The degree of esterification and molecular weight of soluble soybean polysaccharide (SSPS) were measured by
1H-NMR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography (GPC), respectively, and the conformation of SSPS in water
and the rheological properties of aqueous SSPS solution were investigated. It was found that the degree of esterification of
SSPS could be determined by using 1H-NMR accurately and rapidly. The experimental results also showed that SSPS chains
exhibited random coils with compact conformation in water, and that SSPS aqueous solutions possessed a very low intrinsic
viscosity, significant shear thinning behavior and thixotropy.

Chitosan-modified crude liposomes and nano liposomes were studied for changes in average diameter, surface
charge and malondialdehyde content after treatment with accelerated oxidation (heating), UV radiation combined with
free radical inducement and in vitro simulated digestion. The results showed that, after each treatment, the stability of the
chitosan-coated liposomes was significantly higher than bare liposomes. The higher the concentration of chitosan, the
stronger the stability of coated liposomes under environment stress and digestion.

In this study, acylated collagen from pig skin was prepared by succinic anhydride modification. The degree of
retention of the collagen triple helix structure was detected by instrumental analysis, and then the biological activity of
acylated collagen was further investigated through atomic force microscopy and fibroblast culture. The results showed that
the acylation degree of collagen was 62.4%, and the isoelectric point of acylated collagen decreased to 4.1. X-Ray diffraction
(XRD) analysis, thermal denaturation temperature determination, and circular dichroism analysis indicated that the triple
helix structure of collagen was not destroyed after modification by succinic anhydride. The acetylated collagen presented
specific fiber structure under atomic force microscope. Fibroblast culture experiments showed the acetylated collagen could
be compatible with fibroblast cells, and partly promote their proliferation. To conclude, acetylation does not destroy the
biological activity and structure of collagen.

This paper aimed to investigate the effect of airflow ultrafine grinding on physicochemical properties such as
particle size, color, particle morphology, fluidity and water absorption of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa fruit powder. The results
showed that particle size of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa fruit powder decreased gradually, and color and texture was improved
significantly with increasing grinding time. Particle morphology became more consistent. Water-holding capacity, oilholding
capacity and expansibility were enhanced dramatically from 1.57, 0.76 g/g and 0.57 mL/g to 2.46, 1.08 g/g and
0.89 mL/g, respectively, but fluidity and water-solubility were reduced remarkably. In conclusion, airflow ultrafine grinding
with suitable parameters can improve the physicochemical properties of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa fruit power effectively.

Polysaccharide from Laminaria japonica (LPA-P) was isolated by using aqueous citric acid solution. After
the removal of protein and salt, LPA-P was purified by DEAE Sepharose fast flow chromatography to obtain LPA-P1,
LPA-P2, and LPA-P3. The respective relationships of bile salt adsorption capacity and antioxidant activity with molecular
weight, sulfated group content and monosaccharide composition for LPA-P and its fractions were investigated. The results
indicated that all LPA-P and its purified fractions contained sulfated group. LPA-P3 had the highest sulfated group content
of 5.36%, while LPA-P1 had the lowest of only 1.22%. The major monosaccharide composition consisted of fucose,
galactose and mannose. Galactose was the major monosaccharide in both LPA-P and LPA-P3, whereas mannose dominated
the monosaccharide composition of both LPA-P1 and LPA-P2. LPA-P3 was the highest in fucose. The average molecular
weights of LPA-P, LPA-P1, LPA-P2 and LPA-P3 were estimated to be 20.13, 17.55, 28.71, and 17.14 kD, respectively.
LPA-P3 exhibited the strongest antioxidant capacity but LPA-P1 the weakest; the antioxidant capacity of LPA-P was a little
stronger than that of LPA-P2. LPA-P3 had the strongest bile salt adsorption capacity, followed by LPA-P and LPA-P2.
LPA-P1 had substantially no bile salt adsorption capacity. According to the structure-activity relationship of polysacchrides
from Laminaria japonica, it is speculated that the higher the contents of sulfated group as well as fucose and galactose, the
stronger bile salt adsorption capacity and antioxidant activity of the polysaccharides.

A desalination process with electrodialysis to remove the salt impurities in raffinose extract solution was
introduced and the effects of different operation voltages and flow rates on desalination ratio and energy consumption
were discussed in this study. Results showed that the ratio of desalination increased with increasing voltage from 10 to
20 V to reach a plateau as the voltage was further increased to 30 V, and was inversely correlated with circulation flow rate
in the range of 20–60 L/h. A desalination ratio of 91.2% was obtained after 120 min at a voltage of 25 V and flow rate of
20 L/h with a raffinose recovery of 94.5%. At the same desalination ratio, energy consumption increased with increasing
voltage from 20 to 30 V, and also increased with increasing flow rate in the range of 20–60 L/h. The electrodialysis has the
potential for application in the desalination process for raffinose purification.

This research was designed to prepare antioxidant peptides derived from goat brain protein. The protein
content and amino acids composition of defatted goat brain were determined. The molecular mass distribution of protein
hydrolysates by neutral protease from Bacillus subtilis at different times was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide
gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and goat brain protein hydrolysates were separated and purified by
Sephadex G-25 gel filtration chromatography and Sephadex G-15 gel filtration chromatography. The antioxidant activity of
the resulting fractions was evaluated by DPPH, hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion radical, and nitrite radical scavenging
assays. The results showed that the protein content of defatted goat brain was 60.55% and contained seven essential amino acids
among which glutamic acid and aspartic acid were the most predominant. The molecular mass of the hydrolysates was below
10 kD. After purification by Sephadex G-25 gel filtration chromatography, the six fractions of the hydrolysates were obtained and
F4 fraction showed the strongest antioxidant activity. F4 was further purified into three fractions by Sephadex G-15 gel filtration
chromatography, including F4-2 showing the strongest antioxidant activity. The IC50 values of F4-2 for scavenging DPPH,
hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion radical, and nitrite radicals were 1.64, 2.47, 7.98 and 5.14 mg/mL respectively.

The moisture absorption and antioxidant activity of poly-(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-based active packaging
film containing tea polyphenols (TP) with different concentrations (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% of dry PVA weight)
were investigated. Its moisture absorption characteristics were studied through moisture absorption experiment and the
experimental data were fitted based on the frequently used moisture absorption isotherm model. The antioxidant activity
was determined through DPPH radical scavenging array. The results showed that all PVA films had water absorbability and
were generally similar with respect to their moisture absorption isotherms, which belonged to type II moisture absorption
isotherm. The equilibrium moisture content of all PVA films increased significantly with increasing water activity (P < 0.01),
especially when the water activity exceeded 0.6. The hydrophobicity of PVA films was enhanced by TP modification. So
the moisture absorption capacity reduced as the quantity of tea polyphenols in the PVA film increased under the same water
activity condition, but there was no significant difference among five PVA films (P > 0.05). The experimental data were
best fitted with the GAB moisture absorption isotherm mode (R2 ≥ 0.996). The DPPH radical scavenging experiment showed
the inhibitory rate of PVA films higher in TP was higher than that lower in TP (P < 0.01). It was shown that the antioxidant
activity of the PVA films was enhanced with increasing quantity of TP in films, suggesting that there will be a good prospect
of this active packaging film served as inner layer or intermediate layer in the packaging system to improve the storage
quality of moisture-sensitive and lipid-containing foods.

In this study, the tenderness indexes (muscle fiber diameter (MFI) and myofibril ultrastructure) and calpain
activity of the meat of yaks of different ages during postmortem were measured. The results showed that MFI of yak meat
at different ages significantly changed (P < 0.05), myofibril ultrastructure was completely disrupted, Z line was ruptured,
and calpain activity was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) during aging. In addition, calpain activity of male yak meat was
higher than that of female yak meat during aging. The aging time showed a significant correlation with tenderness indexes
and calpain activity (P < 0.01). After seven days, the distinction of yak meat at different ages was decreased; meanwhile, the
tenderness of meat was improved. The aging time of male yak meat was longer than that of female yak meat.

This experiment was performed to improve the water-holding capacity and sensory quality of duck ham. A threelevel
orthogonal array design was applied to optimize the amounts of compound phosphate, transglutaminase (TG), and
soybean protein isolate added to duck ham on cooking loss, relaxation time of low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR)
and sensory evaluation. The results showed that the individual addition of compound phosphate and transglutaminase could
significantly reduce the cooking loss of duck ham (P < 0.05). The addition of transglutaminase at ratios higher than 0.5%
could significantly decrease the water-holding capacity of duck ham (P < 0.05). The orthogonal array experiments showed
that the optimal concentrations of compound phosphate, transglutaminase, and soybean protein isolate that obviously
improved the water-holding properties and sensory quality of duck ham were 0.3%, 0.4% and 4%, respectively.

In this work, the effect of cellulase treatment on the total phenolic content and composition of whole oat flour
(Avena nuda L.) was measured using Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method and high performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC). The antioxidant activities of the phenolic extracts were assessed using 2,2’-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-
sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)
and protein oxidative damage protection assays. As a result, the cellulase treatment significantly increased total phenolic
content and resulted in an increase in ferulic acid content by 11 to 24 folds. Antioxidant activity of the phenolic extract from
oat flour after the enzymatic treatment was also significantly increased in ABTS+ radical scavenging activities, DPPH radical
scavenging activities, and FRAP assays, and the ability to protect protein oxidation was also enhanced. Overall, the treatment
with cellulase could be an efficient way to produce polyphenol-rich oat products with high antioxidant activity. The results of
this study can provide useful information to guide the application of cellulase in oat processing.

The antioxidant capacities of ethanolic extracts from six different varieties of red raspberry pomace in Northeast
China were evaluated. Results showed that the highest contents of total phenols, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins were
determined in red raspberry pomace extracts from the U.S. Raspberry variety, which were up to 14.18, 3.71, and 15.28 mg/g,
respectively. The highest content (0.68 mg/g) of anthocyanins was detected in Heritage red raspberry pomace extracts.
The total reducing capacities of pomace extracts from the Fertod Zamatos variety and wild red raspberry were close to that
of VC. Pomace extracts from all varieties except Heritage had stronger scavenging capacities against DPPH and ABTS+
radicals than VC. The results of correlation analysis showed that there were significant correlations between the contents of
flavonoids or proanthocyanidins and total reducing capacity, between the contents of proanthocyanidins or anthocyanins and
DPPH scavenging capacity, and between the contents of total phenols or flavonoids and ABTS+ radical scavenging capacity
in red raspberry pomace extracts. The results of this study implied that red raspberry pomace extracts from the Fertod
Zamatos variety and wild red raspberry have stronger antioxidant activities.

To investigate the effect of different soybean pretreatment methods on the quality of soy milk, five pretreatment methods
were chosen, and the sensory quality, color, stability, and the contents of major nutritional components and anti-nutritional factors
in soy milk made from the treated soybeans were analyzed and compared. The results showed that different soybean pretreatment
methods had different effects on the quality of soy milk. The preparation of soy milk from dry soybeans was convenient, but its
quality was not so good as that prepared from soaked soybeans, due to the inferior sensory quality, poorer stability, and lower
contents of proteins and polysaccharides, as well as higher contents of anti-nutritional factors. The sensory quality, stability and
removal efficiency of anti-nutritional factors of soy milk made from soybeans cooked at high temperature and high pressure, with
darker color and a severer protein loss, were worse than those of the soy milk prepared from soaked soybeans Similarly, the protein
content in soy milk prepared from the cooked soybeans was lower than that prepared from dry soybeans. Compared with soy milk
prepared from dry soybeans, the quality and stability of soy milk prepared from soaked soybeans were efficiently improved, the
contents of protein, soluble solids and polysaccharide were significantly increased, and the contents of anti-nutritional factors were
significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Moreover, the overall quality of soy milks prepared from soaking-free soybeans and NaHCO3
solution-soaked soybeans was the best, with the brightest color.

Collagens extracted from the skin of the Chinese longsnout catfish Leiocassis longirostris by alkali, salt, hot
water, acid and pepsin were comparatively evaluated for their chemical and structural properties (amino acid compositions,
thermo-stability, molecular weight distribution and scanning electron microscope) and rheological characteristics. The
results showed that all collagens presented similar UV spectrum with the absorption peak at 230 nm. SDS-PAGE indicated
collagens extracted by acid, pepsin and water belonged to collagen I with well-preserved structure. The denaturation
temperatures of collagens extracted by alkali, water, salt, acid and pepsin were 63.21, 71.70, 49.49, 29.8 and 22 ℃,
respectively. The salt-extractable collagen was polypeptides as analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC). The water-soluble collagen from the fish skin presented the highest gel stability. Therefore, different extraction
methods could result in differences in the chemical and structural properties of fish skin collagens.

The objective of this work was to investigate changes in proteins during the color-changing period of litchi aril
(Litchi chinensis Sonn.) on the process of quality formation. The comparison of the protein patterns of the litchi cultivars
“Wuye” and “Lanzhu” using gel-based proteomics technique showed that 37 protein spots were more than 2 times
differentially expressed in both cultivars, of which 32 were successfully identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. The identified
proteins were divided into categories related to carbohydrate and energy metabolism (21.9%), stress resistance (9.4%),
protein metabolism (15.6%), cell structure formation (12.5%), secondary metabolism (12.5%), developmental regulation
(12.5%), and unknown function (15.6%). Compared to the “Lanzhu” cultivar, the proteins related to glycolytic pathway and
energy metabolism were decreased in “Wuye” litchi fruits, implying that slow sugar degradation in the litchi cultivar “Wuye”
was beneficial to the accumulation of sugar and formation of high sugar quality. Besides, the increase of proteins associated with
cell structure formation and stress resistance contributed to form the quality of dense texture and good shelf stablility in the litchi
cultivar “Wuye” when compared to “Lanzhu”. Our findings provide a scientific basis for improving the quality of litchi fruits.

The antioxidant activity of small black soybean is closely related to its contents of phenolic compounds and
anthocyanins; however, these substances are easily affected by different thermal processing conditions. Roasting condition
has a significant effect on the antioxidant activity of small black soybean. In this study, the effect of roasting temperature and
time on the total phenolic, anthocyanins contents and antioxidant activity of small black soybean from Yanchi and Fugu was
investigated. Our results indicated that the small soybean roasted at 150 ℃ showed the lowest content of total phenols, while
that roasted at 200 ℃ had the highest content of total phenols. The content of total anthocyanins markedly declined with
increasing roasting temperature and time. The hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of small black soybean became lower
with increasing roasting temperature, and the roasted sample had superoxide anion radical scavenging activity significantly
lower than that of the unroasted one (P < 0.05). The roasted small soybean at 150 ℃ irrespective of the geographical origin
exhibited the lowest content of total phenols, total antioxidant capacity (ferric-reducing ability of plasma, FRAP), and radical
scavenging activity against DPPH and superoxide anion radicals. Moreover, the Yanchi small soybean roasted at 200 ℃ for
30 min showed the highest total phenol content and DPPH radical scavenging activity, while the small black soybean from
Fugu roasted at 200 ℃ for 40 min exhibited the highest total phenol content and had the highest anthocyanint content, FRAP
value and DPPH radical scavenging activity when roasted at 100 ℃ for 20 min.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the preparation of forsythiaside A and its antioxidant activity in vitro.
The crude forsythiaside A was obtained from Forsythia suspense leaves by organic solvent extraction and macroporous resin
column chromatography, and the purified forsythiaside A was obtained with reversed-phase silica column chromatography.
The crude and purified forsythiaside A were analyzed by HPLC, and their antioxidant activities in vitro were evaluated by DPPH
radical scavenging capacity, hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity, superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity, reducing power,
and anti-lipid peroxidation capacity. The 62% crude forsythiaside A and 92% purified forsythiaside A from Forsythia suspense
leaves had potent antioxidant activity, and their antioxidant activities were stronger than those of the positive control in DPPH
radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and lipid peroxidation assay. Forsythiaside A was rich in Forsythia suspense leaves,
and it had strong antioxidant activity. Therefore, forsythiaside A from Forsythia suspense leaves may be exploited as a good
natural antioxidant as well as an important functional ingredient of foods and biomedicines.

In this study, selenium-enriched germinated brown rice protein was extracted using alkali extraction and acid
precipitation, and its antioxidant activity was compared with that of the reference substances of rutin and VC. The results
demonstrated that total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), DPPH free radical scavenging activity, superoxide anion free radical
scavenging activity, and reducing power of the protein were lower than those of rutin and VC, and its oxygen radical absorbance
capacity (ORAC) was significantly lower than that of rutin (P < 0.05), but significantly higher than that of the protein extracted
from the ungerminated ordinary brown rice protein (P < 0.05). Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of Se-enriched germinated
brown rice protein was similar to that of rutin, but significantly higher than that of ordinary brown rice protein (P < 0.05).
Therefore, antioxidant activity of the protein from se-enriched germinated brown rice was significantly improved.

Bovine serum albumin (BSA)-sugar and BSA-methylglyoxal/glyoxal (MGO/GO) reaction systems were
established to study the inhibitory activity of quercetin on the formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) in the
reaction systems. The inhibitory effect of quercetin on the formation of AGEs at different stages in BSA-ribose system
was explored. Meanwhile, the inhibitory effect of quercetin on DNA damage caused by dicarbonyl compounds in plasmid
pBR322 DNA was also studied. The results showed that quercetin inhibited the formation of AGEs in BSA-sugar and
BSA-MGO/GO systems, especially at concentrations of 1, 0.25 and 0.25 mmol/L. The inhibitory effect of quercetin on the
production of AGEs in BSA-MGO system was stronger than in BSA-GO system. During the initial stage of the reaction
between BSA and ribose, the inhibitory effect was increased with increasing reaction time and 12 days later, tended to
remain at a level of approximately 60%. Therefore, quercetin has an inhibitory effect on DNA damage induced by dicarbonyl
compounds in a concentration-dependent fashion.

By building a non-enzymatic browning system containing ascorbic acid from blueberry juice, the relevant
indicators of blueberry juice during storage (4, 25 and 37 ℃) were determined and tentatively fitted to zero-order, first-order
and composite kinetic models. Browning index (BI; absorbance at 420 nm) complied with a composite kinetic model. The
ascorbic acid was constantly degraded during storage, which could be described by a first-order kinetic model, while the
5-HMF content variation followed a composite kinetic model. Linear fitting was conducted using the Arrhenius equation
to describe each indicator as a function of storage temperature. The generation of 5-HMF and BI showed good linear
relationship (R2 ≥ 0.949) at three different storage temperatures.

In this study, we aimed to predict the type of secondary metabolites of the endophyte Salicorn 3 isolated from
wild Salicornia bigelovii Torr. by using the type I polyketide synthase (PKS I) gene as a probe. As a result, two polyketide
compounds were isolated from the fermentation product of Salicorn 3. Based on the ITS1-5.8S-ITS4 rDNA sequence
analysis, the strain Salicorn 3 was identified as Penicillium cyclopium. The isolate was found to have the potential to produce
polyketide compounds by phylogenetic analysis and comparing the data with the reference. Two pure compounds were
obtained from the fermentation product of Salicorn 3 using open silica gel column chromatography and Sephadex LH-20,
and their chemical structures were elucidated as (1) ditryptophenaline and (2) cerebroside C by nuclear magnetic resonance
(NMR) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS).

In this study, the epidemiological results showed that pathogens were detected in pot-stewed meat, and most
of them were Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes. Using pot-stewed meat as the medium for the two representative
pathogens, their growth characteristics were studied at different temperatures. In addition, first-order and second-order
models describing the growth of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes were established at different temperatures.
According to the developed models, the dynamic models for predicting the growth of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes
in pot-stewed meat in the investigated temperature range were established as lgN = A + (10.2 − A) × exp{ − exp[e ×
(− 3.173 1T2 + 2.02T + 1.812) × (1.252T2 − 7.746T + 1.22 − t)/(10.2 − A) + 1]} and lgN =A + (17.9 − A) × exp{ − exp[e ×
(− 9.024T2 + 5.774T − 4.402) × (1.378T2 − 7.995T + 1.172 − t)/(17.9 − A) + 1]}, respectively. Changes in the microbial quantity of
sauced meat products under natural conditions can be described with the dynamic models, which can provide a good theoretical
basis for the manufaturers to reduce food safety risks caused by bacteria and establish a food safety management system for
ensuring the food safety of sauced meat products during production, transportation, storage and distribution.

Effects of low environmental temperature on the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD)
and catalase (CAT), and the contents of glutathione peroxidase (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), docosahexaenoic acid
(DHA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Isochrysis galbana 3011 were investigated for exploring the relationship
among antioxidant enzyme activities, ROS levels and DHA contents at different temperatures. The enzyme activities were
determined by corresponding kits. ROS levels were detected by flow cytometry and inverted fluorescence microscope, and
DHA contents were determined by gas chromatography (GC). The results showed that activities of SOD, CAT and POD
increased firstly and then decreased with increasing culture time at 15, 18 and 21 ℃. Lower temperature could result in
earlier and higher enzyme activity peaks followed by a faster decline. The profile of GSH was similar to that of antioxidant
enzyme activities, while content of MDA increased continuously. ROS levels showed a complex change with declining
temperature, and ROS burst was appeared after induction for 16 h at 15 and 18 ℃, with maximum values of (14.11 ± 0.11)%
and (14.74 ± 0.58)% at 20 h, respectively (P < 0.05). DHA was 0.105 mg/g at 18 ℃ for 24 h, which was higher than that
at 24 ℃ for 24 h by 0.06 mg/g. Therefore, low environmental temperature can improve the levels of metabolic products by
activating microalgae defense responses, increasing ROS-related enzyme activities, ROS levels and DHA contents.

In the present study, the preparation of DPPH radical scavenging peptides derived from enzymatic hydrolysates
of Monopterus albus bone by different proteases was optimized using combination of single factor method and response
surface methodology. The optimal hydrolysis conditions for Monopterus albus bone peptides were determined as follows:
papain was the most suitable enzyme for the hydrolysis of Monopterus albus bone; the hydrolysis was allowed to proceed at
59.2 ℃ for 4.1 h at an initial pH of 5.8 with a substrate concentration of 40 mg/mL at an enzyme dosage of 8 000 U/g. The
DPPH radical clearance rate of the resulting hydrolysate was 90.85%. In vitro antioxidant assays showed that Monopterus
albus bone peptides had excellent concentration-dependent antioxidant activity.

The extraction of hypocerllin from submerged-cultured mycelia of an anamorphic strain ZH-5-1 isolated from the
fruiting body of Shiraia bambusicola was optimized by orthogonal array design, and the purification was investigated using
several solvent extraction cycles and silica gel column chromatography. The maximum yield of hypocerllin of 4.83 mg/
g was obtained after 30 min of ultrasonic-assisted extraction at 30 ℃ using acetone as the extraction solvent with a solid to
solvent ratio of 1:30 (m/V). Purple-red crystals were obtained after subsequent successive extraction, which were determined
to be pure by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). After HPLC-MS
analysis, the molecular formula of the pure purple-red compound was C30H26O10 and it was determined as hypocerllin A with
a purity up to 98.20%.

The hydrolysis of extruded full-fat soybean flakes by alkaline protease provides a promising method to extract
soybean oil, protein and polypeptide simultaneously. In order to control the enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of oil from
full-fat soybean flakes, it is necessary to model the kinetics of the protein hydrolysis of extruded full-fat soybean flakes
and establish the relevant kinetic parameters. In this research, we developed a kinetic mathematical model for the alcalase
hydrolysis of full-fat soybean flakes as follows: R =（18.294 0E0 + 0.273 4ρ0) exp(-0.256 2DH), where E0 is the initial
concentration of alcalase, ρ0 is initial substrate concentration, and DH is degree of hydrolysis. The kinetic constant (K) of the
inactivation of alcalase during the hydrolysis process was determined to be 4.920 4 min-1. Our experimental data were well
fitted to the proposed kinetic model, proving that the mode has a high practical value.

Based on the directed weighted graph, three intercellular wireless communication networks are constructed,
which are generated in young and healthy volunteers consuming Cordyceps militaris at low, medium and high doses. The
quantitative analyses on three intercellular networks are conducted by means of statistics. It is proved that these parameters
can quantitatively describe the conditions, properties, structures and functions of networks from different perspectives. These
wireless communication networks have a hierarchical structure, and demonstrate a certain robustness. Meanwhile, different
doses of Cordyceps militaris can change the importance and role of the cells during the wireless communications. The
consumption of Cordyceps militaris mainly plays a role in down-regulating the intercellular wireless communication network
in vivo. Therefore, Cordyceps militaris has good health protection and anti-inflammatory effect on metabolic syndrome (MS) and
cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases caused by allergic reaction and overnutrition. The middle dose exerts the greatest effect
from an average viewpoint. When further increasing the dose, the functional strength is contrarily lowered down. This shows that
Cordyceps militaris at various doses has nonlinear and dual-direction regulatory functions on organisms.

Objective: To investigate the potential effects and underlying mechanisms of isoliquiritigenin on the
differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Methods: The SRB assay was used to evaluate the effects of isoliquiritigenin on the
proliferation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. The differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells was induced by cocktail reagents. The formation
of lipid droplets in the differentiated adipocytes was observed after oil red O staining and quantified by colorimetry. The
expression of CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBP)-α and-β, fatty acid synthetase (FAS), adipophilin, peroxisome
proliferators activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) genes was
measured by quantity real-time reverse transcript polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The phosphorylation of AMPK
protein was detected by Western blotting. Results: Isoliquiritigenin inhibited the proliferation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in
a concentration-dependent manner. The isoliquiritigenin treatment significantly decreased the formation of lipid droplets
in differentiated adipocytes. Furthermore, isoliquiritigenin down-regulated the mRNA expression of C/EBPα, C/EBPβ,
FAS, adipophilin, and PPARγ genes. On the other hand, isoliquiritigenin had no obvious effects on the mRNA expression of
AMPK gene, but up-regulated the phosphorylation of AMPK. Conclusion: Isoliquiritigenin could inhibit the proliferation
and differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes due to the activation of AMPK signal pathway.

Human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y challenged with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) was used as an in
vitro model of Parkinson’s disease (PD), and the cytotoxicity of tea extracts including L-theanine, caffeine, tea polyphenol,
epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), theaflavins, tea pigment, and two kinds of nano-EGCG on SH-SY5Y cells were
investigated, and their protective effects on 6-OHDA-induced SH-SY5Y cells were compared to evaluate their potentials
for the treatment of PD. The results showed that the cytotoxicity was in the following order: tea polyphenol < L-theanine <
tea pigment < caffeine < theaflavins < EGCG; the protective effects were in the following order: theaflavins > EGCG > tea
polyphenol > tea pigment > caffeine > L-theanine. Theaflavins (0.2 μg/mL) and EGCG (0.9 μg/mL) were more effective than
other tea extracts in preventing SH-SY5Y cells from 6-OHDA-induced damage, restoring cell viability to (99.59 ± 2.24)%
and (95.84 ± 2.50)%, respectively. Compared to EGCG, nano-EGCG had weaker cytotoxicity and stronger protective effect.
Based on our results, tea, as a natural daily drink, has better potential for the treatment of PD.

Objective: To observe the protective effect of fibrinolytic enzyme from Lyophyllum ulmarium (L.u) on H2O2-
induced oxidative damage of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Methods: H2O2 was used to induce the
oxidative injury model of HUVECs. The survival rate of HUVECs was determined by MTT assay. The mitochondrial
transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) of HUVECs were detected by flow cytometry. The
expression of Caspase-8, Caspase-9 and Caspase-3 proteins was detected by Western blotting. Results: L.u could increase the
survival rate of endothelial cells, inhibit intracellular ROS production and mitochondrial transmembrane potential reduction
in HUVECs, and down-regulate the expression of Caspase-8, Caspase-9 and Caspase-3 proteins. Conclusion: The fibrinolytic
enzyme from Lyophyllum ulmarium has protective effect on vascular endothelial cells due to the inhibition of apoptosis.

The present work was undertaken to explore the molecular mechanisms for the apoptosis of esophageal
cancer cells induced by HPC through regulating the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) via the PI3K/Akt signal
pathway. Esophageal cancer cells were nurtured routinely at HPC concentrations of 25, 50, 100, 200, 300 and 400 μg/mL.
The cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was used to detect and calculate the inhibitory rate of esophageal cancer cells after
72 hours of culture. The IC50 of 250 μg/mL was chosen as the experimental group. Western blotting was adopted to detect
the degree of PI3K/Akt phosphorylation and the protein expression levels of Caspase-3 and COX-2. RT-PCR was used to
evaluate the expression level of COX-2 mRNA. Annexin V-FITC/PI was used to test inhibitory rate of esophageal cancer
cells after 0, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h. The degree of PI3K and Akt phosphorylation declined gradually as the culture time
elapsed and reached the lowest point (P < 0.01) after 48 hours in the experimental group, while the opposite trend was
observed for the control group (P < 0.01) . The expression of COX-2 mRNA in the experimental group was significantly
lower (P < 0.01) compared to that in the control group. Under the action of HPC, the expression of Caspase-3 protein
was the strongest (P < 0.01) after 48 and 72 hours while the expression of COX-2 protein was the lowest (P < 0.01) after
72 hours. The apoptosis rate of esophageal cancer cells increased as the culture period was prolonged, which reached
63.54% (P < 0.01) after 72 hours of culture. HPC can exert a pro-apoptotic effect on esophageal cancer cells by reducing the
expression level of COX-2 through the PI3K/Akt signal pathway.

Objective: To explore the effects and underlying mechanisms of prenatal zinc treatment (zinc sulfate injection)
for pregnant rats exposed to lipopolysaccharide on the behavior and neuroimmune system of their adult female offspring.
Methods: Totally 15 Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups randomly and injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus zinc
sulfate (LPS + Zn), LPS plus sterile saline (SAL) (LPS + SAL), and SAL plus SAL (SAL + SAL), respectively. Two or
three female offspring during postnatal days 81–86 (n = 10–12 per group) were chosen. The offspring that were in diestrus
or metestrus were placed in a restraint stress tube for 2 hours. In the final 5 min of restraint stress, they were subjected
to different ultrasonic vocalizations. The behavioral duration times and silence duration times were recorded. After the
ultrasonic vocalization test, the rats were removed from the restraint tube and observed in an open field to evaluate motor and
anxiety parameters immediately. Immediately after the open field test, trunk blood was collected in conical tubes, and serum
corticosterone levels and brain derived neurotropic factor were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
The levels of monoamine and their turnover in the hypothalamus and striatum were determined by high-performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC). Results: Longer silence time (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), longer travel distance (P < 0.05, P < 0.001),
faster average response speed (P < 0.05, P < 0.001), shorter self-grooming time (P < 0.001, P < 0.01), and lower
metabolic rate of norepinephrine in striatum (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) in the LPS + Zn group were observed when compared
with the LPS + SAL and SAL + SAL groups. Lower levels of serum corticosterone (P < 0.05) in the LPS + Zn group
were also found when compared with the LPS + SAL group. Conclusion: Prenatal zinc treatment has a potential
beneficial effect on adult female rat offspring stricken with infectious/inflammatory processes during gestation by
reducing the stress response.

Objective: To investigate the effect of dietary Aetobatus flagelum protein (AFP) on cholesterol metabolism in
high cholesterol diet-fed rats and to explore the possible mechanism involved. Methods: Twenty-one male SD rats were
randomly divided into 3 groups, including normal control group (casein), 5% AFP-treated group (containing 5% AFP),
10% AFP-treated group (containing 10% AFP). After 28 days of consecutive administration, serum total cholesterol (TC),
high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), hepatic cholesterol concentrations (TC and free cholesterol), and fecal bile
acid and neutral steroid were determined. The mRNA expression of key enzymes related to cholesterol metabolism, such as
HMG-CoA reductase, acyl-CoA-cholesterol acyltrasferase 2 (ACAT2), and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase 1 (CYP7A1), was
also determined. Results: The levels of serum and hepatic TC were significantly decreased in rats fed AFP compared with
the control group (P < 0.05), while the concentration of serum HDL-C was increased and consequently the atherogenic index
was very significantly decreased in the AFP groups compared with in control group (P < 0.01). Moreover, dietary Aetobatus
flagelum protein significantly aggrandized the concentrations of fecal bile acid and neutral steroid (P < 0.05). The activity
of ACAT2 in liver was inhibited by dietary AFP, whereas the activity of hepatic HMG-CoA was not affected. On the other
hand, the mRNA expression of the CYP7A1 gene was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Aetobatus flagelum
protein could significantly decrease serum and hepatic cholesterol accumulation, and lead to a decrease in serum atherogenic
index, mainly through promoting the metabolism of cholesterol and the excretion of fecal bile acid and neutral steroid.

The enrichment of 758.6 μg/g selenium in Spirulina platensis was obtained by adding Na2SeO4 into Zarrouk
culture medium. Selenium-enriched Spirulina platensis was detected using quantum resonance spectrometer (QRS) to
analyze the major amino acids, vitamins, and measures of anticancer capacity, immune benefits and antihyperlipidemic
activity. The values of these parameters in selenium-enriched Spirulina platensis were higher than in the normal one. In
order to explore the effects of selenium-enriched Spirulina platensis on serum lipid levels of acute hyperlipidemic mice, we
established acute hyperlipidimic mouse model by single intravenous injection of 400 mg/kg Triton WR-1339 after the mice
were gavaged with selenium-enriched Spirulina platensis for two weeks. At 18 h after the injection, the mice were killed
and blood samples were collected for analysis. The results showed that the serum levels of TG, TC and LDL-C in mice
given high dose of selenium-enriched Spirulina platensis were significantly reduced whereas HDL-C concentration was
significantly increased compared with the model control group (P < 0.01). In the high-dose group, serum TG and LDL-C
values were also significantly reduced and HDL-C concentration was increased compared with the ordinary Spirulina
platensis group (P < 0.05). The above results indicate that Se-enriched Spirulina platensis gavaged to acute hyperlipidemic
mice has a significant hypolipidemic effect.

The immune organ index, carbon clearance rate, delayed type hypersensitivity, and serum hemolysin (HC50) in
mice were compared and analyzed after the administration of chitosan (CS), carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS), quaternary
ammonium salt of chitosan (HACC) and hydroxypropyl chitosan (HPCS) for 30 days. The values of all investigated
parameters were higher in mice administered with CS or its water-soluble derivatives compared with the control group. A
significant difference (P < 0.05) or extremely significant difference (P < 0.01) in all immune indexes except for thymus
index and binaural weight difference was found for the HACC and HPCS groups compared with the control group. Comparing
the CMCS group with the control group, a significant difference in carbon clearance rate and the content of serum hemolysin
(P < 0.05) was observed. These results indicated that the administration of chitosan and its water-soluble derivatives could
enhance the immune function of mice in the decreasing order of HPCS > HACC > CMCS > CS. This may be associated with the
introduction of chemical groups.

Objective: To investigate the protective effect of schisandrin B (Sch B) on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion
injury (MI/RI) and its underlying mechanism so as to provide theoretical basis for new drug development of traditional
Chinese medicine (TCM) with defined activity and high efficiency against myocardial ischemia. Methods: Totally 60 male
Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups: control group, reperfusion injury (MI/RI) group, Sch B 20, 40 and
80 mg/(kg·d) dose groups and positive control drug metoprolol group (MET, 2.5 mg/(kg·d)). Drug intragastric (ig)
administration was continued for three weeks before ischemia-reperfusion injury. General heart change and myocardial
pathological change were observed, Evans blue and NBT staining was conducted to determine infarction area, and changes
in serum enzymes and cytokines and cardiac function were measured at the end of the experiment. Results: Sch B could
significantly alleviate heart damage induced by MI/RI, reduce the infarction area, elevate SOD and NO levels in serum,
reduce MDA, CK-MB and LDH contents, improve myocardial function. Conclusion: Sch B has certain protective effects
against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats, and its mechanism may be related to reducing oxygen free radical
release and protecting ischemic myocardium from MI/RI.

Objective: To investigate the protective effect of purified polyphenols from leaves of Punica granatum L. (PPPL)
on kidney, heart, spleen and thymus in a mouse model of acute alcohol-induced hepatic injury. Methods: Sixty-six male mice
were randomly divided into blank control group, alcoholic injury model group, positive control group (administered with
150 mg/(kg·d) bifendate by gavage) and PPPL low, medium, and high dose groups (100, 200 and 400 mg/(kg·d)). All mice
were administered for 30 days. On the next day, the mice from all groups except the blank control group were administered with
50% alcohol (12 mL/kg), and then all the mice were subjected to dislocation death to assay the activities of SOD, CAT and GSH-Px
and the contents of MDA and GSH in kidney, heart, spleen and thymus. Results: Compared with the alcoholic injury model
group, the activities of SOD, CAT and GSH-Px and the contents of GSH in kidney, heart, spleen and thymus revealed an obvious
increase in the PPPL treatment groups while the contents of MDA were obviously decreased. Conclusion: PPPL has pronounced
antioxidant effect on kidney, heart and immune organs in mice with alcoholic hepatic injury.

In recent years, multiresidue drug analysis in the field of food safety shows outstanding advantages such as highthroughput
detection, low cost and wide applicability. Animal-derived matrices are complicated, in which the concentration
of residual veterinary drugs and migrating pesticides is very low. The development of efficient sample processing and
high-sensitivity detection methods is highly necessary for the application of multiresidue drug analysis. Chromatography
combined with mass spectrometry has been utilized for 90% of multiresidue drug analysis. In this article, we summarize the
progress made in the development of sample pretreatment and analytical methods used for multi-residual drug analysis in
foods of animal original by chromatography-mass spectrometry over the last five years.

Chemical fingerprint is a widely applicable technology that can reflect the entire information on substances
according to the comprehensive chemical components and their contents. It also can overcome the limitation of qualitative
and quantitative analyses of samples for just one or several compounds. This technique plays an important role in the species
and geographical discrimination as well as quality evaluation of edible and medicinal mushrooms. In this review, the current
status and progress in the applications of chemical fingerprint in the studies of edible and medicinal mushrooms made by
both domestic and foreign scholars have been summarized. This review may provide references for the development and
utilization of edible and medicinal mushrooms.

Zearalenone is a toxic fungal secondary metabolite, and is one of the mycotoxins that can contaminate foods
widely. It not only has reproductive toxicity, but also has cytotoxicity, immune toxicity and carcinogenic effects. Even
though physical and chemical treatments are commonly used to control zearalenone, their application is limited because of
their disadvantages. Controlling zearalenone in cereals with antagonistic yeasts has represented a promising future. In this
article, we present the progress in controlling zearalenone with antagonistic yeast, including the effect of yeast cell wall
adsorption on zearalenone and the mechanisms of zearalenone degradation by antagonistic yeasts, and discuss the interaction
and its effect on the biocontrol activity against food pollution.

Sodium lactate is a natural, non-toxic, no sweetness and low calorie food preservative. The cold chain in China
is relatively weak, largely limiting the transportation and distribution of meat and meat products. The addition of harmless
additives to meat to extend its shelf-life has important practical significance. The antibacterial mechanisms of sodium lactate
and its effectiveness when combined with other preservatives are reviewed in this paper. Moreover, future research will
be focused on combining sodium lactate with physical treatment to extend food shelf-life and to predict the inactivation of
spoilage bacteria by sodium lactate, as well as to monitor the spoilage level of meat and meat products in real time.

Color is the principal property of foods that has an impact on the perception of food quality. The Hunter Lab
system, the Commission International de IEclairage (CIE) LAB system and the CIELCH system are used to describe
food color and are suitable for measuring color difference, which have been widely adopted by the food industry for
color measurement. This paper reviews the current situation of studies on the application of the three systems in the color
measurement of foods. Additionally, the characteristics of the color systems are elaborated. Moreover, future development of
these color systems is prospected. Hopefully, this review will provide references for the color measurement of foods.

Currently, meat adulteration issues occur frequently, and severely impact import and export trade, consumers’
rights and people’s health. The development of reliable and accurate testing methods has become a hot research topic
in many countries. The most reported meat authenticity detection techniques for meat products include microscopic
examination, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry and
polymerase chain reaction, based on the characteristics of morphology, metabolites, proteins and nucleic acids. This paper
reviews the progress in identification techniques for meat ingredients and their future trends are discussed.

The gastrointestinal microbiome is determined by maternal-offspring exchanges of microbiota. The colonization
and development of the gastrointestinal microbiome plays an important role in the health of infants and adults. The maternaloffspring
exchanges of microbiota are affected by several factors, including cesarean section, perinatal antibiotics and
formula feeding, which can increase the risks of metabolic and immune diseases.

The screening and confirmation analysis of unknown or non-target compounds in agricultural products are the
current focus of studies on agricultural product quality and safety. This paper reviews the progress made in the development
and application of analytical techniques such as high-resolution accurate molecular mass spectrometry, omics technology and
biomarker-based techniques for the identification of unknown components in agricultural products. Existing problems are
pointed out and future development directions are also proposed. The aim of this paper is to provide a reference for further
analysis, screening, monitoring, and early warning of unknown or non-target compounds in agricultural products to ensure
the quality and safety of agricultural products.

Biogenic amine is a biogenic substance with low molecular weight and amino groups. Most foods contain
biogenic amines that are formed by decarboxylation of amino acids with microbial amino decarboxylases. The appropriate
amount of biogenic amines is beneficial to human normal physiology, but the absorption at high concentration will cause
undesirable physiological effects. The distribution of microorganisms in different foods is discrepant, leading to the
differences in the types and quantities of biogenic amines in different foods. This article summarizes the sources of biogenic
amines, the mechanism and control strategies for their formation and analytical methods for the detection of biogenic amines
in different foods, aiming to provide reference for reducing the amount of biogenic amines in foods.

Drying is an important means to ensure grain safety. The poor drying capacity and low quality of grain are two
key problems to be solved during grain storage in China. Tempering, as an important part of grain processing, storage and
circulation, has dual characteristics of saving energy consumption and improving product quality. This paper classifies the
tempering operation in detail and systematically elaborates the optimization method for tempering operation parameters in
grain drying process and its effects on grain quality and energy consumption. Some problems that exist in the field of grain
drying are put forward, and the application prospects of tempering in grain drying are analyzed objectively.

Angelica keiskei is a kind of medicinal and edible plant which contributes to promoting human health and it has
gained more and more attention. In this paper, the functional components such as chalcone, coumarin, and flavonoids in
Angelica keiskei are summarized. The protective and promotive effects of the plant on human health are summarized into “five
resistant effects”, “four reducing effects”, “three improving effects”, “two preventive effects”, and “one enhancing effect”,
and the latest progress made in this regard is described. Several typical products developed with Angelica keiskei including
health tea, health wine, health beverage and health capsule are introduced briefly with the aim to provide a reference for the
exploitation and utilization of this resource.

This paper makes a comprehensive evaluation on the quality and quantity of proteins in infant formula powder,
with especial focus on an in-depth analysis of the methods used for nutritional evaluation of proteins in infant formula
powder. Five evaluation methods based on amino acid analysis were examined for correlation with the biological evaluation
method. It was shown that the highest correlation of each of the five chemical methods with the biological evaluation
method was achieved by equally weighted gray correlation analysis. The amino acid ratio coefficient method provided more
scientific evaluation of amino acids in foods in comparison with the amino acid reference pattern than the amino acid ratio
method. Similarity evaluation between the amino acid composition of infant formulas and breast milk was performed using
equally weighted gray correlation analysis. Comparative and complementary analysis of amino acids was also carried out
on the main protein sources for infant formulas, aiming to providing a systematic analytical approach for the design and
development of infant formula powder with excellent protein in quality and quanty.