, an index
matrix of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model was constructed. First of all, the index matrix was nondimensionalized with
range transformation and linear scaling transformation, and then the weight vector was determined based on angle cosine.
Finally, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation value was achieved by using the Paǔta test method. In this case, the model was
of practical applicability. The results demonstrated that comprehensive evaluation values of H and F for 4- and 8-month
storage respectively were less than 2 s (2 s is equivalent to a significant level). The quality of wheat in the presence of 0.50,
0.75 and 1.00 mg/kg of 1.0% osthole powder or 0.50, 1.00 and 1.50 mg/kg of 0.5% spinosyn powder was not significantly
different from the control during storage for eight months. In a conclusion, osthole and spinosyn are safe for the storage
quality of wheat and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model could be considered as an important approach to understand
quality preservation of grains during storage.

The effect of freeze-thaw cycles on the contents of proteins, amino acids, fatty acids in rex rabbit meat was
investigated during frozen storage. It was found that the increased number of freeze-thaw cycles could result in an obvious
decrease in the content of proteins in rabbit meat (p < 0.05). Compared with fresh rabbit meat, the protein contents in frozen
loin and hind leg decreased by 5.91% and 10.30% after the forth freeze-thaw cycle. Although delicious amino acids did not
significantly decrease (p > 0.05), essential amino acids and total amino acids exhibited a significant decrease (p < 0.05). The
content of lysine in rabbit loin fell by 16.42% and fell by 14.69% in hind leg meat compared with fresh rabbit meat. The contents
of total fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased obviously (p < 0.05).
In a conclusion, the number of freeze-thaw cycles had a detrimental effect on the quality of rabbit meat.

The sensory characteristics, pH and rigor mortis index of silver carp after 10 h postmortem were observed, and the
total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) value and Ca2+-ATPase activity of silver carp meat were determined at different time of
postmortem at 4 ℃. The effects of freshness of silver carp on surimi quality were investigated. The results indicated that the
rigor mortis of silver carp began at 2–3 hours postmortem. Meanwhile, the rigor mortis index increased and pH of fish meat
decreased. With increasing of postmortem time, the TVB-N value of fish meat increased, and Ca2+-ATPase activity decreased
significantly. Surimi gels showing significant differences in gel strength, water-holding capacity (WHC) and whiteness were made
using silver carp meat at different time of postmorterm. The surimi gel made from fresh silver carp had the highest gel strength, and
the WHC and whiteness of surimi were the worst when the silver carp was in the stage of rigor mortis.

In this experiment, pakchoi was treated by 0, 15 and 30 mg/L 6-benzyl aminopurine (6-BA) solutions and stored at
(2 ± 1) ℃ with relative humidity of 85%–90%, and its quality, color difference, respiration rate and weight loss, chlorophyll
content, total phenol content, MDA content and DPPH clearance were investigated. The results showed that 6-BA treatment
could improve the storage quality of pakchoi, and 15 mg/L 6-BA treatment had better effect than 30 mg/L 6-BA treatment.
It could significantly delay the yellowing and organoleptic quality loss of pakchoi, reduce weight loss, inhibit the respiration
intensity and the degradation of chlorophyll as well as the increase of MDA, and maintain high total phenol content and
DPPH radical scavenging capacity of pakchoi. Consequently, 15 mg/L 6-BA treatment could delay the quality losses of
pakchoi during storage.

The effect of protein elicitor from the nonhost Trichothecium roseum on black rot of apricot fruits and its possible
induction mechanisms were studied. The inductive effect and its time-dependent manner of the protein elicitor in apricot
fruits inoculated with Alternaria alternate at different times after treatment were studied. The effect of selected optimum
concentration of protein elicitor on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and resistance-related enzymes in apricot fruit tissue
were also evaluated. The lesion development of wound-inoculated apricot fruits were significantly reduced by protein elicitor
treatment(P < 0.05), and at 72 h after treatment with 14.4 μg/mL protein elicitorthe best induction effect on apricot fruits was
observed. The rate of superoxide anion (O2
- ·) production and the content of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in fruit tissue reached the
peak at 48 and 72 h, respectively. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO),
β-1,3-glucanase (GLU) and chitinase (CHT) in apricot fruit tissue treated with the protein elicitor were also increased. The protein
elicitor treatment could significantly increase the disease resistance of apricot fruit tissue, and the possible mechanism might be due
to the outburst of ROS and the improved activities of resistance-related enzymes. So protein elicitor from Trichothecium roseum
may be a potential resistance inducer and can be further applied to postharvest diseases control.