AngiotensinⅠ-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides are ideal anti-hypertension drugs because they
can inhibit ACE activity in vivo effectively, and have strong blood-reducing activity without side effects. However,
their molecular mechanism remains unclear so far. In this paper, four typical ACE inhibitory dipeptides including GF
(Gly-Phe), GY (Gly-Tyr), VF (Val-Phe) and IY (Ile-Tyr) were chosen as research targets, and their action modes and
molecular mechanisms on ACE were studied in detail by flexible molecular docking method. The results showed that
hydrogen bond, hydrophobic, hydrophilic and electrostatic interactions existed between peptides and ACE, in which hydrogen
bond interaction plays the dominant role. Moreover, Ala354, Glu384 and Arg522 in ACE were especially important binding site
with active peptides, and N-terminal amino groups were the key groups in dipeptides. This information will be helpful for the
molecule design of new ACE inhibitory peptides with strong activity.

Objective: To the study physico-chemical characteristics and antioxidant activities of acidic polysaccharide
extracted from Cyanobacteria from the Chaohu Lake. Methods: Acidic polysaccharide was extracted by hot water (60 ℃)
from Cyanobacteria. After deproteinization by ammonium sulfate method, the neutral and acidic polysaccharides were
pooled from the elutes of DEAE-52 gel column. Then, the acidic polysaccharides were further loaded onto Sephadex G-150
column and a purified acidic polysaccharide, CHAP, was obtained. HPLC, UV, IR, and IC were used for the analysis of
CHAP for purity, molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, spectroscopic characteristics and antioxidant activity.
Results: The CHAP obtained contained 91.49% polysaccharides and 0.18% proteins without the presence of nucleic
acids. The mean molecular weight of CHAP was 2.209 × 105 D. The monosaccharide composition of CHAP included
L-arabinose (6.36%), glucose (35.47%), D (+) xylose (5.03%), D-mannose (27.36%), D-galactose (17.09%), and unknown
monosaccharides. Infrared spectrum showed that CHAP was mainly composed of pyranose-polysaccharides and had a
characteristic absorption peak of α-D-galactopyranosyl. The results of antioxidant activity indicated that CHAP had a strong
ability to scavenge both superoxide anion free radicals and DPPH free radicals, with IC50 values of 186.05 and 276 μg/mL,
respectively. However, almost no scavenging effect against hydroxyl free radical was observed.

The amino acid composition, molecular weights and properties of degraded collagen fibers of tilapia skin induced
by heat and hydrogen peroxide were studied. Experimental results showed that collagen fibers degradation could be divided
into three stages. At the first stage, collagen fibers contracted when heated and no significant change was observed in the
reaction solution. At the second stage, collagen fibers and microfibers were disrupted and procollagen was released into the
solution, leading to an increase in the apparent viscosity of the reaction solution and the occurrence of gelation when cooled,
with a time-dependent increase in gel strength. At the third stage, the peptide bonds of procollagen were broken, releasing
smaller peptide chains after 3 h and causing a decrease in apparent viscosity and gel strength. The amino acid composition
of the degraded products was slightly different from that of the original collagen fibers and there was no significant change
during different reaction periods. It was proved that collagen fibers can be transformed into gelatin by hydrolysis of peptide
bonds or crosslinking oxidation when heated in combination with hydrogen peroxide treatment.

This study aimed to compare the composition and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from spent mushroom
substrates of Agrocybe cylindracea, Lentinus edodes, white Hypsizygus marmoreu, Pleurotus ostreatus and Cordyceps
militaris. The polysaccharides were prepared after enzymatic extraction with cellulase, precipitation with ethanol and
deproteinization with Sevag regent, and then their monosaccharide composition and antioxidant activities were measured.
The results showed that all the polysaccharides had antioxidant activities. Therein, the polysaccharides from spent mushroom
substrate of Agrocybe cylindracea had the best oxygen free radical scavenging capacity and ferric reducing power, with
ORAC value of 1 215 μmol equivalent Trolox/g and FRAP value of 281 μmol equivalent Fe2+/g. The polysaccharides from
spent mushroom substrates of white Hypsizygus marmoreus and Pleurotus ostreatus possessed better ABTS and DPPH
radical scavenging activities than that from other spent mushroom substrates.

The cherry tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme) was used to investigate vitamin C (VC) content,
ascorbic acid oxidase (AAO), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities under greenhouse and
outdoor condition with Lou soil or loessial soil during the fruiting period. The results showed that from early to later fruiting
stages, the VC content increased firstly then decreased, whereas the AAO activity exhibited the opposite trend. Meanwhile,
APX activity showed an increasing trend while PPO activity presented a decreasing trend. The VC content was higher in
cherry tomatoes from Lou soil than those from loessial soil under the same cultivation condition and it was better in outdoor
than in greenhouse with the same type of soil. The vitamin C content was significantly higher in outdoor Lou soil cultivation
than other treatments during the growth seasons. A significant difference between outdoor Lou soil culture and other
treatments was observed (P < 0.05). However, AAO activity was the highest in greenhouse loessial soil treatment and the
lowest in outdoor Lou soil treatment. The ascorbate peroxidase activity followed the order of outdoor Lou soil > greenhouse
Lou soil > greenhouse loessial soil > outdoor loessial soil during the early fruiting stage, while followed the order outdoor
Lou soil > outdoor loessial soil > greenhouse Lou soil > greenhouse loessial soil during the full fruiting stage and later
fruiting stage. PPO activity was the highest in outdoor loessial soil treatment and outdoor Lou soil treatment took second place.
Correlation analysis indicated that the activities of AAO and PPO were negatively correlated with ascorbic acid content. Therefore,
outdoor Lou soil was optimum treatment for preserving high ascorbic acid content and low AAO, APX and PPO activities.

This study aimed at evaluating the quality of steamed bread under different freezing storage times, and the effect
of xylanase on anti-aging of frozen steamed bread was also investigated. Results showed that the sensory analysis, elasticity
and water extract content of bread containing xylanase was higher than those of control. The sensory scores and water extract
content of frozen dough increased than decreased with increasing addition of xylanase. Aging rate of steamed bread was
relatively higher within 48 h, but then gradually decreased and tended to be stable. Xylanase could be used as an additive for
delaying the aging process of frozen steamed bread.

The effects of different drying methods on the contents of polyphenolic compounds and their antioxidant activities
including total reducing power and radical scavenging capacities, were analyzed, respectively. The results showed that there
were significant differences (P < 0.01) between the contents of phenolic compounds in unripe apple products processed by
vacuum freezing drying, hot air drying and shade drying. The contents of phenolic compounds treated by vacuum freezing
drying were the highest, which correspondingly resulted in the strongest antioxidant activities. The significant correlation
(P < 0.05) was found between the contents of phenolic compounds and either color or antioxidant properties of unripe apple
samples processed by different drying methods. Taking the cost into account, hot air drying was recommended to be the
most reasonable drying method.

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most important pollutants in soil, and it has attracted wide attention from scientists
because of its harm to soil ecosystem. Pot experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of different lanthanum (La)
levels (0, 10 and 20 mg/L LaCl3) on dry weights of plants, malonaldehyde (MDA) content, antioxidant enzymes activities,
Cd accumulation and chemical forms in two cucumber varieties (‘Yanbai’ and ‘Jinyou 1’) when exposed to Cd (20 mg/kg).
The results showed that activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) in leaves and roots,
and dry weights of leaves, stems, roots, fruits and whole plants of two varieties increased in the presence of exogenous LaCl3
when exposed to Cd. Effect of La on dry weights of whole plants was found to be higher in ‘Jinyou 1’ than that in’Yanbai’.
Exogenous lanthanum, which can increase antioxidant enzyme activities of leaves and roots in two cucumber varieties, may
play an important role in increasing resistance of plants to Cd and dry weights of whole plants. All chemical forms of Cd and
the total extractable Cd in fruits of the two varieties obviously decreased in LaCl3 treatments compared to the control, while
the total extractable Cd and residual Cd (FR) of two varieties deceased at first, and then increased with an increase in LaCl3
level. Cadmium contents in leaves, stems, roots and fruits of both varieties decreased by 6.0%–10.2%, 8.9%–23.5%, 4.0%–
29.2% and 32.0%–49.8% in the presence of LaCl3. Cadmium contents and accumulation of fruits from individual plants, and
total Cd contents in whole plants followed the decreasing order of ‘Jinyou 1’ > ‘Yanbai’ in the presence of LaCl3.

The present work was designed to obtain information on the effect of germination on starch composition and
rheological, gel, thermodynamic and processing properties of brown rice starch. Brown rice starch was extracted at different
stages (0, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h) of germination. The starch rheological properties were examined by a rheometer, the
texture properties of starch gels were analyzed by texture analyzer and changes in thermodynamics and processing properties
of starch during 120 h germination were also investigated. The results showed that the contents of total starch and amylase
decreased over the germination period. With the extension of germination time, the peak values of G’ and G” increased,
denaturation temperature dropped and elasticity and viscosity went up. Germination had different impacts on the texture
properties of starch gels. Gel strength, hardness, springiness, gumminess and chewiness reached a maximum level at 72 h.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis showed that germination had little effect (P > 0.05) on phase transition
temperatures (To, Tp, Tc) of starch, but the gelatinization enthalpy increased and the stability and crystallinity were improved.
Moreover, the emulsification and emulsion stability were also enhanced. Little effect of germination on its water-binding
capacity was found (P > 0.05); in contrast, oil-holding capacity was improved. Therefore, germination can improve the
functional properties of brown rice starch to some extents.

Three types of cysteine derivatives, γ-glutamyl-methyl-cysteine (γ-GMC), γ-glutamyl-propyl-cysteine (γ-GPC)
and γ-glutamyl-butyl-cysteine (γ-GBC), were used for the inhibition of advanced glycation end-product (AGE) formation.
γ-GMC and γ-GPC were extracted from fresh garlic and γ-GBC was synthetic. In this study, after modeling, fructosamine
and glycosylation, non-enzymatic glycosylation products were detected by ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrometry.
Pentosidine and AGEs were analyzed by fluorescence spectrometry and carboxymethyl lysine (CML) was measured by
HPLC. The results showed that the inhibition ability of γ-GMC and γ-GPC were better for the non-fluorescent early and
middle glycosylation reaction products. γ-GBC had an evident inhibitory effect on the late reaction products. In a word,
three cysteine derivatives can effectively inhibit advanced glycation reaction but their effects are different because they have
different substitution groups, and they have similar effects on the fluorescent cross-linked products.

The physico-chemical properties of myofibrillar protein solution treated by ultrasonic were evaluated by particle
diameter, surface hydrophobicity, sulfhydryl content and SDS-PAGE profile. After ultrasonic treatment, the particles of
samples were distributed more uniformly. The mean particle diameter, thermal aggregation, fluorescence intensity and
sulfhydryl content of myofibrillar protein decreased with increasing ultrasonic treatment time. The minimum particle
diameter of myofibrillar protein was 270.3 nm. The surface hydrophobicity of the protein increased, but the molecular
weight showed no significant change. Therefore, myofibrillar protein could be unfolded and the hydrophobic groups were
exposed by ultrasonic treatment; finally the high-order structure was destroyed and the aggregation was promoted although
the primary structure was not changed.

Macroporous resin was used to separate the crude extract of Kalimeris and four polyphenol-rich fractions (F1, F2,
F3, and F4) were obtained. F2 was further purified by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic
acid and 3,4,5-tricaffeoylquinic acid were obtained. Using the protein glycosylation reaction models of bovine serum
albumin-methylglyoxal (BSA-MGO) and bovine serum albumin-glyoxal (BSA-GO), we analyzed the inhibitory activity of
each component on protein glycosylation. The results showed that the content of polyphenols was in the order of F2 > F1 >
F3 > F4, and all the four fractions had good inhibitory effects on protein glycosylation in both models. In BSA-GO reaction
model, the inhibitory capacity against protein glycosylation was in the order of 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid > F2 > F3 > F1 >
crude extract of Kalimeris > F4. In BSA-MGO reaction model, the inhibitory capacity against protein gly cosylation was in
the order of 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid > F2 > crude extract of Kalimeris > F1 > F4 > F3. These results are consistent with the
inhibitory effect of 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid separated from F2. The 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid as a phenolic compound from
Kalimeris had a potent inhibitory effect on protein glycosylation induced by MGO or GO.

A polysaccharide was extracted from Urechis unicinctus viscera through digestion by papain and trypsin
successively. The physico-chemical properties and structure information of the polysaccharide such as monosaccharide
composition, molecular weight and monosaccharide linkages were investigated by chemical and modern spectroscopic
analysis. The antioxidant activity in vitro of the polysaccharide was evaluated as well. The results showed that the yield
of the viscera polysaccharide (VP) from Urechis unicinctus was 6.2%. VP was a heteropolysaccharide with molecular
weight of about 4.1 × 103 u, and consisted of mannose, glucosamine, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galactosamine, glucose,
galactose, xylose and fucose at a molar ratio of 1:1.38:0.87:0.53:0.52:5.37:1.38:1.05:2.40. VP contained 8.9% sulfate ester.
As the most dominant monosaccharide found in VP, glucose had the linkages of Glcp(1→, →4)-Glcp(1→, →4,6)-Glcp(1→
and →3,6)-Glcp(1→. And mannose had Manp(1→, →2)-Manp(1→ and →6)-Manp(1→ linkage styles. Galactose had
the linkages of Galp(1→ and →4)-Galp(1→. The linkages of fucose were composed of →4)-Fucp(1→, Fucp(1→, →3)-
Fucp(1→ and →3,4)-Fucp(1→. VP as a glycosaminoglycan-like polysaccharide had rich bioactivities. VP possessed good
lipid peroxidation inhibition ability as evidenced by its EC50 value at 2.47 mg/mL. At 10 mg/mL, the inhibition rate of lipid
peroxidation by VP was near 90%.

A novel low-denaturation extraction method, salt method, was applied to extract pea protein isolate from
commercial pea flour and the gelation characteristics of this protein isolate were determined by a rheometer. The minimum
gelation concentration of salt extracted pea protein isolate (PPIs) was 5.5 g/100 mL. No correlation was noted between
the gelation point and concentration of PPIs, but the gelling point showed a tendency of increasing with heating rate.
Meanwhile, higher heating and cooling rates resulted in decreased final G’ (storage modulus) and G” (loss modulus), thus
reducing the gel stiffness. Higher protein concentration induced greater gel stiffness, and higher G’ and G” values. It was
found that there were power law relationships between protein concentration and either G’ or G” values. Tan delta value
decreased with increasing protein concentration, and weak gel was formed when protein concentration was greater than
5 g/100 mL; however, when protein concentration was greater than 7 g/100 mL, tan delta kept almost constant, which
indicated that gel elasticity was constant within this concentration range. When comparing gelation properties of PPIs to
commercial pea protein isolate (PPIc), the gel stiffness of PPIs was much greater than that of PPIc. Therefore, PPIs may
have greater market prospect than PPIc in emulsified meat products.

The mechanisms of interaction between acetylated distarch adipate and soymilk on yuba membrane were
investigated using differential scanning calorimeter, fluorospectro photometer and scanning electron microscope. The results
showed that during dyestripping, the acetylated distarch adipate was inlayed in the interspaces of the network structure
when the protein was denaturized, resulting in more compacted protein film and accordingly increased yuba yield with
improved mechanical capacity. Therefore, the addition of acetylated distarch adipate can enhance the hydrogen bond, surface
hydrophobicity and emulsifying capacity of soybean proteins.

Totally 37 yeasts were isolated from 11 kimchi samples from Yanbian prefecture, Jilin province, and classified
taxonomically into Eeniella, Nadsonia, Pichia and other 6 genera according to their ascospore, pseudohyphae and cell morphology.
Out of these isolates, six with salt tolerance were selected and identified by 26S rDNA D1/D2 regional sequence and phylogenetic
tree analyses. The results showed that the six strains with salt tolerance were from two yeast species. Among these strains,
LB1-3 and YB1-3 belonged to Kazachstania, LB1-3 was identified as Kazachstania turicensis, YB1-3 was identified as
Kazachstania exigua, and LD1-3, TB1-3, YL1-2 and TL1-2 were identified as Saccharomyces servazzii.

The aerobic plate counts of mackerel meat during cold storage at fixed temperatures were enumerated and the
acquired data were used to establish a microbial growth kinetics model based on Baranyi model. The Baranyi model was
modified to develop a microbial growth kinetics model for cold storage at changing temperatures and the new model was
validated by simulation experiments with a bias factor of 1.23 and an accuracy factor of 1.12. These results showed that the
microbial growth kinetics model could fit the change of microbes in mackerel at fluctuating temperatures.

Lactobacillus paracasei NCU622 was examined for resistance to acid and bile, adhesion to Caco-2 cells, and
cytotoxicity against Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, the impacts of bacterial concentration, incubation time and growth stage
on the adhesion were also studied. It was found that L. paracasei NCU622 showed a survival rate of 98.21% after 3 h
incubation in MRS broth adjusted to pH 2.5. The survival rates of L. paracasei NCU622 were 95.14% and 85.07% after
4 h incubation in MRS broth supplemented with 0.3 and 0.5 g/100 mL oxgall, respectively. The adhesion ((21.19±0.94)
CFU/Caco-2 cell) of L. paracasei NCU622 was very excellent which was affected by the bacterial concentration, incubation
time and growth stage. Moreover, L. paracasei NCU622 did not cause Caco-2 cells lysis after 24 h co-culture. In summary,
L. paracasei NCU622 tolerated well acid and bile, expressed high adhesion to Caco-2 cells, and did not cause Caco-2 cells lysis.
These results demonstrate that L. paracasei NCU622 presents favorable strain-specific properties for its utilization as probiotics in
microecologics and fermented functional foods, and may have broad prospects for applications in fermented and functional foods.

The objective of this study was to test the cholesterol-lowering activity of lactic acid bacterial (LAB) strains in
traditional Inner Mongolian fermented sausages. Eight LAB strains isolated from fermented sausages were screened for their
cholesterol degradation ability using phthalic aldehyde colorimetric method. Strain X3-2B had the strongest ability to remove
cholesterol. The improved cholesterol removal ability was observed when MRS broth was supplemented with 3 g/L oxgall,
20 g/L cholesterol and 20 g/L glucose. Cholesterol removal rate by this strain was significantly higher than that by the
commercial strain L. plantarum in a variety of media and during different fermentation periods. The cholesterol content in
X3-2B fermented sausage was significantly lower than the control group (ranged from 88 to 63 mg/100 g). In conclusion, X3-2B
has the potential to degrade cholesterol and is useful as a starter culture for fermented sausages.

In the present study, the recombinant endolysin from Salmonella-infecting bacteriophase STP4-a was
characterized for its biochemical properties such as pH, temperature and iron concentration by the plate diffusion and
turbidity methods. The results showed that the endolysin was stable over broad pH and temperature ranges and was active
from pH 5.0 to 10 and from 30 to 50 ℃. After 6 months of storage at − 80 ℃, the activity of endolysin retained 85% of the
original level. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was used to increase outer membrane permeability, and it greatly
enhanced the lytic activity of STP4-a endolysin.

The effect of lactic acid bacterial fermentation on the quality of dried mutton sausages was studied by sensory
evaluation, microbiological analysis, pH, water activity, the contents of moisture, biogenic amine and free amino acids, and
protein degradation index. The results showed that the lactic acid bacterial fermentation did not cause significant changes
in the sensory quality of dried mutton sausages but improve the color and flavor, and had a significant impact on microbial
counts, pH, biogenic amine content, protein degradation index and amino acid content while exerting little effect on moisture
content or water activity. The final fermented product had pH, protein degradation index and total amino acid content (which
were 5.18, 17.97% and 3 933.67 mg/100 g, respectively) higher than those of its unfermented counterpart. Therefore, lactic
acid bacterial fermentation can significantly improve the sensory and nutritional quality of products, and at the same time
reduce potential food safety risks.

In this work, a spectrophotometric assay was used to investigate the lipoxygenase activity in Cabernet Sauvignon
grapes using linoleic acid sodium as a substrate as a function of reaction temperature, substrate concentration and pH. Gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyze the fatty acid composition in grape skin. The changes in
lipoxygenase activity and fatty acid composition in Cabernet Sauvignon during grape berry development were examined.
The enzyme had the highest activity under the reaction conditions: 40 ℃, a substrate concentration of 2×10-4 mol/L, and pH
7.0. The enzyme activity also showed good thermal stability at 80 ℃. At the veraison stage, the enzyme activity began to
increase, and reached the maximum level at 2 - 3 weeks before maturity followed by a sharp decrease and then stabilization
during the ripening stage. Thirteen kinds of fatty acids were detected in Cabernet Sauvignon grape skins. Palmitic acid and
stearic acid dominated the identified saturated fatty acids; the predominant unsaturated fatty acids were oleic acid, linoleic
acid and linolenic acid. The total fatty acid content reached the maximum at about 1 week before maturity.

Protoplast fusants between Cordyceps sinensis and Cordyceps militaris were mutagenized by ultraviolet (UV)
irradiation for improved production of cordycepic acid and cordycepin in Cordyceps mycelia. Two mutant strains (Y-90
and YP-42) were selected showing a 1.80- and 1.33-fold increase in the production of cordycepic acid and cordycepin when
compared with the original funsant strain, respectively. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers and ribosomal
DNA internal transcribed spacer (rDNA-ITS) sequence analysis were used to analyze the genetic variability. The ITS sequence
comparison revealed no genetic change after mutagenesis. RAPD analysis showed that the amplified fragments from the two
mutants were different from the parent strain, and the acquired characters of the mutants were caused by gene mutation.

Objective: This study aims at modifying the activity of superoxide dismutase in soybean by low temperature
PCR. Methods: Six amplified superoxide dismutase genes at low annealing temperatures were inserted into the expression
vector pREP5N to construct the new vectors pPM1, pPM2, pPM3, pPM4, pPM5 and pPM6. These expression vectors
were introduced into E. coli for enzyme expression. The enzyme activity was determined for screening strains with high
enzyme activity. Results: The alignment analysis of cloned sequences versus published MnSOD sequences showed that
the consistency was 86.57% on average. The homology of amino acid sequences was 82.58%. The molecular weights
of the proteins extracted from six strains were approximately 26 kD as determined by SDS-PAGE. Enzyme activity was
significantly improved (P < 0.01) by 1.95 folds on average. Conclusion: The findings of this study provide technical support
for the application of superoxide dismutase.

Two lytic Salmonella bacteriophages, namely vB_SenM-PA13076 (PA13076) and vB_SenM-PC2184 (PC2184)
that can inactivate ATCC13076 or CVCC2184 were isolated from the sewage samples of poultry slaughtering plants. Their
biological properties were identified by plaque, host range (antibiotic-resistant bacteria), transmission electron microscopy
(TEM), genetic material, pH and thermostability, optimal multiplicity of infection (MOI) and one-step growth experiment.
Their plaques on host strains were clear and bright, and also caused bacteriolysis to other strains of Salmonella. PA13076
could strongly cause bacteriolysis to an ampicillin-resistant strain SE A+13076, while PC2184 only lyse another strain
A+2184 slightly. The newly isolated bacteriophages were the members of family Myoviridae according to their ultrastructure
under TEM. Their genomes were dsDNA and revealed excellent tolerance to pH and temperature. The MOI of PA13076
(PC2184) was 0.01 (10), and the latent period was 20 min (30 min), the burst period was 70 min (60 min) and the average
burst size was 21 (23) phages per cell.

α-1,4-Amylase was extracted and isolated from the body wall of sea cucumber by homogenization, salting out
with ammonium sulfate, dialysis, DEAE-52 anion exchange chromatography and Sephacryl S-300 gel chromatography
sequentially. The results showed that the purified enzyme had three subunit chains according to the SDS-PAGE, with
molecular weight of 420 kD; the optimum pH and temperature were 9.0 and 80 ℃; and the residual activity remained at least
38% after inactivation at 90 ℃ for 30 min. Therefore, this enzyme is a thermostable alkaline amylase. This amylase could be
strongly activated by K+, Fe3+ or Mn2+ and inhibited by Cu2+ or Ca2+.

 The fresh meat of Epinephelus was hydrolyzed with alkaline protease to prepare peptides. Based on degree of
hydrolysis and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, an orthogonal design combined with
single facto experiments was applied to optimize enzymatic hydrolysis conditions for peptide preparation. Antioxidant
activities of peptides were evaluated by four different methods, DPPH, 2,2’-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothi azoline-6-sulfonic
acid) ammonium salt (ABTS) and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays, and potassium ferricyanide reduction method. The
results showed that the optimum hydrolysis conditions were 55 ℃, 9, 5 000 U/g, 8 g/100 mL and 5 h for temperature, initial pH,
enzyme dosage, substrate concentration and hydrolysis duration, respectively. The antioxidant activity assays showed that the
hydrolysates presented strong antioxidant activity. DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical cavenging activity, hydroxyl
radical scavenging activity and potassium ferricyanide reducing power of hydrolyzates from Epinephelus meat were concentration
dependent. The half inhibitory concentration (IC50) for DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity and
hydroxyl radical scavenging activity were (1.18±0.26), (0.89±0.05) and (0.35±0.02) mg/mL, respectively.

This study was conducted aiming to explore the effect of Cordyceps taishanensis polysaccharide on the intestinal
microflora and intestinal mucosal secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in immunosuppressive mice. Sixty Kunming
male mice were randomly divided into five groups including control group, cyclophosphamide (CY) model group and
C. taishanensis polysaccharide treatment groups. The mice of both control and CY model groups were administrated with
distilled water, and those in three treatment groups were administrated with C. taishanensis polysaccharide at doses of
100, 200 and 300 mg/(kg·d), respectively, by gavage for 19 successive days. On the 20th day, the mice from control group
were intraperitoneally injected with normal saline, and those from four other groups were intraperitoneally injected with
CY at a dose of 100 mg/(kg·d), and the effect of C. taishanensis polysaccharide on the intestinal microflora and intestinal
mucosal sIgA were analyzed. Compared with the CY model group, the numbers of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus were
significantly increased (P < 0.01), the numbers of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus were significantly decreased (P < 0.05
or P < 0.01) and the content of intestinal mucosal sIgA was significantly increased (P < 0.01) in three treatment groups.
These results indicated that C. taishanensis polysaccharide could regulate the disturbance of the intestinal microflora in
immunosuppressive mice induced by CY and could also antagonize CY-induced damage of intestinal mucosal immunity to a
certain extent by promoting the secretion of sIgA.

Objective: To investigate the effect of oleoresin from Zanthoxylum bungeanum on lipid metabolism in
ovariectomized rats. Methods: Forty female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups; one group
was sham-operated as sham control, and the other four groups were subjected to ovariectomy. After one week of feeding
postsurgery, the rats from the sham control and ovariectomy groups were daily orally administered with 0, 15 (OVX-HD),
10 (OVX-MD), and 5 mg/kg (OVX-LD) Zanthoxylum bungeanum oleoresin. After four weeks, all the rats were sacrificed for
the analysis of triglyceride (TG), cholesterol (TC) in serum and liver, bile acids in small intestine and feces. Results: By the
administration of Zanthoxylum bungeanum oleoresin, the concentrations of triglyceride, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein
cholesterol and non high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) as well as the
concentrations of fat, triglyceride and cholesterol in liver, but the excretion of feces, bile acid contents in small intestine and
feces, and the excretion of neutral steroids were increased. Conclusion: Zanthoxylum bungeanum oleoresin can ameliorate lipid
metabolism in estrogen deficiency-induced hypercholesterolemia rats by promoting the excretion of bile acids and neutral steroids.

The objective of the present work was to study the effects of polysaccharides from Chinese rice wine on immunityrelated
cytokines in immunodeficient mice induced by cyclophosphamide (CY). After fifty mice were fed adaptively for
four days, they were divided into five groups: blank control, cyclophosphamide, cyclophosphamide + polysaccharides
from Chinese rice wine (50, 100 and 200 mg/(kg·d)). The mice in CRWP + CY (50, 100 and 200 mg/(kg·d)) groups were
administered with polysaccharides from Chinese rice wine by gavage once a day for 14 days, and the mice from the blank
control group and CY group were fed with the same volume of physical saline. Then, the mice in CY group and CRWP +
CY group were injected intraperitoneally with CY (100 mg/(kg·d)) once a day for 4 days. On the 22th day, the mice were
executed and the blood was collected from the retro-orbital plexus and centrifuged for analysis. Interleukin 6, interferon-γ
tumor necrosis factor-α, immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin M, immunoglobulin G and complement C3, complement
C4 in mouse serum were measured by ELISA. Compared with the controls, interleukin 6, interferon-γ, tumor necrosis
factor-α, immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin M, immunoglobulin G and complement C3, complement C4 in mouse serum
were increased. The level of interferon-γ in CRWP + CY (200 mg/(kg·d)) group was significantly higher than that in the
blank control group. These results indicate that polysaccharides from Chinese rice wine can enhance immune function in
immunodeficient mice especially at higher dose.

Objective: This study evaluated the protective effect of D-limonene against ethanol-induced hepatic injury in
rats and analyzed the associated mechanisms. Methods: The alcoholic liver disease (ALD) model of rats was established
by administration of 50% alcohol. Seven groups of mice were created, namely blank control (A), alcoholic damage model
(B), low-dose D-limonene (C), middle-dose D-limonene (D), high-dose D-limonene (E), high-dose D-limonene blank
(F), and diammonium glycyrrhizinate (DG) control (G) groups. Group A was daily administered by gavage with distilled
water at a volume of 8 mL/(kg·d) first for two weeks followed by 8 mL/(kg·d) for another four weeks, Group B was
administered with 50% aqueous by the same schedule as for group A, Groups C, D and E were respectively given 100, 200
and 400 mL/(kg·d) D-limonene in 50% aqueous ethanol at the same volume as that used for groups A and B, Group F was
daily administered with 400 mL/(kg·d) D-limonene without alcohol-induced liver injury, and Group G was treated with
200 mL/(kg·d) of DG. HE staining and electronic microscopic evaluation were conducted for examining the morphology
and ultrastructure of liver tissues. The levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), phosoporic acid
(ALP), cholinesterase (CHE), triglyceride (TG), cholesterol (CHO), and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) were
detected. Results: Normal liver tissue structure was observed in Group A. Many secondary lysosomes were observed in
Group B. A small amount of lipid droplets was observed in Group C while Golgi was normal and mitochondria was clear.
Normal mitochondria were observed in Group D. Normal mitochondria and Golgi were observed in Group E. The organelles
without abnormalities were observed in Group F. Normal mitochondria were observed in Group G. Serum ALT, AST, ALP,
CHE, TG, CHO and LDL-C were higher in group B than in other groups (P < 0.05); serum levels of the indicators measured
were reduced in different D-limonene groups at various doses than those in alcohol model group (P < 0.05). Conclusion:
D-limonene can ameliorate the damage of ultrastructure in liver tissues, reduce serum indexes caused by alcohol exposure
and the body’s lipids. Moreover, it has a regulatory role in lipid metabolism disorders caused by alcohol.

Objective: The present study aimed to determine the sedative and hypnotic effects of 50% ethanol extract and
its different fractions prepared from Nelumbo nucifera leaves. Methods: Locomotion activity and pentobarbital-induced
sleeping tests were used to evaluate the sedative and hypnotic activities of 50% ethanol extract (150 and 450 mg/kg) and
different fractions (30 and 90 mg/kg) through gavage administration. Results: Ethanol extract (450 mg/kg) and alkaloid
fraction (30 and 90 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the locomotion activity of mice, increased the percentage of sleeping and
decreased the sleep latency and prolonged the sleeping time of mice. Conclusion: Nelumbo nucifera leaves possess sedative
and hypnotic effects and its alkaloids are the bioactive components for these activities.

Objective: To investigate the effect of cellulose nanocrystals from sweet potato residue on intestinal morphology
and environment in rats fed with high fat diet. Methods: Forty mature male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into five
groups. One group was fed with basic forage as control group (CON). The other four groups including model control (MC),
ordinary cellulose (OC), microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) groups were fed with high fat
diet supplemented with dietary fibers of different particle sizes. All rats were sacrificed after 28 days of feeding to assay the
area of cecum, the content of water, pH and short chain fatty acids in cecum contents, the dry weight of faeces and small
intestine, the total bile acid and morphology of small intestine. Results: cellulose nanocrystals could reduce body weight
in rats and the concentration of free ammonia in the cecum, and raise all the tested cecum tissue indexes, the concentration
of short chain fatty acids and pH of cecum contents and the total bile acid of small intestine significantly (P < 0.05). The
cellulose nanocrystals also could increase the small intestinal villus length and muscle layer thickness. Conclusion: Dietary
sweet potato fiber of lower granularity can promote rat intestinal environment, suggesting that cellulose nanocrystals from
sweet potato residue can effectively reduce body weight and improve the intestinal health.

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of N,N-dimethylglycine sodium salt (Na-DMG) on slaughter
performance, meat quality indices and antioxidant performance of broilers. Totally 720 one-day-old AA broilers were
randomly allocated to six groups with 6 replicates, and fed commercial starter diet supplemented with Na-DMG at doses of
300, 500, 1 000, 1 500 and 2 000 mg/kg for 42 days, respectively. The results showed that 1) dietary addition of Na-DMG
increased the percentage of eviscerated carcass and thigh muscle in broilers (P < 0.05). The 1 500 mg/kg Na-DMG group
displayed the best slaughter performance; 2) dietary Na-DMG mainly affected meat quality indices of breast muscle. The
cooking loss of breast muscle from 42-day-old broilers was decreased extremely significantly by Na-DMG supplementation
at doses of 1 000 and 1 500 mg/kg when compared with the control group (P < 0.01), and significantly reduced at
2 000 mg/kg (P < 0.05). Na-DMG when supplemented at 1 500 and 2 000 mg/kg led to a significant decrease in drip loss
(96 h postmortem) of chicken breast muscle when compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Moreover, Na-DMG at
doses between 1 000 and 2 000 mg/kg could reduce the shear force of chicken breast muscle significantly (P < 0.01); and
3) dietary Na-DMG could also affect antioxidant performance of breast muscle by increasing T-AOC levels at 1 000 mg/kg
when compared with the control group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, N,N-dimethylglycine sodium salt can improve the slaughter
performance and meat quality of broilers significantly, and also enhance the antioxidant capacity of breast muscle, especially
at doses of 1 000–1 500 mg/kg.

A pharmacokinetic study of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) was carried out in pubertal mice. The serum of
pubertal mice was collected after oral administration of DEHP at a dose of 300 mg/kg, and DEHP was extracted from the
serum samples and purified by solid phase extraction (SPE). The DEHP concentrations in serum at different time points
were assayed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by
3p97 software. The major pharmacokinetic parameters of DEHP in pubertal mice were obtained as follows: ρmax (0.476 ±
0.028) μg/mL, Tpeak (2.539 ± 0.424) h, AUC(0-t) (32.209 ± 11.220) h·μg/mL, t1/2α (1.886 ± 0.480) h, and t1/2β (36.473 ±
8.324) h. The method presented is sensitive, accurate and fast, and can meet the requirements for the pharmacokinetic study
of DEHP in pubertal mice. The pharmacokinetics of DEHP in pubertal mice was found to be fitted to a two-compartment
open model with first order absorption and DEHP reveals the quick distribution and slow elimination.

Aim: To explore the synergism of glucosamine sulfate (GS) with hyaluronic acid (HA) by oral administration in
relieving adjuvant arthritis in mice with. Methods: Fifty 8-week-old ICR male mice were randomly divided into 5 groups
at random with an equal number of animals in each group: normal, model, HA, GS, and HA + GS groups. Except normal
group, the animal models with adjuvant arthritis from 4 other groups were established by injecting 0.1 mL of Freund’s
complete adjuvant (FCA) into the left rear paw, followed by oral administration of HA and/or GS for 4 weeks. The body
weights and swelling degree of mouse rear feet were evaluated respectively. The serum concentration of IL-1 and TNF-α
in mice were detected by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Swelling degree of mouse feet could be
inhibited by oral administration of HA or GS, and this inhibitory effect was more pronounced when both compounds were
administrated. In addition, an obvious decrease in IL-1 and TNF-α levels in serum was observed. Conclusion: In addition to
decreasing serum IL-1 and TNF-α levels, HA and GS could alleviate the swelling of mouse feet more effectively and rapidly
when used in combination than when used individually, so that exerting a better curative effect on mouse arthritis.

Objective: The protective effect of refined polysaccharides from Termitomyces albuminosus (RPTA) on acute
alcoholic hepatic injury in mice was investigated by electron microscopic examination and real-time PCR. Methods: The
mice were randomly divided into blank control group, alcoholic control model group, bifendate (150 mg/(kg·d)) group and
RPTA (100, 200 and 400 mg/(kg·d)) groups. All the mice were administered with 50% alcohol (12 mL/kg) for 30 days
except for those in blank control group. Twelve hours after alcohol treatment, all mice were executed to assay changes
of hepatic ultrastructure, while the mRNA expression of ADH2 and ALDH2 in mice were analyzed by real-time PCR.
Results: Comparing with the blank control group, we found that in the alcoholic model group there were accumulations
of lipid droplets and glycogen and irregular nuclear membranes. Meanwhile, duplicative mitochondria were found injured
and indistinct, and the endoplasmic reticulum was expanded as well as the ribosomes were dropped off. In contrast, in the
RPTA treatment groups, the cardinal symptom gradually became better. Compared with the blank control group, the mRNA
expression of ADH2 and ALDH2 in the model group revealed an obvious decrease, but in the RPTA treatment groups
showed an increasing trend. Conclusion: RPTA plays an important role in protecting liver cells by promoting the mRNA
expression of ADH2 and ALDH2.

Objective: To determine the protective effect of taurine on immune function of tumor-bearing mice subjected
to cisplatin chemotherapy. Methods: The H22 tumor-bearing mice were randomly divided into five groups: tumor model
group, cisplatin chemotherapy group (1.5 mg/(kg·d)), cisplatin plus high-dose taurine (640 mg/(kg·d)) group, cisplatin plus
middle-dose taurine (320 mg/(kg·d)) group, and cisplatin plus low-dose taurine (160 mg/(kg·d)) group. At 24 hours after the
last administration, all the mice were killed by eye bleeding. Then we observed the changes in body weight, tumor mass,
spleen index, thymus index, serum interleukin-2 (IL-2) level, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and
the proliferation of thymus dependent lymphocytes (T cells) and bone marrow dependent lymphocytes (B cells). Results:
The body weights and tumor mass of the mice from cisplatin chemotherapy group were significantly lower than those from
tumor model group, and the tumor inhibition rate of cisplatin chemotherapy group was 36%. While the body weights of the
mice from cisplatin plus middle-dose taurine group and cisplatin plus high-dose taurine group were both significantly higher
than those from cisplatin chemotherapy group, and the tumor inhibition rate were 51% and 68%, respectively. Moreover, the
spleen mass and spleen index of the mice from cisplatin group were significantly lower than those from tumor model group,
while the spleen mass and spleen index of the mice from cisplatin plus various dosage taurine groups were significantly
higher than those from cisplatin treatment group. The thymus mass and thymus index of the mice from cisplatin treatment
group were significantly lower than those from tumor model group, and the thymus mass and thymus index of the mice
from cisplatin plus high-dose taurine group were significantly higher than those from cisplatin treatment group. The serum
interleukin-2, IFN-γ and TNF-α levels of the mice from cisplatin treatment group were significantly lower than those from
tumor model group (P < 0.01). In addition, compared with the cisplatin treatment group, the serum interleukin-2, IFN-γ and
TNF-α level of the mice from cisplatin plus various dosage taurine groups were higher. What’s more, cisplatin treatment
could obviously inhibit the proliferation of T cells and B cells. The stimulation index of T cells from cisplatin plus highdose
taurine group was obviously higher than that from cisplatin chemotherapy group (P < 0.05), while the stimulation index
of B cells from both cisplatin plus low-dose and middle-dose taurine groups were obviously higher than that from cisplatin
chemotherapy group. Conclusion: Taurine could exert a synergistic effect with cisplatin to inhibit tumor growth, which was
achieved by protecting the damage of immune organs and lymphocytes caused by cisplatin chemotherapy.

L-Carnitine, also named vitamin BT, is an active compound found in animals and vegetal tissues, as well as
in microorganisms. L-carnitine plays an important role in fatty acid metabolism. In recent years, L-carnitine has been
increasingly used as a novel food additive and clinically applied in reducing blood fat, so that the demand for L-carnitine is
increasing in the worldwide market, and the development of manufacturing and detection methods is needed. Herein, the
physiological functions, biotransformation and detection methods of L-carnitine are summarized, and the future directions of
L-carnitine are put forward in this review.

Depression is one of the dangerous epidemic diseases all over the world. Its pathogenic mechanisms mainly refer
to the monoamine neurotransmitter system disorders, neurotrophic factor deficiency and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
axis stress system disorders. Most current clinical treatments are often reported to have undesirable side effects, and thus the
development of the nutritional foods with antidepressant function becomes necessary. This paper reviews the recent progress
in antidepressant nutritional factors (and/or functional factors), mechanisms and nutritional supplements.

Protein plays an important role in human metabolism, immunity and disease occurrence. At present, proteins
have been studied in the fields of biology, medicine, food and others. The technologies used for protein research have
become the focus of worldwide attention. Developing functional fluorescent nano-materials with good optical properties and
biocompatibility is of great significance for the labeling, analysis and separation of protein. In this paper, the basic properties
of fluorescent nano-materials are outlined, such as semiconductor quantum dots, embedded core-shell nanoparticles, carbon
dots, carbon nanotubes, precious metal element nano-clusters, and fluorescent magnetic nanoparticles. We also review the
applications of these kinds of nano-materials in protein marker imaging, protein interaction, protein immobilization and
separation, and protein detection.

Wnt signal transduction pathway, which is closely related to normal embryonic development, and cell survival,
growth, proliferation and differentiation, could deliver the information associated with growth and development. Its
aberrant activation or inhibition plays important roles in the development of cancers. While plant polyphenols are becoming
important sources of chemopreventive agents because of their antitumor potential. This review describes the relationships
between Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway components and regulation mechanisms and tumors as well as the targets and
mechanisms by which the plant polyphenols act on Wnt signaling pathway in cancer progression. We hope that this paper
can provide some evidence for developing health-promoting foods or drugs containing plant polyphenols.

This article mainly focus on the functions of maternal milk factors like nutritional substances, growth factors,immune factors and other bioactive substances on newborn animals and elaborates the possible mechanisms of thesefunctions. These factors play important roles in nutrition, growth promotion, immune system and microflora regulation.We elucidate the critical functions of material milk as well as discuss the effect of deficiency of one or more specific activefactors on newborn animals by comparison between breasted and non-breasted newborn animals. Even though considerableknowledge is available about milk, more functions of milk and new substances remain to be discovered.

Bacterial biofilm is the condition under which microorganisms survive by adhering to the medium surface and
forming a large number of bacterial colonies. The dense structure of bacterial biofilm enables bacteria to survive in adverse
environmental conditions. In the food industry, it is impossible to completely eliminate bacterial contamination due to
the formation of biofilm. Meanwhile, in the medical field, biofilm is one of the major reasons for repeated attacks and
difficult control of many chronic and infectious diseases because of the drug resistance. In this paper, the recent progress in
understanding of bacterial biofilm is systematically reviewed, and future development is proposed.

The bovine milk proteins include casein and whey protein. Lactoferrin (LF) is a whey protein that has a variety
of biological functions. Lactoferrin is widely used in food additive, medical and cosmetic industries. In bovine milk,
lactoferrin is positive to interact with some negatively charged proteins, such as casein and osteopontin, β-lactoglobulin,
immunoglobulin and bovine serum albumin. These interactions can affect the biological functions and purification
characteristics of these proteins; especially the latter has attracted more and more attentions. In the present review, the
mechanism of interactions between lactoferrin and other bovine proteins are clarified, which is important for developing
industrial preparation procedures of LF and understanding the synergistic biological activities of these proteins. This review
will provide some theoretical references for the development of industrial extraction methods of lactoferrin.

Ionic liquid (IL) have gained extensive applications in the fields of extraction and separation due to their unique
properties, such as low vapor pressure, high thermal stability, good solubility and designable structures. In the paper, the
characteristics of IL and the modes of ionic liquid-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction are introduced. The recent
applications of this technique in the determination of contaminants in foods and the environment are emphatically reviewed.
Based on the above discussion, future exploration and development of this technique are also proposed.

Antimicrobial food packaging can effectively inhibit the growth of microorganisms in the food-packaging
environment and prolong the shelf life of the foods. It is becoming increasingly important in the food industry. In this paper,
the mechanisms of action of antimicrobial materials and the common antimicrobials including inorganic, organic and natural
antimicrobials are described. Five practical methods of antimicrobial food packaging are compared. Recent progresses in
recent years, particularly in the application of natural antibacterial materials are summarized in detail. To conclude this
paper, considering the current production status of antimicrobial packaging film and paper, the future trends and research
focuses of antimicrobial food packaging are discussed.

With the development of fresh vegetables in China, it has been found that fresh vegetable product safety is
becoming a big issue in China. This article aims to give a review of the current situation and control measures of fresh
vegetable product safety in China. Fresh vegetable product safety risks can arise at any point in the fresh vegetable product
chain from farm to mouth. Therefore, quality and safety control of fresh vegetable products should be based on the food
safety management system (FSMS) including hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) and good agricultural
practices (GAP) by enforcing the standard and system and intensifying management, inspection and supervision from farm
to fresh vegetable product supplier to processor to retailer to consumer, which are very important to improve fresh vegetable
product safety in China.

Antifreeze proteins, which possess strong antifreeze activity, can effectively inhibit ice growth and
recrystallization by binding irreversibly to the ice crystal surface. The structural characteristics (including amino acid
residues, specific sequences, secondary structure contents and protein spatial configuration) of six representative kinds of fish
antifreeze proteins, important factors involved in stabilizing protein structure and amino-acid residue sites involved in ice
binding are discussed in this paper. Much attention is focused on revealing the potential relationship between structure and
antifreeze activity, and the purpose is to provide a theoretical basis for its widespread application in the future.

Sugar metabolism is the basis for the formation of fruit color and flavor, and the metabolism of other nutrients,
which is a major factor determining the quality and commercial value of the fruits. The regulation of sugar metabolism is
particularly important for postharvest fruit ripening and quality. This paper reviews the recent progress in understanding
the regulation of sugar metabolism with respect to physical control and control in postharvest fruits, which will provide a
theoretical reference for the improvement of fruit quality.

Volatile flavor compounds are important factors affecting the flavor of aquatic products. Analysis of the
composition and contents of volatile flavor compounds is of great importance for evaluating the quality of aquatic products,
guiding the production of aquatic products and improving processing technologies. In this paper, the technologies or methods
used to extract and analyze volatile flavor compounds and their applications in aquatic products are summarized, and their
advantages/disadvantages are compared and analyzed, and future development trends are also discussed, aiming to provide a
references for future studies on volatile flavor compounds in aquatic products.

Procyanidins, also known as condensed tannins, are naturally occurring flavan-3-ols, present widely in the plant
kingdom. This review compiles the recent reports on the chemical composition, biological activities, absorption, metabolism
and toxicology of procyanidins in China and abroad. The chemical structures of procyanidins are classified according to
polymerization degree combined with structure units, connection mode, configuration and substituents, with figures to
illustrate each type. This paper summarizes the current knowledge on biological activities, such as antioxidant activity,
cardiovascular disease prevention and inhibition of cancer, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, etc. Meanwhile, this
review elucidates the absorption and metabolism of procyanidins, including Caco-2 cell model and in vivo metabolic studies.
At last, toxicological studies show that procyanidins are safe. Based on the latest studies worldwide, procyanidins are
considered as natural food-derived antioxidants with strong antioxidant activity and low toxicity.

Diet is one of the major and easiest factors to change or control the composition and metabolism of the gut
microbiota. The type, amount and balance of the main dietary macronutrients have a great impact on the population and
species of the intestinal microbiota. Meanwhile, the intestinal microbiota can affect the degradation of foods, other bacteria
and host health by producing particular metabolites according to substrates. This paper reviews the influence of main dietary
macronutrients on the gut microbiota, aiming to provide further understanding of how diet modulates the composition and
metabolism of the gut microbiota and new ideas to regulate them through diet.