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25 May 2013, Volume 34 Issue 10
Decolorization of Soybean Oil by Attapulgite Adsorbent and Its Color Reversion
ZHANG Jia-ning,SUN He,HU Li-zhi,YU Dian-yu
2013, 34(10):  1-5.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310001
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The purpose of the present study was to optimize the decolorization of soybean oil using single-factor design
and response surface methodology and to compare the color reversion of soybean oil treated with attapulgite clay with
conventional decolorized soybean oil after heating at 105 ℃. The optimal decolorization conditions were 32 min, 110 ℃,
250 r/min of stirring speed and 3% of decolorizing agent. Under these conditions, the decolorization ratio of soybean oil was
71.83%. Comparative results showed that the soybean oil treated with attapulgite clay was more stable and more resistant
against color reversion.

Optimization of Extraction of Solanine from Potato by Orthogonal Array Design
ZHONG Yuan1,XIAO Wen-jun1,2,*,MA Rui1,LI Zheng-ze1
2013, 34(10):  6-10.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310002
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Abstract:Two different methods to extract solanine from sprouted potatoes, dual-solvent extraction and ultrasonicassisted
extraction, were optimized in this study. Moreover, the two extraction methods were compared with ethanol reflux
extraction and microwave-assisted extraction. The results showed that the optimum extraction conditions for dual-solvent
extraction were water-bath temperature 70 ℃, 17 h , ratio of material to liquid of 1:20, ratio of ethanol to acetic acid of 10:2
and material particle size of 0.3 mm. Under these conditions, the extraction yield of solanine was 0.6417%, and the influence
of factors on the yield of solanine decreased in the following order: ratio of ethanol to acetic acid > particle size > ratio of
material to liquid > time. The optimal extraction conditions for ultrasonic-assisted extraction were ethanol concentration of
70%, pH 3, water-bath temperature of 65 ℃, ultrasonic time 20 min, ratio of material to liquid of 1:15, particle size 0.3 mm
and two extraction cycles, in the decreasing order of importance: particle size > ratio of material to liquid > water-bath
temperature > ultrasonic time. Under these conditions, the extraction yield of solanine was 0.8356% compared to 0.5489%
with microwave-assisted extraction and 0.1881% with ethanol reflux extraction. In conclusion, ultrasonic-assisted extraction
is a time-saving, solvent-saving and highly effective method.

Optimization of Extraction Process for Total Alkaloids from Stems and Leaves of Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don by Response Surface Methodology
ZHANG Jian-guang,XU Yan,LIU Yuan,Lü Lu-yang,ZENG Rui,ZHANG Zhi-feng*
2013, 34(10):  11-15.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310003
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The extraction of total alkaloids from aboveground parts (stems and leaves) of Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don was
optimized. One-factor-at-a-time design was employed to identify four main process parameters. The selected variables were
optimized by response surface analysis based on the extraction yield of total alkaloids. The optimal extraction parameters were
soaking in aqueous ammonia for 4 h and subsequent extraction at 74 ℃ for 6.5 h with a solvent-to-material ratio 31:1. The
extraction yield of total alkaloids obtained under these conditions was 2.785 mg/g. Furthermore, the content of total alkaloids
in stems and leaves of wild Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don was much higher than in those of cultivated Fritillaria cirrhosa D.
Don. Leaves of wild Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don had the highest total alkaloid content of 4.998 mg/g. The described method is
reliable, highly effective and suitable for the extraction of total alkaloids from stems and leaves of Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don.

Optimized Conditions of Trichloroacetic Acid Precipitation for the Determination of Free Amino Acids in Fermented Soybean Paste
ZHANG Miao,WU Jun-rui,DAI Jin-yue,QIU Xiao-yu,YUE Xi-qing
2013, 34(10):  16-20.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310004
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In this study, trichloroacetic acid precipitation for protein removal coupled with biuret colorimetry was applied
to determine protein in fermented soybean paste. The influence of three factors such as precipitant dosage and concentration,
temperature and centrifuge speed was examined, and aa mathematical model was established by Box-Behnken design
for statistical optimization of the factors by response surface analysis. The results showed that the optimal conditions for
trichloroacetic acid precipitation were TCA concentration 8.3 g/100 mL, precipitation temperature 47 ℃, and centrifugal
speed 1726 r/min and had the smallest effect on the determination of free amino acids. The precipitate obtained under these
conditions contained 23.29 g/100 g prtoein.

Formulation Optimizaion of a Novel Plasticizer and Its Effect on Tensile and Microscopic Propterties of Zein Films
WANG Da-wei,ZHANG Ting-ting,LIU Hong-cheng,CUI Hai-yue
2013, 34(10):  21-26.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310005
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A plasticizer formulation for use in zein films was designed and optimized by one-factor-at-a-time experiments
and response surface methodology. The effects of composite plasticizer on tensile strength of zein film were also investigated.
Surface properties of zein films were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that the optimal
plasticizer formula was sorbitol 0.19 g/g protein, galactose 0.17 g/g protein and oleic acid 0.32 g/g protein. Under the optimized
conditions, the tensile strength and elongation at break of zein films was 16.95 MPa and 2.68%, which were 2.96 and 1.16
times, 1.64 and 1.15 times higher than that of blank samples without plasticizer and control samples with glycerol and oleic acid
as a plasticizer, respectively. SEM observations revealed that the zein films with the composite plasticizer had smooth surface.

Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Ethanol Extraction of Yellow Pigments from Leucosceptrum canum (Smith)
ZHANG Guang-wen,LI Ai-mei,GE Jing,OU Shi-yi
2013, 34(10):  27-30.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310006
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Ultrasonic was used to enhance the extraction of yellow pigments from Leucosceptrum canum (Smith) (LC)
with ethanol aqueous solution. To optimize the extraction process, the effects of operating parameters, such as extraction
temperature, extraction time, liquid/solid ratio and ultrasonic power, on extraction rate were investigated by one-factor-at-atime
method, and the results were compared with those obtained from traditional ethanol extraction. This was followed by
optimization of the operating parameters using orthogonal array design. The optimal extraction conditions were determined
as follows: one extraction cycle at 50 ℃ for 50 min with a liquid-to-solid ratio of 110:1 under an ultrasonic power of 130 W.
Compared with the ethanol extraction method, the extraction rate of yellow pigments from LC was increased from 92.85%
to 96.36% by ultrasonic-assisted extraction and the extraction time was shortened.

Optimization of Ultrasonic Extraction Process for C-S lyase from Lentinus edodes Using Response Surface Methodology
LIU Ying,YUAN Yan,LEI Xiao-yu,HUANG Wen,WANG Yi*
2013, 34(10):  31-34.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310007
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Response surface methodology was used to optimize the ultrasonic-assisted extraction of C-S lyase from
Lentinus edodes. A regression model describing the yield of C-S lyase with respect to extraction time, ultrasonic power
and material-to-liquid ratio was established. Ultrasonic power had the most significant influence on the yield of C-S lyase
followed by extraction time and material-to-liquid ratio. The optimal extraction condition for C-S lyase from Lentinus
edodes was 100.0 W, 21.5 min and a material-to-liquid ratio of 1:15 (g/mL), and the yield of C-S lyase observed under these
conditions was 48.76 U/g, which was close to the predicted value.

Optimization of Extraction of Polysaccharides from Trichoderma pseudokoningii Mycelium
LI Ping,QIN Guo-zheng,WANG Guo-dong,CHEN Kao-shan,CHEN Fu-hua
2013, 34(10):  35-38.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310008
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Objective: To study the optimal extraction conditions of polysaccharides from Trichoderma pseudokoningii mycelium.
Methods: One-factor-at-a-time experiments and orthogonal array design were applied to establish the optimum extraction
conditions based on the yield of polysaccharide. Results: The influence of three factors on extraction efficiency decreased in the
following order: reflux temperature > extraction number >extraction time > particle size. The optimal extraction conditions
were obtained as follows: three extraction cycles at 100 ℃ for 2 h each with a solid/liquid ratio of 1:30 (g/mL). Under these
conditions, the yield of polysaccharides from Trichoderma pseudokoningii was (11.09 ± 0.13)%. Conclusion: The optimized
process is stable, feasible and applicable for the extraction of polysaccharides from Trichoderma pseudokoningii mycelium.

Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of Litsea cubeba Oil in Low-Sugar Orange Peel-Carrot Complex Jam
DU Mu-ying,YANG Qin-yan,WU Jun,ZHAO Xiao-juan,KAN Jian-quan
2013, 34(10):  39-43.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310009
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The effects of storage temperature, different sterlization treatments, different methods for adding Litsea cubeba
oil and light or darkness on microbiological indexes and vitamin C content of low-sugar orange peel-carrot complex jam
were investigated during storage. No addition of Litsea cubeba oil was used as a control. The results showed that different
sterilization treatments and light had only minor effect on the antibacterial activity of Litsea cubeba oil, but temperature and
different addition methods had a significant effect on its antibacterial activity. Additionally, all light, different sterilization
treatments, different addition methods and temperature had an evident effect on the antioxidant activity of Litsea cubeba oil.
Under the storage conditions established in this study, both the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the complex jam with
the addition of Litsea cubeba oil were better than those of the blank group.

Preparation and Properties of Hydroxypropyl Pea Starch
ZHAN Xiao-feng,WU Ying-long
2013, 34(10):  44-49.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310010
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Hydroxypropyl pea starch was made with propylene oxide as an etherization reagent and sodium hydroxide
as a catalyst, and its properties were studied. The effects of some factors, such as amount of propylene oxide, pH, reaction
temperature and reaction time on substitution degree of hydroxypropyl starch were investigated. The factors were optimized
using response surface methodology. The optimum conditions for preparing hydroxypropyl pea starch were 12% propylene
oxide dosage, pH 11.3, temperature 40 ℃ and reaction time 18 h. The results obtained showed that the pasting temperature
of hydroxypropylated pea starches with different substitution degrees decreased by 11–18 ℃, whereas peak viscosity
increased by 74%–109%, compared to the native starch. At 34–90 ℃, progressive increases in swelling capacity were
observed as the MS (molar substitution) increased among hydroxypropylated starches. At the same time, in vitro digestibility
of hydroxypropyl pea starch was lower than that of the native starch.

Microwave-Assisted Sugar Permeation for Production of Low-Sugar Preserved Blueberries
MA Yan-hong1,ZHOU Jian-zhong1,WANG Ying1,XIE Qin2,HUANG Kai-hong1,*
2013, 34(10):  50-54.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310011
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This study was undertaken to optimize microwave-assisted sugar permeation conditions for the production of
low-sugar preserved blueberries. The effects of pretreatment methods, treatment time for simultaneous color protection
and hardening, gelatin concentration and sugar permeation time on sugar content, color change and sensory quality were
investigated using single factor and orthogonal array design methods. The best results were obtained by freeze drying and
microwave-assisted sugar permeation. The best sugar permeation conditions were 4.5 h of color protection and hardening,
0.6 g/100 mL of gelatin concentration and 35 min of sugar permeation time. Preserved blueberries obtaiend under the
optimized conditions had the highest sugar content (35.14%) and the best sensory quality.

The Optimized Processing Technology of Nectarine Vinegar Beverage by Orthogonal Test
2013, 34(10):  55-57. 
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This paper is determined to use the fresh nectarine of Jinmeixia as raw materials, through single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment to make certain of the acetic acid fermentation technical parameters and the optimum process parameters of fruit vinegar beverage. The results were as follow: The optimal conditions of vinegar fermentation was pH: 4.0, inoculation volume: 13.0%, initial sugar degree: 4.0%. Under these conditions, the acid content was 4.87 g/100mL; The best formula of the nectarine vinegar beverage was as follows: 20.0% of nectarine vinegar, 15.0% of nectarine fruit juice, 8.0% of sugar and 0.1% of citric acid.

Hot Air Drying for the Production of Agaricus bisporus Powder
HUANG Fan,LIU Ying,ZHANG Jing-jing,YUAN Yan,HUANG Wen
2013, 34(10):  58-61.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310013
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In this work, the hot Air drying processing technique of Agaricus bisporus powder was studied. The effect of colorprotection
solution were discussed. The study results showed that the optimized processing technique were as follows: hot air
drying temperature 50 ℃, slice thickness 2 mm, mushroom loading 40 g/m2 and drying time 7 h. The optimum color protection
solution contained sodium sulfite (0.1 g/100 mL), sodium D-isoascorbate (0.3 g/100 mL) and citric acid (0.05 g/100 mL).
Compared with freeze-dried powder, slight reductions were observed in the color, nutritional value and functional properties
of hot air dried powder while no significant difference was present.

Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and Antioxidant Activity of Crude Polysaccharides from Grape Seeds
WANG Qiang,ZHAO Xin
2013, 34(10):  62-66.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310014
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Based on one-factor-at-a-time experiments, response surface methodology was used to optimize the ultrasonicassisted
extraction of crude polysaccharides from grape seed (GSCPs). The composition, molecular size distribution and
antioxidant activity of GSCPs were further investigated. The optimal extraction conditions were obtained as follows:
liquid/solid ratio 41:1, ultrasonic power, 105 W, extraction temperature 56 ℃ and 37 min of extraction time. Under these
conditions, the yield of GSCPs was 2.37%. The result showed that GSCPs were distributed in a wide molecular size range.
DPPH free radical scavenging assay revealed high antioxidant activity of GSCPs.

Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Inorganic Arsenic in Sargassum fusiforme (Harv.) by Response Surface Methodology
ZHANG Jin-ling,ZHONG Yao-guang,WAN Jin-qing,QIAO Yong-jin
2013, 34(10):  67-71.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310015
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Ultrasonic-assisted extraction was utilized to extract inorganic arsenic from Sargassum fusiforme (Harv.)
by hydrochloric acid. Hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS) was used for the determination
of inorganic arsenic. Based on the single factor tests, the Box-Behnken central composite design and response surface
methodology (RSM) were adopted to obtain the optimal conditions for the extraction of inorganic arsenic from Sargassum
fusiforme (Harv.), using fluorescence intensity as the response value and the extraction concentration, extraction temperature
and time as the factors. The results showed that the optimum extraction conditions of inorganic arsenic were the extraction
concentration 6.6 mol/L, extraction temperature 53.4 ℃ and time 24.4 min. Under these conditions, the fluorescence
intensity was 675.51, and the content of inorganic arsenic was 4.78 mg/kg.

Response Surface Methodology for Optimization of Capsaicin Extraction by Vacuum Innner Ebullition
LIU Chang-wu,CHEN Xiao-guang,WEI Teng-you*,TONG Zhang-fa
2013, 34(10):  72-76.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310016
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The extraction of capsaicin by vacuum inner ebullition was optimized to obtain improved yield and quality.
Firstly, factorial design analysis was used to identify main optimization parameters. Secondly, their optimal region was
approached by the steepest ascent method. Finally, response surface methodology was employed to optimize the parameters
and the optimized process was compared with traditional ethanol extraction. Ethanol concentration and dosage for capsaicin
adsorption and ehanol concentration for capsaicin desorption were identified as main variables. The extraction efficiency of
capsaicin was 0.211% under the conditions of extraction at 50 ℃ for 5 min with 82% ethanol at a solvent-to-solid ratio of
3.5 mL/g and desorption with 44% ethanol. Compared with traditional ethanol extraction, the quality of the extract obtained
using the optimized process was considerably improved despite only an 0.011% increase in extraction efficiency. After being
purified by column chromatography, the extract obtained by the proposed method was increased in the recovery and purity of
capsaicin by 15.8% and 5.0% respectively, compared with the one obtained by traditional ethanol extraction. Vacuum inner
ebullition can shorten the time required to extract capsaicin and shows a very promising prospect for industrial applications
in the extraction of high-quality capsaicin.

CFD-Based Optimization of Cooling Process for Orange Juice Subjected to High-Temperature Short-Time Sterilization
XIE Jing,TANG Yi,WANG Jin-feng*,ZHANG Li-ping,GU Chao-heng,ZHANG Zheng
2013, 34(10):  77-81.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310017
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A simulated cooling process for orange juice subjected to high-temperature short-time (HTST) sterilization
was established with FLUENT software. The optimum cooling conditions for reducing the central temperature of HTST
sterilized milk to a minimum of 80 ℃ were calculated as follows: 20 ℃ (293 K) for 14 minutes, 15 ℃ (288 K) for 13
minutes, 10 ℃ (283 K) for 13minutes, 5℃ (278 K) for 12 minutes and 0 ℃ (273 K) for 12 minutes. Based on Carnot
efficiency from the reversed Carnot cycle, energy consumption in these different cooling processes was calculated to identify
20 ℃ (293 K) for 12 minutes as the best choice.

Optimization of Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Lignans from Flax Seed Using Response Surface Methodology
LIU Zhen-chun,FAN Guo-ting,SU Tong,FENG Jian-guo,YU Yang
2013, 34(10):  82-85.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310018
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The present study aimed to optimize supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of lignans from flaxseed using
response surface methodology based on a 3- variable, 3- level Box-Benhnken design. The results showed that the optimum
conditions were extraction pressure of 25.69 MPa, extraction temperature of 41.54 ℃, extraction time of 182.80 min. Under
these conditions, the model predicted and experimental values of lignans yield were 2.401% and 2.398%, respectively.

Macroporous Resin Purification and Composition Analysis of Polyphenols from Blueberry Leaves
FENG Jin,LI Min,ZENG Xiao-xiong,LI Chun-yang
2013, 34(10):  86-91.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310019
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Adsorption and desorption of 8 types of macroporous resins towards polyphenols from blueberry leaves were
investigated. The adsorption capacity and desorption rate of HPD400 resin was 52.95 mg/g and 95.96% respectively, and the
time to reach equilibrium between adsorption and desorption was short, so it was the most suitable resin to purify blueberry
leaves polyphenols. When 140 mL of 3 mg/mL samples with pH 2 was flowed through the HPD400 resin at a speed of 1
mL/min, the adsorption reached dynamic equilibrium. The adsorbed polyphenols could be completely eluted with 80 mL of
40% ethanol at 1 mL/min, resulting in a desorption rate of 90.50%. After being purified with HPD400 resin, the purity of
polyphenols was increased from 38.75% to 69.38%. HPLC-DAD-MS analysis showed that the blueberry leaf polyphenols
were rich in caffeoylquinic acids and quercetin glycosides.

Optimization of Vacuum Freeze-Drying of Apple Slices by Response Surface Methodology
MENG Xian-jun,GAO Kun,LI Bin,YAN Ting-cai,CUI Xiao-ya,YAN Ting
2013, 34(10):  92-97.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310020
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Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the conditions for vacuum freeze drying of
apples slices. The thickness of apple slices, heating plate temperature and working pressure were considered to be the most
important factors affecting the freeze-drying of apple slices as well as quality characteristics of final products (crispness,
color, moisture). A regression model indicating each of the quality characteristics with respect to the important factors
was developed based on a Box-Behnken design. By employing response surface methodology, we established the optimal
conditions for vacuum drying apple slices as follows: 8.31 mm thick apple slices, 71.62 ℃ of heating plate temperature and
62.76 Pa of working pressure. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted quality characteristics
under these conditions.

Optimization of Microwave-Hot Air Drying of Chinese Jujubes
LIU Xiao-dan,XU Huai-de,SUN Tian-kui,ZHANG Shu-juan,HUANG Xiao-qi
2013, 34(10):  98-102.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310021
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Comparative drying of Chinese jujubes by three different methods, stagewise hot-air drying, intermittent
microwave heating and microwave-hot air treatment was studied to reveal the effect of the dyring methods on the quality of
dried products. Meanwhile, we optimized the microwave-hot air drying process by response surface analysis. The results of
comparative studies indicated that total VC content was increased by 99.53% and 30.99%, and the browning index A420 was
much decreased, but total flavonoid content had no obvious difference through the use of microwave-hot air drying intead of
stagewise hot-air drying and intermittent microwave heating. The optimum microwave-hot air drying conditions were 305 g
of material loading, microwave drying at 119 W for 12 min with 7 intermittent intervals for 4 min each followed by hot air
drying at 55 ℃ for 9 h and at 50 ℃ for 12 h. The total VC content, total flavonoid content and A420 of dried products obtained
under these conditions were 36.22 mg/100 g, 35.53 mg/100 g and 0.3079, respectively. From the present study, we conclude
that microwave-hot air drying deserves to be popularized for drying jujubes.

Extraction Optimization by Orthogonal Array Design and Stability of Pigment from Herba Gnaphaii Affinis
DING Yue,XU Chao,CHEN Xia-xia,ZHENG Yi-lin,WAN Li-ting,CHEN Yi-meng,WANG Hong-fei
2013, 34(10):  103-106.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310022
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A solvent extraction technique was developed to extract pigment from Herba Gnaphaii Affinis and optimized by
investigating the effects of ethanol concentration, solid-to-liquid ratio and extraction time on extraction efficiency using onefactor-
at-a-time and orthogonal array design. The stability of the pigment obtained was also investigated to temperature, light,
pH and metal ions. The optimal extraction conditions were found to be 90% ethanol, a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:300 (g/mL)
and 100 min. The pigment obtained under these conditions had maximum absorption at 416 nm and was stable to light,
temperature and alkaline condition but greatly influenced by Cu2+, Ca2+ and Zn2+.

Separation and Purification of Phycocyanin by Combined Use of Expanded Bed and Packed Bed
GUO Jing,WANG Feng,CUI Zheng-gang,LIU Li-ming
2013, 34(10):  107-111.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310023
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Expanded bed enrichment coupled with impurity removal with a packed bed was used for the separation and
purification of phycocyanin. Crude phycocyanin extract was adsorbed by a self-made expanded bed (400 mm × 16 mm).
The resulting maximum purity (A620 nm/A280 nm) of phycocyanin was 2.02 compared to 0.23 for the crude extract. It was also
found that the phycocyanin concentration of the crude extract was 0.17 mg/mL and increased to 2.15 mg/mL after this
treatment, with a purity of 1.00 and a recovery of 59.45%. In the second step, a packed bed of XAD7HP macroporous resin
(200 mm × 10 mm) was used to remove impurity proteins from the crudely purified product. The maximum purity of
phycocyanin obtained under optimum conditions was 2.20 with a recovery of 58.81%, and the phycocyanin concentration of
the purfied product was 0.87 mg/mL. The recovery of phycocyanin from the initial crude extract was 34.96%.

Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Ethanol Extraction of Genistein from Soybean Paste by Response Surface Methdology
YANG Hong-zhi,DING Jie,LI Zhi-jiang,TONG Wan-bing
2013, 34(10):  112-116.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310024
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In this study, the ultrasonic-assisted ethanol extraction of genistein from soybean paste was optimized by
response surface methodology. The etraction efficiency of genistein was investigated with respect to ethanol concentration,
extraction time and extraction temperature. Ethanol concentration was found to be a main factor followed by extraction time
and temperature. The optimum conditions for extracting genistein from soybean paste were 78.97% ethanol, 59.61 min,
49.40 ℃ and low ultrasonic power. The resulting extract contained 100.07 μg/g.

Effects of Winemaking Processes on Volatile Compounds of Wine Made from Hermaphrodite Grape Variety NW196
LIU Jing,LI Hua,TAO Yong-sheng,ZHANG Li,WANG Hua
2013, 34(10):  117-121.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310025
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In order to investigate the effects of different winemaking processes on volatile compounds of wine made from
hermaphrodite grape variety NW196, the volatile components in wines were extracted by liquid-liquid method and analyzed
by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results indicated that carbonic maceration increased the contents of
esters, acids and phenols as well as the species and contents of volatile compounds in wines while malolactic fermentation
enhanced the contents of alcohols, acids, ketones and phenols as well as the contents of volatile compounds in wines. The
combination of carbonic maceration and malolactic fermentation could form more volatile compounds in wines and a unique
taste which was different from traditional wine.

A DNA Isolation Method for Deeply Processed Transgenic Foods Based on High-Magnetic Response Microspheres
WANG Ai-di,RAN Xiao-hua,CHEN Lei,ZHAO Wei-dong
2013, 34(10):  122-125.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310026
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DNA extraction is the difficulty in detecting genetically modified (GM) foods. DNA extraction with highmagnetic
response microspheres coupled with qRT-PCR has been applied to establish a rapid new method for the detection
of transgenic components in foods. The extraction efficiency of geomic DNA from deeply processed products of potato
and soybean with high-magnetic response microspheres was investigated in this study. The DNA samples obtained were
analyzed by PCR and qRT-PCR and the results were compared with those obtained with a commerical kit. Complete,
high pure, amplifiable DNA templates which were suitable for qRT-PCR were obtained by the proposed method and even
its extraction efficiency was better than that of the commercial kit. Therefore, this method is particularly applicable for
extracting DNA fragments from deeply processed products of potato and soybean.

Determination of of the Herbicide Metolachlor by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
ZHANG Chi-jian,WANG Qiang,TANG Qiu-shi,LIU Ying-ju,SUN Yuan-ming,TANG Yun-jian,LEI Hong-tao
2013, 34(10):  126-129.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310027
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Using one step reaction, metolachlor was modified with 3-marcapropanoic acid (3-MPA) to obtain the hapten
3-(2-((2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)(1-methoxypropan-2-yl)amino)-2-oxoethylthio)propanoic acid (MMPA), which was then
coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA) as immunogen (MMPA-BSA) and ovalbumin (OVA) as coating antigen (MMPAOVA)
using active ester method, respectively. New Zealand rabbits were immunized with MMPA-BSA. Based on the
obtained polyclonal antibody, an indirect competitive ELSIA (icELISA) was developed successfully for the detection of
metolachlor and demonstrated excellent performance. The 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) was 34.3 ng/mL and the
detectable range (IC20–IC80) was 12.3–99.2 ng/mL, while the limit of detection (LOD, IC10) was 6.3 ng/mL. The antibody
showed low cross-reactivity (10.9%) towards S-(-)-metolachlor. However, no significant cross-reactivity towards other
structurally related compounds was found. The recoveries of spiked samples were in the range of 89.5%–107.9% with RSD
ranging from 9.2% to 14.5%. Our results indicated that the proposed icELISA method is highly specific, sensitive, accurate
and suitable for the rapid detection of herbicide metolachlor in water samples.

Effect of Microbial Contamination on Volatile Components of Dried Chili Peppers
DING Zhu-hong,LIU Hai,ZHENG Wen-yu,WANG Zhi-song
2013, 34(10):  130-134.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310028
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Headspace solid phase micro-extraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/
GC-MS) was used to identify the kind and contents of volatile compounds of dried chili peppers inoculated and cultured
with Lactobacillus salivarius, Eubacterium ruminantium and Aspergillus niger. Electronic nose (E-nose) was employed to
analyze volatile compounds of dried peppers. The result showed that much less volatile compounds with delayed time of
peak occurrence were found in the experimental groups compared with the control group. Moreover, the experimental groups
presented a reduction in the relative contents of aldehydes, ketones, esters, terpenoids and nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds
but an increase in the kind and contents of alkanes and alcohols. The results of electronic nose detection demonstrated that
volatile compounds of dried chili pepper showed lower response compared to those of the control samples. The similarity in
the volatile composition of control and experimental samples were only 31.17%, 26.69% and 21.64%. Significant differences
were observed in the kind and contents of volatile flavor compounds of the dried chili peppers inoculated with different bacteria
which may lead to flavor deterioration of dried chili peppers and reduction of its processing and utilization prospects.

Determination of Cafteric Acid in Grape Juice Drink by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography
PANG Hai-xia,MA Peng-cheng,MA Li,ZHANG Wang-xi
2013, 34(10):  135-138.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310029
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A method was proposed and validated for determination of cafteric acid in grape juice by ultra-performance
liquid chromatography. The results showed that there was good linearity in the range of 0.50–50.00 μg/mL. The interbatch
and intra-batch precision (RSD) were between 97.1% and 106.0%, and the accurate (RSD) was less than 4.1%. The
recoveries of cafteric acid from spiked samples ranged from 101.8% to 109.0%. The described method was successfully used
for determination of cafteric acid in commercial grape juice drinks.

Analysis of polyphenolics of propolis from Henan province
2013, 34(10):  139-143. 
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Polyphenolics in nine propolis samples from Henan province was analyzed through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. 29 compounds were confirmed in 75% ethanol-water extracts of nine propolis samples, and 25 of them were quantified. The results showed that propolis mainly contained flavonoids, phenolic acids and their esters. Phenolic acids and their esters mainly included caffeic acid phenethyl ester, cinnamylideneacetic acid, P-coumaric acid , benzoic acid, isoferulic acid, caffeic acid, 3,4-dimethoxy cinnamic acid, and the average content of caffeic acid phenethyl ester was the highest among them. Flavonoids mainly included pinobanksin-3-O-acetate, chrysin, pinocembrin, pinobanksin, galangin, and the average content of pinobanksin-3-O-acetate was the highest among them.

Uncertainty Evaluation for Determination of Sulfonamide Residues in Chicken by High Performance Liquid Chromatography
ZHAO Jian-ya,CHEN Dan,XIE Huai-gen,XIAO Jing
2013, 34(10):  144-147.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310031
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A mathematical model was established according to the basic method for uncertainty evaluation from JJF 1059—1999 and CNAS-GL06. The sources of uncertainty for determining sulfonamide residues in chicken by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were analyzed and each component of uncertainty was quantified. The expanded uncertainty for five sulfonamides residues results was calculated. The major uncertainty sources were standard curve fitting, sample pretreatment and measurement repeatability.

Discriminant Analysis of Different Stages of Chinese Bacon Production Based on Volatile Flavor Composition
2013, 34(10):  148-152.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310032
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The volatile compounds in traditional smoke-dured bacon samples collected from each production stage were
identified by SPME combined with GC-MS to investigate the formation mechanism of flavour compounds in bacon. The
feasibility of discriminating samples from different production stages was studied using discriminant functions based on the
volatile compound peak area or peak area percentage. The results showed that 188 volatile compounds were identified across six
production stages. When discriminant analysis was performed on volatile compound peak area, 20 compounds were involved
in the gained discriminant functions, while 21 compounds were involved in the gained discriminant functions when peak area
percentage was analyzed. The original samples were re-discriminated by using the method of self test and the accuracy of the
sets of discriminant functions established were both 100%. While using mutual test, the accuracy of discriminant functions
based on peak area was 94.4% and 100% based on peak area percentage. Therefore, the established models could distinguish
among different production stages accurately based on changes in content or proportion of some characteristic volatile
compounds during the production of Chinese bacon.

Fat Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Chinese Chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume) Kernels
LIANG Li-song,LI Ru-hua,WANG Gui-xi,ZHANG Bo-lin
2013, 34(10):  153-158.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310033
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Tweenty-four cultivars of Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume) collected from different growing regions
and assigned to three major groups in China were tested in this study. Fat content and fatty acid composition of the kernels
of these cultivars were determined on a dry matter basis to explore the differeneces among the single cultivars and among
the groups. Fat content in the kernels of the 24 cultivars varied between 1.15 g/100 g and 4.48 g/100 g. Saturated fatty acids
(SFA) and unsaturate fatty acids (UFA) with carbon chain length ranging from C14 to C20 were detected as main fatty acids,
and among them C16 and C18 were the most predominant, which accounted for 7.35% to 25.81% and 64.51% to 91.83% of the
total fatty acids, respectively, with a ratio of C16 to C18 ranging from 0.08 to 0.37. The most dominant C16 fatty acid was C16:0,
and the most dominant C18 fatty acids were C18:1 and C18:2. SFAs represented a much lower percentage (9.64%-29.22%) of the
total fatty acids than UFAs (70.78%–90.36%), with a SFA/UFA ratio of 0.11 to 0.41. To sum up, both fat content and fatty acid
composition indicate significant differences among the kernels of different cultviars rather than among different groups.

Effect of Vacuum Concentration on Volatile Compounds in Beef Bone Stock
Yang Zhuo-yu,Li Yong-peng,Yu Qun-li,Zhang Li,Zhang Wen-hua,Zhang Yu-bin
2013, 34(10):  159-163.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310034
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In order to investigate the effect of vacuum concentration on volatile compounds in beef stock, ordinary and
concentrated beef bone stocks maded from adult cattle bones were analyzed by GC-MS for volatile composition. In addition
to hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, aromatic compounds and heterocyclic compounds, the concentrated
bone stock also contained the compounds acid, β-sesqui-phellandrene and 2,3-dimethyl- pyrazine, which were not found in
the oridinary bone stock. Meanwhile, the content of aldehydes in the concentrated stock was 42.57% lower than in its the
ordinary stock, whereas the contents of aromatic compounds, hydrocarbons and esters were increased by 17.26%, 11.78%
and 7.39% in the former, respectively, although no evident differences were observed for other volatile compounds. These
results suggeste that vacuum concentration can increase the contents of aromatic compounds an hydrocarbons and reduce the
content of aldehydes, indicating a significant effect on volatile compounds in beef bone stock.

Determination of Taurine in Ostrea rivularis from Different Parts of the South China Sea
GAO Jia-long,ZHANG Chao-hua,QIU Wei-jia,CAO Wen-hong,QIN Xiao-ming
2013, 34(10):  164-168.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310035
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An HPLC method for the determination of taurine in Ostrea rivularis was established. The optimal conditions of
experimental parameters such as reaction temperature and mobile phase flow rate were established. The HPLC method was
validated with respect to accuracy, precision and limit of quantification. When Ostrea rivularis samples were extracted by a
ultrasonic-assisted extraction method, the resulting extract was separated on a C18 column following pre-column derivatization with
dansyl chloride, and quantitative detection was performed with a UV detector, the developed standard curve of taurine was linear
over the range of 0.2 to 2.2 μg/L, with correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9932, the limit of detection (RSN = 3) was 1.2 × 10-5 μg/mL,
and the spike recoveries were between 92.24% and 96.73%, with relative standard deviation (RSD) of 6.42%. When the HPLC
method was based on separation on an Amino-Na column followed by post-column derivatization with orthophthalaldehyde
and fluorescence detection, the proposed standard curve of taurine was linear over range between 0.2 μg/mL and 2.2 μg/mL
(R2 = 0.9905), the limit of detection (RSN = 3) was 0.022 μg/mL, and the spike recoveries were between 92.14% and 96.73%,
with RSD of 0.81%. In conclusion, the two methods are simple, rapid, reliable and high accurate and precise and can be used to
determine taurine in Ostrea rivularis from different parts of the South China Sea with no significant differnce.

Determination of Benzoylurea Insecticides in White Grape Juice by High Performance Liquid Chromatography
ZHOU Jian-ke,HAN Chao-jia,TANG Cui-ling,FU Yan-fang
2013, 34(10):  169-172.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310036
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Residues of benzoylurea insecticides (teflubenzuron, triflumuron, diflubenzuron and hexaflumuron) in white
grape juice were determined by dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction combined with normal-phase high performance
liquid chromatography. In the dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction, the extraction solvent was methylene chloride and
dispersive solvent was methanol. The analytes were separated on Apollo Silica column with a mobile phase made up of
n-hexane and anhydrous alcohol (97:3, V/V) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and detected at 200 nm. Good linearity was found
in the range of 0.33 to 100 μg/mL with correlation coefficients above 0.999. The limits of detection were between 5.80 ng/mL and
6.60 ng/mL. The average recoveries of the benzoylurea insecticides ranged from 73.72% to 97.85%, with relative standard
deviations between 1.33% and 4.62%. The proposed method is rapid and highly reproducible and shows a limit of detection.
Therefore it is applicable for the determination of benzoylurea insecticide residues in white grape juice.

Quantitative Analysis of Melanin and Melanin-Fe (Ⅲ) from Squid
GAO Xiang,LI Guo-yun,WANG Jing-feng,XUE Chang-hu,WANG Yu-ming,LI Zhao-jie
2013, 34(10):  173-176.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310037
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Melanin was extracted from the ink of North Pacific squid (Ommastrephes bartrami) by high-speed
centrifugation. Squid melanin-Fe (Ⅲ) containing 7% (m/m) bound Fe (Ⅲ) was prepared by exposing squid melanin to
aqueous solution of FeCl3. Melanin was degraded with H2O2 and two degradation products, pyrrole-2,3-dicarboxylic acid
(PDCA) and pyrrole-2,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (PTCA) were determined by HPLC. The quantitative method to determine
squid melanin based on the degradation products of melanin PTCA and PDCA exhibited desired results. Only 40% of the
melanin was detected in quantitative analysis of the squid melanin-Fe (Ⅲ) by this method and increased to 75%. After
hydrochloric acid treatment to expel Fe, the melanin detected rose to 75%.

Different Pretreatments for Determination of Total Arsenic in Foods by Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry
QU Ming-hua,TANG Fu-bin,NI Zhang-lin
2013, 34(10):  177-179.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310038
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An atomic fluorescence spectrometric (AFS) method was developed for the determination of total arsenic in
wheat, vegetable and algae. Two sample pretreatments were proposed based on digestion with either HNO3-HClO4 or HNO3-
HClO4-H2SO4. Basically similar results were obtained by both sample pretreatments. Improved digestion of algae was
achieved by using H2SO4 due to its high boiling point, and the validity of this digestion method was confimed by proficiency
testing according to IMEP-112: Total and Inorganic Arsenic in Wheat, Vegetable Food and Algae. The chemical speciation
of inorganic arsenic was dominant in wheat and vegetable. Low boiling point acid was suitable for digestion of samples
with simple chemical speciation of arsenic and therefore enabled accurate determination of total arsenic. In the case of algae
samples, which are rich in organic arsenic, full conversion of organic arsenic to inorganic arsenic could only achieved by the
use of high boiling point acid for accurate determination.

Simultaneous Determination of 3 Tetracycline Residues in Chicken Tissues by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
GE Yun-zhi,YU Xiao-bo,ZHOU Guang-hong*,XU Xing-lian
2013, 34(10):  180-183.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310039
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A simultaneous high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the determination
of 3 tetracycline residues in chicken tissues. Chicken tissue samples were extracted with citrate buffer (pH 4) and 20% TCA,
and clean-up on C-18E solid phase (SPE) cartridge. Chromatographic separation was performed on a C18 column with a mobile
phase consisting of acetonitrile and methanol and oxalic acid at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min by gradient elution. Detection
wavelength was 351 nm and external standard method was used for quantification. The calibration curves of 3 tetracyclines
exhibited good linearity with correlation coefficients of 0.99. The average recovery rate for 3 tetracyclines in chicken tissues
spiked at 500 μg/kg varied from 86.2% to 89.3%, with relative standard deviations between 0.854% and 1.213% (n = 10).
The limit of quantification was 10 μg/kg.

Comparative Analysis of Fatty Acid and Phospholipids in Viscera of Male and Female Haliotis discus hannai Ino
LIU Yan-qing,LI Zhao-jie*,LI Guo-yun,LIU Xiao-fang,XUE Chang-hu
2013, 34(10):  184-186.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310040
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Objective: To describe comparative analysis of visceral fatty acids and phospholipids in male and female Haliotis
discus hannai Ino. Methods: Visceral total lipids were extracted using Folch method and determined for the contents of free
fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol. The fatty acid composition was analyzed by GC after derivatization
with 10% H2SO4-CH3OH solution. Phospholipids were extracted using SPE method, and then analyzed by HPLC-ELSD.
Results: The visceral content of unsaturated fatty acids in female Haliotis discus hannai Ino was higher than in male Haliotis
discus hannai Ino. The composition of visceral phospholipids in male and female Haliotis discus hannai Ino, though
complicated, mainly consisted of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylserine (PS).
Conclusion: The viscera of both female and male Haliotis discus hannai Ino are rich in phospholipids and polysaturated fatty
acids and have high medicinal and edible values.

Determination of 17α-Methyltestosterone Residue in Water and Sediment from Tilapia Ponds by High Performance Liquid Chromatography
DENG Jian-chao,LI Lai-hao,YANG Xian-qing*,CEN Jian-wei,WU Yan-yan,CHEN Sheng-jun,QI Bo
2013, 34(10):  187-190.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310041
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A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been established for the determination of
17α-methyltestosterone (17α-MeT) in water and sediment of tilapia ponds. 17α-MeT in water and sediment samples was
extracted using methylene chloride and methanol, respectively, followed by rotary evaporation. Then, the residues were
dissolved in methanol. Finally, 17α-MeT was detected using a UV detector and quantified by external standard method. The
average recovery rates of water spiked with 17α-MeT at 1.00–25.0 μg/L were 93.3%–101% with RSD of 3.0%–5.5%. The
average recovery rates of sediment spiked with 17α-MeT at 10–250 μg/kg were 88.7%–96.6% with RSD of 2.7%–6.2%. The
limits of detection for 17α-MeT in water and sediment were 0.5 μg/L and 5.0 μg/kg, respectively. The established method is
sensitive, accurate and suitable for the determination of 17α-MeT residues in aquaculture water and sediment samples.

Simultaneous Determination of 11 Carbamate Pesticide Residues in Hotpot Condiments by High Performance Liquid Chromatography
TANG Bo-bin,XI Cun-xian,ZOU Yun,WANG Guo-min,LI Xian-liang,ZHANG Lei
2013, 34(10):  191-196.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310042
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A simultaneous method has been developed for the determination of 11 carbamate pesticide residues in hotpot
condiments. Samples were dispersed by silica gel chromatography and extracted with acetonitrile, purified by gel permeation
chromatography (GPC) and aminopropyl solid phase extraction column, separated on C18 column, and determined by high
performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with post-column derivatization and fluorescence detection. The results showed
good linear relationships between chromatographic peak areas and the concentrations of 11 pesticide residues in the range
of 0.01–0.50 mg/L with correlation coefficients more than 0.999. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ)
were 0.3–1.2 μg/kg and 10 μg/kg, respectively. The mean recovery rates for samples with spiked standard at levels of 10, 20,
50 μg/kg were in the range of 76.2%–95.5% with relative standard deviation (RSD, n = 6) of 3.4%–11.9%. This method is
sensitive and reliable and can be used to simultaneously detect 11 carbamate pesticide residues in hotpot condiments.

Amino Acids in Callus Derived from Leaves, Leaf-Derived Callus and Fruits of Muzao Jujubes (Ziziphus jujuba Mill var muzao)
CHEN Zong-li,HE Xiao-long,ZHANG Xiang-qian,ZHAO Man-xing,XUE Bi-rong
2013, 34(10):  197-203.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310043
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This study was performed to determine the content and constituents of amino acids in tree leaves, leaves of
in vitro plantlets, fruits, and leaf-derived callus from Muzao jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill var muzao). Amino acids were
extracted by the hydrochloric acid hydrolysis method and were determined on an automatic amino acid analyzer. From each
type of tissues, 16 amino acids were identified, consisting of 7 essential amino acids for human nutrients, 2 essential amino
acids for children, 9 medicinal amino acids, 6 aromatic amino acids, 4 umami tasty amino acids, 4 sweetness amino acids and
3 branched amino acids. The highest content of total amino acid content was leaves from in vitro plantlets (77.14 mg/100 g),
next was in the callus (11.52 mg/100 g) and in the tree leaves (11.10 mg/100 g), and the lowest content of total amino acid
content was in fruits (4.59 mg/100 g). Leaves from in vitro plantlets had the highest mass fraction (in total amino acid)
of essential amino acids (43.21%), that in turn was the tree leaves (30.45%), the calli (25.26%), and the fruits (17.21%).
The order of percent of amino acids of medicinal functions was: the calli (72.05%) > tree leaves (71.89%) > leaves
from in vitro plantlets (65.35%) > the fruits (32.03%). Leaves from in vitro plantlets were the richest in aromatic amino
acids (43.60%) followed by calli (33.33%) and tree leaves (30.54%) and jujube fruits (13.73%). and fruits had the highest
the ratio of BCAA/AAA (55.56%), the lowest ratio of BCAA/AAA was found in leaves from in vitro plantlets (36.72%),
tree leaves (43.59%) and leaves from in vitro plantlets (52.04%) also had the higher ratios. This study has confirmed that
each of the four types of tissues contained the complete set of 16 amino acid species. In addition to being rich in amino
acids, the contents of medicinal amino acids and tasty amino acids are higher than those of common vegetables and fruits.
Additionally, different total amino acid contents were found among the different tissue types. Tissue-cultured leaves, leaves
of cultured plants and leaf-derived calli presented increases in total amino acid content by 116.81-, 2.42-, and 2.51-fold and
in essential amino acid content by 42.19-, 4.28- and 3.68-fold as compared to jujube fruits. This study desmonstrates that
jujube fruits and leaves as well as leaf-derived calli all have promising development prospects.

Determination of Taurine in Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. by High Performance Liquid Chromatography
YE Si-ping,CHEN Yue-jiao,CHEN Hai-guang*,DENG Ya-zhe
2013, 34(10):  204-206.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310044
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A method to determine taurine in Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was
described. The mobile phase for chromatographic separation was made up of methanol and 0.05 mol/L sodium acetate (65:35,
V/V) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Detection wavelength was 330 nm. The results showed that dried fruits of Alpinia oxyphylla
Miq. were detected to contain taurine by the HPLC method. This method demonstrated a linear range of 4 to 58 mg/L. Average
recovery rates for taurine in spiked samples were between 102.6% and 105.3%, with RSD of 2.15%. The average taurine
content in dried fruits of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. was 363.0 mg/kg.

ICP-MS Determination of Trace Elements in American Ginseng
ZHOU Xue-zhong,XIE Hua-lin
2013, 34(10):  207-210.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310045
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An inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method based on octopole reaction system
(ORS) was developed for the determination of B, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Cd, Sn, Sb, Ba, Hg and Pb in
American ginseng. Samples were digested with HNO3 and H2O2 followed by dilution with ultrapure water and were then
analyzed directly by ICP-MS. The interferences from polyatomic ions were eliminated by using ORS. An internal standard
mixuture of Sc, Y, In and Bi was used to correct the matrix interference and drift. The limits of detection for the 18 elements
varied from 0.002 to 0.323 μg/L,and accurate and reliable results were obtained for validation of the ICP-MS method with
ginseng reference material according to the national standard GB W 10027. This method was rapid, simple and feasible for
the analysis of trace elements in American ginseng.

Determination of Residues of Endosulfan and Its Metabolite in Aquatic Products by Gas Chromatography
YE Mei,JIANG Lin-lin,YU Ying
2013, 34(10):  211-214.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310046
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A gas chromatography method was established to analyze residues of α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan and endosulfan
sulfate in aquatic products. Samples were extracted with acetonitrile and ethyl acetate (4:1, V/V), frozen-degreased, purified
with tandem SPE columns (carbon-florisil followed by neutral alumina), and analyzed by gas chromatography with
electron capture detector (GC-ECD) and quantified by an external standard method. Each compound showed a good linear
relationship over the concentration range of 0.001–0.2 μg/mL. The recovery rates for shrimp, grass carp, oyster and eel
spiked with three different levels of endosulfan at 1, 10 μg/kg and 20 μg/kg ranged from 74.1% to 106%, with RSD between
1.22% and 7.79%. The limits of detection (LOD) for α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate were 0.035, 0.06
μg/kg and 0.06 μg/kg, respectively, and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) for all of them was 1.00 μg/kg. The method can be
applied in the detection of residues of endosulfan and its metabolites in fish, crustacean and shellfish.

Simultaneous Determination of Arsenic, Selenium and Antimony in Vigna minima (Roxb.) Ohwi et Ohashi Seeds by Microwave Digestion-Hydride Generation-Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry
GAO Xiang-yang,HAN Shuai,WANG Ying-ying,QIAO Ming-wu
2013, 34(10):  215-218.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310047
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A method for simultaneous determination of arsenic, selenium and antimony in Vigna minima (Roxb.) Ohwi et
Ohashi seeds by hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) with microwave digestion was established.
This method was also applied for determination of mung beans. Under optimized conditions, the concentration of arsenic,
selenium and antimony showed a good linear relationship with the fluorescence intensity and the limits of detection
were 0.020, 0.040 ng/mL and 0.050 ng/mL, respectively. The RSDs for 6 parallem determinations of arsenic, selenium and
antimony were 2.2%, 0.97% and 2.6%, respectively. Average recoveries for antimony ranged from 97.19% to 98.72% (n = 6).
The results of comparative experiments proved that Vigna minima (Roxb.) Ohwi et Ohashi seeds contained a much higher
level of selenium, arsenic content in mung beans from Nanyang was significantly lower than in Vigna minima (Roxb.)
Ohwi et Ohashi seeds and mung beans from Zhengzhou, which was richer in antimony than the other two samples. The
described AFS method has been sucessfully applied for simultanenous determination of arsenic, selenium and antimony with
satisfactory results. It is simple, sensitive, accurate, low-cost and efficient and consequently deserves popularization.

Rapid Determination of 18 Pesticides Residues in Vegetables by QuEChERS Cleanup and GC-MS
2013, 34(10):  219-222.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310048
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A simple and rapid method was developed to determine 18 pesticide residues in vegetables by GC-MS.
Pesticides were extracted with acetonitrile and cleaned up by dispersive solid phase extraction using primary secondary
amine and analyzed by GC-MS under selective ion monitoring mode. Under the optimal chromatographic conditions, a good
linear relationship was obtained in the concentration range of 0.036 to 0.36mg/kg. Average recoveries of the pesticides in
blank matrix spiked at 0.05 mg/kg and 0.1 mg/kg ranged from 75% to 117%. The limits of detection for 18 pesticides were
in the range of 1.0 to 14.8 μg/kg. This method is simple and reproducible and can offer a reliable analytical approach for
determining pesticide multi-residues in vegetables.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Molybdenum in Edible Beans with Mo-SCN--Light Green System
LIU Ying-hong,LIU Juan,MA Wei-xing,SHA Ou
2013, 34(10):  223-226.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310049
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A new spectrophotometric method for the determination of trace molybdenum in edible beans was developed.
After being reduced by hydroxylamine hydrochloride, molybdenum was allowed to react with thiocyanate and light green SF
to form a ternary ion associate in the medium of sulphate. The maximum absorption wavelength of the ion associate was 488
nm with a apparent molar absorption coefficient of 3.8 × 104 L/(mol•cm). Beer’s law was obeyed in the molar concentration
range of 0.04 to 1.6 μg/mL. The limit of detection of the developed method was 0.011 μg/mL. Consistent results with those
obtained by atomic absorption spectrophotometry was obtained for the determination of trace molybdenum in edible beans
by this method.

Determination of Trace Elements in Nuts by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
,NIE Xi-du,FU Liang
2013, 34(10):  227-230. 
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This paper describes a simple method for the determination of Li, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se,
Rb, Sr, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, Ba, Hg, Tl and Pb in nuts using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). An
octopole reaction system (ORS) and a shield torch system (STS) were used to eliminate the interferences from polyatomic
ions. The sensitivity of element analysis for those which are difficult to ionize was improved by the addition of 5% methanol.
Optimum instrumental working parameters were established. The accuracy and precision of the proposed method were
validated by the use of rice reference material (GBW 10045). The limits of detection for 24 elements were in the range of
0.002–0.290 μg/L. This method was sensitive, precise and applicable for quality evaluation and safety assessment of nuts.

Characterization of Volatile Metabolites of Listeria spp. Strains
CHEN Xue,NI Peng,YU Yong-xin,PAN Ying-jie,ZHAO Yong
2013, 34(10):  231-237.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310051
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Here we analyzed for the firtst time volatile metabolites from five species of Listeria were systematically by gas
chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Cultures of all the Listeria species shared the common volatile metabolites:
three ketones, two aldehydes, two alkanes and four other substances. There were significant differences in the relative
content of the common volatile metabolites among these Listeria cultures (P < 0.05). The new volatile metabolites ethanol,
acetone, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, butyl acetate, 3-(methylthio) propanal and 6-butyl nonane as well as those unique to each
strain were formed. Specific chemical barcodes were established for the unique smell of each strain. Effetive discrimination
among the five Listeria strains was perfomed using electronic nose. The chemical barcodes hold promise for the nondestructive,
rapid idfentification and detection of Listeria strains.

Comparative Analysis of Chemical Composition of Sweet Potato Vines from Different Cultivars
LUO Xia,WEI Wei,YU Meng-yao,JIANG Nan,WU Ming,XU Xiao-yan
2013, 34(10):  238-240.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310052
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This study aimed to compare bioactive compound contents in sweet potato vines from seven cultivars. The
water soluble protein content was measured by Bradford methodm polysaccharide content by anthrone-H2SO4 colorimetry;
polyphenol content by Folin-Ciocalteu method, flavonoids content by NaNO3-Al(NO3)3-NaOH colorimetry, anthocyanin
content by vanillin-HCl method, β-carotene content by spectrophotometric method; chlorogenic acid, and caffeic acid
contents by HPLC. All other bioactive compounds contents except water soluble protein were significantly different in 7
cultivars of sweet potato vines: soluble protein, 9.54–16.89 mg/g; polysaccharide, 2.63–8.79 mg/g; polyphenol, 1.89–43.21
mg/g; flavonoids, 15.27–41.52 mg/g, anthocyanins, 1.83–4.00 mg/g, β-carotene, 1.26–2.88 mg/g; chlorogenic acid,
69.38–1150.61 μg/g; and caffeic acid, 53.86–426.85 μg/g. Bioactive compound contents of sweet potato vines were greatly
impacted by the cultivar, and there were significant differences among different cultivars for the content of some of the
bioactive compounds, especially chlorogenic acid, showing a 16-fold difference at most.

Determination of Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Perfluorooctane Sulphonic Acid in Foods of Animal Origin Using Polyamide Solid-Phase Extraction
LIN Qin
2013, 34(10):  241-245. 
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A method for the extraction of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulphonic acid (PFOS) in
foods of animal origin using polyamide solid-phase extraction (SPE) was developed. Samples were extracted with acidified
acetonitrile, cleaned up and enriched on a polyamide SPE cartridge under acidic conditions through elution with 5%
ammonia-methanol and determined by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/
MS). The calibration curves for PFOA and PEOS exhibited good linearity (r = 0.9999) in the concentration range of 1 to 60
ng/mL, and the detection limit of the developed method was 0.2 μg/kg for both compounds and the average recovery rates
were in the range of 93.3% to 102.8% with relative standard deviations (RSD) of 0.8% to 6.2%.

Rapid Detection of Campylobacter jejuni in Foods by PCR-ELISA
SHI Yan-yu,LIU Jin-hua,XUE Li-gang,BING Wei,HUA Lei,ZHAO Li-qun,ZHOU Liang,LIU Xiao-hui,WANG Xiao,ZHANG Qing-bo,LENG Xi-fang
2013, 34(10):  246-249.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310054
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A PCR-ELISA method was developed to detect Campylobacter jejuni contamination in foods through the combined use of PCR, nucleic acid hybrid reaction and enzyme coloration. A forward PCR primer and a probe labeled with biotin at the 5’ end was designed from Campylobacter jejuni 16S rRNA gene sequence by using Primer Express Software 3.0. The testing conditions were optimized and developed for PCR-ELISA detection of Campylobacter jejuni in foods. The PCRELISA method revealed 10 times higher sensitivity than the ordinary PCR method. PCR-ELISA has potential applications in such fields as clinic diagnosis, food hygiene monitoring and pathogen detection in food imports and exports.

Changes in Volatile Compounds of Perch during Curing-Drying/Ripening Process
LIU Chang-hua,WANG Yan,ZHANG Jian-hao*,ZHANG Ying-yang
2013, 34(10):  250-254.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310055
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Volatile components in dry-cured perch during processing were analyzed by headspace-solid phase micro-extraction
combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS). Qualitative analysis of volatile compounds was
performed followed by comparative analysis of the changes in relative content for the identified components. The results showed
that 64 volatile compounds were isolated and identified, which included 15 aldehydes, 20 alcohols, 7 ketones, 7 esters and 15
hydrocarbons. Among these volatile compounds, hexanal, 2-methyl-4-pentenol, 2-aldehyde, 2-octene aldehyde, benzaldehyde,
1-octen-3-ethanol, 2-heptanone and (E,E)-3,5-octadiene-2-ketone were important volatile flavor compounds of perch. Volatile
composition differed significantly across various processing stages. Hydrocarbons were found to be the most abundant volatile
compounds in raw perch meat. The contents of aldehydes, ketones and esters increased and new volatile compounds were produced
as a consequence of aggravated lipid oxidation during the curing-drying/ripening process, whereas the contents of hydrocarbons
and alcohols exhibited a reduction, suggesting that lipids are the most precursors of volatile compounds in dry-cured perch.

Determination of Olaquindox Metabolite Residues in Fishery Products by High Performance Liquid Chromatography
BEI Yi-jiang,WANG Yang,HE Feng,REN Sheng-lan
2013, 34(10):  255-258.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310056
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A high performance liquid chromatography method was established to determine olaquindox metabolite
(3-methyl-2-quinoxalinecarboxylic acid, MQCA) residues in fishery products in this study. Olaquindox metabolite
residues were extracted with 2 mol/L hydrochloric acid, and purified on an SPE column. Sample analysis was performed
using RP-HPLC and external standard method. In the concentration range of 0.01 to 1.0 μg/mL, an excellent linearity
was observed with a correction coefficient of 0.9998. The LOD (limit of detection) was 4.0 μg/kg and LOQ (limit of
quantification) was 12.0 μg/kg. Average recovery rates for different species of fishery products spiked at three levels
varied between 71.0% and 86.5% with a RSD of 3.84% to 7.32%. The recovery of MQCA was increased by an average
of 6.4% under optimized pretreatment conditions with more complicated extraction procedure and shortened oscillation
time. Moreover, an average increase of 13.0% in MQCA recovery was obtained by omitting filtration.

Determination and Source Analysis of Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate in Juice by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
YANG Chun-ying,LIU Xue-ming,XU Yu-juan
2013, 34(10):  259-262.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310057
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A rapid, simple, and repeatable method was established to determine bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in
juice by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that its linear range was 1.0–50.0 mg/L (R2 =
0.9978) and the detection limit for DEHP was 0.4 mg/L. Average recovery rates ranged between 87.84% and 105.23% with
relative standard deviation of less than 7%. Therefore, the GC-MS method is suitable for quantifying DEHP in juice and
providing a useful guideline to trace the source of DEHP in juice.

REP-PCR and ERIC-PCR Analysis for the Typing of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolated from Sea Products Marketed in Shanghai
MA Yue-jiao,SUN Xiao-hong,ZHAO Yong,LU Ying,Vivian Chi-Hua WU,PAN Ying-jie
2013, 34(10):  263-267.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310058
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Objective: The enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR)
and repetitive extragenic palindromic element-polymerase chain reaction (REP-PCR) were used to analyze the types of 88
Vibrio parahaemolyticus including 2 standard strains, 13 laboratory strains and 73 isolated strains. Methods: REP and ERIC
primers were used to amplify the repeated sequences. NTsys-pc software was used to calculate the discriminative index of
REP- and ERIC-PCR with Dice coefficients. Results: All 88 tested V. parahamolyticus could be typed by REP- and ERICPCR
clearly and revealed abundant genetic diversity in V. parahamolyticus. According to the results of REP-PCR-amplified
5–9 bands within 609–4200 bp, V. parahamolyticus was typed into 5 groups and 12 types with discrimination index of 0.93,
and the tdh+ strains with resolving index of 0.86 could be classified in Group I. According to ERIC-PCR-amplified 5–11
bands within 400–7593 bp, V. parahamolyticus was typed into 7 groups and 11 types with discrimination index of 0.94, and
the tdh+ strains with discrimination index of 0.76 could be classified in group I. Conclusion: The isolated tdh+ strains are
clustered together with standard strains using the two methods. Although both methods exhibit good typing capability, REPPCR
is more repeatable and stable than ERIC-PCR.

Determination of Heavy Metal Elements in Carboxymethyl Cellulose Sodium as a Food Stabilizer by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry with Octopole Reaction System
FU Liang
2013, 34(10):  268-271.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310059
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An analytical method was established for the determination of 10 heavy metal elements including Cr, Mn,
Co, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, Sb, Hg and Pb in carboxymethyl cellulose sodium as a food stabilizer using microwave digestion and
inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) with octopole reaction system (ORS). Samples were digested
with HNO3 and H2O2 followed by dilution with ultrapure water. Then, 10 elements in the solution were analyzed directly
by ICP-MS. ORS was successfully applied to eliminate interferences from polyatomic ions. Sc, Y, In and Bi as internal
standard elements were used to compensate matrix effect and signal drift. The optimal conditions for the determination were
evaluated. Under the optimal conditions, the detection limits of 10 elements were in the range of 0.003–0.043 μg/L and the
relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 3.06%, showing the established method to be precise. The presented method
is applicable for quality control and safety evaluation of CMC-Na as a food stabilizer.

LC-MS/MS Determination of Chloranteraniliprole and Flubendiamide Residues in Animal-Derived Foodstuffs
ZHANG Yun,ZHENG Jing-feng,LI Yao-ping,XU Cai-xia,HOU Jie
2013, 34(10):  272-275.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310060
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A method for the determination chloranteraniliprole and flubendiamide residues in animal-origin foodstuffs
using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed. Residues of chloranteraniliprole
and flubendiamide in animal-origin foodstuffs were extracted with a mixture of acetonitrile and ammonium acetate and
decontaminated on a neutral alumina column using acetonitrile and aqueous solution containing 5 mmol/L ammonium
acetate (70:30) as mobile phase. LC-MS/MS analysis of the analytes was conducted by electrospray ionization (ESI) in a
positive mode using multiple reaction monitoring, and quantified by an external standard method. The results showed that the
detection limit was 1 μg/kg for both chloranteraniliprole and flubendiamide. An excellent linear relationship was observed in the
range of 1 to 250 μg/L with a relative standard deviation of 0.999. The recovery rates of chloranteraniliprole and flubendiamide
at spiked levels of 1, 2 μg/kg and 10 μg/kg were 73.5%–101.2% with relative standard deviation of 3.72%–11.05%.

Analysis of Volatile Flavor Components in Zizhong Dongjian, Dry Cured Fermented Leaf Mustard
WANG Miao,LI Zhang,ZHANG Jie,FENG Su,SUN Qun,YANG Zhi-rong*
2013, 34(10):  276-280.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310061
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The volatile flavor compounds of Zizhong Dongjian (dry cured fermented leaf mustard in Zizhong, Sichuan
province) fermented for 1, 2, 3 or 4 yeatrs were extracted by headspace solid phase micro extraction (HS-SPME) method
and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 147 compounds divided into 9 categories
were identified in four Dongjian samples, among which 11 components were predominant including palmitic acid ethyl
ester, octanoic acid ethyl ester, heptadecane and beta-ionone. Over 4 years of fermentation, the types of major volatile
flavor components and their relative contents revealed significant differences. On the 1st year fermentation, hydrocarbons
were the most abundant compounds, while esters instead of hydrocarbons became main components on the 2nd to 4th year
fermentation. On the 4th year fermentation, the relative contents of ketones and sulphur compounds increased dramatically.
Eight components were common to all the four samples, all of which were domniant volatile compounds in Dongjian.
Furthermore, Dongjian samples fermented for different years had different flavors due to their varying volatile composition.

Determination of Flavonoids, Phenolic Acids and Abscisic Acid in Honeys of Different Floral Origins by HPLC
SUN Chong-zhen,WANG Chao,CAI Zi-zhe,CHEN Yan-ting,WU Xi-yang*
2013, 34(10):  281-285.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310062
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Flavonoids (rutin, myricetin, quercetin, naringenin, luteolin, keampferol and apigenin), phenolic acids (gallic
acid, catechin, caffeic acid, α-catechin, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid) and abscisic acid
in honeys of different floral origins (lichee honey, longan honey, loquat honey, linden honey, date honey, lenourus honey,
osmanthus honey, and Chinese milk vetch honey) were analyzed by HPLC-PDA. There were significant differences in the
contents of abscisic acid among different samples. Abscisic acid content was ranged from 16.4 μg/100 g (osmanthus honey)
to 1321.9 μg/100 g (lichee honey). Total phenolic contents of eight honey samples varied from 325.3 to 2260.8 μg/100 g
honey. Among them, keampferol was be detected only in longan honey, loquat honey, lichee honey, date honey and Chinese
milk vetch honey. Lichee honey contained the highest amount of ferulic acid, myricetin and quercetin. However, α-catechin
was the main component in loquat honey. Longan honey contained a considerable amount of 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid,
p-coumaric acid and luteolin. These results show that the profile of flavonoids, phenolic acids and abscisic acid could be
used for authenticating the floral origin of a honey sample.

Determination of Trace Arsenic in Food and Flavor by Microwave Digestion-Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
FENG Bo,TIAN Juan,JIAO Yi-cong,LIU Yong-gang
2013, 34(10):  286-288.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310063
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A method for direct determination of total As was established by using microwave digestion-hydride generation
atomic absorption spectrometry (MD-HGAAS). Samoles were pretreatted by microwave digestion prior to MD-HGAAS
analysis. Satisfactory results (Z<|2|) were obtained when using spinach standard material (GBW 10015) to verify the
validity of the proposed method. The detection limit (3σ) of this method was 0.17 μg/L. Aaverage recovery rates for different
matrices spiked with As was 91.9%–111.0%, with relative standard deviation (RSD) was 0.1%–6.6%. The method presented
in this study can provide an accurate and sensitive approach to analyzing total As in food and flavor.

Determination of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Using On-line Solid Phase Extraction
DING Jian,LI Pei-wu,LI Guang-ming,WANG Xiu-pin,MA Fei
2013, 34(10):  289-293.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310064
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Objective: A novel method was developed for the determination of aflatoxin M1 in milk by HPLC with on-line
solid phase extraction (SPE). Methods: An on-line SPE column was prepared through packing SB-C18 filler in stainless
column. The loading and washing solution were water, transferring solution was acetonitrile-water (20:80, V/V), and
elution solution was acetonitrile-water (15:85, V/V). Results: Under optimized conditions, a linear regression equation
was fitted as follows: Y = 2.52746X-0.067 with a correlation coefficient of 0.99906. The detection of limit (LOD) was
0.04 μg/kg, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.10 μg/kg. Average recovery rates for samples spiked at various
levels were 98%-105.7% with RSD was 0.79%-2.56% (n = 6). Conclusion: A simple, accurate and credible method has
been successfully developed for rapid determination of aflatoxin M1 in milk.

Effect of Different Concentrations of Ethephon on Aroma and Key Enzymes Related to Aroma Formation in 1-MCP-Treated Nanguo Pear after Refrigerated Storage
ZHANG Li-ping,JI Shu-juan
2013, 34(10):  294-298.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310065
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After post-harvest 1-MCP treatment and subsequent storage at (0 ± 0.5) ℃ for 5 months, Nanguo pear fruits
were immersed in ethephon solutions of different concentrations and then exposed to normal temperature conditions in order
to investigate changes in the activities of key enzymes of fatty acid metabolism pathways, lipoxygenase (LOX), hydrogen
peroxide repressible enzyme (HPL), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and alcohol acyltransferaseand (AAT), and explore the
mechanism of action of exogenous ethylene on the metabolism of aroma compounds in Nanguo pear to provide a theoretical
guideline to apply 1-MCP and exogenous ethylene for Nanguo pear storage and preservation. Post-harvest treatment of
Nanguo pears with 0.75 μ/L 1-MCP for 24 h started on the same day after harvesting, followed by 7 d of storage at normal
temperature. After subsequent cold storage for 5 months, the Nanguo pears were treated with ethephon solutions of different
concentrations (2, 4, 6 mmol/L and 8 mmol/L) for 2 min. The results showed that 2 mmol/L exogenous ethylene treatment
exhibited lower relative contents of acetic acid heptyl ester and heptanoic acid ethyl ester but remarkably higher relative
contents of ethyl acetate, butanoic acid ethyl ester, hexanoic acid ethyl ester, acetic acid hexyl ester and benzeneacetic acid
ethyl ester than control group. During a shelf life of 28 d after 1-MCP treatment, the activities of LOX, HPL and AAT in 2 mmol/L 1-MCP
group were always higher than in three other concentration groups and control group. Almost no differences in ADH activity
were observed among control group and 1-MCP treatments at different concentrations. From these findings we conclude that
treatment with 2 mmol/L exogenous ethylene can increase the activities of LOX, HPL and AAT and accordingly improve
the aroma quality of Nanguo pear during shelf life after cold storage.

Effect of Chitosan Coating on Quality of Refrigerated Red Drum Fillets
LI Ting-ting,LI Jian-rong,ZHAO Wei
2013, 34(10):  299-303.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310066
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The effect of chitosan coating (0, 1, 1.5, 2 g/100 mL and 3 g/100 mL) on quality of red drum fillets on cold
storage were examined over a period every 4 days. Microbiological (total viable count), chemical (pH, TBA, TVB-N and
K-value) and sensory characteristics (texture, sensory scores) were assessed periodically for the treated group and the
control. The results indicated that the shelf life was extended significantly at 4 ℃ by chitosan coating treatment, and the
fillets treated with 2 g/100 mL chitosan coating showed the best preservation effects and the shelf life was prolonged to 4
to 6 days. To conclude, the chitosan coating showed a significant inhibitory effect on the propagation of bacteria and antioxidation
of fat and protein, thus prolonged the preservation time of red drum fillets.

Induction of Phenylalanine Ammonium Lyase, Polyphenol Oxidase and Peroxidase in Postharvest Peach Fruit by Tea Extract
ZHANG Shao-shan,CHEN Jiao-jiao,YANG Xiao-ping
2013, 34(10):  304-307.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310067
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Phenylalanine ammonium lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) activities induced by
tea extract were studied in postharvest peach fruit punched or inoculated with B. cinerea. The results showed that tea extract
induced the activities of PAL, PPO and POD in punched peaches, and the activities of PAL and PPO after 96 h of treatment
with tea extract were significantly higher than that in punched peaches. Tea extract was also able to significantly induce PAL
activities (after 24, 72 h and 96 h of treatment), PPO and POD (after 72 h and 96 h of treatment) in peaches inoculated with
B. cinerea. The enhancement of PAL, PPO and POD in peach fruit punched or inoculated with B. cinerea induced by tea
extract was consistent with the inhibition of disease of peach fruit. The results suggested that the mechanism of extended
preservation of peach fruit may be partially due to the induction of PAL, PPO and POD by tea extract.

Comparative Studies on Preservability of 8 Blueberry Cultivars Introduced in Guizhou
WU Xin,XU Li,LI Li-li,SUN Li-wen,FANG Pin-wu
2013, 34(10):  308-312.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310068
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The quality changes of 8 blueberry cultivars introduced in Guizhou during cold storage were compared and
their perservabilities were determine for producer’s selecting of optimal blueberry cultivars and prolonging its supply time.
The results showed that there were big differences in the preservability among the blueberry varieties during refrigerated
storage and the decay rate and the mass loss rate of the samples increased with the extension of storage time. However, slight
changes occurred in the content of TSS while the peak respiration value varied among different cultivars, and ‘Baldwin’ had
the highest. An increase followed reduction in the reducing sugar content was observed, and ‘Powderblue’ possessed the
highest with slight changes with the exception of ‘Powderblue’ which no significant difference was found compared with
other cultivars (P > 0.05). The VC content increased and ‘Brightblue’ showed marked difference from ‘Tifblue’ and ‘Climax’.
There was a fluctuation in the content of total anthocyanins during cold storage. Of the investigated cultivars, ‘Brightblue’
showed lowest decay index, highest content of VC, and the longest peak respiration time and thereby, has the highest
postharvest quality. The best cultivar suitable for storage is ‘Brighblue’ No.1 followed by ‘Climax’.

Effect of Controlled Atmosphere on Quality of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp)) during Storage
WANG Li-bin,JIANG Li,SHI Yun,LUO Hai-bo,YU Zhi-fang
2013, 34(10):  313-316.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310069
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In order to investigate the effect of controlled atmosphere (CA) on cowpea during storage, two different storage
conditions were selected: one was controlled atmosphere storage (gas components: 3% O2 + 1% CO2 + 96% N2; temperature:
9.0 ℃ ± 0.5 ℃); the other was cold storage (gas components: air; temperature: 9.0 ℃ ± 0.5 ℃). The results showed that
CA could effectively reduce weight loss, rotting rate and accumulation of cellulose, and could maintain higher contents of
reducing sugar and chlorophyll of cowpea during storage. Meanwhile, CA could inhibit the respiration intensity, resulting in
lower accumulation of superoxide anion (O2-·), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA). After 30 days, the
weight loss and rotting rate of cowpea using controlled atmosphere storage or cold storage were 2.11% and 4.21%, 5.33%
and 24.67% respectively; while the contents of reducing sugar, chlorophyll and cellulose were 10.29 mg/g and 8.65 mg/g,
0.078 mg/g and 0.067 mg/g, 20.71 mg/g and 22.58 mg/g, respectively. CA is a good method for maintaining the quality of
cowpea during storage.

Effect of 60Co-gamma Ray Irradiation and Storage on Sensory Quality of Hams
CHEN Chang-xiu,QUAN Xian-qing
2013, 34(10):  317-321.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310070
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Hams were irradiated at 0, 2.5 kGy and 5 kGy using 60Co gamma-ray, vacuum package and stored at 4 ℃. The
lipid oxidation, volatile compounds and color of treated ham were analyzed and the sensory scores were evaluated. The
result showed that 2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance of irradiated ham significantly increased at 2 h after irradiation
(P < 0.05). No significant difference in 2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance between irradiated and nonirradiated ham
with 60 and 120 days storage (P > 0.05) was observed. Thirty-seven volatile compounds were identified as hydrocarbons,
alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, ester and sulfur compounds. Dimethyl sulfide was detected in irradiated ham at 2 h after ham
was irradiated, which was the major compound responsible for the characteristic off-odor in irradiated ham and it was
disappeared in irradiated and nonirradiated ham after 60 days storage. Irradiation and storage had little effect on either
exterior or interior color of ham. The irradiated ham had significantly stronger off-odors, but the odor of irradiated ham was
still acceptable.

Relationship of Biogenic Amines with Microbial Growth of Vacuum-Packed Tilapia during Cold Storage
ZHONG Sai-yi,LIU Shou-chun,QIN Xiao-ming,WANG Wei-min,LIN Hua-juan,CHEN Su-hua
2013, 34(10):  322-326.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310071
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Changes in biogenic amines and major microflora in vacuum-packed tilapia during cold storage were
investigated to reveal the relationship between biogenic amines formation and microbial growth by correlation analysis with
regression equation. The results showed that, during cold storage, the dominant biogenic amines were putrescine, cadaverine
and histamine while no signficant correlations were observed between microbial growth and biogenic amines such as
tryptamine, phenylethylamine, tyramine, spermidine and spermine while the other biogenic amine indicators showed good
correlation with microbial growth. The diamine and biogenic amines index (BAI) could be used to reflect the change trend of
total biogenic amines effectively which were simple for quality evaluation. Using stepwise regression analysis, a well-fitted
multivariate linear regression equation indicating storage days with respect to biogenic amines and microbial growth was
obtained as follows: storage days = 0.125 histamine+0.941 anaerobe+0.022 cadaverine-2.918.

Effect of Vacuum Air Current Technique for Plant cell Wall Breakdown (VAPB) on the Extraction of Active Ingredients in Mulberry Leaves
SUN Chang-bo,SHI Lei-ling,TU Jian-fei,HAN Dan-dan,ZHANG Qing-qing,ZHANG Jing
2013, 34(10):  327-330.  doi:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201310072
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Objective: To investigate the effect of VAPB on the extraction efficacy of alkaloids, flavonoids and
polysaccharides in mulberry leaves. Methods: The contents of alkaloids, flavonoids and polysaccharides in mulberry leaves
with damaged cell wall and intact wall were determined and compared by HPLC or spectrophotometric methods. Results:
The contents of alkaloids, flavonoids and polysaccharides in mulberry leaf samples with damaged cell wall were higher than
those with intact cell wall, which were 74%, 58% and 48% respectively. Conclusions: Pretreatment of mulberry leaves by
VAPB may significantly increase the solubility of the active components in mulberry leaves.