关键词: 区块链；食品溯源；智能合约；协同治理

Abstract: The whole-process food safety traceability system serves as a crucial legal framework that ensures food safety, in which blockchain-based food traceability technology is an important component. In the blockchain 3.0 era, blockchain food traceability is characterized by higher decentralization, better scalability and stronger interoperability, which realizes whole-process food safety traceability through information on-chain uploading, intra-chain circulation and cross-chain operation. At the legal level, regulatory gaps persist concerning issues such as the authenticity, accuracy, and completeness of on-chain information. The validity and liability of smart contracts require further clarification, and challenges arising from cross-chain operations, such as data security, legal jurisdiction and evidence admissibility, require urgent resolution. Accordingly, it is necessary to establish a legal restraint mechanism for the application of trusted execution environment and legal rules for pre-chain verification of data from digital twin technology, to give legal effect to smart contracts, improve the performance and relief rules of smart contracts, strengthen international collaborative governance cooperation, and formulate unified data format standards and exemplary jurisdiction clauses.

Key words: blockchain; food traceability; smart contract; collaborative governance