Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Total Xanthones from Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Pericarp by Central Composite Design Coupled with Response Surface Analysis

Abstract

Abstract: A central composite design (CCD) was used to optimize the ultrasonic-assisted extraction of total xanthones from mangosteen pericarp. The effects of ethanol concentration, ultrasonication time and solvent-to-solid ratio as well as their interactions on the extraction rate of total xanthones were investigated. A predictive regression model was developed using the SAS software by response surface analysis and its reliability was validated. The optimal extraction conditions were 90.9% of ethanol concentration, 17.1:1 (mL/g) of solvent-to-solid ratio and 73.8 min of ultrasonication time as determined by ridge analysis, resulting in an average actual yield of total xanthones of 7.73% (n = 3).

Key words: Garcinia mangostana, xanthones, extraction process, central composite design, response surface analysis

References

[1] MAHBUSARAKAM W, PHONGPAICHIT S, WIRIYACHITRA P. Screening of antifungal activity of chemicals from Garcinia mangostana [J]. Sonklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 1983, 5: 341-342.
[2] NILAR, L J Harrison. Xanthones from the heartwood of Garcinia mangostana [J]. Phytochemistry, 2002, 60: 541-548.
[3] NQUYEN L H, VENKATRAMAN G, SIM K Y, et al. Xanthones and benzophenones from Garcinia griffithii and Garcinia mangostana [J]. Phytochemistry, 2005, 66:1718-1723.
[4] GOPALAKRISHNAN G, BALAGANESAN B. Two novel xanthones from Garcinia mangostana [J]. Fitoterapia, 2000, 71: 607-609.
[5] HARUHIKO S, TAKASHI D, ETSURO O, et al. Studies on uricosuric diuretics. In: syntheses and activities of xanthonyloxyacetic acids and dihydrofuroxanthone-2-carboxylic acid [J]. Chem. Pharm. Bull., 1990, 38(5): 1266-1277.
[6] 张成中, 卜其涛, 郑毅男, 等. 山竹果壳提取物抗紫外线辐射作用的研究 [J]. 卫生研究, 2011, 40: 505-506.
[7] MAHABUSARAKAM W, KUAHA K, WILAIRAT P, et al. Prenylated xanthones as potential antiplasmodial substances [J]. Planta Med., 2006, 72(10):912-916
[8] MOONGKARNDI P, KOSEM N, LUANRATANA O, et al. Antiproliferative activity of Thai medicinal plant extracts on human breast adenocarcinoma cell line [J]. Fitoterapia, 2004, 75(3-4):375-7.
[9] JUNG H A, SU B N, KELLER W J, et al. Antioxidant xanthones from the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana (Mangosteen) [J]. J Agric Food Chem., 2006, 54(6):2077-2082.
[10] NABANDITH V, SUZUI M, MORIOKA T, et al. Inhibitory effects of crude alpha-mangostin, a xanthone derivative, on two different categories of colon preneoplastic lesions induced by 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine in the rat [J]. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev., 2004, 5(4):433-438.
[11] SUKSAMRARN S, KOMUTIBAN O, RATANANUKUL P, et al. Cytotoxic prenylated xanthones from the young fruit of Garcinia mangostana [J]. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo)., 2006, 54(3):301-305.
[12] SAKAGAMI Y, Linuma M, PIYASENA K G, et al. Antibacterial activity of alpha-mangostin against vancomycin resistant Enterococci (VRE) and synergism with antibiotics [J]. Phytomedicine, 2005, 12(3):203-8.
[13] ASOLKAR L V, KAKKAR K K, CHAKRE O J. Second Supplement to the Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants with Active Principles [M]. India: CSIR, New Delhi, 1992:118.
[14] 赵岩, 王春宇, 李平亚. 莽吉柿果皮化学成分的研究 [J]. 特产研究, 2007, 29(3): 39-42.
[15] 刘彦波, 刘金平, 赵岩, 等. 山竹果皮及果蒂无机元素成分的分析 [J]. 特产研究, 2006, 28(4): 60-61.
[16] 赵岩, 卢丹, 李光子, 等. 莽吉柿果皮中脂肪酸及其它脂溶性成分的GC-MS分析 [J]. 特产研究, 2007, 29(1): 65-67.
[17] ZHAO Yan, LIU Jinping, LU Dan, et al. A new antioxidant xanthone from the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana Linn. [J]. Natural Product Research, 2010, 24(17): 1664-1670.
[18] 赵岩, 刘严, 刘金平, 等. 莽吉柿果皮提取物对实验性高脂血症大鼠血脂的影响 [J]. 特产研究, 2007, 29(2): 55-56, 61.