具有抗抑郁功效食品营养因子的研究进展

杜秉健 1,唐晓双 1,翟晓娜 1,2,刘 飞 1,3,冷小京 1,3,*

(1.中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,北京 100083;2.北京茱古拉咖啡有限公司,北京 100085;3.奶牛产业技术体系北京市创新团 队,北京 100102)

摘要:抑郁症是一种危害性大、涉及人群广的情感障碍类疾病,致病机制主要有单胺类神经递质系统失调、神经营养因子缺乏和下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴应激系统紊乱3类。目前常用的临床治疗手段多治愈率低、副作用大,受众抵触心理强烈,因此开发具有抗抑郁功能的保健食品作为辅助治疗手段非常必要。本文对近年来食品抗 抑郁营养因子(和/或功能因子)、作用机理以及营养素补充手段的主要研究进展进行综述。

关键词:抗抑郁;营养因子;作用机理;营养补充

现代生活节奏的加快带来生活以及工作上的压力,使得人群中越来越多地出现低沉、失落、食欲 不振、失眠、易感疲劳、注意力涣散、对周边事物失去兴趣、罪恶感或厌恶感的自我强化等消极情绪。这类情绪如果持续性出现,并伴随严重的心情郁 闷和对情绪的失控,则形成精神病学上称之为抑郁症(depression)的疾病 [1]。抑郁症不仅 会提高冠心病、癌症和糖尿病的发病机率,还会引发个体自杀事件、交通事故和公共安全事故等严重社会问题 [2-4]。据统计,在美国每6个人中就有一个会在其一生的某个阶段出现临床抑郁症表现 [5]。在世界范围,抑郁症已经影响到了大约17%人口的生活 [6]。据世界卫生组织预计,到2020年,抑郁症将成为仅次于心脏病的世界第二大人类杀手 [7]

目前抑郁症的临床治疗手段主要有心理疗法(psychotherapy)、电痉挛疗法(electroconvulsive therapy)以及药物疗法(antidepressant medications) [8]。然而临床观察显示,这些方法或治疗效果缓慢,或伴随恶心、失眠、疲劳和性功能障碍等副作用,给患者带来极大痛苦 [9-10]。因此需要开发温和的食物辅助治疗手段增强疗效,提高接受度。事实上,大量研究表明食物所含的多种营养因子在抑郁症防治方面的确能够发挥重要作用。近年来世界范围内对食物中抗抑郁营养因子方面的研究,尤其是在作用机理和新型营养素补充手段等方面已经获得了快速发展与长足进步。本文就近年来关于食品所含主要抗抑郁营养因子、作用机理和营养素补充手段的研究进展进行综述,为开发新型保健食品提供参考。

1 抑郁产生的生物学机理

1.1 单胺假说(monoamine hypothesis)

抑郁产生自严重的情感障碍,其生物学基础涉及脑部多区域功能的同步改变,因此与心境相关的大脑弥散性调节系统(diffuse modulatory system)的紊乱被认为与抑郁症相关。常见的致幻剂如麦角二乙胺等和兴奋剂如安非他命等都是通过影响该系统发生作用的。单胺假说认为,在大脑弥散性调节系统中起关键信号突触传递作用的单胺类神经递质5-羟色胺、去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺的释放水平与抑郁症发病有直接关系 [11](图1)。最早的证据出现在20世纪60年代,利血平作为一种降血压药导致约20%的服用者出现精神抑郁症,随后的研究表明它能耗竭中枢神经系统的5-羟色胺和儿茶酚胺 [1]。一种用于治疗肺结核病的药物异丙肼,通过抑制单胺氧化酶,干扰其对5-羟色胺和儿茶酚胺的分解,会导致服用者出现情绪高涨的现象 [12]。目前以单胺假说为基础的抗抑郁药在临床应用上占据主导地位,如选择性5-羟色胺重吸收抑制剂(selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor,SSRI)、选择性去甲肾上腺素重吸收抑制剂(selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors,NRIS)和5-羟色胺-去甲肾上腺素重吸收抑制剂(serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors,SNRI)等(表1)。需要注意的是,虽然这类药物能快速调节递质水平,但其抗抑郁作用需要用药后数周才能体现 [13],目前普遍认为递质水平的增加只是该类药物的直接效果,实际抗抑郁作用的发挥是通过增加的递质与G蛋白偶联受体结合引发级联反应,提高大脑前额皮层和海马体中神经元细胞的塑性,建立认知性新皮层环路,控制异常的神经环路后,进而体现出临床抗抑郁的治疗效果,该过程是需要一定时间的 [14]

图1 单胺类神经递质水平与抑郁症状的关系 [11]11
Fig.1Relationship between monoamine neurotransmitters and depression symptoms [11]

表1 主要的抗抑郁药
Table1Classes of antidepressant drugsdrugs

类别药名作用机理三环类抗抑郁药阿米替林、氯丙咪嗪、多塞平、丙咪嗪 、三甲丙咪嗪、地昔帕明、去甲替林 、普罗替林、阿莫沙平、麦普替林抑制单胺类神经递质重吸收抑制单胺氧化酶-A和单胺氧化酶-B选择性5-羟色胺重吸收抑制剂氟西汀、帕罗西汀、西酞普兰、艾司西酞 普兰、氟伏沙明、 舍 曲林选择性抑制5-羟色胺重吸收单胺氧化酶抑制剂异 丙烟肼、异卡波肼、苯乙肼、反苯环丙胺、吗氯贝胺选择 性去甲肾上腺素重吸收抑制剂托莫西汀、瑞波西汀选择性抑制去甲肾上腺素重吸收5-羟色胺-去甲肾上腺素重吸收抑制剂文拉法辛、度洛西汀选择性抑制5-羟色胺和去甲肾上腺素重吸收去甲肾上腺素-多巴胺重吸收抑制剂安非他酮选择性抑制去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺重吸收

1.2 神经营养假说(neurotrop hin hypothesis)

临床观察发现海马体和大脑皮层某些部分的萎缩与抑郁症发病有明显的关联,负责神经发生、营养和重塑的脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor)的 不足和代谢紊乱是导致抑郁症发病的重要机理 [15-17]。研究表明,直接将脑源性神经营养因子灌注到动物受体的海马体和大脑前额皮层区域可以产生明显的抗抑郁作用 [18];另一方面,剔除掉脑源性神经营养因子或者该因子受体的动物,其大脑中枢神经元的增殖、发生、成熟、分化和凋亡等过程会出现明显异常,产生抑郁的症状,且干扰抗抑郁剂的起效 [19-21]。新近研究证明,经典的单胺类抗抑郁药物同样具有提高中枢神经系统脑源性神经营养因子水平的效果,说 明该效果可能在抗抑郁疗效中发挥重要作用 [22-24]

1.3 应激假说(stress hypothesis)

应激,指机体受到应激因子(stress or)刺激后,在没有发生特异的病理性损害前所产生的一系列非特异性应答反应。该假说主要涉及下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴的激活,包括释放促肾上腺皮质激素激素调节内分泌系统,引发机体交感神经兴奋,血糖与血压升高等反应 [25]。应激因子可以是生理因素,也可以是心理因素。近年来大量研究证明,长期应激压力带来的炎症和氧化应激诱导中枢系统神经元损伤等是导致抑郁症发病的重要机制之一 [26-30]。而具有抗炎和抗氧化活性的物质,尤其是其中能够穿越血脑屏障进入大脑中枢神经系统直接发挥作 用,或 者能够 间接降低大脑炎症因子和氧化应激水平而起作用的活性物质,则具有重要的开发潜力 [31-35]

2 抗抑郁营养因子

2.1 维生素

2.1.1 VC

VC是水溶性维生素,是一种重要的膳食抗氧化剂,外观为无色结晶,酸性,没有气味,主要分布在新鲜水果和蔬菜中,如橙子、柠檬、草莓、芒果、菠萝、西红柿和西兰花等 [36-37]。早期临床观察发现,静脉注射高剂量的VC(50mg/(kg·d))可以舒缓儿童由促肾上腺皮质激素导致的抑郁症状 [38]。Brody [39]观察发现,VC对健康的成人也有一定的情绪改善效果。进一步研究发现,抑郁症患者血液VC含量((0.37±0.14)mg/100mL)要低于健康人群((0.65±0.06)mg/100mL),证明 了VC缺乏与抑郁症发病之间的紧密联系。尽管近年来相关研究不断深入,关于VC抗抑郁的机理目前还不够清晰,可能涉及多条机制路径。Binfaré等 [40]研究表明,灌胃1mg/kg剂量以上的VC可以通过调控中枢神经单胺类神经递质路径,在小鼠悬尾行为模型中体现出抗抑 郁的作用。Moretti等 [41]研究认为,VC可以调控由环境压力导致的中枢神经氧化应激系统的异常,进而平复相应的抑 郁症状。另一方面,VC还是一种重要的辅酶,参与中枢神经系统由酪氨酸到去甲肾上腺素的代谢过程 [42](图2),会对大脑 的情绪调节有一定影响。目前认为,科学合理地补充VC对于抵御抑郁的发生与减缓症状具有积极作用。除生食蔬菜水果外,目前在市面上较为普遍的VC营养素补充剂也是方便的膳食补充途径,多以泡腾片、咀 嚼片和冲剂的形式存在。

图2由酪氨酸合成儿茶酚胺的过程
Fig.2Synthesis process from tyrosine to catecholamine

2.1.2 B族维生素

目前已知的B族维生素超过12种,其膳食来源也十分广泛,涉及 豆类、动物肝脏、食用菌类和坚果类等食品。B族维生素大多都是重要的辅酶,在人体内广泛参与调控各类生 物代谢过程。VB 1,又称硫胺素,参与乙酰辅酶A合成,具有十分重要的神经保护作用,缺乏会导致脚气病、失语症、色觉障碍和视力丧失等症状。VB 3,又称烟 酸或尼克酸,参与色氨酸的代谢过程,进而影响到5-羟色胺的水平,缺乏会导致疲劳倦怠、皮炎、痴呆和神经炎症等症状 [43-44]。VB 6,又称吡哆醇,参与生成5-羟色胺、多巴胺和去甲肾上腺素,过量摄入会导致神经系统紊乱和肢体麻痹等症状 [45]。叶酸,是一种水溶性维生素,主要存在于蔬菜中,如菠菜、芦笋、甘蓝和小白菜等,其直接参与合成5-羟色胺、儿茶酚胺和褪黑素,在中枢神经系统中发挥重要作用,孕妇在怀孕期间如缺乏叶酸会直接影响胎儿神经系统的发育。自1998年起,美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)已强制规定在谷物食品中强化叶酸,每1kg谷物食品强化1.4mg叶酸 [46-48]。近年来的动物模型和临床观察研究发现,叶酸具有良好的抗抑郁作用,涉及多条神经调控机制路径(表2)。目前国内市场上常见的口服叶酸补充片剂 ,是经由国家食品药品监督管理总局(State Food and Drug Administration,SFDA)批准的预防胎儿先天性神经管畸形适应症的药物,是针对孕妇的口服预防用非处方药品,而非保健食品。因为B族维生素种类繁多,且生理功能相互交叉,目前市面上多以复合VB营养补充剂的形式存在,属于营养素补充剂类保健食品范畴。Lewis等 [49]新近研究表明,服用复合B族维生素营养补充剂30d以上可以有效改善抑郁症患者症状。这一成果为更具目的性的个性化复合维生素补充剂的开发提供了新的思路。

表2叶酸在动物实验和临床研究中的抗抑郁效果
Table2Animal model and clinical studies showing the effects of folic acid on depressionssion

动物实验临床 研究 叶酸通过调控单胺类神经递质系统在小鼠强迫游泳和悬尾模型中体现出抗抑郁的作用 [50]抑郁症患者血浆叶酸含量低于健康人群 [53]叶酸可以强化某些药物的抗抑郁疗效 [54]叶酸能够缓解长期应激压力导致的小鼠抑郁症状 [51]叶酸不足会导致抑郁症患者的症状加剧 [55]叶酸可以 帮助小鼠抵御压力导致的氧化应激损伤和认知障碍,发挥抗抑郁的作用 [52]充足的膳食叶酸摄取可以降低抑郁症的 发病率 [56]叶酸可以减少产后抑郁的发病率 [57]

2.1.3 VE

VE是脂溶性维生素,又称生育酚,在植物油如菜籽油、芝麻油、豆油、玉米油和向日葵油等以及坚果如榛子和松子中含量较为丰富 [58]。VE在人体内最显著的生理功能是抗氧化与抗炎作用 [59],其中对中枢神经系统的作用包括改善认知和记忆力 [60-61]、舒缓焦虑 [62]、抵御阿兹海默症 [63]和帕金森症 [64]等。近年来,VE抗抑郁作用的研究在逐渐增多,涉及功效机理方面的研究不断深入(表3)。目前市面上的VE补充产品主要有两类:一是经VE强化的植物油和早餐谷 物;二是VE软胶囊,属于营养素补充剂类保健食品范畴。

表3VE在动物模型和临床研究中的抗抑郁效果
Table3Animal model and clinical studies showing the effects of Table3Animal model and clinical studies showing the effects of vitamin E on depressionssion

动物实验临床研究VE通过调控单胺类神经递质系统在小鼠强迫游泳和悬尾模型中体现出抗抑郁的作用 [65-66]抑郁症患者中常见VE不足的状况 [68-69]充足的膳食VE摄取可以减少老年抑郁的发病率 [70]VE能够改善由促炎因子导致的小鼠抑郁症状 [67]膳食VE摄取不足与抑郁症发病相关 [71]

2.2 矿物质

2.2 .1 锌

锌是一种十分重要的微量元素,人体内有超过300种酶需要依靠其发挥作用 [72],主要的膳食来源包括牡蛎及其他贝类、鱼虾类、肉类和蛋类等 [73]。锌在中枢神经中含量丰富,维持着重要的生理平衡(图3),发挥着十分关键的神经生理学作用,已有大量文献论述 [74-75]。长期以来,关于锌的抗抑郁作用已有大量文献总结,但因其神经生理学活性涉及广泛,目前尚未有明确的抗抑郁作用机理,图4描述了已知的3条可能的作用机制与路径,涉及了对天冬氨酸系统的抑制,对脑源性神经营养因子系统和5-羟色胺系统的强化 [76-78]。目前市面上补锌保健食品以葡萄糖酸锌类产品为主,形式主要为片剂、口服液和营养强化盐,主要作用于青少年因缺锌引起的营养不良和厌食症等症状,虽属于保健食品范畴,但受众针对性明显。实际上,即使是儿童,只要合理膳食不过分挑食,锌的摄入一般是充足的,健康成年人基本不需要 特别补充锌元素,相应的营养补充剂类产品较少。

图3神经元细胞中参与调节ZnZn 2+2+生理平衡的路径和系统 [74]74
Fig.3P athways and systems regulating Zn 2+homeostasis in neu rons [74]

图4锌可能的抗抑郁机理 [77]77
Fig.4Possible mechanisms of the antidepressant action of zinc [77]77

2.2.2 镁

镁是一种重要的常量元素,在人体内以其为辅酶的酶有近300种 [79]。富含镁的食物有绿色叶菜类蔬菜、海带、芝麻、杏仁、黑巧克力和豆类等,尽管膳食来源广泛,镁缺乏现象依然十分常见。在美国,有近六成成年人每天不能保证摄入推荐量的镁 [80]。镁在人体内维持着重要的生理平衡,缺乏将导致炎症和氧化应激以及由此引发的神经疾病的发生(图5)。其中,镁与抑郁症的联系已有大量文献论述总结,近年来的研究表明,膳食镁的摄入量与抑郁症发病率存在直接反相关的关系,同时镁 还具有一定改善抑郁症状的作用,与其参与的体内氧化应激平衡具有重要关系 [81-82]。一般而言,膳食镁 的摄入量是充足的,因此市面上单独补充营养素镁的产品较为少见,多为钙镁搭 配补充,以补钙为主的产品,如各种钙镁补充片剂。

图5镁缺乏与炎症、氧化应激以及神经疾病的关系 [80]80
Fig.5Relationships among magnesium de☒ciency,in☒ammatory and oxidative stress,and neurological diseases [80]

2.2.3 硒

硒是一种人体必需的微量元素,主要膳食来源是肉类和蛋类食品,其在这些食品中的含量受动物饲养方式和环境条件影响明显 [83]。硒的主要生理功能是作为关键组分构成硒蛋白,后者可以是十分重要的酶类,如谷胱甘肽过氧化酶、甲状腺素脱碘酶和硒代磷酸盐合成酶,也可以单独存在于心肌和骨骼肌中发挥抗氧化和抗炎的作用 [84-85]。研究表明,含硒活性分子与神经系统疾病包括癫痫、帕金森症和阿兹海默症有密切的联系 [86],关注其与抑郁症状的研究近年来有长足发展,代表成果见表4。不同于其他的必需微量元素,硒在膳食中的含量受地域环境因素影响十分明显,总体而言我国的人群多处于缺硒的状态。近年来,随着补硒的概念不断被提及,相应的富硒食品特色农业在我国蓬勃发展。市面上已有如富硒茶、富硒肉禽、富硒食用菌和富硒酱油等各色产品,可以满足各类人群的补硒需求 [87]

表4 硒在动物模型和临床研究中的抗抑郁效果
Table4Animal model and clinical studies showing the effects of selenium on depressionssion

动物实验临床研究甲基硒苯通过调控多巴胺 系统在小鼠强迫游泳和悬尾模型中体现出抗抑郁的作用 [88]增加膳食硒的摄入有助于改善健康人群的情绪 [91]联二硒醚通过调控5-羟色胺系统在 小鼠强迫游泳和悬尾模型中体现出抗抑郁的作用 [89]通过营养补充硒有助于减少产后抑郁的发生 [92]依布硒通过调控多巴胺和去甲肾上腺素系统在小鼠强迫游泳和悬尾模型中体现出抗抑郁的作用,其中5-羟色胺系统不参与发挥作用 [90]膳食硒摄取不足会增加抑郁症发病率 [93]

2. 3 ω-3脂肪酸

ω-3脂肪酸是一类多不饱和脂肪酸,常见的有α-亚麻酸(α-linolenic acid,α-ALA),二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)。前者在植物油中,如亚麻籽油中含量丰富;后两者富含于深海鱼油中。研究表明,ω-3脂肪酸可以改善健康人群的记忆力和反应力 [94],降低阿兹海默症的发病率 [95],以及患抑郁症的风险 [96]。近年来有大量关于ω-3脂肪酸抗抑郁效果的研究报道,研究表明其可能的抗抑郁机理有:1)影响蛋白的磷酸化;2)调控蛋白激酶C的活性;3)调控中枢神经5-羟色胺和多巴胺水平;4)抗炎与抗氧化作用;5)提高神经元细胞的发生与塑性 [97-101]。因为其显著的抗冠心病 和抗中风 作用,ω-3脂肪酸的营养补充产品在市场上需求旺盛,较为成熟的有亚麻籽油和深海鱼油两大类产品 [102]

2.4 色氨酸

色氨酸是人类9种必需氨基酸之一,需靠膳食补充,主要来源有大豆、小米、肉类和奶类,具有十分重要的生理学功能。作为5-羟色胺的主要膳食前体物质,色氨酸在抗抑郁方面的作用一直为人们所重视。研究发现膳食色氨酸缺乏会导致抑郁症发病率的上升 [103],以及已有抑郁症状的加剧 [104]。自19世纪60年代开始,大量的案例表明通过补充色氨酸 可以发挥一定的改善抑郁症状和提高药物治疗效果的作用 [105-106],但到目前为止,其效 果在临床尚未得到确认 [107]。氨基酸作为人体重要的组成 部分,应该尽量避免补充不当可能导致的其他营养素代谢异常,均衡与适量是关键。

2.5 植物黄酮

蔬菜与水果食品是构 成健康膳食必不可少的组成部分,其中一个重要原因是它们可以提供大量的膳食黄酮。目前已知的黄酮类化合物有6000多种,按照结构可以大体分为六大类,见图6。黄酮类化合物在神经生理学上的重要作用一直以来受到广泛关注,焦点包括降低神经细胞损 伤、减少神经炎症发生、以及提高认知和记忆力 [108]。其中黄酮类化合物自身所具有的抗氧化、抗炎、抗菌、抗病毒、抗癌和抗过敏等生理功能发挥了重要作用 [109],此外讨论较多的两条神经生理学活性作用路径包括:1)作为神经递质分子的类似物激发整条信号路径,或者引发下游的一些蛋白激酶和脂质激酶的级联反应,如通过激活磷酸肌醇-3激酶、胞外信号调节蛋白激酶1/2和Akt/蛋白激酶路 径促进神经元细胞的发 生与分化,通过抑制c-Jun氨基末端激酶和p38路径减少神经元细胞的凋亡 [110](图7);2)提高外围系统和大脑的血液通量,促进中枢神经血管新生,强化营养输送。

图6黄酮类化合物的结构
Fig.6Structures of flavonoids

图7黄酮参与调节神经元细胞中的信号路径 [110]110
Fig.7Overview of signal ing pathways mediated by flavonoids in neurons [110]

总体而言,一直以来关于黄酮类化合物的抗抑郁作用,构效关系以及协同作用方面的研究,包括相关的临床研究都比较少,近年来才有了一定的发展。目前已知的具有显著抗抑郁作用的黄酮类化合物及主要的膳食植物来源见表5。此外,近年来还出现了大量关于膳食植物总黄酮混合物具有抗抑郁作用的报道,如可可豆 [111]、石榴 [112]、秋葵 [113]、红景天 [114]和藏红花 [115]等。目前认为,补充抗抑郁植物黄酮应以功能成分与量效关系较为清晰的天然植物提取物制备的膳食营养补充剂为主,目前该类产品尚处于开发阶段,市面上还没有相应的成熟产品可供选择。近年来随着该领域引起越来越多人的注意,学术领域的研究不断深入,在我国是一个植物医药文化源远流长的国度的大背景下,可以预想该类产品将更受大众的偏爱,具有广阔的发展前景。

表5黄酮类化合物在动物模型中的抗抑郁效果
Table5Animal model studies showing the effects of flavonoids on depression

黄酮类化合物分子结构主要膳食植物来源效果与机理 OH HO O OHOH HO OO OH芦丁 OH O O H 3C O HO HO橘子、柚子、柠檬、黄花菜、桑葚OH 通过调控5-羟色胺系统和去甲肾上腺素系统 在小鼠悬尾实验中体现出抗抑郁效果,但在小鼠强迫游泳实验中未见效果 [116];芦丁给药组大鼠的脑电波与抗抑郁药吗氯贝胺组的一致,说明可能的抗抑郁作用路径是抑制单胺氧化酶活性 [117]HO OH HO H3C O OH橙皮苷 O OCH 3HO O HO O O 柠檬、柑橘、黄花菜OH 通过调控5-羟色胺系统在小 鼠悬尾实验与强迫游泳实验中体现出抗抑郁效果 [118];通过提高中枢神经海马体脑源性神经营养因子在小鼠悬尾实验中体现出抗抑郁效果 [119]OH O OHHO O 柚皮素 葡萄柚、番茄 OH O通过调控单胺神经递质系统在小鼠悬尾实验中 体现出抗抑郁效果,但在小鼠强迫游泳实验中未见效果 [120-121];可以提高中枢神经海马体脑源性神经营养因子水平,但是不影响大脑前额皮层的营养因子水平 [122] OH山奈酚 HO O 西兰花、茶叶、葡萄柚在小鼠和大鼠强迫游泳实验中体现出抗抑郁效果 [123]OH OH O

3 结语

抑郁症严重危害着个人生活以及公共安全,值得全社会给予高度关注。作为一种情感障碍类疾病其具有潜伏期长、发病突然、难根除和易反复等特点,这给科学诊断与治疗带来了困难与挑战。目前,与一些发达国家相比,我国对于抑郁症的防治重视还不够,全社会对舒缓抑郁症状的关注不足,多是在患者临床发病后才采取副作用强烈 的药物或物理治疗手段,给很多患者及其家庭造成了巨大痛苦。国内的抗抑郁营养保健食品概念尚处于酝酿阶段,基本在依据传统中医理念研发和营销,这类产品既缺乏确切的现代科学研究证据,对其中的关键功能成分、构效和量效关系以及协同关系方 面探讨不足,又对中医倡导的因人不同和因病状而异概念把握不足,即对目标人群的选择与针对性欠缺,导致整体产品素质一般,且可能具有潜在的不良风险。我国具有悠久的食补养生文化,膳食资源丰富,深化对其中抗抑郁营养因子的研究,理清关键营养因子和作用机理,并开发出相应的营养补充食品,是拓展符合时代需要的新的保健食品领域的重要一步,具有广阔的研发前景。

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Progress in Food Antidepressant Nutritional Factors

DU Bingjian 1,TANG Xiaoshuang 1,ZHAI Xiaona 1,2,LIU Fei 1,3,LENG Xiaojing 1,3,*

1.College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering,China Agricultural University,Beijing100083,China;2.Beijing Chocolat Coffee Co.Ltd.,Beijing100085,China;3.Beijing Innovation Team of Technology System in Dairy Industry,Beijing100102,China)

Abstract:Depression is one of the dangerous epidemic diseases all over the world.Its pathogenic mechanisms mainly refer to the monoamine neurotransmitter system disorders,neurotrophic factor deficiency and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis stress system disorders.Most current clinical treatments are often reported to have undesirable side effects,and thus the development of the nutritional foods with antidepressant function becomes necessary.This paper reviews the recent progress in antidepressant nutritional factors(and/or functional factors),mechanisms and nutritional supplements.

Key words:anti-depression;nutritional factor;action mechanism;nutritional supplement

中图分类号:TS218

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1002-6630(2015)05-0212-09

doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201505040

收稿日期:2014-04-22

基金项目:国家自然科学基金面上项目(31171771);“十二五”国家科技支撑计划项目(2011BAD23B04)

作者简介:杜秉健(1985—),男,博士研究生,研究方向为食品化学与营养。E-mail:dbj8541@163.com

*通信作者:冷小京(1966—),男,教授,博士,研究方向为可食用膜及微胶囊科学。E-mail:lengxiaojingcau@163.com