黑米通过上调小肠ABCG5/8和ABCA1基因表达降低胆固醇水平

马 娜 1,2,申婷婷 2,赵 江 1,王佳楠 3,张泽生 1,王 浩 1,*

(1.天津科技大学食品工程与生物技术学院,天津 300457;2.天津科技大学生物工程学院,天津 300457;3.南开大学滨海学院,天津 300270)

摘 要:以高脂膳食饲喂致高胆固醇小鼠为动物模型,研究黑米对小鼠血脂水平及小肠胆固醇代谢相关基因调控的影响。将48 只雄性C57BL/6J小鼠随机分成高脂对照组和3 个实验组(白米组、黑米低剂量组、黑米高剂量组),测定血清中总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)及高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)水平,气相色谱法检测肝脏中胆固醇含量,实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(real-time polymerase chain reaction,real-time PCR)分析调控小肠胆固醇合成、吸收、转化及排泄基因HMG-CoA-R、MTP、ABCG5/8、ABCA1、NPC1L1等的mRNA表达水平。结果表明:与高脂对照组相比,白米组小鼠血清中TC、TG、HDL-C含量无统计学差异,但黑米低、高剂量组小鼠血清中TC和TG含量降低,且HDL-C含量显著或极显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。与高脂对照组相比,白米组小鼠肝脏中胆固醇含量无显著变化,黑米低剂量组显著降低(P<0.05),黑米高剂量组极显著降低(P<0.01)。Real-time PCR结果显示,与高脂对照组相比,黑米低、高剂量组ABCG5/8、ABCA1 mRNA表达水平均极显著上调(P<0.01);黑米低剂量组NPC1L1 mRNA表达水平降低(P<0.05),黑米高剂量组极显著降低(P<0.01)。黑米对高脂膳食饲喂致高胆固醇小鼠胆固醇代谢平衡的调节可能是通过增加小肠中胆固醇的排泄并抑制其吸收实现的。

关键词:黑米;小鼠;ABCG5/8;ABCA1;NPC1L1

心脑血管疾病已经成为威胁人类健康的头号大敌 [1],高血脂症是引起心脑血管疾病的一个主要原因。因此,通过日常饮食调节对预防和治疗心脑血管疾病具有重要意义。

黑米富含花色苷,研究显示膳食给予黑米花色苷或黑米皮提取物能够调控机体氧化应激平衡、血脂代谢、炎症水平等 [2-5]。Ling Wenhua等 [6-7]报道了膳食黑米和黑米皮不仅可以降低实验动物的血脂水平、抑制动脉粥样硬化的发生和发展,还可以降低机体氧化应激水平和提高抗氧化酶活性,并推测该作用与其花色苷类物质有关。

因此,本实验以高脂喂饲致高胆固醇血症雄性C57BL/6J小鼠为模型,以添加白米为对照组,研究黑米对小鼠血脂水平及小肠胆固醇代谢相关基因调控的影响,并对其机理进行初步探讨,以期为居民健康膳食提供科学指导依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 动物、材料与试剂

清洁级雄性C57BL/6J小鼠,体质量18~20 g,购自北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司。

黑米(碳水化合物含量78.7%、蛋白质含量9.8%、脂肪含量2.9%、花青素含量1.4%)、白米(碳水化合物含量79.1%、蛋白质含量9.5%、脂肪含量1.1%) 市售。

三甲基硅烷(trimethylsilane,TMS) 美国Supelco公司;TRIzol、SYBR Premix Ex TaqⅡ、cDNA合成试剂盒 宝生物工程(大连)有限公司;总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)试剂盒、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)试剂盒、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)试剂盒 中生北控生物科技股份有限公司。

1.2 仪器与设备

Fresco17/21冷冻离心机 美国Thermo公司;UVmini-1240紫外-可见分光光度计 日本岛津公司;iCycler实时定量PCR仪、GelDoc XR System凝胶成像系统、电泳仪 美国Bio-Rad公司;安捷伦7890A气相色谱仪 美国Agilent公司。

1.3 方法

1.3.1 动物分组与饲养

将48 只清洁级雄性C57BL/6J小鼠饲喂普通饲料适应1 周后,根据体质量随机分成4 组,每组12只,自由摄食饮水。鼠粮配方见表1。记录小鼠的进食量以及体质量。8 周后断颈处死小鼠,眼眶取血,离心分离血清,—20 ℃保存待测;分离小鼠内脏,称质量,—80 ℃保存。

表1 鼠粮成分组成及含量
Table 1 Composition and ingredients of the control diet and three experimental diieettss
g/kg

注:a. 蛋白质含量 90.0%;b. 蛋白质含量82.0%;c. 碳水化合物含量85.3%。

成分高脂对照组白米组黑米低剂量组黑米高剂量组酪蛋白 a212212212212蔗糖50505050维生素混合物15151515 D/L-蛋氨酸1111矿物质混合物35353535猪油150150150150胆固醇1111明胶 b10101010玉米淀粉 c526263白米526黑米263526营养水平蛋白质200.0200.0200.0200.0脂肪 150150150150碳水化合物448.7416.3431.4414.1

1.3.2 小鼠血清血脂水平测定

参照试剂盒说明书提供的方法测定小鼠血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量。

1.3.3 肝脏胆固醇含量测定

采用气相色谱法(gas chromatography,GC)进行肝脏组织中胆固醇含量的测定,具体参见实验室之前发表论文的方法 [8]:肝脏组织经氯仿-甲醇溶液(2∶1,V/V)匀浆后提取不皂化物,N 2吹干,TMS衍生化,以豆甾醇为内标利用GC检测。

1.3.4 小肠胆固醇代谢相关基因mRNA表达水平测定

Trizol法从肠组织中提取总RNA,反转录合成cDNA(37 ℃ 15 min;85 ℃ 5 s;4 ℃,终止)。取上述产物进行Real-time PCR扩增(95 ℃预变性30 s;PCR反应:95 ℃ 5 s,60 ℃ 30 s,40 个循环;溶解步骤),以GAPDH为内参基因。GAPDH:上游5’-G C C T T C C G T G T T C C T A C C-3’,下游5’-CTTCACCACCTTCTTGATGTC-3’;HMG-CoA-R:上游5’-CCAATGGCAACAACGGAAGG-3’,下游5’-GAATCACAAGCACGAGGAAGAC-3’;ABCA1:上游5’-CAGAAGTTGGATGGATTAGATTGG-3’,下游5’-T T G C C T G G T T G G T C T C A T T G-3’;ABCG5:上游5’-GTTCCAAGACTGCTTCTC-3’,下游5’- ATGACTGCCTCTACCTTC-3’;ABCG8:上游5’-TTGGACAACCTGTGGATAG-3’,下游5’-ATAGAGTGGATGCGAGTTC-3’;MTP:上游5’-GCCACATCTGTCACTACCTAC-3’,下游5’-CACCTGCCACTTGCTTCC-3’;NPC1L1:上游5’-CCAACAGGAACAAGAACAAG-3’,下游5’-GACAAGGCTATCACAACTATG-3’。

1.4 数据处理与分析

实验数据之间比较采用t检验,P<0.05具有统计学意义。

2 结果与分析

2.1 黑米对小鼠血脂水平的影响

图1 小鼠血清中TC、TG、HDL-C含量的变化
Fig.1 Changes in serum TC, TG and HDL-C in mice fed with control diet and three experimental diets

*. 与高脂对照组相比,差异显著(P<0.05);**. 与高脂对照组相比,差异极显著(P<0.01)。下同。

由图1可知,经过8 周喂养,与高脂对照组和白米组相比,黑米低、高剂量组小鼠血清中的TC、TG含量有降低趋势(P>0.05);与高脂对照组相比,黑米低剂量组HDL-C含量显著升高(P<0.05),黑米高剂量组HDL-C含量极显著升高(P<0.01)。

黑米富含花色苷,近年来的研究发现,富含花色苷的食物或者食物提取物对于血脂异常有明显的改善作用,花色苷对血脂的调节作用主要表现在降低TC、TG水平,提高HDL-C水平方面 [9]。Xia Min [10]和Ling Wenhua [6-7]等研究发现黑米或黑米皮可以升高载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠和兔子HDL-C水平,从而抑制动脉粥样硬化的发生。本实验中黑米低、高剂量组小鼠体内HDL-C含量明显升高(P<0.05),这与上述文献[6-7,10]的研究结果一致。

2.2 黑米对小鼠肝脏胆固醇含量的影响

图2 小鼠肝脏中胆固醇含量的变化
Fig.2 Changes in hepatic cholesterol levels in mice fed with control diet and three experimental diets

由图2可知,与高脂对照组相比,白米组小鼠肝脏中胆固醇含量没有显著变化,黑米低剂量组小鼠肝脏中胆固醇含量显著降低(P<0.05),黑米高剂量组极显著降低(P<0.01)。

2.3 黑米对小鼠小肠中HMG-CoA-R、NPC1L1、ABCG5/8、ABCA1、MTP mRNA表达的影响

图3 黑米对高脂小鼠小肠HHMMGG-CCooAA-R、NPPCC11LL11、AABBCCAA11、AABBCCGG55/8和MMTTPP mRNA表达水平的影响
Fig.3 Effect of three experimental diets added with white rice or black rice at various dosages on mRNA levels of HMG-CoA-R, NPC1L1,ABCA1, ABCG5/8 and MTP in mice fed with a high fat and high cholesterol diet

三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1(ATP-binding cassette transporter A1,ABCA1)作为介导细胞胆固醇流出的关键转运体,具有介导细胞内脂质流出,维持细胞脂质稳态的功能,对防止动脉粥样硬化形成具有重要意义 [11-12]。ABCA1的功能是将细胞内的胆固醇转运到细胞外,再经HDL运送至肝脏代谢形成胆汁酸,从而完成胆固醇代谢。ABCA1途径在胆固醇流出中有重要地位,研究显示,过表达ABCA1可以明显抑制动脉粥样硬化病变的进程 [13]。ABCG5/8(ATP binding cassette transporter subfamily G members 5/8)能够限制胆固醇在小肠中的吸收,同时把胆固醇排向肠腔。最近的研究表明,ABCG8基因多态性与胆固醇吸收有关,影响胆固醇内稳态 [14]。Yu Liqing等 [15]研究表明,胆固醇饮食可诱导肠内ABCG5和ABCG8的表达。Real-time PCR结果显示,与高脂对照组相比,给予黑米膳食可极显著上调小鼠小肠内ABCA1、ABCG5/8 mRNA的表达(P<0.01);NPC1L1(Niemann-pick C1-like 1)蛋白在哺乳动物小肠中大量表达 [16],主要介导小肠从饮食和胆汁中吸收游离的胆固醇进入肠黏膜 [17-18]。Altmann等 [16]研究发现NPC1L1基因敲除小鼠肠胆固醇吸收水平下降72%。本实验结果显示,与高脂对照组相比,黑米低、高剂量组NPC1L1 mRNA表达水平均显著或极显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),表明小肠中游离胆固醇的吸收极有可能减少;小肠和肝脏是体内胆固醇内源合成的主要器官,细胞通过HMG-CoA还原酶(HMG-CoA-R)催化合成胆固醇,这是胆固醇合成的限速步骤 [19-20],体内研究表明,胆固醇能够在转录水平上调节HMG-CoA-R,不同动物的调节方式可能不同,大鼠主要在翻译水平调节,而仓鼠和小鼠则表现在转录水平上 [21-22],PCR结果显示,与高脂对照组相比,小肠HMG-CoA-R mRNA表达有下降趋势(P>0.05);微粒体甘油三酯转运蛋白(microsomal triglycerol transfer protein,MTP)主要参与新合成的载脂蛋白脂化形成新的脂蛋白颗粒 [23],并将合成的脂蛋白转运到细胞外 [24]。结果显示,与高脂对照组相比,MTP mRNA表达有下降趋势(P>0.05)。

3 结 论

胆固醇代谢平衡主要包括以下三方面:胆固醇(食物或胆汁中)的吸收,内源胆固醇的从头合成以及胆固醇的转化和外排 [25]。胆固醇的吸收主要发生在小肠内,肠道中吸收的胆固醇主要来自于食物、胆汁等,经过小肠的胆固醇约有50%被吸收。本实验结果表明:与高脂对照组相比,给予黑米膳食后小鼠体内NPC1L1 mRNA表达水平显著或极显著降低,ABCA1和ABCG5/8 mRNA表达水平极显著升高,故黑米对高脂膳食饲喂致高胆固醇小鼠胆固醇代谢平衡的调节,可能是通过增加小肠中胆固醇的排泄并抑制其吸收实现的。

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Black Rice Reduces Cholesterol Level by Upregulating ABCG5/8 and ABCA1 mRNA Expression in Intestines

MA Na 1,2, SHEN Tingting 2, ZHAO Jiang 1, WANG Jianan 3, ZHANG Zesheng 1, WANG Hao 1,*
(1. School of Food Engineering and Biological Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; 2. College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; 3. Binhai College, Nankai University, Tianjin 300270, China)

Abstract:The influence of black rice on serum lipid (TC, TG, HDL-C) levels and the expression of intestinal cholesterol metabolism-related genes (HMG-CoA-R, MTP, ABCG5/8, ABCA1 and NPC1L1) induced by high fat and high cholesterol diet (HFHC) was investigated in mice. Male mice (n = 48) were divided into four groups. They were fed a HFHC diet alone (C group, n = 12), or supplemented with 52.6 g/100 g corn starch or with white rice (C+W group, n = 12),26.3 g/100 g black rice (C+BL group, n = 12) or 52.6 g/100 g black rice (C+BH group, n = 12). After administration for 8 weeks, blood samples were collected for lipid measurements and viscera were removed at the end of the protocol. Serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were assayed by commercial kits. Gas chromatography (GC) was used to determine cholesterol content in hepatic cells. The mRNA expression levels of intestinal HMG-CoA-R, MTP, ABCG5/8, ABCA1 and NPC1L1 were detected by real-time PCR. The contents of serum TC,TG and HDL-C in the experimental groups were similar with those of the control group. However, HDL-C in the black rice groups was significantly elevated when compared with that of the control group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Hepatic cholesterol content were significantly decreased in the C + BL(P < 0.05)and C + BH(P < 0.01)groups when compared with that of the C group. The mRNA expression levels of ABCG5/8 and ABCA1 in intestines were up-regulated by dietary back rice(P < 0.01) when compared with those of the C group. The expression level of NPC1L1 mRNA was downregulated in the C + BL (P < 0.05) and C + BH (P < 0.01) groups. The increase of cholesterol excretion and the inhibition of cholesterol absorption in intestines may explain the mechanisms underlying the hypolipidemic effect of black rice.

Key words:black rice; mice; ABCG5/8; ABCA1; NPC1L1

中图分类号:TS201.4

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1002-6630(2015)09-0136-05

doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201509025

收稿日期:2014-06-11

基金项目:国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(31201322);“十二五”国家科技支撑计划项目(2012BAD33B05);天津市高等学校科技发展基金计划项目(20100609);天津科技大学大学生实验室创新基金项目(1314A216)

作者简介:马娜(1990—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向为食品营养学。E-mail:nana1191086372@163.com

*通信作者:王浩(1979—),男,副教授,博士,研究方向为食品营养与健康。E-mail:wanghao@tust.edu.cn