In this work, we examined the enhancing effect of air-borne ultrasound treatment on conventional hot air drying
of pear slices. The results showed that ultrasonic energy attenuated significantly with an increase in ultrasonic radiation
distance, and a reduction in ultrasonic radiation distance was beneficial to improve both ultrasonic energy efficiency and
drying rate. The drying rate was increased and the drying time was shortened by increasing the drying temperature and
ultrasonic power. The enhancing effect of ultrasound on drying rate was obvious in the initial drying period, but declined
with decreasing moisture content in samples. The values of effective moisture diffusivity ranged from 3.21 × 10-10 to
7.43 × 10-10 m2/s, which were increased significantly by increasing either drying temperature or ultrasonic power. Therefore,
air-borne ultrasound could notably reinforce traditional hot air drying of pear slices and increase the drying rate.

Radish (cv. Mantanghong) sprouts were adopted as the experimental material and sprayed with sucrose at
different concentrations. The variations of physiological indexes (anthocyanin, chlorophyll, carotenoid, total phenolic,
total glucosinolate, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity and peroxidase activity) of 3-, 5- and 7-day-old sprouts were
investigated. Results showed that the contents of anthocyanin, chlorophyll, carotenoid, total phenolic and total glucosinolate
were significantly (P < 0.05) increased by 0.4 and 0.6 g/100 mL sucrose treatment for 3-, 5- and 7-day-old sprouts, but not
influenced (P > 0.05) by 0.2 g/100 mL sucrose. There was no difference between 0.4 and 0.6 g/100 mL sucrose treatment.
Therefore, the nutritional value of radish sprouts could be increased by spraying 0.4 g/100 mL sucrose.

The aim of this research was to access the release of total phenolics, flavonoids and procyandines from
Choerospondias axillaris fruit peel during in vitro simulated gastro-intestinal digestion and solvent extraction, and the
bioavailability of the components were also studied by simulating intestinal adsorption using dialysis. Results indicated
that the phenolic compounds were mainly released in the gastric phase. After digested in simulated gastric juice for 1 h,
the release amount of polyphenols, flavonoids and procyanidins were 73.72, 38.55 and 37.53 mg/g, respectively; after
2 h intestinal digestion, the release amount of polyphenols and flavonoids increased by 10.29 and 8.78 mg/g, respectively,
however, 17.87% of procyandines were degraded. In addition, the contents of polyphenols, flavonoids and procyanidins
in the dialysis bag were 5.94, 5.48 and 3.21 mg/g, and the corresponding bioavailability was 7.07%, 11.59% and 10.42%,
respectively. Therefore, flavonoids are the most available component for human adsorption and utilization. Different
treatment methods released phenolic compound in the order: simulated gastro-intestinal digestion < traditional hot water
extraction < ultrasonic assisted ethanol extraction.

Taro protein isolate was studied for its rheological properties and characterized by ultraviolet and fluorescence
spectroscopy at different pH conditions. The results showed that pH had an obvious effect on denaturation and aggregation
of taro protein isolate. At pH values close to the isoelectric point, taro protein isolate aggregates had higher apparent
viscosity, obvious hysteresis, and higher gelling temperature (Tgel) and gel storage modulus (G’). At pH 8.0 (greater than
taro proteins isoelectric point), disaggregation, conformational unfolding, lower apparent viscosity, reduced hysteresis, and
decreased Tgel and gel G’ of taro protein isolate were observed. Along with an increase in solution pH, intersection of G’ and
G” was shifted in the high frequency direction and disappear gradually. At pH 7.0, the ultraviolet absorption peak occurred
at 284 nm, and the maximum fluorescence excitation and emission wavelengths were 289.7 nm and 330.3 nm, respectively.

Purpose: To investigate the process of β-carotene micellarization and evaluate the effect of oil droplet size, oilphase content and β-carotene concentration on the bioavailability of β-carotene incorporated in emulsions as well as toelucidate the possible mechanisms. Methods: The β-carotene bioaccessibility was assessed by in vitro digestion model. Thefraction of β-carotene transferred from the emulsion to a micellar phase was investigated. Results: Within the first 30 min ofduodenal digestion, the majority of lipid hydrolysis and β-carotene micellarization occurred. There was a negative correlationbetween the ratio of β-carotene incorporated into micelles and oil droplet size in the range from 0.44 to 4.28 μm. When theoil phase content increased from 1% to 20%, the bioaccessibility of β-carotene in the micellar phases presented a S-typegrowth tendency. The ratio of β-carotene incorporated into micelles increased significantly when β-carotene concentrationincreased from 2 to 30 mg/100 g and then tended to decrease when β-carotene concentration was further increased. However,the absolute amount of β-carotene incorporated into micelles increased first and then tended to remain stable.

Celery, Chinese chives, and carrots were used as nitrite substitutes for processing preserved pork. Thiobarbituric
acid reactive substances (TBARS) values, L*, a* and b* values, sensory quality, and nitrite residue were measured to
evaluate the effects of vegetable extracts on the quality of preserved pork in comparison to nitrite treatment and blank
control. The results showed that celery extract provided preserved pork with satisfactory color, flavor and taste while
retarding the lipid oxidation in preserved pork to prolong the shelf life. Furthermore, there were no significant differences
(P > 0.05) in nitrite residue between celery extract and control treatment.

Canna edulis Ker starch (CS) has unique characteristics. In this paper, physicochemical properties of mixed
powder from indica rice flour and CS were investigated by the measurement of amylose content, solubility, swelling
power, thermal properties, pasting properties and rheological properties. Rice noodles with the addition of CS were studied
by quality evaluation including textural properties, cooking quality and sensory evaluation. The results showed that the
physicochemical properties of rice flour and the quality of rice noodles were changed significantly due to the addition of CS
(P < 0.05). When compared with pure rice noodles, the firmness and chewiness of the noodles with the addition of CS were
increased significantly (P < 0.05), whereas the slipperiness was decreased a lot. Rice noodles with the addition of 2%–5% of
CS had good acceptability after overall consideration.

Ovalbumin was treated with subcritical water at temperatures for different durations, and the effect of subcritical
water on particle size, free sulfhydryls, surface hydrophobicity, kinematic viscosity, foamablility and emulsibility was
investigated. The results showed that subcritical water significantly reduced particle size, free sulfhydryl content and
kinematic viscosity of ovalbumin. Moreover, it also enhanced surface hydrophobicity. The foamabilty increased significantly,
as the temperature of subcritical water increased to 140 ℃. The highest level foamability was observed immediately when
the temperature reached 140 ℃, implying a 3.7-fold increase over that of the untreated one, while with the extension of
treatment time, the foamability decreased. After subcritical water treatment, the emulsibility was improved, and the highest
emulsibility was attained at 160 ℃ for 15 min, representing a 2.5-fold rise compared with the unprocessed sample.

In this study, the mechanism for improving the performance of grass carp surimi gel with additive agents was
studied through gel electrophoresis, texture profile analysis and chemical reaction of surimi gel. The results showed that the
optimal temperature and pH for grass carp surimi autolysis were 65 ℃ and 6.5, respectively. The filling ability of potato
starch in cross-linking structure of surimi protein was higher than in that of collagen, while collagen had higher inhibition on
cathepsin than potato starch did. The additive agents improved the quality of surimi through changing ionic bonds, hydrogen
bonds, hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bonds in surimi.

The solvent extraction and stability of anthocyanins from the stems of Dendrobium devonianum grown in
Longling, Yunnan province, China were studied. The results showed that the absorption peak of the anthocyanins occurred
at 533.0 nm. Solubility and color tests showed that anthocyanins were the major components of the pigments extracted
from Dendrobium devonianum. The total contents of anthocyanin in purple sheath-type, purple strip-type and red core-type
Dendrobium devonianum were 39.65, 35.05 and 15.85 mg/L, respectively. The temperature to some extent had great effect
on the anthocyanins of Dendrobium devonianum. As the temperature rose, the color gradually deepened. When exposed
to sunlight, the anthocyanins were unstable extremely. Metal ions such as Mg2+ and Al3+ had hyperchromic and protective
effects on the pigments, while Cu2+, Zn2+ and Fe3+ could result in fading of the color accompanied with apparent precipitation.
Increasing concentration of H2O2, VC and Na2SO3 could accelerate fading. However, Na2SO3 exhibited a hyperchromic
effect on the pigments, but sucrose and citric acid could exert negative effects on the stability of the anthocyanins.

The physical properties (such as freeze-thaw stability and high-temperature stability) of tapioca starch and tapioca
acetyl starch were compared. The effect of modified starch on the quality of dough and quick-frozen dumpling wrappers
was studied by adding tapioca acetyl starch in different proportions (0%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%) to wheat flour and then
the indexes of quick-frozen dumplings including skin boiling loss, texture and sensory quality were analyzed. The results
showed that due to its acetyl groups, acetyl starch had better freeze-thaw stability and high-temperature stability so that it
could be applicable to improve the quality of quick-frozen dumplings. The texture and boiling property of quick-frozen
dumpling wrappers were significantly improved. The best result was achieved by addition of 4%–6% of acetyl starch.

Functional properties of tomato seed protein isolate (TSPI) prepared by alkali extraction and acid precipitation
are not as good as desired. The effect of high-pressure microfluidization treatment on functional properties and structure of
TSPI was studied. The results indicated that the changes in functional properties of TSPI might be related to the changes in
its structure. The solubility and emulsifying ability of TSPI were improved after microfluidization treatment; the diameter
of protein particles became smaller and the particle size distribution became more uniform; the exposed sulfhydryl and total
sulfhydryl contents were decreased; some intramolecular hydrophobic groups were exposed and the surface hydrophobicity
was improved; the changes of crystal structure were small; the secondary structures of TSPI were changed, that is, the
contents of α-helix, random coil and β-turn were decreased while the content of β-sheet was increased. These changes
revealed that the protein molecules were spread or folded after microfluidization treatment and thus the functional properties
were changed.

Atmospheric and room temperature plasma (ARTP) jet was used to induce Monascus purpureus M-1, in order
to obtain mutant strains with enhanced ability to produce monacolin K. The optimal treatment conditions were determined,
and dilution plate culture method was used to screen mutant strains. HPLC was used to analyze monacolin K production,
and scanning electron microscopy was used to observe microstructure characteristics of the strain M-1 before and after
mutagenesis. Results showed that ARTP had a stronger lethal effect on Monascus purpureus M-1, and the fatality rate of
Monascus purpureus reached 84% after 30 s of ARTP treatment. When treated for 90 s, the fatality rate was about 92.6%,
with higher mutation rate (23.8%), and monacolin K yield of the mutant 23 was 428.14 mg/L, which was increased by 111%
when compared with that of the initial strain M-1. ARTP resulted in morphological changes of Monascus purpureus in terms of
colony color, mycelium and spore morphological characteristics. Active particles produced by ARTP could lead to DNA damage
and even non-repairable mutations through penetrating the cell membrane to form the genetic stability of the mutant strains.

Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum BBMN68 is a new strain isolated from the feces of a centenarian living
in an area of Bama, Guangxi, China, known for the longevity of its residents. BBMN68 has general health benefits of
Bifidobacterium, but it is sensitive to oxygen and low pH. In order to resolve the shortcomings, microcapsules were prepared
by using sodium alginate, whey protein and vitamin E as wall materials, an extrusion method was used to protect BBMN68
cells in the nitrogen environment, and freeze-dried microcapsules were produced simultaneously. The results showed that
the wet microcapsules prepared under the conditions of sodium alginate 2%, whey protein 3%, vitamin E 10% (wt%) could
maintain the viable cells of 106 CFU/g after 21 d storage in yogurt, and the viable cells were up to 3.16×107 CFU/g after 2 h
in stimulated gastric fluid. The wet microcapsules were disintegrated completely in stimulated intestinal fluid. The freeze-dried
microcapsules prepared under the conditions of sodium alginate 2% and whey protein 3% in the nitrogen environment were stable for up
to 75 days at room temperature through isothermal accelerated test. Therefore, the microencapsulation technology can resolve well the
above-mentioned shortcomings of BBMN68, while providing a new and effective form for supplementing probiotics.

In this study, 38 traditional fermented soybean paste samples from Liaoning province were collected and used for
the isolation of dominant lactic acid bacteria and yeast strains by selective culture method, and preliminary identification by
16S rDNA or 26S rDNA D1/D2 sequencing and conservation of the isolated strains were carried out. The results showed
that 62 strains of lactic acid bacteria were isolated from 38 samples, including 19 L. plantarum strains, 14 E. faecium strains,
12 T. halophilus strains, 11 L. sakei strains, 4 L. fermentum strains and 2 P. pentosaceus strains. In addition, 56 strains
of yeast were also isolated, including 18 Zygosaccharomyces strains, 13 Candida strains, 14 C. parapsilosis strains,
7 D. hansenii strains, and 4 Debaryomyces strains. Samples from Dandong, Shenyang and Fuxin displayed a wider diversity
of lactic acid bacteria and yeast.

Lactococcus lactis KLDS 4.0325, a strain isolated from home-made koumiss in Xinjiang, China, was studied for
L-lactic acid production. The optical purity of the produced lactic acid was estimated to be 100% L-lactic acid using L/D-lactic
acid enzymatic test kit. The Plackett-Burman design was used to evaluate the effects of medium components on lactate
production. On the basis of statistical regression analysis, yeast extract, sucrose and K2HPO4 were found to be the most
important factors. Subsequently, response surface methodology was employed to determine the maximum lactate production
at the optimum concentrations of key factors. The lactate production was found to correlate to the three parameters. The
optimal levels of medium components were determined as 2.5 g/L yeast extract, 102.9 g/L srucose and 7.9 g/L K2HPO4. The
predicted yield of lactate using the optimized medium was 86.3 g/L, and the actual experimental result was 86.6 g/L.

Different molds, yeasts, bacteria and edible fungi were separately used for the fermentation of okara, and
Pleurotus ostreatus Nongping 1 was screened out. The fermentation conditions were optimized by single factor method
and response surface Box-Behnken design. Considering operational feasibility, the optimal fermentation conditions were
determined as okara initial pH 7.5, inoculum amount of 10.5%, fermentation temperature of 30.5 ℃, and fermentation time
of 13 d. Under these optimal conditions, the content of amino acid nitrogen in dry fermented okara was 3.34%, which was
97.02% as compared to the predicted value, and the content of crude protein was 33.86%, which was 98.98% of the predicted
value. These results showed that the experimental values were in good agreement with those predicted.

The autoaggregation ability, cell surface hydrophobicity and in vitro adhesion to Caco-2 cells of 10 Lactobacillus
planturam strains from different sources were assessed, and the relationship between surface properties and adhesion to
Caco-2 cells. The compounds associated with the adhesion process were investigated by using LiCl-treated L. planturam
strains. The results showed that L. planturam 3-4 showed the strongest adhesion to Caco-2 cells. Significant differences
in autoaggregation, hydrophobicity and adhesion to Caco-2 cells were observed among the 10 L. planturam strains.
Significant correlation existed between adhesion and cell surface hydrophobicity. Autoaggregation and
hydrophobicity could be used as reference indexes for the screening of L. planturam strains with high adhesion
ability. Meanwhile, when treated with LiCl, the autoaggregation and adhesion of some L. planturam strains were
decreased, indicating that surface-bound proteins and other macromolecules play an important role in the process
of autoaggregation and adhesion.

In order to effectively improve the oxygen transfer rate in the microbial production of natamycin, the effect of
several oxygen vectors on Streptomyces gilvosporeus biomass and natamycin production was studied. The results showed
that oxygen vectors and surfactants could not be used as carbon source although they were useful to improve dissolved
oxygen and transfer rate, as well as the production of natamysin. The yield of natamycin could be improved by 56.8%,
59.5% and 72.5% after adding 6% soybean oil, 6% olive oil and 9% polydimethyls iloxane at the beginning of fermentation,
respectively. With the addition of 6% Tween-80, the yield of natamycin was improved by 82.6% and growth-promoting
effect on the strain was observed.

Fluorene-9-acetic acid (FLU) was chosen as the hapten and was coupled with bovine serum albumin (BSA)
and ovalbumin (OVA) respectively to prepare complete antigens by active ester method. The complete antigens were
characterized by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and ultraviolet spectrum. FLU-BSA was used to obtain
polyclonal antibody through footpad injection of BALB/c mice. The titer was 51 200 as measured by indirect enzyme linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the cross-reactivity with fluoranthene was measured by indirect competitive ELISA
to be 12% while having no obvious cross-reaction with 14 other kinds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This
ELISA method for fluorene can lay the foundation for further experimental research.

The optimization of conditions for clam fermentation with Bacillus natto for improved free amino nitrogen content
and nattokinase activity was conducted by the combined use of single factor method and orthogonal array design. The
maximum free amino nitrogen content, representing a conversion rate of 71.10%, was obtained when the fermentation was
performed at 43 ℃for 48 h with an inoculum amount of 0.6% and a solid-to-water ratio of 1:2 (m/V), while the maximum
nattokinase activity was achieved after 48 h of fermentation at 41 ℃ with an inoculum amount of 0.8% and a solid-to-water
ratio of 1:3 (m/V).

Chalcone synthase (Chs) and chalcone isomerase (Chi) are two key enzymes in the biosynthesis pathway of plant
flavonoids. The complete genes of chs and chi were isolated from Olea europaea by homology cloning, RT-PCR, FPNI-PCR
(fusion primer and nested integrated PCR) and 3’-RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA end). Sequence analysis showed that
the full-length DNA (GenBank No: KF935223.1) and cDNA (GenBank No: KF935224.1) of chs gene from O. europaea
were 2 085 bp and 1 173 bp, respectively, and the ORF (open reading frame) of chs gene encoded 390 amino acid residues,
which showed high similarity (about 90%) with the complete amino acid sequences of Chs from Vitis vinifera and Solanum
lycopersicum. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the protein encoded by chs gene from O. europaea belonged to the Chs
protein family. The full-length DNA (GenBank No: KF886190) and cDNA (GenBank No: KF886191) of chi gene from
O. europaea were 1 373 bp and 750 bp, respectively, and the ORF of chi gene encoded 249 amino acids residues. With the
highest similarity (about 65%) to the complete amino acid sequences of Chi from the other plants , the full-length amino acid
sequence of Chi from O. europaea had an intramolecular lyase domain with 198 amino acids, which was consistent with the
characteristics of the Chi protein family.

Totally 49 strains suspected to be lactic acid bacteria were segregated from pickled mantis shrimp. Three of
these strains, namely L14, L22 and L28, were preliminarily screened via morphological observation and physiological and
biochemical tests. Subsequent 16S rDNA sequencing and analysis showed that L14 had 99% similarity to Enterococcus
faecium, L22 had 98% similarity to Lactobacillus brevis and L28 had 99% similarity to Lactobacillus coryniformis subsp.
torquens. The values of optical density at 600 nm (OD600 nm) of the three selected strains after 24 h of culture were all higher
than 1.0 and the pH values of their cultures were around 4.0 with the lowest pH of 3.97 observed for L22. All these three
strains grew well at temperatures ranging from 25 to 35 ℃ and grew normally in the presence of 60 g/L NaCl.

In this study, we optimized medium components and culture conditions of Candida sp. Y6, a γ-aminobutyric
acid (GABA)-producing strain isolated from the surface of pitaya, using response surface methodology (RSM). The
content of GABA in fermentation broth was analyzed by reversed phase high performance chromatography (RP-HPLC).
The optimal fermentation medium was found to consist of 23 g/L sucrose, 65 g/L wheat bran, 6 g/L L-glutamate, and 0.5 mmol/L
pyridoxal phosphate, and the optimal culture conditions were initial medium pH 4.5 and 28 ℃ for 3.5 d with a shaking speed of
200 r/min. Under the optimal conditions, the yield of GABA was increased 72% when compared with that before optimization.

The influence of black rice on serum lipid (TC, TG, HDL-C) levels and the expression of intestinal cholesterol
metabolism-related genes (HMG-CoA-R, MTP, ABCG5/8, ABCA1 and NPC1L1) induced by high fat and high cholesterol
diet (HFHC) was investigated in mice. Male mice (n = 48) were divided into four groups. They were fed a HFHC
diet alone (C group, n = 12), or supplemented with 52.6 g/100 g corn starch or with white rice (C+W group, n = 12),
26.3 g/100 g black rice (C+BL group, n = 12) or 52.6 g/100 g black rice (C+BH group, n = 12). After administration for 8
weeks, blood samples were collected for lipid measurements and viscera were removed at the end of the protocol. Serum
total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were assayed by commercial
kits. Gas chromatography (GC) was used to determine cholesterol content in hepatic cells. The mRNA expression levels of
intestinal HMG-CoA-R, MTP, ABCG5/8, ABCA1 and NPC1L1 were detected by real-time PCR. The contents of serum TC,
TG and HDL-C in the experimental groups were similar with those of the control group. However, HDL-C in the black rice
groups was significantly elevated when compared with that of the control group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Hepatic cholesterol
content were significantly decreased in the C + BL（P < 0.05）and C + BH（P < 0.01）groups when compared with that
of the C group. The mRNA expression levels of ABCG5/8 and ABCA1 in intestines were up-regulated by dietary back rice
(P < 0.01) when compared with those of the C group. The expression level of NPC1L1 mRNA was downregulated in the
C + BL (P < 0.05) and C + BH (P < 0.01) groups. The increase of cholesterol excretion and the inhibition of cholesterol
absorption in intestines may explain the mechanisms underlying the hypolipidemic effect of black rice.

The sediment of Shanxi mature vinegar produced during aging was collected and freeze-dried. In this study,
the chemical composition of the freeze-dried powder of Shanxi mature vinegar was measured and the hypolipidemic and
antioxidant effects of the freeze-dried powder as a dietary supplement were evaluated in mice fed for 35 days either a highfat
diet or a normal diet supplemented with 1% or 5% of the freeze-dried powder. Administration of the freeze-dried powder
to high-fat diet-fed mice resulted in a significant reduction the levels of serum triglyceride, total cholesterol and serum
low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, while the serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly increased. In
addition, the amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) generated during lipid peroxidation was significantly decreased, while
the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of red blood cells and serum catalase (CAT) activity were significantly increased.
No significant change in serum lipid profile was observed in mice receiving dietary supplementation of the freeze-dried
powder, but blood antioxidant status was improved, as measured by SOD activity, and lipid peroxidation was reduced. These
beneficial effects of the freeze-dried powder on hyperlipidaemic mice might be attributed to its dietary fiber, polysaccharides,
peptides, melanoidins, polyphenols, flavonoids and ligustrazines.

In order to compare the effects of oat beta-glucan and Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch. polysaccharide (ASP)
on the physiological parameters and the structure of the gut microbiota, human flora-associated (HFA) mouse model was
established by inoculating 30 germ-free mice with fecal suspension derived from a healthy volunteer. The HFA mice were
randomly divided into three groups: the first group was fed with normal diet (CT group), the second group was fed with
normal diet containing 5% oat beta-glucan (CT + OG group), and the third group was fed with normal diet with 5% ASP
(CT + ASP group). After 8 weeks of feeding, serum biochemical indexes were determined, pathological sections of liver
were stained with HE and fat levels were evaluated, and the change in the gut microbiota was analyzed by PCR-DGGE
(denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis). The results showed that the two kinds of polysaccharides reduced fasting serum
glucose level in HFA mice (P > 0.05) when compared with CT group, CT + OG group significantly reduced the content
of total triglyceride (P < 0.05), and total cholesterol content and high density lipoprotein cholesterol content in CT+ASP
group were significantly higher than those of CT and CT + OG group (P < 0.05). CT + OG group significantly decreased
the volume of fat cells obviously and displayed more dense arrangement of fat cells when compared CT + ASP group and
CT group. Moreover, the structure of the gut microbiota in polysaccharide-diet-fed HFA mice changed; their gut bacterial
diversity index increased, and the effect of ASP was superior to that of oat beta-glucan (P > 0.05). Polysaccharide diet
obviously altered physiological parameters and structure of gut microbiota in HFA mice. The composition and bacteria
abundance of intestinal flora in different polysaccharide-diet-fed HFA mice exhibited different changes which were
associated with the molecular weight of polysaccharides. In term of reducing the levels of fasting serum glucose, serum total
cholesterol and triglyceride, and the size of fat cells, the effect of low molecular weight oat beta-glucan was obviously better
than that of high molecular weight ASP in HFA mice. When it comes to increasing intestinal microbial diversity, the effect
of ASP was superior to oat beta-glucan distinctly.

Objective: The effect of capsaicin on intestinal health in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats was
investigated. Methods: Totally 40 male SD rats were randomly divided into five groups including normal non-diabetic
control group (CON) and four diabetic model groups established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). After
successful model establishment, the diabetic rats were administered daily with capsaicin at doses of 0, 3, 6 and 9 mg/(kg·d)
in soybean oil, respectively. All the rats were fed a basal diet, and feed intake was recorded daily. All of them were sacrificed
after 28 days of feeding for the assessment of body weight, appendix area, caecum content, moisture content, pH, free
ammonia, microbe, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and intestinal tissue morphology. Results: Feeding capsaicin could result
in a significant increase in free ammonia and harmful bacteria, and a reduction in pH, moisture content, SCFA levels and
beneficial bacteria in caecum content (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Capsaicin can cause intestinal injury in diabetic rats.

This study evaluated the structure characteristics and anti-motor fatigue activity of selenium-containing protein
purified from Cardamine hupingshanensis (SPCH). The purity, subunit composition, amino acid composition and matching
protein of SPCH were analyzed by using PAGE, SDS-PAGE, amino acid analyzer and matrix-assisted laser desorption/
ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). The anti-motor fatigue activity of SPCH was investigated by
measuring swimming time, blood lactic acid, hepatic glycogen and serum urea nitrogen in mice in weight-loaded swimming
test. Results showed that SPCH had three subunits with molecular weights of 37, 39 and 40 kD respectively. The matching
protein might be DING protein, predicted protein or chalcone synthase. The results also showed that SPCH significantly
prolonged the swimming time of mice (P < 0.01), decreased blood lactic acid content (P < 0.01), increased hepatic glycogen
content (P < 0.01), and reduced serum urea nitrogen content (P < 0.05). In conclusion, SPCH has a good anti-motor fatigue
activity as a dietary supplement.

A total of 120 one-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were randomly divided into 2 dietary treatment groups with 6
replicates of 10 broilers in each cage. The control broilers were fed a basal diet and those in the treatment group were fed
a basal diet supplemented with 750 mg/kg betaine until 42 days of age. The results showed that betaine supplementation
increased significantly (P < 0.05) breast muscle percentage and crude protein content. Betaine increased significantly
(P < 0.05) pH24 h and decreased (P < 0.05) drip loss at 48 h postmortem, but had no effect on meat color. Moreover,
betaine increased significantly (P < 0.05) superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione content, and decrease (P < 0.05)
malondialdehyde content in breast muscle. These results suggested that betaine was effective in improving breast muscle
percentage and the crude protein content in breast muscle. Moreover, betaine has positive effect on pH, water-holding
capacity and antioxidant function in breast muscle of broilers.

Objective: To evaluate the safety of lycopene as a food supplement in mice and its effect on immune functions.
Methods: A 30-day feeing test was carried out on rats, and mice were employed for acute toxicity test and measured for
cellular and humoral immune functions, mononuclear macrophage phagocytosis and natural killer (NK) cell viability.
Lycopene at three doses namely 33.33, 66.67 and 200 mg/(kg·d) was administered per os to the mice for up to 30 days.
Results: In the acute oral toxicity test, the maximal tolerance dose (MTD) of lycopene for both male and female mice was
higher than 2 666.64 mg/kg suggesting that it is actually non-toxic. During the 30-day feeding period, no effects of lycopene
at the 200、433.33、666.67 mg/(kg·d) doses were observed on haematological or blood biochemical indexes, and Ames,
marrow cell micronucleus and sperm abnormality tests showed negative results. The macrophage phagocytosis index of
chicken erythrocytes and NK cell viability in the high-dose group were higher than those in the negative control group with
statistical significance (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Lycopene is safe as a food supplement. High-dose lycopene supplementation
can boost immunity in mice.

The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of ethanol extract from bamboo salt sauce (BSSE) on
H2O2-induced oxidative damage in porcine renal epithelial (LLC-PK1) cells. The LLC-PK1 cells were first incubated with
different concentrations of BSSE (10–200 μg/mL) for 24 h, and then exposed to H2O2 (500 μmol/L) for 4 h. MTT assay was
used to evaluate the cell viability. The cellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant
enzymes including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione (GSH)
were measured. In addition, mRNA levels of these antioxidant enzymes were determined by RT-PCR assay. BSSE was able
to increase the cell viability, and also decrease the cellular levels of ROS, lipid peroxidation, as well as increase the activity
and mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes when compared with those in control cells. These results suggest that BSSE
showed a protective effect against H2O2-induced oxidative damage in LLC-PK1 cells through inhibiting lipid peroxidation,
deceasing ROS levels, and increasing antioxidant system activities.

Objective: To study the effect of walnut polypeptide on lipids in D-galactose induced senile dementia model mice.
Methods: The experimental mice were subjected to D-galactose treatment to establish sub-acute senile mouse models. The
amount or activity of lipids and antioxidant enzymes in serum and brain were tested. Results: In comparison with the model
group, the walnut polypeptide prepared by either of two specific-purpose enzymes for plant protein hydrolysis could decrease
the contents of TC, TG and LDL-C; in contrast, the walnut polypeptide prepared by alkaline protease could increased the
content of HDL-C. On the other hand, compared with the model group, all walnut polypeptides prepared in this study could
increase the activities of T-AOC and SOD. Moreover, the walnut polypeptide prepared by specific-purpose enzyme 1 could
decrease the content of MDA in brain. Conclusion: Walnut polypeptide can decrease the levels of blood lipids and increase
the antioxidant capacity in D-galactose-induced senile dementia model mice.

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of high-dose N,N-dimethylglycine sodium (Na-DMG)
on growth performance, hematological parameters and blood physiobiochemical indices of broilers. Totally 480 one-day-old
Arbor Acres (AA) broiler chicks were randomly allocated to four groups with 6 replicates in each group, and fed commercial
diet supplemented with N,N-dimethylglycine sodium at doses of 1 500, 7 500 and 15 000 mg/kg, respectively, for
42 days, which was divided into early (1?21 d) and later (22?42 d) stages. The results showed that: 1) the dietary addition of
1 500 mg/kg N,N-dimethylglycine sodium could decrease the feed gain ratio of 21-day-old broilers significantly (P < 0.05).
N,N-dimethylglycine sodium at 15 000 mg/kg could result in the increased the feed gain ratio of 42-day-old broilers when
compared with 1 500 and 7 500 mg/kg (P < 0.05). Throughout the whole administration period, no significant difference
in feed gain ratio among the control group, 7 500 mg/kg and 15 000 mg/kg groups was observed (P > 0.05); (2) different
dose levels of dietary supplementation with N,N-dimethylglycine sodium had no significant difference in hematological
parameters of broilers when compared with the control group (P > 0.05); 3) feeding with 15 000 mg/kg N,N-dimethylglycine
sodium decreased blood total protein and albumin levels of 21-day-old broilers significantly when compared with the
control group (P < 0.05), while total bilirubin in the blood from the 15 000 mg/kg group was significantly higher than that
from the control, 1 500 mg/kg and 7 500 mg/kg groups (P < 0.01). In conclusion, the dietary addition of 15 000 mg/kg
N,N-dimethylglycine sodium can damage digestible absorption and liver function of broilers.

Extracellular polysaccharides from Nostoc flagelliforme in liquid suspension culture with BG-11 medium were
obtained. By measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone using filter paper disc diffusion method, the antimicrobial activity
of the exopolysaccharides against different bacteria and fungi were evaluated, and the anti-inflammatory activity was also
tested by examining their effects on the mouse ear swelling induced by xylene and the swelling of hind paws in mice induced
by carrageenin. The results showed that Nostoc flagelliforme extracellular polysaccharides could inhibit Penicillium and
Monascus to a certain degree, but had no inhibitory activity on Rhizopus. Nostoc flagelliforme extracellular polysaccharides
could effectively alleviate the inflammation of mouse ears and hind paws induced by xylene and carrageenin. Therefore,
Nostoc flagelliforme extracellular polysaccharides have certain antimicrobial and antiinflammatory activities.

The antitumor activity of the cultured fruiting bodies of Cordyceps cicadae on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells
was investigated by measuring cell viability using a resazurin reduction assay in comparison with that of wild Cordyceps
cicadae. The experimental results showed that both samples had antitumor activity and contained mid-polar compounds.
Two bioactive compounds, namely components 1 and 2, were separated from the cultured fruiting bodies of Cordyceps
cicadae. Component 1 was identified as cordycepin. Component 2 (50 μg/mL) was identified as a purified compound that
could inhibit the viability of CHO cells by up to (94.55±2.33)%.

Purpose: To observe the acute toxicity and genetic toxicity of silkworm cocoon hydrolysate powder. Methods:
Acute oral toxicity test, V79/HGPRT gene mutation test, bone marrow cell chromosome aberration test and sperm shape
abnormality test in mice were performed. CTX was used as positive control. Results: The median lethal dose (LD50) of
silkworm cocoon hydrolysate powder was more than 11.50 g/kg, which indicated that it was non-toxic. In V79/HGPRT
gene mutation test, the mutation rates of the tested substances at all dose levels did not reach levels 3 times higher than the
spontaneous mutation rate; meanwhile, there was no dose-effect relationship, suggesting that the results were negative. In
bone marrow cell chromosome aberration test and sperm shape abnormality test, there were significant differences between
the positive and negative control groups (P < 0.01), and between all dose and negative control groups (P > 0.05) except
that the aberration rate of the high dosage group was significantly lower than that of the negative control group (P < 0.05)
in sperm shape abnormality test. Conclusion: Silkworm cocoon hydrolysate powder is a substance without acute or genetic
toxicity in this test.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Garcinia cambogia extract on lipid metabolism parameters
and lipogenic gene mRNA expression in male rats. The results showed that dietary supplementation of Garcinia cambogia
extract could significantly decrease serum triglyceride content in rats (P < 0.05). High dose of Garcinia cambogia extract
could significantly reduce triglyceride content in the liver of rats (P < 0.05). No significantly difference was observed in
total cholesterol content in serum and liver tissue between Garcinia cambogia extract treatment groups and the control
group (P > 0.05). The expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism showed that high-dose Garcinia cambogia
extract treatment could significantly inhibit the mRNA expression levels of SREBP1c (P < 0.01) and ACL (P < 0.05),
while it could significantly increase the mRNA expression levels of ACO and ATGL (P < 0.05). PPARα and MCD mRNA
expression levels were higher in the middle- (P < 0.05) and high-dose Garcinia cambogia extract treatment groups (P < 0.01)
than that in the control group. High-dose Garcinia cambogia extract treatment could significantly promote the AMPKα1
and AdipoR-1 mRNA expression levels (P < 0.05), while having no effect on the adiponectin mRNA expression level
(P > 0.05). In conclusion, Garcinia cambogia extract can reduce the accumulation of body fat in rats due to the activation
of Adipo-AMPK signaling pathway, which can inhibit gene expression related to fatty acid synthesis and increase gene
expression related to fatty acid oxidation in the liver of rats.

Proteomics has been widely applied in the field of seafood quality and safety. The pipeline of proteomics is
described in this review. The application of proteomics in fish authentication, allergen detection, detection and identification
of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms, and quality change mechanisms are summarized. Finally, future directions and
new potential perspectives are also discussed.

Biologically active peptide (BAP), a kind of peptide molecule having biological activity, is involved in multiple
life activities. BAP plays an important role in human health, and the studies on it have become a hot spot. Meanwhile, a
variety of BAP products with different physiological activities have been developed. In recent years, sea cucumber peptide,
the BAP extracted from sea cucumber, which is a marine echinoderm with high nutritional and medicinal value, has gained
extensive attention. However, most studies on sea cucumber peptide are focused on the extraction process, and its functions
and applications have less been reported. The article is aimed to review the physical and chemical properties, biological
functions and applications of sea cucumber peptide based on the relevant reports at home and abroad, and provide a reference
for further study on human health effects and the relevant mechanisms.

Grape berry skin is an important factor that affects commercial quality of grape and wine, especially for red
wine. Due to the versatility of functions, the skin color is one of the key traits in grape breeding. The skin color of grapes is
mainly determined by the content and composition of anthocyanins. Recent research showed that the expression of the genes
encoding UDP glucose and flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT) is critical for anthocyanin biosynthesis in grapes.
Anthocyanin biosynthesis is controlled by MYB transcription factors, which activate the structural genes in the flavonoid
pathway. This review summarizes recent progress in the study of plant MYB transcription factors on grape anthocyanin
biosynthesis. Meanwhile, future research directions in this field are also discussed.

In recent years, with the further functional study on the characteristics and applications of lactic acid
bacteria, molecular biology of lactic acid bacteria is also of concern. Cloning and functional expression of lactic acid bacteria
using molecular tools have become the latest hotspot. Researchers have found or built many gene expression vectors with
different characteristics which lay the foundation for gene cloning and expression of lactic acid bacteria. Based on the
characteristics of lactic acid bacteria, this paper summarizes the vectors which have been reported from the perspective of
safety. And we also review the applications of gene expression vectors for the production of polysaccharides, enzyme and
vaccine preparation, etc.

Beta-lactoglobulin is one of the important proteins in cow milk. More and more researchers focused on its
aggregation in recent years. The factors affecting aggregation of β-lactoglobulin include internal and external factors. The
disulfide bonds are the internal factors. However, there are many external factors, such as temperature, pH, ion strength, and
protein concentration. The physicochemical and biological properties of β-lactoglobulin could be changed by changing its
conformation. The thermal stability, turbidity, rheological properties, polymer morphology and particle size, digestion and
immune properties are summarized in this paper. Meanwhile, we review recent studies on the aggregation of β-lactoglobulin.
Hopefully this review will provide meaningful information for the development and utilization of β-lactoglobulin polymers.

The metabolism of postprandial fat is complex. It involves several processes of dietary fat including digestion in
alimentary canal, cellular synthesis and translocation of chylomicron, hydrolysation of plasma triglyceride and clearance of
remnant. Fat-digesting enzymes in the digestive tract catalyze the hydrolysis of triacylglycerol to free long-chain fatty acids
that are transported across the plasma membrane of enterocytes by many kinds of proteins. In enterocytes, long-chain fatty
acids are esterificated to form triacylglycerol and packed into chylomicron with some lipoproteins. The newly assembled
chylomicrons carry the triacylglycerol from the diet and translocate into blood circulation. The plasma triacylglycerol is
hydrolyzed into fatty acids by lipoprotein lipase attached to the capillary endothelium and utilized by surrounded tissue.
The remnant and residual fatty acids will be recycled by hepatic cells. Because lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is the rate-limiting
enzyme for plasma triglyceride clearance and tissue uptake of fatty acids, the activity of which is carefully controlled at
the transcriptional and translational levels in the response to diverse physiological stimuli. The dysregulation of dietary fat
metabolism will initiate postprandial hypertriglyceridemia, which is associated with cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance
and obesity.

Strawberry is one of the most widely cultivated plants all over the world and its fruits are very delicious and
rich in nutrients. However the fruits have a short life cycle, and are extremely susceptible to postharvest decay and not
shelf stable. Therefore, the studies on the factors regulating the ripening and senescence of strawberry fruits are of great
significance. The major objective of this paper is to review the current information about plant hormones such as ethylene
and abscisic acid (ABA), related enzymes such as lipoxygenase (LOX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT),
exogenous substances such as Ca2+, calmodulin, NO and hot water and related genes such as PLDa gene and the FAD gene
family, and the potential mechanisms involved in strawberry ripening and senescence. Endogenous substances and enzymes
not only exert their own functions at different levels by directly or indirectly influencing the functions of ethylene and NO,
but also interact with each other to regulate and control the process of ripening and senescence. Studies at the gene level are
still at the initial stage, although it has been revealed that they function by regulating the genes encoding enzymes related
to the synthesis and decomposition of the cell wall and cell membrane. This paper will hopefully provide comprehensive
information to study postharvest physiology and storage of strawberries.

In recent years, there are constant reports about food adulteration problems all over the world. Inconsistent
labeling of food products, adulteration of meat products, passing off inferior products as superior ones, and other commercial
fraud problems affect consumer health and interests. Although the problem of food adulterations has gained more and more
attention, traditional detection methods have many weaknesses for the authentication of food products. DNA barcoding
is a technique for authenticating food products at the molecular level that can make up for the shortcomings of traditional
identification methods. Its characteristics of accuracy, high efficiency and simplicity have brought about a new revolution
in the field of food identification. This paper reviews the current situation of DNA barcoding studies and summarizes the
applications of DNA barcoding to identify fishery products, meat products, edible plants, and processed foods. Finally, the
strengths and weaknesses of DNA barcoding and its development trend in the future are also discussed.

The labeling of genetically modified (GM) foods is closely related to consumers’ right to know, which has been
the focus of attention. As the coexistence of GM foods and non-GM foods is being extended, China’s current labeling system
of GM foods, which lacks threshold setting and scientific proof and has weak feasibility and defected regulation due to the
qualitative standards, needs to be improved. This paper analyzes the connotation, type, calculation and function of labeling
threshold for GM foods. By comparing labeling threshold management policies in other countries, it is pointed out that China
should establish scientific and reasonable positive labeling and negative labeling thresholds for GM foods as being guided
by the principles of prevention, feasibility, economy and transparency by separate calculation using DNA as the criterion in
order to fully exert the functions of its labeling system of GM foods.

Ganoderma lucidum is a mushroom widely used in China as a traditional Chinese medicine and healthy food
for thousands of years due to its promotion of longevity and health. Polysaccharides extracted from fruit bodies or liquidcultured
mycelia of G. lucidum have anti-tumor, immune-improving, liver-protecting, anti-oxidation, anti-fatigue, free
radical scavenging and anti-aging functions. In this paper, we provide a systematic review of studies on strain breeding
and culture medium and conditions optimization for the production of G. lucidum polysaccharides as well as their
pharmacological activities.

Edible agricultural products are closely related to the health and safety of the general public, and their safety is
a hot topic that has attracted public attention. However, China’s current food safety law is actually ambiguous as to edible
agricultural products. Therefore, the old problem of vague supervision responsibility still exists. Through a cross-national
comparative study on legislation and legal enforcement for edible agricultural product safety supervision, this article tries
to suggest that China should adhere to the macro conception of “foods” for amending its food safety law, take the law as
the basic law in the food safety field, and coordinate it well with the Agricultural Product Quality Safety Law. Besides,
the supervision departments concerned should cooperate with each other to solve the definition and supervision of edible
agricultural product safety under the framework of the Food Safety Law.

Food addiction is a complex chronic disease which can result in people’s excessive dependence on a certain food
in their daily life, over-eating and other related behavior characteristics. In recent years, food addiction has been regarded
as a key cause of obesity, bulimia or diabetes, which has gained more and more attention from the academia as a research
hotspot. In this paper, the concept of food addiction and diagnostic criteria are presented, and the recent progress in the
pathological mechanism, influencing factors and therapeutic strategies of food addiction are summarized. Furthermore,
the implications of food addiction for China’s food industry are also discussed, in order to provide useful information for
preventing food addiction and ensuring public health in China.

The occurrence of the limonoid aglycone limonin, responsible for bitterness in citrus juice, remains a major
impediment to the development of citrus juice industry worldwide. Biotransformation of limonin for ameliorating bitterness
has been unequivocally suggested to be the current method of choice. This article mainly focuses on the recent progress
in the structure and classification, natural biotransformation and delayed bitterness of limonoids as well as debittering by
enzymatic methods, immobilized cells and genetic engineering.

The surface of citrus fruits is susceptible to bacterial invasion, leading to a decline in the shelf life and storage
stability. How to preserve citrus fruits is always a hot topic in the citrus industry. This paper reviews several new
preservation methods based on the use of non-toxic, biodegradable and environmental-friendly materials such as chitosan
oligosaccharides, plant essential oils, sophorolipids and antagonistic bacteria. Herein we analyze the preservative effects of
the different treatments on citrus fruits and their inhibitions on the growth of spoilage microbes. Moreover, future trends and
commercial prospects of technologies for postharvest preservation of citrus fruits are also proposed.