This study investigated the preparation of multilayer emulsions of linseed oil by electrostatic layer-by-layer
deposition. The final composition of the secondary emulsion was 5.0% linseed oil, 0.45% whey protein and 0.2% pectin;
and the tertiary emulsion was composed of 2.5% linseed oil, 0.225% whey protein, 0.1% pectin, and 0.2% chitosan. The
multilayer emulsion technology is effective in controlling the release rate of linseed oil in the body.

The purpose of this work was to explore the phenol composition and antioxidant activity during in vitro simulated
gastrointestinal digestion of Choerospondias axillaris fruits. The contents of galic acid, catechin and epicatechin in
Choerospondias axillaris fruits were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Meanwhile, the
antioxidant activity was evaluated by measuring total antioxidant capacity, ABTS (2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-
6-sulphonate) radical and hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity. The results showed that the contents of three phenol
components decreased in spite of no statistical significance after the simulated digestion. Similarly, the antioxidant capacity
declined. Further this study found that the antioxidant activity decreased with the reduction in the phenolic contents. In
comparison with chemical factors, digestive enzymes had less impact on the of phenolic contents, whereas changes in
the chemical environment resulted in a significant change in the phenolic contents. Digestive enzymes could significantly
improve the antioxidant activity during gastrointestinal digestion.

The effect of ultraviolet-C (UV-C) treatment at different dosages on antioxidant system and antioxidant activity of
fresh-cut red-fleshed radish was investigated. The fresh-cut radish was treated with 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 kJ/m2 of UV-C
and then stored at 5 ℃ for up to 48 h. The results indicated that 1.0 kJ/m2 UV-C treatment had the most significant effect
on inducing the synthesis and accumulation of phenolics and increasing the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) radical
scavenging activity of fresh-cut radish during storage. This UV-C treatment also induced the accumulation of anthocyanins
and flavonoids, retarded the decrease of ascorbic acid content and enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes. These
results suggest that UV-C treatment could increase the antioxidant activity of fresh-cut red-fleshed radish by inducing the
synthesis of phenolic compounds and enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes.

In this study, Oxford cup method was used to screen Lactobacillus plantarum strains with antibacterial effect.
The fermentation supernatants from these strains were either treated with protease or adjusted for pH using NaOH before
being tested for their ability to inhibit the foodborne pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus
aureu. Results showed that organic acid was the major antibacterial compound, yet when adjusted to pH 6.5 the fermentation
supernatants had better inhibition ability against E. coli O157:H7. L. plantarum strain QB3-3 showed antibacterial effect for
up to 96 h. In addition, the antagonistic mechanism of L. plantarum against foodborne pathogens was due to destruction of
the cell structure resulting in morphological changes, leakage of cell contents and finally apoptosis as observed via electron
microscopy.

Sea buckthorn and sour jujube, both rich in nutritional and bioactive substances, have important medicinal values.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different incorporation levels (0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 9%) of sea
buckthorn or sour jujube powder on the properties of wheat flour. The pasting, farinograph and gel texture properties of
blends were measured by rapid visco analyzer, farinograph and texture analyzer, respectively. Thereafter, the ultrastructure
of gluten was determined by scanning electron microscopy. The results of the present study showed that the peak, trough
and final viscosity of samples decreased with increasing addition of sour jujube powder (SJP), while sea buckthorn fruit
powder (SBFP) at high levels (5%–9%) could increase the values of pasting parameters. With increasing sea buckthorn
fruit powder or sour jujube powder content, water-absorbing capacity, hardness, gumminess and chewiness decreased,
whereas dough development time, stability time and farinograph quality number decreased at first, and then tended to
remain constant. Scanning electron microscopy images also showed that SJP and SBFP weaken the gluten-starch network of
dough. Therefore, the addition of SJP and SBFP can lead to changes in pasting properties, farinograph properties, gel texture
properties of blends and gluten ultrastructure.

The property parameters of wheat flours from 128 cultivars grown in Huang-Huai area of China and the quality
characteristics of steamed buns made from them were determined. Along with this, correlation analysis and analysis of
variance were employed to analyze the effects of wheat flour properties on bun quality. The results showed that ash content,
total protein content, gluten index, stability time, softening degree, resistance to extension, extensograph energy, extension
length, L*, and b* were the most important factors that affect the quality of the staple food steamed buns. In addition, 20
wheat varieties such as Aikang 58, Taikong 6, Zhoumai 22, Hengguan 35, Aobai 8008, Xinmai 798, Anmai 1, Zhoumai 27,
Yumai 58, Luomai 4, Bainong 160, Xiaoyan 22, Luomai 21, Jimai 21, Longping 9987, Wanmai 369, Yumai 49-198,
Zhongmai 2, Zhengmai 379, and Yumai 52 were chosen successfully as the best special wheat varieties for the staple food
steamed buns. The appropriate ranges of important wheat flour traits for making high-quality steamed buns as a staple food
were suggested as follows: ash content less than 0.55%, total protein content 13.2%–15.8 %, gluten index 51.1%–81.5%,
stability time 4.5–7.1 min, softening degree 66.5–92.1 FU, resistance to extension 218.6–300.6 EU, extensograph energy
80.8–91.5 cm2, extension length 167.2–201.3 mm, L* value 93.0–94.3, and b* value 8.7–11.7.

Objective: To explore the physicochemical properties of the polysaccharide extracted from raw materials used to
produce Jianwei Xiaoshi pills (named as JXP), and its effect on gastric emptying activity. Methods: JXP was obtained from
Jianwei Xiaoshi pills extract by water extraction and alcohol precipitation with a yield of 5.44%. Chemical composition,
purity and relative molecular weight and monosaccharide composition of JXP were determined by colorimetric method,
HPGPC and ion exchange chromatography (IEC), respectively. JXP was also characterized by infrared spectroscopy. Then,
the effect of JXP on gastric emptying in mice was analyzed. Results: JXP contained 46.6% neutral polysaccharides, 45.7%
acidic polysaccharides and 1.3% protein. HPGPC analysis showed that JXP was homogeneous, and its relative molecular
weight ranged at around 380 000. Glucose and galacturonic acid were the major monosaccharides in JXP with a molar ratio
of 1.2:1. It also contained a small amount of arabinose, galactose, mannose and xylose. Carboxyl groups were contained
in the configuration of acidic pyranose. JXP could significantly promote gastric emptying in mice, especially at a dose of
100 mg/kg body weight. Conclusion: JXP contains mixed acidic heteropolysaccharides, which can promote gastric emptying.

Headspace gas chromatography was used to investigate the effect of cooking temperature and simulants on
toluene migration and barrier properties of biaxially oriented polyamide/cast polypropylene (BOPA/CPP) retort laminated
films. The results showed that the migration rate of residual toluene to four different stimulants was in the order: 5 g/100 mL
sodium chloride > 0.2 g/100 mL sodium glutamate > 10 g/100 mL sucrose > distilled water. With the increase in cooking
temperature and treatment time, the migration rate of residual toluene was gradually increased for all these stimulants.
High temperature and condiment simulant treatments led to an increase in the water vapor and oxygen permeability of the retort
laminated films. Infrared spectroscopic, differential scanning calorimetric, and scanning electron microscopic analyses showed that
high temperature, distilled water and sodium chloride treatment destroyed the internal structure of the membrane and decreased the
crystallinity and inter-molecular force, resulting in the loose structure, uneven membrane surface and distortion.

Kiwifruits are a rich source of pectin, and purified kiwifruit pectin can be used a food ingredient. In this
research, structural characteristics of the pectin molecule were interpreted and confirmed aiming to offer a theoretical
basis for the study of its biofunctions. After kiwifruit pectin was purified by DEAE-Cellulose 52 anion exchange column
chromatography, its components, molecular weight, primary structure and domains were identified by high performance
gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ultraviolet spectroscopy and
infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that kiwifruit pectin contained at least three components, neutral pectin (AP-N),
acidic pectin 1 (AP-A1) and 2 (AP-A2). AP-A1 was the major component with a molecular weight of 524.31 kD, accounting
for 84.8%. Based on structural analysis, AP-A1 was a polymer of D-galactose and D-xylose. Its carbon chain was composed of
pyranose with α-glycosidic linkage in the fingerprint area. In the characteristic region, there were C=O groups, symmetric and
asymmetric -COO groups. Because of these special structure and domains, AP-A1 was assigned to typical macromolecular
pectin. AP-N and AP-A2 were the minor components with molecular weights of 281.89 and 273.88 kD, respectively. Their
carbon chains were linked by α or β-glycosidic bond without C=O groups. For these reasons, the structures of AP-N and AP-A2
were assigned to atypical pectin polysaccharide.

Various methods including reducing power, Fe2+-chelating, 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic
acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical scavenging, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and liposome
oxidation inhibition capacity assays were used for evaluating the antioxidant activities of soybean peptide employing butyl
hydroxylanisole (BHA), VC and VE as controls, aiming to investigate the applicability of these assays for measuring the
antioxidant activities of polypeptide in vitro. The results showed that the reducing power of soybean peptide increased with
its concentration in the range of 0–30 mg/mL, attaining a maximum value of only 0.487, and BHA, VC, and VE similarly
exhibited reducing power in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibitory activity of soybean peptide against liposome
oxidation was lower than that of BHA and VE, and this antioxidant activity exhibited a stable upward trend with increasing
concentration of soybean peptide, reaching maximum percentage inhibition of 20.6%. Fe2+-chelating capacity of soybean
peptide increased up to 38.7% with its concentration in the range of 0–15 mg/mL, whereas BHA, VE and VC had no such
activity. Soybean peptide in the concentration range of 0–3.0 mg/mL possessed ABTS radical scavenging activity very
similar to that of VC and higher than that of BHA and VE, and the maximum scavenging percentage was 61.2%. However,
the maximum DPPH radical scavenging percentage of soybean peptide was only 2.1%, which was much lower than that of
VC (45.0%), BHA (10.1%), and VE (10.7%). Therefore, Fe2+-chelating capacity, ABTS radical scavenging, and liposome
oxidation inhibition capacity assays can be used to investigate the antioxidant activity of soybean peptide in vitro.

Mucilage was extracted from “Tiegun” yam tubers (Dioscorea opposita Thunb. cv. Tsukune), and its hydrolysates
were obtained by hydrolysis with different enzymes (trypsin, cellulase and complex protease). The microstructure of
mucilage and its hydrolysates were detected by infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Meanwhile, their
effects on the proliferation of spleen lymphocytes and the relative expression levels of cytokine mRNA were explored by cell
culture in vitro and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods, respectively. The results showed that
mucilage and its hydrolysates were different in microstructure. Mucilage and its hydrolysates could promote the proliferation
and transformation of spleen lymphocytes, but the promoting effect of mucilage was weaker than that of its hydrolysates.
Promoting effects of mucilage and its hydrolysates on the mRNA expression of Th1 cytokines were significantly higher than
that of Th2 cytokines. These results showed that yam mucilage and its hydrolysates had potential function to shift the Th1/Th2
balance to relative Th1 dominance.

The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity of carotenoids at different concentrations
was determined as a function of temperature and changes in this activity after in vitro simulated digestion in artificial gastric
juice, artificial intestinal juice and artificial gastrointestinal juice were investigated. The radical scavenging rate constant
k was significantly negatively correlated with reaction temperature (P < 0.05), that is, k45 ℃ > k37 ℃ > k30 ℃. The radical
scavenging capacity α was not significantly influenced by reaction temperature, but it was significantly positively correlated
with initial carotenoids concentration, which did not significantly affect k value. The scavenging reaction was fitted to a
first-order reaction kinetics. EC50, k and half-life t1/2 were significantly influenced by reaction temperature and higher
temperature resulted in reduced EC50 and t1/2, and increased k. The apparent activation energy Ea and the constant K0 were not
influenced by the initial concentration of carotenoids, which were 17.039 kJ/mol and 7.38 × 106, respectively. The radical
scavenging capacity of carotenoids was decreased after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Moreover, the radical scavenging
capacity of carotenoids mixed with oil was lower than that with no oil added, suggesting that fat-soluble carotenoids are
more easily digested in oil. The digestion and absorption of carotenoids were significantly influenced by different types of
oil containing different fatty acid compositions.

This research was concerned with the effects of different concentrations of sodium selenite applied by foliar
spraying, foliar spraying + soil deep-ditch fertilization or soil deep-ditch fertilization on selenium (Se) content, the
accumulation of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) and fruit quality in kiwifruits of the cultivar Guichang (Actinidia deliciosa
cv. Guichang). The results indicated that the suitable amount of sodium selenite could increase Se content, decrease
the absorption of Cd and Pb, and improve fruit quality in kiwifruit. Different concentrations of sodium selenite could
significantly increase Se content in kiwifruit by 0.002 9–0.050 5 mg/kg, and notably reduce Cd by 6.98%–28.49% and Pb by
23.46%–51.03%. Moreover, it could promote improvements in the nutritional and exterior quality and fruit yield of kiwifruit.
The effect of three fertilization regimes was in the order of foliar spraying + soil deep-ditch fertilization > foliar spraying >
soil deep-ditch fertilization, when compared with the control. It was recommend that foliar spraying or foliar spraying + soil
deep-ditch fertilization of sodium selenite could be applied on kiwifruit at doses of 5.00–10.00 mg/L.

Objective: To establish an exposure assessment model of Listeria monocytogenes in chilled pork. Methods: In the
present study, we obtained the data of L. monocytogenes initial contamination level in chilled pork from our previous survey.
The mathematical models established in our previous work were employed to fit the growth kinetics of L. monocytogenes
in chilled pork. The @Risk software was applied to simulate L. monocytogenes level in chilled pork from retail to home.
Results: One point two percent of chilled pork contained more than 4 (lg(CFU/g)) L. monocytogenes (risk threshold), and
the maximum value reached 6.29 (lg(CFU/g)), implying that the potential risk should not be ignored. Sensitivity analysis
indicated that initial contamination level was the main risk control factor with correlation coefficient of 0.90, followed by
home storage time and storage temperature with correlation coefficient of 0.34 and 0.21, respectively. Conclusion: This
study could provide references for consumers and stakeholders to take measures for risk management.

RNAi vector for Pleurotus ostreatus hydrophobin gene, Po.hyd, was constructed and transformants were
obtained by Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation. Po.hyd was cloned by PCR method using the Golden
Gate technology to build the interference vector p1302-GG-ihyd, which had a neck ring structure. Finally, this vector was
transferred into A. tumefaciens GV3101 under the induction of acetosyringone (AS), the young mycelia were mediated by
A. tumefaciens, and the transformants were detected and identified by PCR amplification, fluorescence microscopy, real-time
PCR and Southern blot technique. One genetically stable P. ostreatus transformant was obtained, which was hygromycin
resistant. The green fluorescence signal could be detected under a fluorescence microscope, and the expression of Po.hyd
was 43% compared with the wild type strain. The exogenous DNA was integrated into the genome in a single copy. This
result will lay the preliminary foundation for further studies on the function of Po.hyd.

In order to obtain novel β-mannanases with excellent performance, two putative novel GH5 family β-mannanase
genes were excavated from the Aspergillus oryzae RIB40 genome by genome mining, named as Aoman5A and Aoman5B,
respectively. The bioinformatic analysis of the two gene sequences was conducted using corresponding softwares or web
server, and the genes encoding two mature peptides were expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115 with the aid of plasmid
pPIC9KM, and then the expressed products were purified and identified. The results of bioinformatic analysis showed
that AoMan5A contained a signal peptide with 20 amino acid residues, while AoMan5B contained a signal peptide with
21 amino acid residues and a propeptide with 12 amino acid residues. The results of sequence alignment displayed that
the sequences of two enzymes had the highest similarity of 68% and 79% with the reported sequences, and the N-terminal
of AoMan5A also carried a GH1 family CBM. The results of 3-D structure prediction showed that both of them were
in accordance with the (α/β)8 TIM-barrel structure. Under the same expression condition, the enzymes activities in
supernatants from reAoMan5A and reAoMan5B were 2.9 and 12.5 IU/mL, respectively, with specific activity of 8.3
and 104.2 IU/mg, respectively, after purification. The optimum temperature for the former was 35 ℃, while that for
the later was 50 ℃. It turned out that both of them were acidic enzymes. The carbohydrate contents of reAoMan5A
and reAoMan5B were determined to be 25.4% and 12.6% using the phenol sulfuric acid method indicating both to
be glycosylated. This study will lay a solid foundation for further research and application of β-mannanases, and also
provide a referential guidance for the gene mining of other novel enzymes.

Soybean paste is a Chinese traditional fermented food. Naturally fermented soybean paste contains rich microbial
communities. In the present study, we isolated and purified bacterial strains from soybean paste samples collected from
various regions to investigate the distribution and functional properties of oligotrophic strains in the traditional fermented
soybean paste, and studied their extracellular enzyme-producing characteristics. Totally 114 oligAotrophic strains were
obtained. Among them, 69 strains produced cellulase, 81 strains produced amylase, 112 strains produced lipase, 72 strains
produced β-glucosidase, and 59 strains produced protease. We further identified the representative strains highly active in
producing enzymes through 16s ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. The identified five strains were Bacillus atrophaeus,
Bacillus altitudinis, Bacillus axarquiensis, Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus subtilis, respectively. Among these, Bacillus
pumilus HS1-4 and Bacillus subtilis HS5-13 had high salt tolerance and environment resistance, thereby having potential
wide applications in the future.

In order to investigate the essential groups for peroxidase (POD) activity from jackfruit flesh, diacetyl, N-ethyl-
N’-3-dimethylaminopropylcarbodiimide (EDC), N-acetylimidazole (NAI), β-mercaptoethanol(MT), parachloro-mercuribenzoate
(pCMB) and diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC) were used to modify the POD enzyme. The results revealed that
diacetyl, EDC and NAI showed no significant impact on POD activity, indicating that Arg, carboxyl and Lys had no
association with the enzyme activity. However, pCMB, DEPC and MT strongly inhibited POD activity, indicating that Cys
and His were the essential groups for its activity, and disulfide bond played a very important role in the enzyme activity.
Enzymatic kinetics and substrate protection indicated that DEPC was a competitive inhibitor for POD, and the His residue
was located at the enzyme active center.

Samples of koumiss during the fermentation period were taken for the extraction of metagenomic DNA. PCR
amplification of the 16S rRNA gene sequence was conducted followed by 454 pyrosequencing to analyze the succession of
bacterial community structure. The main findings were as follows: 1) The highest diversity of bacteria occurred at the early
stage of fermentation, while bacterial abundance showed the maximum value at 72 h. 2) Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were
the dominant phyla in koumiss fermentation. Lactobacillus and Lactococcus were the dominant bacterial genera. 3) With the
extension of fermentation time, there were rising or falling trends in bacterial counts at phylum and genus levels. This study
has provided a new understanding of dynamic changes in bacterial community structure during koumiss fermentation, which
may offer some references for exploring bacterial community structure in other fermented dairy products.

Actinomycete strains ZSM-1 and ZSM-2 isolated from soil were studied for their taxonomy. The 16S rDNA was
amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) after the extraction of mycelial genomic DNA and the amplification products
were subjected to sequencing and homology analysis. A phylogenetic tree was established based on the sequences of
16S rDNA, and cultural characteristics, physiological and biochemical properties were evaluated as well. As a result, both
strains were identified as Streptomyces nashvillensis and Gordonia terrae, respectively.

In order to explore the effect of addition of probiotics and probiotic exopolysaccharides (EPS) on properties of
soya yogurt, the physicochemical, sensory and texture properties of soya yogurt fermented by a traditional starter culture
combined with Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis after addition of EPS produced by the probiotic strain were examined.
Changes in pH, water-holding capacity, apparent viscosity, EPS content and texture properties were determined during
fermentation and storage over 21 days. The results indicated that water-holding capacity, apparent viscosity and texture
properties of soya yogurt containing 0.3% EPS were significantly higher than those of the blank control (P < 0.05). The
addition of the EPS-producing bacterium had no effect on fermentation speed and gel properties of soya yogurt, but the EPS
(86 mg/L) produced during post-fermentation storage at 4 ℃ for 24 h led to a significant improvement in apparent viscosity
and texture properties (P < 0.05), while not significantly influencing water-holding capacity (P > 0.05). This study led us
to conclude that addition of EPS produced by Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis was effective for improvement of gel
properties and quality of soya yogurt.

Enterobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause neonatal septicemia and cephalomeningitis and
necrotizing enterocolitis with mortality rate of 80%. Lactic acid bacteria with inhibitory activity against E. sakazakii were
isolated from the intestine of freshwater fish and pickles by double-layer agar diffusion method. The lactic acid bacterial
strain isolated from the intestine of common carp, named as LY-4, showed the highest inhibitory activity, which was mainly
derived from its cell-free culture supernatant (CFS). The CFS showed the strongest antagonistic activity when the strain was
cultured for 28 h. The antagonistic activity was lost entirely after treatment with pepsin, and degraded sharply to 76.44% and
54.38% by treatment with neutral protease and papain, respectively, but it was not sensitive to α-amylase, and was stable
at pH 3.0–4.5. The antagonistic activity remained basically unchanged after thermal treatment at temperatures between 40
and 80 ℃ for 2 h, but declined to 79.57% and 75.71% of its original value after incubation at 100 ℃ and 121 ℃ for 2 h,
respectively. The inhibitory substance was determined as a non-glycosylated bacteriocin, which was found to be the most
extractable with ethyl acetate. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of this bacteriocin was 6.0 mg/mL. The strain
LY-4 was identified as Lactobacillus plantarum by physiological and biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence.

In order to investigate the potential public health risk of resistance genes in lactic acid bacteria (LAB), LAB
strains isolated from commercial yogurts were identified and investigated for antibiotic resistance profiles and the
prevalence of streptomycin, gentamycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline resistance genes by PCR amplification. A total
of 56 LAB strains were isolated from 25 yogurt samples, including Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (n = 26),
Lactobacillus plantarum (n = 3), Lactobacillus acidophilus (n = 2), and Streptococcus thermophilus (n = 25). Antimicrobial
susceptibility tests showed that 31 Lactobacillus strains were frequently resistant to streptomycin (87.1%), gentamycin
(80.6%), ciprofloxacin (74.2%), and tetracycline (61.3%), whereas cephalosporin exhibited good activity against the strains.
25 Streptococcus thermophilus also showed the highest resistance rate to streptomycin (76.0%), followed by vancomycin
(32.0%), ciprofloxacin (32.0%) and tetracycline (20.0%). Five different resistance genes were detected among the tested
strains, including ant(6) (accounting for 1.8% of the strains), aac(6')-aph(2'') (7.1%), tetM (5.4%), sul I (14.3%), and sul II
(1.8%). Of the 56 LAB strains, thirteen were positive for resistance genes, among which four strains harbored two different
resistance genes, indicating LAB strains which have been recognized as safe and widely used in fermented foods for a long
time may act as a reservoir of resistance genes.

The optimization of fermentation conditions for the production of vinegar from litchi honey by one-step
fermentation with active dry wine yeast (ADWY) and Acetobacter pasteurianus (Ap) CICC 20001 was implemented using
one-factor-at-a-time method (OFAT) and response surface methodology (RSM). The contents of total acids and total esters
were used as the responses. The optimal fermentation conditions were as follows: inoculum size of Ap, 8.0%; initial sugar
concentration, 310.0 g/L; initial alcohol concentration, 3.0% (V/V); supernatant from cell wall broken lotus pollen, 2.4% (V/V);
initial pH, 4.0; inoculum size of ADWY, 0.3 g/L; and culture temperature, 29.5 ℃. After fermentation for 14 days under
these conditions, the vinegar obtained contained 11.9 g/L total acids, 2.9 g/L total esters and 2.0% (V/V) alcohol and
172.1 g/L the residual sugar, having a pure and soft vinegar flavor, delicate fragrance and sweetness.

To obtain the best medium constituents and culture conditions for maximum production of exopolysaccharides
(EPS) by Grifola frondosa, nonlinear fitting was done using support vector machine (SVM) and the response variables, EPS
production and mycelial biomass, were predicted using genetic algorithm. The results showed that the nonlinear model performed
well in predicting the growth and EPS production of Grifola frondosa. The approach proposed in this study can provide a
significant guideline to control culture conditions and time for the production of desired products by Grifola frondosa.

The effect of fermentation with a mixed starter culture of lactic acid bacteria on sensory, physicochemical
and microbial properties of kohlrabi pieces was examined, and the correlation between the hardness and pectin content
of fermented kohlrabi was discussed. Results showed that lactic acid bacterial fermentation had a significant impact on
sensory and microbial properties of kohlrabi as indicated by improved aroma and taste and effectively reduced coliform
group. The fermentation also had a significant influence on the contents of total acid and nitrite, chewiness, viscosity,
the contents of reducing sugar, amino acid nitrogen and VC, hardness and pectin content in kohlrabi, but exerted only
marginal effects on color, elasticity and cohesiveness. Moreover, after fermentation for 3 months, the sensory evaluation
score of the fermented product was 94.0, and nitrite content and the number of coliform bacteria were 1.43 mg/kg and
< 30 MPN/100 g, respectively. This strategy could significantly shorten the production cycle and improve the product
quality and safety. During fermentation, the hardness was significantly positively correlated with protopectin, and negatively
correlated with water-soluble pectin, indicating that the mechanism for the changes in textural properties became more
diverse and complicated.

In order to explore mold species and functions in Maotai-flavored Daqu, a fermentation starter culture of Chinese
Maotai-flavored liquor, we used the dilution and plate spread method to isolate and screen molds in Maotai-flavored Daqu
from 6 manufacturers in Zunyi region of Guizhou province. Then, we combined morphological observation and fungal
rDNA-ITS sequence homology analysis to identify the isolated molds. Samples from 5 liquor producers were detected to
each contain an Eurotium strain, which was classified and identified as Eurotium cristatus. Among five isolates, the strain
named as FBKL3.0120 was measured to have the highest saccharifying amylase activity (up to (3 100.16±109.43) U/g).
The acid protease, pectase, lipase and cellulase activities of the strain were (225.69±2.69), (435.88±68.49), (13.56±1.73),
and (4.14±0.16) U/g, respectively. Solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
(GC-MS) was used to analyze the volatile flavor compounds produced in solid-state fermentation by strain FBKL3.0120.
The fermentation process produced strong floral, fruity and vegetable aromas. The volatile aroma components mainly
included higher alcohols, ketones and furans with L-linalool, 1-octen-3-ol, 3-octanone, and 2-amylfuran being dominant,
accounting for 16.37%, 41.23%, 6.95%, and 6.75%, respectively. Eurotium cristatus FBKL3.0120 could produce many
enzymes and aromas, and it was one of the important molds in the microbial composition of Maotai-flavor Daqu.

A lactic acid bacterial strain, Lactobacillus HLJ-174, was isolated from naturally fermented Chinese sauerkraut
from Heilongjiang province. The bacteriocin produced by it showed a strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia
coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus cereus and Micrococcus aureus after elimination of some interference factors
such as organic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Based on morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics and
16S rDNA sequence analysis, the strain HLJ-174 was identified as Lactobacillus plantarum. The bacteriocin from HLJ-174
was extracted with organic solvent, and higher extraction efficiency was obtained using butanol and ethyl acetate, but it was
not extractable with other organic solvents such as hexane, methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, acetone
and ethanol. Furthermore, the addition of different volumes (0.5-, 1.0-, 1.5-, 2.0-, 2.5- and 3.0-fold) of butanol or ethyl
acetate to the fermentation broth was applied to extract the bacteriocin, and the results showed that the best extraction
efficiency was achieved by using 1.5-fold volume of butanol as the extraction solvent. The extract was further
purified by Sephadex LH-20 chromatography, and the purified product exhibited a strong antibacterial activity against
Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus.

Objective: To investigate the effect of oat β-glucan on intestinal mucosal barrier in type 2 diabetic rats. Methods:
Totally 60 male SD rats were randomly divided into five groups including normal control group and four diabetic model
groups. Type 2 diabetic rat models were established by high-fat diet feeding and low-dose intraperitoneal injection of
streptozotocin (STZ, 0.01 mol/L, 25 mg/(kg·d)). The diabetic rats were randomly divided into model control group and
low, medium and high dose oat β-glucan treatment group. Oat β-glucan was administrated by lavage. Low (0.275%),
medium (0.550%) and high (1.100%) doses of oat β-glucan added to the basal diet were given to each intervention group,
respectively. The rats in the model control and normal control groups were fed on the basal diet. After 10 weeks, fasting
plasma glucose, intestinal flora and colon β-defensin-2, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and occludin level were
measured. Results: Fasting plasma glucose of the high dose oat β-glucan treatment group was lower than that of the model
control group (P < 0.05). Compared with model control group, the expression level of the colonic tight junction protein
occludin was higher (P < 0.05), and β-defense-2 levels were lower (P < 0.05); yet no difference was found in sIgA levels
(P > 0.05) in oat β-glucan treatment groups. The increase in Escherichia coli counts in the medium and high dose oat β-glucan
treatment groups were smaller than that in the model control group (P < 0.05). The increase in bifidobacteria and lactobacilli
counts of oat β-glucan treatment groups were larger than that in the model control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Oat β-glucan
has a positive effect on intestinal mucosal mechanical barrier and biological barrier injury in type 2 diabetic rats.

The absorption mechanism and variability of soyasaponins I and II were investigated using a Caco-2 cell
monolayer and a rat intestinal model. Apparent permeability coefficients (Papp) across the Caco-2 model increased linearly
until plateaus were reached at 120 min with intermediate Papp values of (1.02−3.41) × 10-6 and (0.9−3.05) × 10-6 cm/s
for two soyasaponins, respectively. Saturable transport, bilateral Papp ratios of more than 1.5 and the inhibitory effect of
mitochondrial electron transport chain blocker sodium azide indicated the active transport mechanisms. The transmembrane
permeability glycoprotein (p-glycoprotein) inhibitor verapamil did not increase the permeation of both soyasaponins,
excluding the p-glycoprotein-related efflux. Several absorption enhancers promoted the permeation across the Caco-2 cell
monolayers with a rank of borneol > sodiumdeoxycholate > carbomer 934P polysorbate 80; but chitosan did not exhibit such
an enhancing ability. The transepithelial transport also showed tissue difference in the intestine with the Papp values for soyasaponins I
and II across the jejunal segment being more than 2 times greater than those across the duodenal and ileal segments. Therefore, a
controlled transport should be able to improve the intestinal absorption so that soyasaponins I and II would exert their health functions.

Objective: To examined the antitumor effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), and to investigate the
protective effect and potential mechanism of EGCG against myocardial injury triggered by the anticancer drug adriamycin
(ADR). Methods: A S180 tumor-bearing mice model was established and the mice were randomly divided into four
groups: control, ADR, EGCG and EGCG + ADR groups. Tumor and myocardial tissues were taken for the measurement
of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) and Mn-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) activities using detection
kits according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Meanwhile, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial
membrane potential level were measured by flow cytometry. Results: Compared with the control group, both EGCG and
ADR could significantly increase apoptosis of tumor cells. The combination of EGCG and ADR was superior to either
treatment alone. Moreover, the combined regimen could significantly reduce LDH and CK activities in myocardial tissue.
Compared with ADR alone, its combination with EGCG could significantly increase Mn-SOD activity in myocardial tissue,
reduce the production of ROS and ameliorate the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Conclusion: EGCG itself had
anti-tumor effect, and could synergize with ADR. In addition, EGCG had protective effect against myocardial damage
caused by ADR through improving the mitochondrial antioxidant defense capacity, ameliorating oxidative stress and
maintaining △Ψm homeostasis.

Objective: To explore the effect of dietary iron content and aerobic exercise on antioxidant capacity in the
medulla oblongata in female rats. Methods: Ninety weaning female rats were randomly assigned into dietary iron deficiency
group (ID), dietary iron sufficiency group (CN) and dietary iron overload group (IO), and the animals in each group was
further divided into exercise (E) and sedentary groups (S). After feeding for 1 month, the rats in each exercise group entered
a swimming program once per day (5 days per week) for 3 months, and the rats in the sedentary groups were given the same
treatment except for swimming. Animals were fasted for 24 hours after the last exercise regimen. The body weight, organ
weight, and medulla oblongata non-heme iron (NHI) content, SOD activity and hydroxyl radical scavenging capability
(HRSC) of rats were measured. Results: NHI content in the medulla oblongata from CNS group was significantly lower than
that in CNE group; SOD and HRSC activities in the medulla oblongata from CNS group were even higher than those in CNE
group. SOD activity in the medulla oblongata from IDE group was remarkably higher than that in IDS group; HRSC and
SOD levels the medulla oblongata from IOE group were dramatically higher than those in IOS group. Conclusion: Exercise
can increase NHI content in the medulla oblongata from dietary iron sufficiency groups and increase the risk of oxidative
stress. Aerobic exercise can effectively enhance the antioxidant capacity in dietary iron deficiency and iron overload groups.
Therefore, exercise can improve the dietary iron deficiency and iron overload status.

The antioxidant activity of free phenols and anti-proliferation activity of polyphenols in Lentinus edodes stipe
powder after different crushing treatments on human liver cancer HepG2 cells were investigated in this study. The results
showed that the cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) decreased with the decrease in power size. Specifically, the CAA value
of free phenols from Lentinus edodes stipe powder ranged from 9.90 to 24.22 μmol QE/100 g; the coarse-ground group
indicated the highest CAA value, while and the nano-ground group exhibited the lowest CAA level. The CAA of free
phenols in Lentinus edodes stipe powder without washing with phosphate buffer saline (PBS) became lower with decreasing
particle size. With PBS washing, only the jet-milled group had antioxidant activity with a CAA value of 0.65 μmol QE/100 g.
The antiproliferative activity assay showed that EC50 values of free phenols from Lentinus edodes stipe powder were
1.888–5.213 mg/mL while those of bound phenols were 2.225–4.751 mg/mL. This study shows that jet milling can improve
the antiproliferative activity of Lentinus edodes stipe powder.

A total of 21 fermented sausage samples, including naturally fermented sausages from 10 different areas of
Sichuan province and starter culture fermented yak meat sausages, were investigated for the contents of biogenic amines.
The results showed that tyramine, spermidine, spermine, cadaverine, putrescine, tryptamine and histamine were determined
in these 21 fermented sausage samples, while β-phenylethylamine was not detected. The total content of biogenic amines in
samples was in the range of 57.34–411.12 mg/kg. The contents of tyramine in naturally fermented samples collected from
Xichang and Guang’an exceeded the limit (≤ 100 mg/kg) set by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the
total content of biogenic amines in other test samples was within the safety range.

In this study, a mouse model of cyclophosphamide (CY)-induced immunosuppression was used to evaluate the
immunomodulatory effects of water-soluble ginseng polysaccharides (WGPA) combined with Lactobacillus plantarum
C88. The mice was administered with WGPA alone and combined with L. plantarum C88 by gavage, respectively. The
serum levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis
factor-α (TNF-α) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) in mice were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The
phagocytic index of phagocytes was also examined by carbon clearance test. The results showed that WGPA combined with
Lactobacillus plantarum C88 could significantly enhance the phagocytic capacity of phagocytes. IL-2, IL-4, IFN-γ, TNF-α
and IgG levels were significantly increased, whereas IL-10 level was significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner. In
addition, the immunomodulatory effect of the combined treatment was significantly stronger than that of WGPA alone. In
conclusion, WGPA combined with L. plantarum C88 has certain immunomodulatory effects.

The objective of this study was to determine the selenium content, nutritional quality and antioxidant enzyme
activity of Pleurotus eryngii (P. eryngii) growing on substrates supplemented with selenium salt (Na2SeO3). The selenium
content was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The soluble protein and total sugar
contents as well as the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and hydrogen peroxidase
(CAT) were measured using P. eryngii as the control. Results showed that the addition of selenium salt to the substrates
led to a significant (P < 0.05) increase in selenium content in the fruit bodies of P. eryngii. When the content of selenium
salt in substrates was maintained in the range of 40–50 mg/kg, the bioconcentration factor (BCF) of P. eryngii reached the
highest level (0.46–0.47) and the organic selenium content was 83.00%–84.00%. Compared to the control group, the soluble
protein and total sugar content as well as the activities of GSH-Px, SOD and CAT were significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced.
These results showed that the optimal range of selenium content could increase the selenium content of P. eryngii, improve
nutritional quality and enhance physiological property.

The present experiment was conducted to explore the effect of supplemental lutein on the serum concentrations of
IgG, IgA and IgM, the mRNA expression of IgA C-region and the number of IgA antibody-secreting cells (ASC) in breast
of maternal mice as well as IgA concentration in stomach contents of neonatal mice. Maternal mice were fed rodent feed or
50 mg/kg lutein-supplemented rodent feed during pregnancy and after parturition. The serum concentrations of IgG and
IgA increased significantly at 21 days of pregnancy and at 7 days after parturition (P < 0.05), but IgM concentration and the
mRNA expression of IgA C-region were not significantly affected by lutein supplementation (P > 0.05). The number
of IgA ASC at 14 days after parturition (P < 0.05) and the IgA concentration in stomach contents of neonatal mice at 7 and
14 days after parturition were enhanced markedly (P < 0.01) in response to lutein supplemention. These results indicated that
supplemental lutein for maternal mice is effective in enhancing the secretion of IgA in mammary glands.

Objective: To investigate the regulatory effect of Schisandra chinensis lignans (SCL) on hyperlipidemia induced
by high-fat diet in mice. Methods: Among 60 male C57BL/6 mice, 30 mice were randomly divided into normal control
group (CON) and normal + SCL group (CON + SCL 100 mg/kg) of 15 animals each and fed with normal diet. The rest of
the mice were fed with high-fat diet for 4 weeks. After the hyperlipidemic mouse model was successfully established, the
mice were randomly divided into model group (Model) and SCL-treated group (Model + SCL 100 mg/kg). All mice were
intragastrically administrated with corresponding agents for 12 weeks. Then, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density
lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations in serum were detected and the
atherosclerosis index (AI) was calculated. The ratio of lipid to body weight, and TC and TG levels in liver tissue were determined.
Results: Compared with the normal control group, TC, TG and LDL-C concentrations in serum, AI and lipid/body weight ratio
and TC and TG concentrations in liver tissue were significantly increased (P < 0.01), and HDL-C concentration was reduced in
the model group. TC, TG and LDL-C contents, AI and lipid/body ratio and TC and TG in liver tissue were decreased (P < 0.01
or P < 0.05), and HDL-C was elevated in mice treated with SCL compared with those in the model group. Conclusion: SCL can
reduce fat mass in hyperlipidemic mice, suggesting its therapeutic effect on hyperlipidemia.

Purpose: To explore the effect of blueberry leaf polyphenols (BLP) at different doses on blood lipids and
liver parameters in mice. Methods: Totally 60 healthy mice were randomly divided into 6 groups, including basic group,
hyperlipidemic model group, BLP low, middle and high dose groups (at 50, 150 and 300 mg/(kg·d), respectively), and positive
control group (lipitor at 3 mg/(kg·d)). The administration lasted for 30 days, and then blood samples were harvested from the
eyeballs, and the mice were sacrificed for the collection of liver tissues. The serum lipids and liver indexes were determined.
Results: The mice administered with BLP at 50 mg/(kg·d) revealed significant decreases in serum TC and LDL-C levels
compared with the model mice (P < 0.05); meanwhile, the activity of glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (AST) in liver was
lower by 26.7% than that ((329.57 ± 15.06) U/g pro) of the model mice. When the dose was increased to 150 mg/(kg·d), the
levels of TC, TG and LDL-C in serum as well as AST activity in liver were significantly decreased when compared with those
in the model group (P < 0.05); in contrast, HDL-C was significantly higher than that in the model group (P < 0.05). When
the dose was further increased to 300 mg/(kg·d), serum TC, TG and LDL-C were reduced significantly (P < 0.05), but serum
HDL-C was increased in comparison with the model group (P < 0.05); the liver index was (4.19 ± 0.14)%, lower than that
((4.98 ± 0.33)%) of the model group, and the activities of AST and alanine transaminase (ALT) in live declined
by 32.15% and 22.96% when compared with those in the model group, which were (329.57 ± 15.06) U/g pro and
(354.31 ± 23.31) U/g pro), respectively. Conclusion: Blueberry leaf polyphenols have the potential for regulating blood
lipids and protecting the liver.

Experiments were conducted to study the effect of Flammulina velutipes stembase (FVS) on serum biochemical
indexes, abdominal fat, and lipid contents in liver and muscle of broilers. A total of 270 one-day-old Arbor Acres broilers
were randomly divided into 5 groups with 3 replicates of 18 chickens each: control group (basal diet), antibiotic group (basal
diet + 5 mg/kg flavomycin), and FVS groups at 3 levels (basal diets containing 2%, 4% and 6% FVS). The experimental
period lasted 42 days. The results showed that: 1) dietary supplementation with 2% and 6% FVS significantly decreased
serum triglyceride (TG) (P < 0.05); 2) FVS at each concentration significantly reduced serum total cholesterol (TC)
(P < 0.05), and increase the content of leptin (LEP) in serum (P < 0.05), although having no obvious effect on high density
lipoprotein (HDL-C) or low density lipoprotein (LDL-C) (P > 0.05); 3) different treatment groups revealed a significant
increase in the body weight of broilers (P < 0.05) and a reduction of lipid contents in liver, thigh muscle, and breast
muscle although no significant effect on the excreta of broiler was found (P > 0.05); 4) the abdominal fat deposition was
significantly reduced in the broilers fed with 4% and 6% FVS (P < 0.05), and the activity of HSL was significantly enhanced
in the broilers fed with 2% and 6% FVS (P < 0.05). These results suggested that FVS could reduce serum lipid and lipid
deposition in broilers.

Using rapeseed oil as the base oil, incorporation of other vegetable oils was employed to adjust the ratio of
omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids by computer-aided calculation for the development of rapeseed oil blends with balanced
nutrition. Oxidation induction time was used as an indicator to evaluate the oxidation stability of nutritionally balanced oil
blends in comparison with individual oils. Meanwhile, the adjunctive effect of the oil blends in lowering blood fat levels
was explored by animal experiments. The experimental results showed that the ratio of omega-3 fatty acids to omega-6
fatty acids was 1:3.05, and the ratio of saturated fatty acids to monounsaturated fatty acids to polyunsaturated fatty acids
was 0.28:1.0:1.0 in the blended oils with balanced nutrition, which could meet the body’s demand for balanced fatty acids.
The oxidation induction time was 4.5 h at 110 ℃, and it could be extend to 6.0 h after supplementing a small amount of the
antioxidant TBHQ, thereby satisfying the stability requirement. The blended oils demonstrated positive results in acting as
an adjunct to lower blood triglyceride levels in hyperlipidemic rats.

Objective: To observe the effects of vegetable juices with different antioxidant capacities on rat serum
metabolome. Methods: Forty male rats were divided randomly into four groups consisting of 10 animals each, including
control, lotus root juice (LRJ), rape juice (RJ), and cucumber juice (CJ) groups. The rats from the control and experimental
groups were respectively administered with distilled water and vegetable juices intragastrically at a dose of 5 mL/rat once
daily for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment, all the rats were fasted overnight and blood samples were collected from
the orbital plexus. The serum was separated and stored at -20 ℃ until analysis. A metabolomic approach based on nuclear
magnetic resonance analysis was used to investigate the effects of different vegetable juices on the serum metabolome in rats.
Results: Scores Plot demonstrated that the control and vegetable juices groups were separated successfully, while there were
no distinctive lines among three vegetable juices groups. After being treated by vegetable juices, the serum metabonome
in rats changed significantly. In the vegetable juices groups, lactate (δ1.34, δ4.14), choline (δ3.22), β-hydroxybutyrate
(β-HB, δ1.22) and internal compensation inositol increased in comparison to control. After being gavaged with lotus root
juice, serum proline (δ3.38) and metabolites of sugar area (δ3.4, δ4.1) rose, while lipids declined (δ0.9, δ1.26, δ1.3). After being
intragastrically given rape juices, acetoacetic acid (δ2.14), proline (δ3.38) and threonine (δ3.58) was increased, while lipoprotein
(δ0.9, δ1.26, δ1.3) was decreased. In the cucumber juice group, threonine (δ3.58) was increased (δ3.58), while lipoproteins (δ0.9,
δ1.26, δ1.3) were decreased. Conclusion: Vegetable juices with different antioxidant capacities such as lotus root juice, rape juice
and cucumber juice could lead to changes in the metabolic patterns of serum sugar, lipids and protein in rats.

Sugarcane contains abundant polyphenols and flavonoids. In the present study, total polyphenols content,
flavonoids content, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity, hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity
and total reducing power were used as the indicators to evaluate the antioxidant activity of sugarcane juice, and the
corresponding wine and vinegar in vitro and after simulated human gastrointestinal digestion. Results showed that at the
alcohol fermentation alcohol extractable polyphenols and flavonoids were detected. At the acetic acid fermentation stage,
the contents of polyphenols and flavonoids presented some volatility. This may be related to the occurrence of oxidation
and hydrolysis during the fermentation process. The sugar cane vinegar possessed strong DPPH radical scavenging capacity
in vitro, and the sugarcane wine had strong hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity. A series of reactions of polyphenols and
flavonoids after simulated gastrointestinal digestion took place, and as a result, the contents of both compounds dropped very
significantly (P < 0.01) in simulated gastric environment, but increased slightly in simulated intestinal environment. The
antioxidant activity of the beverages in the human gastrointestinal environment is influenced not only by their antioxidant
substances, but also by pH, protease, phosphate and other physiological factors in the digestive juice.

In recent years, women’s health problems caused by estrogen metabolic disorder have drawn great public
attention. Some studies show that the gut microbiota has a significant impact on the host estrogen metabolism and its
metabolites. The application of probiotics can improve the intestinal microbiota by promoting the growth of beneficial
bacteria, thereby improving the estrogen metabolism in the body. Besides, probiotics can regulate the host blood circulation,
thus improving a wide spectrum of estrogen metabolism-related disorders. This paper reviews the current knowledge of
probiotics in relation to estrogen-related diseases, as well as the clinical application of probiotics in preventing and treating
estrogen metabolic disorders.

As the global area of transgenic crops grows continually, special concerns have been raised on the detection of
genetically modified components which is regarded as important technical supports for the safety management of genetically
modified organisms (GMO). A series of detection techniques for GMOs have been developed in various countries and
regions worldwide. Recently, due to the advantages of fast and convenient operation, loop-mediated isothermal amplification
(LAMP) has been widely used in the detection of genetic modification. The present paper tries to review the latest research
and application of LAMP assays in the detection of genetically modified components.

The labeling exemption regulation for genetically modified (GM) foods, which functions to protect the lawful
rights and interests of both consumers and producers and promote the healthy development of the GM food industry, is
indispensable under the mandatory labeling regulation for GM foods. The inaccurate functional orientation of legislation
for the GM food labeling exemption regulation in China leads to many defects including poor feasibility, low economy,
little dynamics and scientific insufficiency as well as enlarged negative effects. Therefore, the labeling exemption regulation
in China should be improved through establishing a supervisory system, executing threshold management, improving the
classification catalogue and stepwise execution in order to bring it into full implementation.

High viability, storability and tolerance to variable environmental conditions, especially to freeze-drying, are
key factors in the development of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) starter cultures. The effects of diverse growth conditions on
the survival of LAB during subsequent freeze-drying are reviewed in this article, including intrinsic factors of strains,
culture time, medium components, and changes in temperature and pH. This review illustrates that the survival of lactic acid
bacteria during freeze-drying depends on its inherent genes, and genetic differences determine different resistance of lactic
acid bacteria to freeze-drying. At the same time, the survival of lactic acid bacteria is associated with components of the cell
membrane and the bacterial morphology. Lactic acid bacteria usually have stronger tolerance to freeze-drying when they
are cultured in the stable phase. Medium components have different influences on different LAB strains. The lower culture
temperature and pH helps improve the tolerance of lactic acid bacteria to freeze-drying. This paper may provide a reference
for improving the survival ability of LAB during freeze-drying.

The detection of small molecules mainly employs competitive immunoassay format due to their single epitopes
that cannot be simultaneously recognized by two antibodies, which has limited the application of the sandwich immunoassay
in the detection of small molecules. In recent years, the successful application of novel recognition receptors, such as
biosynthetic antigen, nanobody, anti-idiotypic antibody, has opened up a new field of small molecule immunoassay
technology. In this paper, an overview of the latest development and application of these approaches is presented from the
perspective of recognition receptors. Furthermore, future development trend is also discussed.

Metabolomics is a significant research field of system biology with unique advantages. Recently, microbial
metabolomics has gained much attention. It not only offers a broad picture of metabolic pathways, but also elaborates the
mechanisms of the interaction between microbes and their hosts. This article summarizes the major methods involved in the
research process of microbial metabolomics, including sampling preparation, analysis, metabolite identification and data
analysis. Besides, this review also introduces the development and application of microbial metabolomics in research on
lactic acid bacteria, the gut microbiota, pathogens, food science and nutrition. Moreover, we discuss the major issues and
future trends in microbial metabolomics.