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Compositional Analysis of Black-Bone Chicken Egg Yolk Oil and Its Mechanism of Action in Alleviating Allergic Response in β-Lactoglobulin-Sensitized Mice

WANG Weimin, NI Xiaoyu, WU Xinyan, GONG Rongyi, WANG Qian, CHENG Yukun, DENG Jianjun, WANG Gongpu, YANG Haixia

FOOD SCIENCE 2026, 47 (4): 115-128. DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20250930-256

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Objective: To investigate the major components of black-bone chicken egg yolk oil (BYO) and its ability to promote the digestion of allergenic proteins and to elucidate its mechanism of action in alleviating β-lactoglobulin (β-LG)-induced allergic responses in mice. Methods: The fatty acid composition of BYO and normal Huainan partridge egg yolk oil (NYO) was analyzed using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). In vitro simulated adult and infant digestion models were employed to evaluate their effects on the hydrolysis degree of milk powder, casein, and β-LG, as well as the binding capacity to immunoglobulin E (IgE). A β-LG-sensitized BALB/c mouse model was established and four groups of mice were set up: control, model, low-dose BYO (OL, 3 g/kg), and high-dose BYO (OH, 6 g/kg). Growth performance, serum immune factors including IgG, IgE, and histamine (His), spleen and jejunum histopathology, and T helper 1 cells (Th1)/T helper 2 cells (Th2) immune balance were assessed. Results: BYO contained significantly higher levels of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (e.g., α-linolenic acid) and significantly lower levels of ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (e.g., arachidonic acid) compared with NYO. In vitro digestion experiments showed that BYO significantly increased the hydrolysis of allergenic proteins and significantly reduced the IgE-binding capacity of their digestive products. In vivo assays showed that BYO intervention (6 g/kg) dose-dependently improved body mass loss, splenic inflammatory infiltration and jejunal barrier damage, and inhibited the increase in spleen index, allergy symptom scores, and serum IgE, IgG, and His levels in β-LG-induced mice. It also upregulated T-bet and Foxp-3 expression, promoted Ifn-γ expression, and downregulated Gata-3 and IL-4 expressions, thereby restoring the Th1/Th2 balance. Conclusion: BYO, rich in ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, alleviates β-LG-induced allergic responses through multiple mechanisms, including promoting protein digestion, regulating Th1/Th2 imbalance, suppressing inflammation, and repairing intestinal barrier function. This finding highlights its potential as a natural anti-allergic functional food.

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Neuroprotective Effect and Mechanism of VB5 and VB12 on MPP+-Induced SH-SY5Y Cellular Model of Parkinson’s Disease

CHEN Yaru, RUAN Yajie, ZHU Shaohui, ZHENG Kaiqi, WANG Jing, GUAN Qianqian, XIONG Tao

FOOD SCIENCE 2026, 47 (4): 129-138. DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20250815-119

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Objective: To analyze the protective effects of vitamin B5 and vitamin B12 on a Parkinson’s disease model of SH-SY5Y cells. Methods: SH-SY5Y cells were induced using 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) to establish the model. SH-SY5Y cells in the logarithmic growth phase were divided into five groups: a normal control group, a model group (treated with 2 mmol/L MPP+ for 24 h), a VB5 group (sequentially treated with 5 μmol/L VB5 for 4 h followed by 2 mmol/L MPP+ for 24 h), a VB12 group (sequentially treated with 10 μmol/L VB12 for 4 h followed by 2 mmol/L MPP+ for 24 h), and a VB5 + VB12 group (sequentially treated with 5 μmol/L VB5 + 50 μmol/L VB12 for 4 h followed by 2 mmol/L MPP+ for 24 h). Cell viability was assessed using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry using Annexin V-FITC/PI, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were quantified using the 2’,7’-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) fluorescent probe, mitochondrial membrane potential was evaluated with the JC-1 fluorescent probe, ATP levels were determined by the phosphomolybdate colorimetric method, and the protein and mRNA expression of Bip, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-homologous protein (CHOP), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), cytochrome c (Cyt-c), and caspase-3 were detected by Western blot and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Compared with the normal control group, cell viability was significantly reduced in the model group, apoptosis was significantly increased, mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP content were significantly decreased, and ROS levels were elevated. Additionally, the expression levels of the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and caspase-3 were significantly up-regulated, while the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was significantly down-regulated in the model group. The expression levels of the endoplasmic reticulum stress-related proteins Bip, CHOP, protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), and activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), as well as Cyt-c, were significantly increased in the model group. Compared with the model group, both the VB5 and VB12 groups partially reversed these changes, and the combined use of VB5 and VB12 showed a more pronounced effect than either treatment alone. Conclusion: VB5 and VB12 can alleviate MPP+-induced Parkinson’s disease injury in SH-SY5Y cells, and the mechanism may be related to the regulation of the Bip-PERK-eIF2α-CHOP signaling pathway and the improvement of mitochondrial dysfunction by VB5 and VB12.

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Immunomodulatory Activity of Xylan Palmitate from Suillus luteus through Lactobacillus Enrichment in the Gut

JI Hongfei, HAN Xiao, YANG Qiuning, LU Yihan, JIANG Yanjun, DONG Xiaodan, DING Wenjie, JI Haiyu

FOOD SCIENCE 2026, 47 (4): 139-150. DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20250908-060

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In this study, an ethanol-soluble polysaccharide (SLEP) from the dried fruiting bodies of Suillus luteus was prepared by sequential water extraction and ethanol precipitation, rotary evaporation of the ethanol-soluble supernatant for ethanol removal, redissolution in water, dialysis for desalination, and freeze drying. The polysaccharide was structural characterized and its regulatory effect on gut microbial metabolism in tumor-bearing mice was evaluated. The results showed that the molecular mass of SLEP was about 6.2 × 103 Da, and the molar ratio of xylose/palmitic acid/glucose was 1.00:0.03:0.28. SLEP was composed of α-(1→4)-xylopyranose and α-(1→)-glucopyranose as the main chain and branches, respectively. Palmitic acid was covalently bound by ester linkage to SLEP, forming xylan palmitate. Besides, the results of animal experiments showed that intragastric administration of a high dose (200 mg/kg) of SLEP effectively regulated the diversity of gut microbiota in tumor-bearing mice, significantly enhanced the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, activated the bacterial quorum-sensing system, enhanced the immune activity of CD4+ T cells, and inhibited solid tumor growth by 56.35%. This study provides a theoretical basis and data support for developing functional foods with ethanol-soluble polysaccharide conjugates.

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Construction of Tea Polyphenol-Based Nanocomplex and Its Antioxidant Effects on Reproductive Cells

CHEN Mei, LONG Jiaxin, HE Yuanmeng, HONG Gonghua, GUO Junling

FOOD SCIENCE 2026, 47 (3): 139-147. DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20250901-003

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In this study, (–)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) was complexed with Zn2+ ions to form EGCG-ZnII network nanocomplexes with a particle size of 50–120 nm. Compared with EGCG, the metal-phenolic network nanocomplexes exhibited significantly enhanced antioxidant capacity and maintained strong antioxidant activity across a range of temperatures and pH values. Furthermore, the nanocomplexes significantly reduced oxidative stress in both oocytes and endometrial epithelial cells. This research not only develops a food nanotechnology platform based on polyphenols but also highlights the trend toward functional and precision-oriented applications of natural bioactive food components.

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Data-independent Acquisition-based Proteomic Analysis of the Anti-diabetic Mechanism of a Carboxymethylpachymaran from Poria coco (CMP33) on Mice

CHEN Jin, GUAN Jingjing, HUANG Liufang, HUANG Lishan, ZENG Xiaomin, TAN Ziyue, XU Xiaofei

FOOD SCIENCE 2026, 47 (3): 148-160. DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20250823-168

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To investigate the anti-diabetic effect of β-(1,3)-glucan and the underlying biological mechanism, a diabetic mouse model was established by high-fat-diet (HFD) feeding combined with streptozotocin (STZ) injection. Four groups of mice were set up: a normal, model, and metformin-treated, and CMP33 (a carboxymethylpachymaran from Poria coco)-treated group. Changes in body mass, organ indices, blood glucose and lipid metabolism indicators, inflammatory indicators, and hepatic oxidative stress indicators were measured. Additionally, proteomic analysis of the liver of mice in the model and CMP33 groups was performed using data-independent acquisition (DIA). The results showed that CMP33 alleviated body mass loss, mitigated liver and pancreas damage, effectively reduced blood glucose, glucose tolerance, glycated hemoglobin, and triglyceride levels, and increased insulin levels in diabetic mice, exhibiting potent anti-diabetic effect. DIA-based proteomics identified 255 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), including 134 upregulated and 121 downregulated proteins. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that these DEPs primarily participated in biological process such as lipid metabolism regulation, nucleotide catabolism, autophagy, insulin signaling, and glucose transport and were primarily enriched in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways related to diseases (such as cancer, metabolic diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases), metabolic regulation, and signal transduction pathways, underscoring that CMP33 protected against diabetes through a multi-target and multi-pathway mechanism. Protein-protein interaction analysis highlighted that GTPase HRas, histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2D, NEDD8 ultimate buster 1, histone H2A type 1, long-chain fatty acid transport protein 1, ATP-citrate synthase, and acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase might be the key proteins responsive to CMP33. These results demonstrate the anti-diabetic effect of β-(1,3)-glucan and provide insights into the underlying biological mechanism from a proteome perspective. The findings expand our understanding of the mechanisms by which polysaccharides exert anti-diabetic effects and offer a scientific basis for the application of β-(1,3)-glucan in functional foods for diabetes management.

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Mechanism of Action of Limosilactobacillus fermentum FOSU-YHD19 in Alleviating Hyperuricemia

HUANG Jiayi, LU Yunhui, HUANG Fang, WU Weitong, WANG Langhong, XIONG Jie, HUANG Yanyan

FOOD SCIENCE 2026, 47 (3): 161-168. DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20250718-156

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Objective: To investigate the mechanism underlying the uric acid-lowering effect of Limosilactobacillus fermentum FOSU-YHD19 (L. fermentum YHD19) at the cellular level. Methods: A hyperuricemic cell model was established using HK-2 cells. The cells were treated with gradient concentrations of L. fermentum YHD19 (105–109 CFU/mL). Its cytotoxicity was assessed by the CCK-8 assay, and its inhibitory effects on the expression levels of urate transporters and the inflammatory response were detected. The uric acid-lowering effect and biosafety of the strain were systematically evaluated. Results: At all tested concentrations, L. fermentum YHD19 exhibited no significant cytotoxicity toward HK-2 cells. Also, the strain was found to inhibit the expression of urate transporter 1 and glucose transporter 9, both related to urate reabsorption, and upregulate the expression of the key urate efflux transporter, ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2), consequently maintaining uric acid homeostasis, with a more pronounced regulatory effect on uric acid metabolism observed at higher concentrations (109 CFU/mL). Furthermore, L. fermentum YHD19 significantly reduced the expression levels of inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and phosphorylated (p-p65), by blocking the activation of the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway, thereby effectively alleviating the hyperuricemia-induced inflammatory response. Conclusion: L. fermentum YHD19 demonstrates good safety and can exert its uric acid-lowering effect through multiple synergistic signaling pathways. It has potential application value in the prevention and adjuvant therapy of hyperuricemia.

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Repairing Effects of Sturgeon Liver Metallothionein on Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Damage in Caenorhabditis elegans

YANG Ruoqiu, GAO Boya, SHANG Nan, HAN Zixin, LI Yujin, DU Zhichao, WANG Jianfeng, LI Pinglan

FOOD SCIENCE 2026, 47 (3): 169-179. DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20250625-184

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Objective: To investigate the repairing effects of sturgeon liver metallothionein (MT) on ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced damage in Caenorhabditis elegans. Methods: MT was prepared from hybrid sturgeon liver through extraction with a Tris-HCl buffer solution (0.04 mol/L, pH 8.0) in a water bath at 50 ℃, followed by heat treatment at 80 ℃ and freeze-drying. The repairing effects on UV radiation-induced damage in C. elegans were explored by measuring changes in nematode lifespan, head thrashing frequency, body bending frequency, and antioxidant enzyme activities. In order to infer the underlying mechanism, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to analyze gene expression changes. Results: MT at concentrations of 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 mg/mL significantly alleviated UV-induced reduction in lifespan and locomotion, effectively increasing the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and lowering the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipofuscin. Furthermore, MT down-regulated the expression of daf-2, age-1, pdk-1, and akt-1, while up-regulating the expression of daf-16 and skn-1. Conclusion: Sturgeon liver metallothionein effectively repairs UV-induced damage in C. elegans, likely by activating the insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway, upregulating the expression levels of SOD and CAT, thereby scavenging ROS and promoting cellular repair.

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Anti-aging Effects of Lactobacillus paracasei Postbiotics in Caenorhabditis elegans

GONG Ruofei, ZHANG Yue, JI Xiwei, HE Yannan, LIU Chang, LIU Junguo, ZHANG Jinping, WANG Shijie, LU Han

FOOD SCIENCE 2026, 47 (3): 180-189. DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20250819-145

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This study investigated the anti-aging effects of postbiotics derived from Lactobacillus paracasei in Caenorhabditis elegans. Cell-free supernatants and cell lysates were obtained from Bifidobacterium bifidum subjected to gradient heat inactivation. The effects of these postbiotics on lifespan, fecundity, locomotion, lipofuscin, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, and aging-related gene expression were examined. The results demonstrated that postbiotic intervention significantly enhanced locomotor activity, extended lifespan, reduced fecundity, and decreased the accumulation of ROS and lipofuscin. Furthermore, the postbiotics elevated the mRNA expression of SOD-3, SKN-1, and age-1, alleviated oxidative stress in aged nematodes, and improved their physiological status. In summary, the postbiotics delay aging by reducing oxidative stress in nematodes and regulating the insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS) pathway, providing a theoretical basis for the development and application of postbiotics.

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Anti-aging Effect of Polysaccharides from the Stems of Two Dendrobium officinale Cultivars in Zhejiang on Caenorhabditis elegans

CHEN Chengcheng, ZHOU Wanyi, TAO Wenyang, WANG Mengzhu, XING Jianrong, XU Mingfeng, YANG Ying

FOOD SCIENCE 2026, 47 (3): 190-197. DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20250818-136

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Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism, we systematically evaluated the anti-aging potential of polysaccharides extracted from the stems of two Zhejiang cultivars of Dendrobium officinale-Yanhu 1 (DOP1) and Shenglan 8 (DOP8). To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, lifespan, growth, development, locomotion, and stress tolerance were assessed, along with the levels of lipofuscin, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and malondialdehyde (MDA), and the transcription of aging-related genes was analyzed. The results showed that DOP1 and DOP8 extended the mean lifespan of C. elegans by 36.91% and 29.20%, respectively, and both promoted growth and development, enhanced locomotor activity, and improved antioxidant capacity and resistance to thermal stress. Molecularly, they decreased lipofuscin, ROS, and MDA levels, but via different mechanisms: DOP8 increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), whereas DOP1 promoted the nuclear translocation of the key transcription factors DAF-16 and SKN-1 in the insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS) pathway, upregulating sod-3 expression. In summary, these polysaccharides delay aging through both antioxidant and transcriptional regulatory pathways, providing a theoretical basis for developing DOP-based anti-aging drug precursors and functional foods.

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Characterization of Wheat Peptides and Their Ameliorative Effects and Mechanism on Alcohol-Induced Damage in Hepatocytes

YANG Chengjun, CHEN Liang, WANG Hualei, WANG Xinze, ZHANG Su, GU Ruizeng, MENG Ganlu, LIU Wenying

FOOD SCIENCE 2026, 47 (3): 198-209. DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20250715-126

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To develop natural, low-toxicity functional food ingredients, this study prepared wheat peptides from gluten powder by enzymatic hydrolysis. The physicochemical properties and stability of the peptides were analyzed, their effects on the viability of human hepatoma cells (HepG2) were investigated, and their alleviating effects and underlying mechanisms on alcohol-induced liver cell injury were explored. The results showed that the proportion of wheat peptide components with a molecular mass below 1 000 Da was 92.883 2%, the acid-soluble protein content reached (87.23 ± 1.76)%, and the relative content of essential amino acid was (22.70 ± 0.54)%. The wheat peptides exhibited good stability under acidic, alkaline, high-temperature, and in vitro simulated digestion conditions. Cell experiments indicated that the wheat peptides at mass concentrations of 0.25–6 mg/mL were non-toxic to HepG2 cells. It was also found that the wheat peptides at mass concentrations of 2−6 mg/mL significantly reduced oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in ethanol-induced HepG2 cells (P < 0.05), increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities as well as glutathione (GSH) content (P < 0.05), and simultaneously inhibited the release of inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), thereby alleviating alcohol-induced liver cell injury. Western blot results demonstrated that the wheat peptides activated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), up-regulated heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, and suppressed Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) expression, indicating that they can ameliorate alcoholic liver injury by activating the Nrf2-Keap1-HO-1 signaling pathway.

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Fermentative Preparation and Antiallergic Activity of Houttuynia cordata Polysaccharides

LIN Yongfeng, CHENG Zhen, LIU Wenmei, ZOU Zehua, LIU Hong, LIU Guangming, LIU Qingmei

FOOD SCIENCE 2026, 47 (2): 124-132. DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20250713-101

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In this study, the physicochemical properties of polysaccharides from Houttuynia cordata Thunb. fermented with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum HM6008 (FHCTP) were determined, and the antiallergic activity was evaluated using rat basophilic leukemia (RBL)-2H3 cells. The results showed that fermentation increased the ratio of mannose to sulfate in FHCTP. Compared with H. cordata Thunb. polysaccharides (HCTP), the particle size of FHCTP decreased by 26.67%, and its stability in aqueous solution increased. The inhibition rate of FHCTP on the degranulation of RBL-2H3 cells was significantly higher than that of HCTP, (82.79 ± 5.19)% versus (53.75 ± 1.95)%. After FHCTP intervention, the expression of fragment crystallizable epsilon receptor I (FcεRI) was significantly down-regulated, and the average fluorescence intensity decreased from 2 458.00 ± 7.50 to 1 495.00 ± 28.50. Both FHCTP and HCTP effectively inhibited the isomerization of cytoskeletal proteins and the increase of intracellular calcium ion concentration. In addition, in the mouse passive cutaneous anaphylaxis assay, FHCTP showed a more significant inhibitory effect on dye extravasation in mouse ears, indicating stronger antiallergic activity. In conclusion, FHCTP has better stabilizing effect on mast cells and effectively alleviates mast cell-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in mice. The results of this research are expected to promote the development and application of antiallergic products from edible and medicinal materials.

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Repairing Effect of Theanine on High-Sucrose Diet-Induced Damage in Caenorhabditis elegans

GAI Tingting, WANG Yun, ZHANG Lianfeng, ZHOU Aowen, CHEN Liangwen, CAO Huihua

FOOD SCIENCE 2026, 47 (2): 133-141. DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20250714-117

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This study aimed to investigate the protective effect and molecular mechanism of theanine on high-sucrose diet-induced damage in the nematode model Caenorhabditis elegans. We analyzed the changes in the behavior, development, reproductive capacity, oxidative stress levels, and related gene expression in nematodes following high-sucrose diet-induced damage and theanine intervention (at concentrations of 50 to 1 000 μg/mL). The results showed that the high-sucrose diet significantly inhibited the growth and development of C. elegans, reduced its reproductive capacity, and exacerbated oxidative stress. Low-dose theanine (50 μg/mL) effectively alleviated high-sucrose diet-induced damage, while higher doses of theanine (500 and 1 000 μg/mL) aggravated oxidative damage. Molecular mechanism studies demonstrated that theanine alleviated oxidative damage by activating fat-2, inducing the expression of cat-1 and sod-3, restoring the expression of gst-4, and increasing the expression of polg-1, thereby regulating three pathways: lipid metabolism, antioxidant defense, and mitochondrial function. In summary, theanine exerted a dose-dependent bidirectional regulatory effect on high-sucrose diet-induced damage, either exerting a protective effect at low doses or potentially causing harmful effects at high doses, through the synergistic regulation of multiple pathways. This study provides a theoretical basis for exploring nutritional interventions for diabetes, but its clinical application requires strict control of the safety dose threshold and further validation in mammalian models.

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Ameliorative Effect of Ganoderma lucidum Spore Polysaccharide on High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice

LI Guohao, LI Mingyan, WANG Zhiqiang, HU Jielun, WANG Junqiao, LI Zhenhao, XIE Mingyong

FOOD SCIENCE 2026, 47 (1): 156-165. DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20250725-203

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Objective: To investigate the ameliorative effects of polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum spore powder polysaccharide (GLSP) and fermented G. lucidum spore powder polysaccharide (FGLSP) on obesity in mice, providing an experimental basis for their development and application. Methods: A mouse model of high-fat diet-induced obesity was established. After a 10-week intervention with high and low doses of GLSP and FGLSP, the effects of the two polysaccharides on body mass, body fat, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, hyperlipidemia, liver function, hepatic oxidative stress, and pathological morphology of adipose and hepatic tissues were evaluated. Results: Compared with the model group, both GLSP and FGLSP interventions significantly reduced body mass, body fat, the area under the curve during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), fasting serum insulin levels, total cholesterol (TC) levels, serum leptin levels, liver mass, hepatic aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (P < 0.05). Additionally, they significantly increased serum adiponectin levels and catalase (CAT) activity (P < 0.05), and ameliorated pathological damage in adipose and hepatic tissues. Conclusion: GLSP and FGLSP effectively ameliorated obesity in mice by reducing body mass gain and fat accumulation, ameliorating dyslipidemia and dysglycemia, and mitigating oxidative stress-induced hepatic injury.

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Protective Effect of Tartary Buckwheat Seedling Powder on Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice

WU Qiyong, ZHANG Wangyue, ZHAO Jianglin, YUAN Jian, BU Tingting, LIN Yongchi, SUN Peilong, CAI Ming

FOOD SCIENCE 2025, 46 (24): 189-199. DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20250703-029

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Objective: To further explore and develop tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum), a specialty agricultural product of Liangshan, Sichuan province, this study investigated the effect and mechanism of action of tartary buckwheat seedling powder (TBSP) on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) and the gut microbiota in mice. Methods: A mouse model of UC was established using 3% DSS. The mice received TBSP via gavage at doses of 100 or 400 mg/kg. Changes in body mass, disease activity index (DAI) score, organ indices, colon length, histopathological damage, colonic inflammatory cytokine levels, protein expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B alpha (IκBα), alterations in the gut microbiota, and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) contents were evaluated. Results: TBSP significantly ameliorated pathological states in UC mice, including body mass loss, increased DAI score, colon shortening, intestinal barrier damage, elevated inflammatory cytokine levels, and overactivation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, in a dose-response manner. TBSP modulated the structure of the gut microbiota in UC mice. At the phylum level, it decreased the relative abundances of Proteobacteria and Desulfobacterota while increasing that of Verrucomicrobiota. At the genus level, it increased the relative abundances of barrier repair-associated genera such as Akkermansia and Lactobacillus. Conclusion: TBSP alleviated colitis symptoms by regulating the gut microbiota, reducing inflammatory cytokine levels, and repairing the colonic mucosal barrier in UC mice. Therefore, TBSP is a promising functional food resource.

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Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Peptide from Distiller’s Grains: Virtual Screening and Uric Acid-Lowering Effect

LIN Xiaojie, WANG Ying, LIANG Lijie, WANG Peixin, YAN Jinxian, LIANG Zhangcheng, HE Zhigang, LI Weixin

FOOD SCIENCE 2025, 46 (24): 200-207. DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20250620-152

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Objective: To achieve high-value utilization of distiller’s grains, this study explored xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibitory peptides from distiller’s grains and determined their anti-hyperuricemic effect in mice. Methods: Potential XOD inhibitory peptides from an enzymatic hydrolysate of distiller’s grains were isolated by ultrafiltration and identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and in silico analysis. The action mechanism of XOD inhibitory peptides was elucidated using molecular docking, and the anti-hyperuricemic effect in mice was evaluated. Results: The < 1 kDa fraction exhibited the highest XOD inhibitory activity. Four XOD inhibitory peptides were obtained, namely WDLPF, WPQ, WFPE, and LQKW. Among them, LQKW demonstrated the highest activity, with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 2.70 mg/mL. After gastrointestinal digestion, (61.84 ± 0.82)% of its activity remained. Molecular docking revealed that LQKW primarily bound to the receptor protein 1FIQ through hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Compared with the model group, low-, medium-, and high-dose (200, 400, and 800 mg/kg) LQKW significantly (P < 0.01) reduced serum uric acid levels by 32.59%, 35.96%, and 37.28%, respectively. Additionally, medium- and high-dose LQKW significantly (P < 0.01) decreased kidney index, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen levels while markedly alleviating renal pathological damage in hyperuricemic mice. Conclusion: The distiller’s grain-derived XOD inhibitory peptide LQKW exerts its inhibitory activity by binding to 1FIQ via hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions, thereby effectively reducing serum uric acid levels in HUA mice and providing renal protection. This study provides theoretical support for the development of anti-hyperuricemic peptides from distiller’s grains.

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The Interaction between Peanut Skin Proanthocyanidins and the Gut Microbiota Regulates Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Obese Mice

CHEN Wanbing, GU Yumei, LIU Ruonan, LU Qun, LIU Chunyi, LIU Xiang, TANG Cui’e, LIU Rui

FOOD SCIENCE 2025, 46 (23): 182-193. DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20250609-052

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This study aimed to reveal the critical role of the interaction between procyanidins and the gut microbiota in regulating obesity. Changes in the body mass, body fat, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) of high-fat diet-induced obese mice were analyzed after administration with different doses of peanut skin procyanidins (PSP), and gut microbiota diversity and fecal metabolomics were examined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). The results showed that PSP alleviated obesity, insulin resistance, and liver ectopic fat accumulation in high-fat diet mice. PSP decreased the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes, significantly up-regulating the abundance of Akkermansia, Bacteroides, Alistipes, and Parabacteroides, and down-regulating the abundance of Blautia. PSP inhibited the accumulation of oxidative lipids such as 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (9-HODE), 9,10-dihydroxy-12Z,15Z-octadecadienoic acid (9,10-DHOME), 9,10-dihydroxy-12Z-octadecenoic acid (9,10-DiHODE), and 9,10,13-trihydroxy-11-octadecenoic acid (9,10,13-TriHOME) in the feces of obese mice, and up-regulated the levels of bile acids including muricholic acid, 12-ketolithocholic acid, and deoxycholic acid. Moreover, the proanthocyanidins A1 and A2 in PSP, as well as PSP-derived metabolites including 4-hydroxy-5-phenylvaleric acid, 5-(3’,4’-dihydroxy)-γ-valerolactone, and dehydroxylated C-ring opened catechin, were positively correlated with gut microbial genera such as Alistipes, Parabacteroides, and Akkermansia, which in turn influenced the levels of fecal metabolites, including urobilinogen, stearic acid, lysophosphatidylcholine (16:0), 9,10-DiHODE, and 9,10-DHOME. The interaction between PSP-derived microbial metabolites and endogenous metabolites altered gut microbiota balance, ultimately affecting the body mass and insulin resistance of mice.

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Nanoencapsulated FeIII-Isochlorogenic Acid (ICGA) Complex Coated Corynebacterium glutamicum (CG), FeIIIICGA@CG, Alleviates Ulcerative Colitis by Increasing the Abundance of Ligilactobacillus

LI Pan, WANG Xiaochen, XU Jiayue, LIU Ting, MENG Qiang, ZHANG Huimin, LUO Yan’e

FOOD SCIENCE 2025, 46 (23): 194-205. DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20250709-068

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In this study, we developed a metal-phenolic supramolecular nanocoating on the surface of Corynebacterium glutamicum (CG) via the self-assembly of tannic acid (TA) or isochlorogenic acid (ICGA) with the assistance of FeCl3 solution. As a result, two nanoencapsulated bacteria were obtained, namely FeIIITA@CG and FeIIIICGA@CG, and their therapeutic effects on ulcerative colitis (UC) in mice were investigated. We found that the ICGA nanocoating enhanced the survival rate of CG in simulated gastrointestinal fluids by 24- and 6-fold compared with free CG and the TA nanocoating, respectively. At 24 hours after oral administration of FeIIIICGA@CG to UC mice, the survival rate of CG was 4.3 times higher than that of FeIIITA@CG. In terms of intestinal barrier repair, CG, FeIIITA@CG, and FeIIIICGA@CG significantly increased the fluorescence intensity of tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and occludin) and effectively suppressed the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukins-6 by 59.52%, 72.38% and 78.4%, respectively. Furthermore, FeIIITA@CG and FeIIIICGA@CG increased the release of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interferon-β by 35.44% and 31.81%, respectively. Besides, CG, FeIIITA@CG, and FeIIIICGA@CG reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels by 29.42%, 36.01% and 37.34%, respectively. Notably, FeIIIICGA@CG increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria (e.g., Lactobacillus and Ligilactobacillus) and suppressed harmful bacteria (e.g., Bacteroides and Escherichia-Shigella), thereby attenuating UC. The ICGA-based nanocoating, with excellent physicochemical properties, can serve as a delivery system, providing a new idea for expanding the application of microbiome-based therapies for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases.

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Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharides Ameliorate Gastrocnemius Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disorders in Exercise-Induced Fatigued Mice by Regulating the AMPK/PGC-1α Signaling Pathway

SHANG Shuju, XU Xin, XIE Yi, MAO Shihong, ZHAO Yu, LI Jingrong, QIU Taotao

FOOD SCIENCE 2025, 46 (23): 206-214. DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20250624-171

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The alleviating effect and mechanism of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLPs) on exercise-induced fatigue were investigated using network pharmacology approaches based on their bioactive characteristics. Male Kunming (KM) mice were randomly assigned to a resting control group, an exercise-induced fatigue group, and three GLP intervention groups at low, medium, and high doses. All groups except the control group underwent exercise for 8 continuous weeks, follow by the collection of blood and gastrocnemius muscle samples for the assessment of fatigue indicators, glucose and lipid metabolism parameters, and muscle histopathology. The potential targets of GLPs and muscle injury target genes were predicted using the TargetNet and SwissTargetPrediction databases. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed and topologically analyzed using String and Cytoscape 3.7.2 software. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were conducted to identify the underlying mechanistic pathways. Western blot was employed to measure the expression of proteins related to the glucose and lipid metabolism pathways in the gastrocnemius muscle. The results demonstrated that GLPs significantly reduced serum lactate, urea nitrogen, and lactate dehydrogenase levels in fatigued mice, while increasing muscle glycogen, liver glycogen, and free fatty acid concentrations. Additionally, GLPs enhanced succinate dehydrogenase and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activities and improved muscle cell morphology. Network pharmacology analysis revealed that GLPs were composed of eight monosaccharides, including L-fucose, D-mannose, and L-arabinose. Hsp90aa1, Hsp90ab1, Mmp9, and Src were identified as key protective targets of GLPs against muscle injury, and the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and metabolic pathways as potential signaling pathways. Compared with the exercise fatigue group, GLPs-treated mice showed greatly increased expression of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), phosphorylated AMPK, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), and the transmembrane transporter protein cluster determinant 36 (CD36) in the gastrocnemius muscle. These results suggest that GLPs could alleviate exercise-induced fatigue and ameliorate glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in fatigued mice by regulating the AMPK/PGC-1α signaling pathway.

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Protective Effect of Isochlorogenic Acid Extracted from Stevia rebaudiana against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Intestinal Epithelial Cell Injury

CHENG Wenli, HAO Qinghong, YUAN Yuting, ZHAO Pengyu, QIAN Zhouze, GUO Yunxia, TIAN Yiling

FOOD SCIENCE 2025, 46 (23): 215-224. DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20250624-164

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Objective: To investigate the alleviating effect of isochlorogenic acid (ICGA) from Stevia rebaudiana on oxidative stress-induced intestinal damage. Methods: The total polyphenol content in the S. rebaudiana extract was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method, and the ICGA content was analyzed via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and biochemical kits were employed to measure the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). The optimal H2O2 concentration and treatment time were determined to establish an intestinal epithelial cell of oxidative stress injury. The safe concentration range of ICGA and its optimal protective concentration against H2O2-induced oxidative damage in intestinal porcine epithelial cells-jejunum 2 (IPEC-J2) were selected using the CCK-8 assay. The protective effects of S. rebaudiana ICGA on intestinal epithelial cells under oxidative stress were evaluated by assessing antioxidant indicators (MDA, T-AOC, CAT, SOD, and GSH-Px) and the relative mRNA expression levels of tight junction protein genes (Claudin-1, ZO-1, and Occludin), the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2, and the pro-apoptotic gene Caspase-3. Results: The total polyphenol content in the S. rebaudiana extract was 67.68%, and the total content of three ICGA isomers was 64.23%. An intestinal oxidative stress injury model with significantly decreased cell viability and antioxidant activity (P < 0.05) was established by treating the cells with 200 μmol/L H2O2 for 1 hour. Compared with the model group, the cell viability in the 50 and 100 μmol/L ICGA pretreatment groups increased from 77.49% to 90.23% and 95.99%, respectively. Additionally, the activities of CAT, SOD, and T-AOC were significantly enhanced, and the MDA content was markedly reduced (P < 0.05). ICGA pretreatment significantly up-regulated the relative mRNA expression of Claudin-1 and Occludin (P < 0.05), and significantly down-regulated the expression of Caspase-3 (P < 0.05), this effect being more pronounced at 100 μmol/L than at 50 μmol/L. In conclusion, S. rebaudiana ICGA may alleviate intestinal oxidative stress by enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity, reducing lipid peroxide accumulation, and improving intestinal permeability to enhance barrier function.

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Effect of Fucoxanthin on Repairing Cisplatin-Induced Liver Injury and Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis Based on the Gut-Liver Axis

REN Xiangyu, CAO Hongjie, LI Hangting, XU Ke, LIU Zhongliang, YANG Zuisu

FOOD SCIENCE 2025, 46 (23): 225-238. DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20250609-051

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Objective: This study aims to investigate the effect of fucoxanthin on cisplatin-induced liver injury and gut microbiota dysbiosis in mice. Methods: To induce liver injury, mice were administered with 7 mg/kg cisplatin via intraperitoneal injection once a week for 4 consecutive weeks. Body mass was measured before each administration, and individual doses and injection volumes were calculated based on the daily body mass. Fucoxanthin was used for intervention, and amifostine was used as a positive control. The levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), antioxidant enzymes, and inflammatory cytokines were measured. Liver and colon histological examination was carried out using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expression of ferroptosis-related proteins including nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) family members and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) in liver tissue. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was conducted to analyze changes in the gut microbiota. Results: Fucoxanthin intervention decreased serum ALT and AST levels, reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines in liver and colon tissues, increased antioxidant enzyme activities, and alleviated liver and colon histological lesions. Moreover, it increased the expression of proteins in liver tissue, including Nrf2, heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), nicotinamide quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and GPX4, restored colonic pathological damage, up-regulated the expression of tight junction proteins in the colonic epithelium, and ameliorated intestinal microbiota dysbiosis. Conclusion: Fucoxanthin likely restores cisplatin-induced liver injury in mice by alleviating inflammation and oxidative stress through an Nrf2/HO-1 axis-dependent ferroptosis signaling pathway and via multiple gut-liver axis routes by improving intestinal microecology and modulating the gut microbiota.

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