食品科学 ›› 2025, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (17): 10-24.doi: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20250325-190

• 基础研究 • 上一篇    

西北地区汉族早产儿与足月儿母亲母乳脂质动态特征对比

冯燕,王馨悦,薛健兰,罗小琴,苏莉,李婷,段素芳,刘彪,司徒文佑   

  1. (1.兰州大学公共卫生学院,甘肃?兰州 730000;2.西安交通大学公共卫生学院,陕西?西安 710061;3.内蒙古乳业技术研究院有限责任公司,内蒙古?呼和浩特 010110;4.国家乳业技术创新中心,内蒙古?呼和浩特 010110;5.内蒙古伊利实业集团股份有限公司,内蒙古?呼和浩特 010110)
  • 发布日期:2025-08-18
  • 基金资助:
    呼和浩特市科学技术局专项(2021-国家乳业技术创新中心-4)

Comparative Study on Lipid Dynamics in Maternal Breast Milk between Preterm and Term Infants of Han Ethnicity in Northwestern China

FENG Yan, WANG Xinyue, XUE Jianlan, LUO Xiaoqin, SU Li, LI Ting, DUAN Sufang, LIU Biao, SITU Wenyou   

  1. (1. School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; 2. School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; 3. Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd., Hohhot 010110, China; 4. National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot 010110, China; 5. Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co. Ltd., Hohhot 010110, China)
  • Published:2025-08-18

摘要: 目的:对比分析早产儿和足月儿母亲不同泌乳阶段母乳中脂质含量及其动态变化趋势,为优化早产儿喂养策略提供参考依据。方法:于2023年1月至2024年5月,在西北妇幼母婴医院和甘肃省2 家三甲医院招募早产儿母婴对9 对和足月儿母婴对10 对。在产后0~7、8~14 d和2 个月收集母乳,采用高效液相色谱-蒸发光检测器、液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱仪和气相色谱-火焰离子化检测器检测母乳中总脂肪、结构脂、节苷脂、磷脂和脂肪酸含量。结果:早产儿与足月儿母亲母乳中脂质组成与动态变化趋势存在显著差异。早产儿组总磷脂、磷脂酰胆碱(phosphatidylcholine,PC)、磷脂酰丝氨酸(phosphatidylserine,PS)含量在泌乳期内保持稳定,而足月儿组逐渐降低;早产儿组初乳中总磷脂、PC、鞘磷脂(sphingomyelin,SM)以及过渡乳、成熟乳中SM含量低于足月儿组,但相反成熟乳中磷脂酰乙醇胺(phosphatidylethanolamine,PE)含量高于足月儿组。脂肪酸分析显示,早产儿组初乳和过渡乳中二十碳三烯酸(20:3n3)、过渡乳和成熟乳中二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA,20:5n3)含量均显著低于足月儿组,但两组间二十二碳六烯酸(22:6n3)与二十碳四烯酸、花生四烯酸(20:4n6)水平无统计学差异。结论:早产儿组母乳脂质呈现独特的动态稳定性:总磷脂、PC、PS含量保持稳定,可能是对其脂质高需求的适应性调节,同时成熟乳中PE的显著升高或与其神经发育需求密切相关。此外,早产儿组母乳中关键长链不饱和脂肪酸(如EPA)含量低于足月儿组,提示需针对性优化其脂质补充策略,以满足快速发育期的特殊需求。

关键词: 母乳脂质;脂肪酸;早产儿;二十二碳六烯酸;花生四烯酸;二十碳五烯酸

Abstract: Objective: To conduct comparative analysis of the dynamic trend of breast milk lipid composition across different lactation stages in mothers of preterm and term infants with the aim of providing a basis for optimizing feeding strategies for preterm neonates. Methods: From January 2023 to May 2024, nine preterm mother-infant dyads and ten term mother-infant dyads were recruited from Northwest Women’s and Children’s Hospital and two tertiary hospitals in Gansu province. Breast milk samples were collected at three time points: days 0–7 postpartum (colostrum), days 8–14 (transitional milk), and 2 months (mature milk). High-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection (HPLC-ELSD), liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-qMS) and gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) were used to quantify total fat, structural lipids, gangliosides, phospholipids, and fatty acids in breast milk. Results: The lipid composition and its dynamic changes in breast milk for preterm infants significantly differed from those in breast milk for term infants. In preterm breast milk, total phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine (PC), and phosphatidylserine (PS) levels remained stable throughout the lactation period, whereas those in term breast milk gradually decreased. Total phospholipids, PC and sphingomyelin (SM) levels in preterm colostrum, as well as SM levels in preterm transitional and mature milk were lower than their respective counterparts in term breast milk. Conversely, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) content was higher in preterm mature milk than in its term counterpart. Fatty acid analysis revealed that eicosatrienoic acid (20:3n3) concentrations in preterm colostrum and transitional milk, as well as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n3) levels in preterm transitional and mature milk were significantly lower than their counterparts in term breast milk. However, no statistically significant differences were observed between preterm and term breast milk in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n3) or arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n6) concentrations across lactation stages. Conclusion: The lipid composition of human milk for preterm infants remains relatively stable: the levels of total phospholipids, PC, and PS remain stable, likely in response to the nutritional requirements of preterm infants, while PE levels in mature milk markedly increase, which is maybe related to the neurodevelopmental requirements. Additionally, the levels of key long-chain unsaturated fatty acids (e.g., EPA) are lower in preterm than in term breast milk, underscoring the need for targeted nutritional interventions to address the specific demands during the rapid developmental phases.

Key words: breast milk lipids; fatty acids; preterm infants; docosahexaenoic acid; arachidonic acid; eicosapentaenoic acid

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