药食同源植物牛大力的研究进展

赵震宇，刘平怀*，马莎莎，王盛林，李 昂，刘积光，王 孟

（海南大学材料与化工学院，海南大学热带作物种质资源保护与开发利用教育部重点实验室，海南 海口 570228）

摘 要：牛大力（Millettia speciosa）为豆科美丽崖豆藤属植物，作为一种药食同源植物在中国南方广泛种植。牛大力具有抗菌、抗氧化作用，同时，临床实验表明牛大力还具有缓解腰肌劳损、风湿性关节炎、肺结核、慢性支气管炎、慢性肝炎、遗精、白带异常、肾炎等一系列慢性疾病的疗效。牛大力中的标志性成分是高丽怀素和芒柄花素。目前，已有超过50 种包括生物碱、黄酮类化合物、苯丙素类化合物、挥发油成分、甾醇类等化合物从牛大力中分离出。近几年对于牛大力的毒理性研究比较少。因此本文对牛大力的传统功效、植物学特点、化学成分、营养成分、药理活性和毒理性进行较为全面的阐述，以期为牛大力的进一步研究提供理论依据。

关键词：牛大力；植物学特征；药理活性；营养成分；毒理学；化学成分

Millettia speciosa Champ. is widely distributed in Fujian, Taiwan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hubei, Hunan, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Hainan province, China, and about 200 species of Millettia are distributed in ubtropical and tropical Africa, Asia and Australia, and many plants of the species are used as medicinal drugs, insecticide, or for stupefying fish in China[1]. It grows in the deep mountains and forests, and gives off a rare fragrance. Millettia speciosa is often used in persons who have def i ciency of kidney energy, rheumatism or who are frequent coughing and have chronic bronchitis. Furthermore, Millettia speciosa is a kind of commonly used Chinese herbal medicine and traditional food, which is why the Southern Chinese often use it with Rhizoma smilacis Glabrae and Phaseolus calcaratus to cook porridge and soup.

According to Lingnan caiyaolu (a famous Chinese traditional medicine monograph during the Republic of China) and South Medicine Development and Utilization, the indications of Millettia speciosa are moistening lung, tonifying body, stimulating the circulation of the blood and causing the muscles and joints to relax, reliving lumbar muscle degeneration, rheumatic arthritis, lung heat, lung deficiency, cough, tuberculosis, chronic bronchitis, chronic hepatitis, spermatorrhea, and leukorrhea.

On the basis of The Compilation of Chinese Herb al Medicine, Millettia speciosa’s drug properties: its root shape is cylindrical or like a string of several spindles with light yellow or ochre and tiny odor, slightly sweet in taste. It feels a bit rough around edges and has ring-like grains. The commodities are usually cut into piece, the long is about 4-9 cm, the wide is about 2-3 cm, the thickness is about 0.5-1.0 cm. The transection is nearly white. The inner layer is an inconspicuous brown ring-like grain. The middle section is nearly white and slightly loose and the quality shows powdery. The old root is similar to the wood, tenacious, the tender root is very brittle and easily broken. The one with white color, big piece, sweat tasting and in powder form is the best.

1 Traditional uses

The main chemical components of Millettia speciosa contain alkaloids, coumarins, saccharides, etc., and these chemical components mutually contribute to the significant effects on hepatoprotection, preventing cough, anti-asthma, enhancing immunity and so on[2]. Its edible history can trace back to the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty, and its property of medicine is fi rstly recorded in Shengcao Yaoxing Beiyao (a famous Chinese traditional medicine monograph during the Qing Dynasty) and Luchuan B encao (a fa mous Chinese traditional medicine monograph during the Qing Dynasty) also recorded: it has the sig nificant function o n removing heat from the lung to relieve cough, resolving toxin with clearing coolness, treating hemoptysis, dysentery and dizziness. As described in these monographs, the taste of Millettia speciosa is sweet and texture is tenacious. In addition, it possesses extensive pharmacological activities such as antipyresis, antioxidant, sedate, and antituberculosis functions. Besides, in folk, many people immerse it in the liquor and drink the liquor to enhance immunity and protect liver. Meanwhile, the women of Li nationality, living in Hainan province, always put Millettia speciosa, Artemsia Indica, motherwort, ginger and Cinnamomum burmanii Bl. together to decoct. The pregnant women use this kind of method to prevent postpartum diseases. Furthermore, Millettia speciosa was stated in some other books like Linnan Caiyaolu and South Medicine Development and Utilization. According to these book, it appropriately decocted with lean mean, could help to enrich the blood, nourish liver and spleen. Moreover, when puerperae bear babies, they usually eat Millettia speciosa mingled with rice, thus, could nourish blood, strengthen the body and remove toxin[3].

In the early 1970s, Millettia speciosa had been used as the main raw material in many Chinese patent medicines to treat nephropathy. People now have growing awareness of Millettia speciosa with the development of traditional Chinese medicines and functional foods because of its richsource of fl avonoids, isof l avonoids and starch[1], at the same time, it has been used in some health care liquors, health teas and functional beverages. The traditional uses of Millettia speciosa were listed in Table 1.

Table1 Traditional medicinal applications of Millettia speciioossaa in China

2 Botany

Fig.1 Different parts of Millettia speciosa

Millettia speciosa (Fig. 1) is erect or curled subshrubs approximately 1-2 m in height. The roots of this plant grow down firmly in the soil, approximately 1 cm in l ength. Young branches are angular with sparse white pubescence. The leaves alternate are triangular and trifoliolate with two stipules and sparse pubescence, approximately 1 cm in length. The petioles are 2-3 cm with pubescence. The leaflets are oblong to ovate-lanceolate with lengths of 4-9 cm and widths of 2-3 cm, the top of leaflets is blunt or acute sometimes, meanwhile, the leaflets are entire and the back margin of the base are densely covered with pubescence, above which short sparse pubescence covers, below which long dense pubescence covers. It has two stipels, and the stipels are linear. The flowers are bisexual, hypogynous and axillary with short dense raceme, and have ten stamens, single one pistil and yellow, round anthers. The lengths of fl ower stalks are 1.0-1.5 cm. The buds separate into two. The calyxes are lanceolate and separate into five and the bottom one is the longest. The corollas are pink and slightly longer than calyxes. The vexilla are round, and have vertical purple veins outside, the bases of vexilla are white. The bases of alae are also white, and the leading bases are purple. The number of carinas is two, which bases are light white, the stamens and pistils are wrapped in the leading carinas. The lengths of pods are 8-9 mm and the diameters of them are 5 mm[4].

This plant is native to South and Southeast Asia, including China, Indonesia, Japan, Thailand, etc.. And it is widely cultivated in many south provinces of China, including Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Guizhou, Taiwan province, etc.. Its fruit is harvested in October, and the seeds are collected and dried under the sun. The fl owering period is from August to September.

3 Cultivation

Millettia speciosa has been grown for thousands of years. The increasing number of studies that have found high edible and medicine value in this plant and the cultivation of this plant has been also increasingly attracted attention.

Many studies were committed to fi nd the optimal way to increase the yield of Millettia speciosa. Huang Qiuyin et al.[5]had found that the best eff i ciency on Millettia speciosa seeds germination was soaking with clean water and culturing in sands. Meanwhile, Huang Bilian et al.[6]signified that the optimum rooting medium was 0.5% murashige and skoog (MS) + indole-3-butytric acid (IBA) 0.5 mg/L + indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) 0.5 mg/L.

In addition, Huang Bilian et al.[6]showed that the optimum disinfection treatment time of 1 g/L HgCl2for seed and stem was 10 and 15 min respectively. The best hormonecombination for callus and adventitious buds induction was 1.5 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) + 0.5 mg/L 1-naphthlcetic acid (NAA) + 0.3 mg/L IBA , the highest callus induction rate of seeds and adventitious buds of stem with a bud was 95.8% and 45.8%, respectively. The best medium for differentiation of adventitious bud was 2.0 mg/L 6-BA + 0.5 mg/L NAA , the differentiation rate was 58.3%. The best rooting medium was 0.5% MS + 1.5 mg/L NAA + 1.0 mg/L IBA; the rooting rate was 70.8%. The best matrix was mixture of equivalent volume of loess, peat and river sand, the survival rate of 90 d after transplantation reached 73.3%[7]. Furthermore, Wei Yuyan et al.[2]also indicated that Millettia Speciosa could be mass produced by the way of tissue culture and the best cultivation nutrient medium was 0.5% MS + 0.5 mg/L IBA + 0.5 mg/L IAA.

Moreover, according to Yao Shaochang et al.[8], the mean length and width of seeds were 1 042.24 and 925.34 mm, respectively. Length to width ratio is 1.13, per thousand seeds mass was 45.00 g and content of moisture was 2.51%. Seeds under soaking time for 24 h gained the highest germination rate when other conditions were the same. Germination rate under illumination was signif i cantly higher than those under dark. With the increasing of temperature, the germination rate raised firstly and then fell, and 25-30 ℃ was optimum. Different beds had inf l uence on germination tare, while top of paper obtained the highest rate and index, the maximum numbers of initial germination and the shortest germination days. Top of paper, soaking time for 24 h, 25 ℃, illumination were the optimum condition for seed germination of Millettia speciosa[8].

4 Chemical components

At present, more than 50 compounds have been isolated and identified from Millettia speciosa in China, Japan and other countries[9]. Many kinds of flavonoids are included in the root of this plant, for example, flemiphilippinin C, flemiphilippinin D, 5,7,3’,4-tetrahydroxy-6,8-diprenylisoflavone, lupeol, β-sitosterol. Meanwhile, some compounds are isolated and identif i ed from the stem and the leaves of this plant[10](Table 2 and Fig. 2-8). In this section, the structures of the main compounds of Millettia speciosa, the methods for isolation of the fractions and the main biological properties are described.

4.1 Alkaloids

Alkaloids are one of the effective physiological activity components in many medicine herbs[11-12], and they are now accepted that there are integral interaction between plants and their environments and that species-specific alkaloids[13-14]. The alkaloids are isolated from Millettia speciosa include N-methylcytisine, sanguinarine, erythroidine[15-17](Fig. 2).

Fig.2 Chemical structures of alkaloids in Millettia speciosa[15-17]

4.2 Flavonoids

Flavonids are a kind of secondary metabolites of plants, which are widely distributed in almot all plants owing to huge diversity in the category and configuration. Flavonids, with unique chemical structures, are bearing many important physiological and biochemical effects on mammals and other types of cells[16]. Adequate intakes of fl avonoids are reported to be associated with reduced risks of cancer, tumor, cardiovascular disease, lipid peroxidation and osteoporosis[17-18], some effects such as their anti-oxidative and radical scavenging capacities are broadly discussed in literature[19-20]. The predominant fl avonids include shionone, bisdemethoxycurumin, nardosinone, isoliquiritigenin, maackiain, perocarpine, medicarpin, homopterocarpin, stigmasterol 3-O-β-D-glucoside, formononetin, millettiaspecoside D, khaephuoside B, seguinoside K, albibrissinoside B, millettiasaponin A, millettiasaponin B, ψ-baptigenin[15,20](Fig. 3).

Table2 Chemical compounds isolated from Millettia speciosa

Fig.3 Chemical structures of fl avonoids in Millettia speciosa[15,20]

4.3 Coumarins and ligins

Coumarins have been found to have many biological activities, such as anti-HIV, anti-tumor, anti-hypertension, anti-arrhythmia, anti-osteoporosis, assuaging pain, anti-asthma and anti-sepsis[21]. The coumarins and ligins are isolated from Millettia speciosa include psoralen, syringaresinol[15](Fig. 4).

Fig.4 Chemical structures of coumarins and ligins in Millettia speciosa[15]

4.4 Triterpenes and steroids

Steroids have the effects of lowering serum cholesterol, confronting human carcinoma cells and inf l ammation etc.[22]. The triterpenes and steroids are isolated from Millettia speciosa include 7-carbonyl-β-sitosterol, 7β-hydroxylathyrol, stigmasterol, β-daucosterol, dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol, phytol, lupeolcaffeate, aurantiamide acetate, phytadiene, syringin, pedunculoside[19,23](Fig. 5).

Fig.5 Chemical structures of triterpenes and steroids in Millettia speciosa[19,23]

4.5 Organic acids

To date, limited studies have been carried out to investigate the organic acids in Millettia speciosa. In few reports, the organic acids of root, vine and leaf of Millettia speciosa were isolated, and the constituents were analyzed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS)[24]computer. Eight organic acids were identif i ed: maleic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, glycyrrhizic acid, pyracrenic acid, gentisic acid, linoleic acid, rotundicacid, docosanoic acid, hexacosanoic acid[15,25-26](Fig. 6).

Fig.6 Chemical structures of organic acids in Millettia speciosa[15,25-26]

4.6 Rotenoids

Retenoids from derris have been an important sioflavonoid with insecticidal activity. Their biological activity is generally attributable to inhibition of reduced nicotinamide adenine nucleotides. In addition, they also have great effect on anti-tumor function. Two new rotenoids, millettiaosas A and millettiaosas B, were found in the root of Millettia speciosa[24,27](Fig. 7).

Fig.7 Chemical structures of rotenoids in Millettia speciosa[24,27]

4.7 Other compounds

In addition to these compounds mentioned above, one stilbenes named (E)-3,3′-dime-thoxy-4,4′-dihydroxystibene is isolated from the root of Millettia speciosa[25]. Wang Chunhua et al.[25]also isolated two compounds from the root of this palnts, aurantiamide acetate, schisandrol B. Wang Chunhua[25]and Chen Chen[28]et al. isolated nine compounds from the vine and leaf of the plant, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, ethyl linolenate, ethyl palmitate, methyl linolenate, ethyl linoleate, tetracosane, octadecane, butein, β-sitosterol acetate (Fig. 8).

Fig.8 Chemical structures of other compounds in Millettia speciosa[25,28]

5 Nutrient components

The root of Millettia speciosa was chosen as research material to analyze the content of water, ash, fiber, carbohydrates, protein, vitamin, grease, amino acid and the mineral elements. The contents of ash and water are measured according to Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China (PRC). The content of carbohydrates is measured with the method of anthrone and that of protein biuret method. The measurement of the content of fi ber and VC and the extraction of VA and VE are followed by related the State Standard of the PRC[26]. The content of tryptophane is also measured according to PRC using ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometer. The contents of VA, VE, VB2, VB3, VB6, VB12are measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the contents of the mineral elements are measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MES)[29].

In this section, the contents of the main nutrient compounds of Millettia speciosa are described. Meanwhile, the comparison of nutrient compounds between Millettia speciosa and other common foods are also described.

5.1 Nutrient composition compound

The main nutrient compositions in the root of Millettia speciosa are water, ash, fi ber, carbohydrates, protein, vitamin, grease, amino acid and the mineral elements (Table 3), they all play an irreplaceable role in human body. Millettia speciosa contains various nutrients and diet fiber, it is easy to be digested and absorbed[30]. Chen Chen et al.[28]showed that the content of water, ash, fiber, carbohydrates, protein, vitamin, grease, common amino acid in human bodies and the essential mineral elements were about 9%, 4%, 31%, 25%, 5%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 3.29% and 2%[31].

Table3 Nutritional composition in the roots of Millettia speciosa

5.2 Comparison of nutrient components

According to Table 4, the contents of magnesium, iron in the root of Millettia speciosa are higher than rice, wheatmeal, millet and cornmeal’s contents, the content of calcium is higher than cow’s milk and egg[32].

Table4 Mineral element contents in the roots of Millettia speciosa and other foods like rice and milk
mg/kg

To ascertain difference of nutrition and medicinal quality of Radix Millettia speciosa collected from Hainan and Guangxi provinces in China, the conventional nutritional methods were applied to determine carbohydrates, starch, fi ber, protein, amino acid, dietary fi ber, fat, ash, VB2and VC, and the content of maakiain was determined by HPLC. The conclusion showed that the nutrition and medicinal qualities of Radix Millettia speciosa were different between Hainan and Guangxi provinces[33](Table 5).

Table5 Proximate nutrient contents in Radix Millettia speciosafrom Hainan and Guangxi province s

In recent studies, Millettia speciosa was used as fodder, Wang Jinhua et al.[34]showed that Millettia speciosa had some great nutritional value. The result of breeding experiment showed that this plant could significantly improve growth rate, live weight, slaughter weight, half-eviscerated weight, eviscerated weight, carcass weight, breast muscle weight, leg muscle weight, pH of breast muscle and leg muscle. Millettia speciosa could significantly decrease drip loss of leg muscle and breast muscle, while had no signif i cant effect on crude fat, ash content, wing weight, slaughter rate and water content. The result indicated that Millettia speciosa could improve growth rate in the experiment period, improve slaughter performance and perfect meat traits of guinea fowl to some extent[34-40].

6 Pharmacology

Modern experiments indicate that Millettia speciosa is reported to possess anti-inflammation, liver protection, antithrombotic, antitumer, and immunity enhancement, etc. activities[36](Table 6).

Table6 Pharmacological effects of Millettia speciosa

6.1 Effects on immunity enhancement

Millettia speciosa has immune regulating and stimulating properties that have been found to restore good health, especially during winter[37].

Models of immunosuppressed mice were established by treating with cyclophosphamide and tumor-bearing. Different doses of Millettia speciosa were orally administered to the mice, tetrazolium (MTT) method was used to observe the proliferation of lymphocytes and the function of macrophages in abdominal activity. The results showed that this plant enhanced the function of macrophages, increased the amount of plaque forming cells, and promoted the proliferation of lymphocytes[38].

Special pathogen free Kunming mice were used as the experimental animal. Effects of root of Millettia speciosa (RMS) in high, middle and low dose (20, 10, 5 g/(kg·d) ) on spleen index, thymus index, and carbon clearance index as well as on serum hemolysin level and dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) induced delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) in normal mice were observed. Meanwhile, effects of RMS in high middle and low dose on spleen index, thymus index and carbon clearance index were also observed in prednisone acetate induced immunodepressive mice[39].

Wei Cuiping et al.[40]indicated that Millettia speciosa increased spleen index, thymus index and enhanced carbon clearance index in normal mice, and inhibited DNCB induced DTH in the model mice to various degrees, but the difference was insignif i cant. Millettia speciosa signif i cantly enhanced serum hemolysin level in the model mice, and increased spleen index, thymus index and carbon clearance index in immunodepressive mice. Furhtermore, Millettia speciosa can improve the immune function in normal and immunodepressive mice to various degrees.

6.2 Anti-fatigue effects

The anti-ftatigue effect of polysaccharides from Millettia speciosa was studied by models of mice poleclimbing and loaded swimming. The pole-climbing time, loaded swimming time, the values of blood lactic acid, blood lactate dehydrogenase-L, and blood urea nitrogen were determined. The results indicated that this plant could signif i cantly prolong the pole-climbing and loaded swimming time of mice, reduce the levels of blood lactic acid and blood urea nitrogen and improve the content of blood lactate dehydrogenase-L. Luo Xuan et al.[41]showed that Millettia speciosa had an excellent anti-fatigue effect and 425 g/(kg·d) might be the limit of gavage after considering the absorption effects of mice.

Huang Xin et al.[42]established 7 Millettia speciosa dose groups with low (5 g/(kg·d)), medium (10 g/(kg·d)), high (20 g/(kg·d)) and negative control group by the special pathogen free (SPF) male mice, and showed that Millettia speciosa could significantly prolonged the survival time in weight loading swimming test, hypoxia tolerance test, low temperature resistance test and high temperature resistance test. As the dose increased, the mice survival time was prolonged. Therefore, the Millettia speciosa had the effects of anti-fatigue and anti-stress.

6.3 Effects on liver protection

Zhou Tiannong et al.[43]indicated that Millettia speciosa could decrease the aspertate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) activities in serum, malonaldehyde (MDA) content in liver homogenate and the liver index, and increase the thymus gland index. Thus, Millettia speciosa had protective action on acute liver injury in mice.

6.4 Expectorant, antitussive and antiasthmatic effects

Soby et al.[44]found that Millettia speciosa increased the excretion of phenol red from mice trachea, promoted the movement of prepared Chinese ink in the pigeon trachea and decreased the frequency of mice cough induced by ammonia and guinea pigs cough induced by acetylcholine solution. This plant showed certain expectorant, antitussive, and antiashmatic effects[49].

6.5 Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic effects

Polysaccharide of Millettia speciosa effectively inhibitedthe growth of HeLa cell and signif i cantly suppressed xylene induced mouse ear edema, markedly promoted serum hemolysin production and increased immune organs index. In addition, Millettia speciosa can effectively suppress the cervical carcinoma cells in vitro. The polysaccharide of this plant has activities on anti-inflammatory and can improve immunefunction. It can effectively scavenge free radical and antioxidant, either. The polysaccharide of Millettia speciosa was worthy of being further exploited and utilized, it was a kind of natural product with many kinds of pharmacological activities and good health care function[45].

Antioxidant activity in vitro of different extractions from Millettia speciosa were studied by testing the scavenging effects of ·OH, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical and lipid peroxidation. Water extraction, ethanol precipitation and crude polysaccharide could effectively remove ·OH, DPPH free radical, lipid peroxidation[46].

6.6 Effects on protecting DNA

There were 40 mice divided into negative control group, radiation model group, Millettia speciosa group with low (5 g/(kg·d)), middle (10 g/(kg·d)) or high (20 g/(kg·d)) doses. In order to establish the radiation model in mice and the negative control group, the other mice were irradiated with 5 Gy60Co γ-rays[47]. Millettia speciosa group mice were given with Millettia speciosa for 4 d before irradiation and then continuously administered with Millettia speciosa for 10 d after irradiation, negative control group and radiation model group were given with normal saline by gavage, once a day. After the last dose 24 h, mice DNA damage of liver, kidney, lung, testicular, spleen cells was detected by comet assay. Compared with radiation model mice group, tail DNA a nd tail moment of liver, kidney, lung, testicular, spleen cells in Millettia speciosa group had signif i cantly lower, and with the concentration of Millettia speciosa increasing, tail DNA and tail moment gradually reduced, its effects were dose-dependent. In conclusion, Millettia speciosa had protection on mice DNA damage induced by60Co γ-rays[48-50]. 6.7 Effects on protection of hemopoietic system

Forty mice were divided into negative control group, radiation model group, Millettia speciosa group with low (5 g/(kg·d)), middle (10 g/(kg·d)) or high (20 g/(kg·d)) doses. Except in the negative control group, the other mice were irradiated with 5 Gy60Co γ-rays. Millettia speciosa group mice were given with Millettia speciosa for four days before irradiation and then ten days after irradiation, and negative control group and radiation model group were given with normal saline by gavage once a day. After 24 h of the last dose, the number of the red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBS), platelets (PLT) , lymphocytes (Lymph) and the spleen index and thymus index were detected. DNA damage of bone marrow cells and spleen cells were detected by comet assay[51,2]. Compared with the negative control group, the number of RBC, WBC, PLT, Lymph, spleen index and thymus index of the mice in the radiation model group and Millettia speciosa groups signif i cantly reduced, and tail DNA rate and tail moment of bone marrow cells and spleen cells signif i cantly increased. However compared with the radiation model group, the number of RBC, WBC, PLT, Lymph, spleen index and thymus index of the mice in Millettia speciosa groups significantly increased, and tail DNA rate and tail moment of bone marrow cells and spleen cells signif i cantly reduced in dose -dependent manner[52]. Millettia speciosa has protective effect on mice hematopoietic system damage induced by60Co γ-rays, but cannot completely antagonize[7].

7 Toxicology

For thousands of years, Millettia speciosa was commonly considered to be a kind of safe traditional medicine. Up to now, the researches on Millettia speciosa mainly focuses on the analyses of chemical components and pharmacology, while few are reported about the relation in toxicology[50]. In this section, the methods are made to research the toxicology of this plant is described.

7.1 Mouse bioassay toxicity

The reference for security of drug usage in clinical practice is offered by observing whether Millettia speciosa has chronic toxicity to rats[52-53].

Rats were continuously administrated with this plant for 13 weeks at doses of 6.3, 12.5, 25.0 g/(kg·d) (respectively 12.5, 25.0, 50.0 times of clinical daily dose). During the treatment and within 14 d of stopping administration, the growth condition were observed, the organ coefficients, indexes of hematology and biochemistry in rats were measured, the pathological examination were carried out[54]. Yang Jie et al.[55]indicated that during the treatment and within 14 d of stopping administration, compared with normal saline (NS) group, Millettia speciosa reduced crea in blood, the difference is significant. But the content of crea was in the correct rang, the outer appearance and behavior, weight, organ coeff i cients, indexes of hematology and other indexes of biochemistry in rats has no signif i cant difference compared with NS group. The pathological examinationdidn’t discovery signif i cant change. Through a series of longterm toxicity on rats, the safety dose of Millettia speciosa for rates is 25.0 g/(kg·d)[55].

7.2 Heavy metal elements

The poisonous heavy metals like lead, arsenic, mercury, cadmium, tin etc. could pollute the Millettia speciosa through all kinds of paths, and enter the human body along the food chain, and do harm to human body[29-30]. Therefore, the determination of heavy metal content is quite essential. The content of heavy metal elements are compared with PRC to determine whether they are exceeded (Table 7).

Table7 Contents of heavy metal elements in the roots of Millettia speciosa mg/kg

According to Li Yi et al.[31], the contents of calcium, magnesium, selenium, zinc and manganum were abundant, and the contents of carbohydrates and fiber proved to be high and those of heavy metal elements did not exceed the standard[28,32].

8 Discussions and Conclusions

Up to now, Millettia speciosa has been the subject of increasing interest in recent years, and many traditional uses of this plant have been validated by pharmacological studies. Furthermore, previous animal investigations, nutrition ingredient analysis and in vitro studies with plant preparations have revealed that Millettia speciosa possesses significant nutritional value, and there is no evidence of virulence observed in mouse bioassay toxicity, at the same time, the heavy metal elements in Millettia speciosa are lower than national standards. Despite continued progress on various aspects of this plant, the development and discovery of a new functional food or even allopathic phytomedicine from this plant will require more detailed preliminary studies in both the preclinical and clinical venues. Meanwhile, currently, Chinese medicine healthcare products have an extremely huge market space for development. Chinese medicine healthcare industry bases on raw materials that consists of Chinese herbal medicine is very dynamic and it will conduct explosive growth and will become a new economic growth point[56-59].

Nevertheless, most Millettia speciosa people ate is still in wild and lacks regulation. It can not be acquainted entirely on the aspects of botany, biology and genetic property. Wild Millettia speciosa reproduces by seeds, there are some problems about slow seed germination, low germination rate, slow growing, and low reproductive rate[60-63]. In these circumstances, wild Millettia speciosa can not satisfy people’s requirement.

In addition, due to the complex composition of agents used in herbal medicine and functional food, the researches of nutrient components, toxicology and medicinal mechanism are still reported little and the criterion of quality is also to be worked out. Meanwhile, there are very few studies to date on the parts of Millettia speciosa than its roots. Consequently, to ensure full utilization of the possible medicinal potential of this plant, it is necessary to investigate the chemical constituents, nutrient components, medicinal mechanism and pharmacological effects of its leaves, fruits, stems and other parts of Millettia speciosa.

In this paper, the traditional uses, botany, cultivation, chemical components, nutrient components, pharmacology, and toxicology of Millettia speciosa have been systematically reviewed and provided comprehensive information as well as some parts of methods on this plant. Hoping this paper could serve a number of purposes: fi rst, encouraging more scholars have further study on this plant, and discovery more values on the basis of current research; second, set criterion of this plant to standardize production and rational use on this resource; third, emphasize the importance of Millettia speciosa and provide some directions for the future development and utilization of this plant.

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DOI：10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201709046

中图分类号：S59

文献标志码：A

文章编号：1002-6630（2017）09-0293-14

收稿日期：2016-05-05

基金项目：国家科技型中小企业技术创新基金项目（13C26244604892）；海南省产学研一体化项目（CXY20150034）；海南省中药现代化科技专项（ZY201327）；“十二五”国家科技支撑计划项目（2011BAD14B01）

作者简介：赵震宇（1993—），男，硕士研究生，研究方向为药食同源植物、微藻及其代谢产物的研究开发。E-mail：zhenyuzhao@hainu.edu.cn

*通信作者：刘平怀（1967—），男，教授，硕士，研究方向为药食同源植物、微藻及其代谢产物的研究开发。E-mail：pinghuailiu@aliyun.com

引文格式：

ZHAO Zhenyu, LIU Pinghuai, MA Shasha, et al. Botanical characteristics, chemical and nutritional composition and pharmacological and toxicological effects of medicinal and edible plant Millettia speciosa Champ.[J]. 食品科学, 2017, 38(9): 293-306. DOI:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201709046. http://www.spkx.net.cn

ZHAO Zhenyu, LIU Pinghuai, MA Shasha, et al. Botanical characteristics, chemical and nutritional composition and pharmacological and toxicological effects of medicinal and edible plant Millettia speciosa Champ.[J]. Food Science, 2017, 38(9): 293-306. (in English with Chinese abstract)

DOI：10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201709046. http://www.spkx.net.cn