In this study, the rheological properties of exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by Tibetan kefir were evaluated.
The results showed that the aqueous EPS solution was a typical non-Newtonian pseudoplastic fluid, and its flow behavior
was affected by concentration, pH, temperature, cation type and concentration. Specifically, the viscosity of EPS solution
increased with its increasing concentration and the shear thinning phenomenon was more obvious. The viscosity of
EPS solution at pH 10.0 or pH 4.0 was obviously lower than that at pH 7.0. The addition of Na+ significantly increased
the viscosity of EPS solution in a concentration-dependent fashion. However, the viscosity of EPS solution was greatly
decreased when Ca2+ was added. The viscosity of EPS solution little changed with good temperature resistance at 10–85 ℃.
The viscosity of skim milk was significantly increased by adding 10 mg/mL of the EPS.

The texture, cross-linkage and microstructure of MTGase-induced silver carp surimi gels at various setting
times were measured to explore the pattern of structural evolution. The mechanical testing results showed that the breaking
force, deformation, hardness and chewiness of surimi gels without MTGase addition (control group) increased significantly
(P < 0.05) with extended setting time. The equilibrium breaking force (1 100 g) was achieved when the setting time was 3–6 h
and the highest deformation (17 mm) was obtained in non-MTGase group when the setting time was 1–2 h, followed by a
decrease with extended setting time. The highest breaking force, hardness and chewiness were obtained when the setting
time was extended up to 3 h in MTGase group, while the deformation decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with the extension
of setting time. SDS-PAGE results showed that myosin heavy chain (MHC) content decreased with the extension of
setting time and the MHC content of the MTGase group was lower than that of the control group. The pore size of surimi
gels decreased first and then increased significantly (P < 0.05), achieving the most compact network structure when the
setting time was 3 h. Better properties of surimi gels were obtained when the setting time was 3–6 h in the absence of
MTGase or 2–4 h in the presence of MTGase at 40 ℃. To conclude, structural evolution of surimi gels can be controlled by
adjusting the setting time to obtain high-quality surimi gel products.

The structural dependence of the self-aggregation behavior and size of micelles of fatty acid oat β-glucan esters
(FAOGEs) was investigated in this study. The structure parameters of FAOGEs tested included molecular weight (Mw) of
β-glucan (7.4 × 104 –16.8 × 104 D), degree of substitution (DS) of oat β-glucan fatty acid esters (0.010 ± 0.002–0.030 ± 0.002),
and acyl chain length (6, 8 and 10). The results showed that the critical aggregation concentration (CAC) of FAOGEs with
different structures was in the range of 0.050–0.165 mg/mL and increased significantly with decreasing DS and acyl chain
length and with increasing Mw of oat β-glucan. The effect of structure parameters of FAOGE on CAC was in the decreasing
order: acyl chain length > DS > Mw of oat β-glucan. The average micelle size of FAOGEs with different structures was in
the range of 264.7–530.9 nm and increased significantly with decreasing DS and acyl chain length and with increasing Mw
of oat β-glucan. The effect of structure parameters of FAOGE on micelle size was in the decreasing order: DS > acyl chain
length > Mw of oat β-glucan.

In order to explore gel properties of mixed surimi from silver carp surimi and Nemipterus virgatus at various
ratios, the gel strength, water holding capacity, cooking loss rate, whiteness, transverse relaxation time, microstructure and
myofibrillar protein of mixed surimi gels were analyzed in the present study. The results showed that the whiteness of mixed
surimi was significantly promoted compared with the pure Nemipterus virgatus surimi gel (P < 0.05), and the whiteness
of the mixed surimi gel from silver carp and Nemipterus virgatus with a ratio of 5:1 was improved compared with the pure
silver carp surimi gel. At this ratio, gel properties of the mixed surimi gel were the best. The breaking force, deformation,
gel strength and water holding capacity increased by 18.33%, 27.29%, 51.01% and 5.65%, respectively, compared with the
pure silver carp surimi gel, and by 5.84%, 19.50%, 26.49% and 3.45%, respectively, compared with the pure Nemipterus
virgatus surimi gel. In addition, cooking loss of the mixed surimi was lowered by 15.88% and 7.48% than that of silver
carp surimi gel and Nemipterus virgatus surimi gel, respectively; the transverse relaxation time T22 of the mixed surimi gel was
shorter by 10.34 ms in comparison with silver carp surimi gel. As observed under scanning electron microscope, microstructure of
the mixed surimi gel from silver carp and Nemipterus virgatus with a ratio of 5:1 was highly uniform and dense. Sodium dodecyl
sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electropheresis (SDS-PAGE) of myofibrillar protein indicated that the myosin heavy chain (MHC)
cross-linked and formed large molecular weight aggregates so that less MHC entered the gel and the strip was more narrow.

Potato, tapioca and corn starches were individually added to phosphorylated myofibrillar protein from squilla to
explore the effect of starch concentration, sodium tripolyphosphate (STP) concentration and temperature on protein gelation
properties. Results showed that the gel strength and water-holding capacity of composite protein gels with each of these
starches added increased with increasing concentration of STP. Increasing concentration of potato and tapioca starches had
a significant effect on gel strength and water-holding capacity of the composite protein gel (P < 0.05), whereas the effect
of com starch was not insignificant (P > 0.05). The gel strength of composite protein gels with added starch increased with
rising temperature, while water-holding capacity declined. The results of this investigation provide an insight into the use of
starch to improve gelation properties of myofibrillar protein from squilla.

In order to explore the meat quality difference of FFRC strain common carp in comparison with Huanghe carp and
Jian carp, texture characteristics, flesh color, pH change, and nutritional components in three different carps under the same
breeding conditions were investigated. The results showed that texture properties such as shear force, hardness, cohesiveness
and chewiness of FFRC strain common carp were lower than those of Huanghe carp and Jian carp, and adhesiveness of
FFRC strain common carp was higher than that of Huanghe carp; moisture content and fat content of FFRC strain common
carp was significantly lower than those of Huanghe carp and Jian carp (P < 0.01), but there was no significant difference in
ash content and protein content (P > 0.05). FFRC strain common carp had higher Ser, Cys and EAA contents, and exhibited
a significant increase in Thr content compared with Huanghe carp and Jian carp. Overall, the meat quality of FFRC strain
common carp in terms of texture and nutritional value was better than that of Huanghe carp and Jian carp. Shear force,
hardness, gumminess and chewiness showed a significantly positive correlation (P < 0.05) with crude protein and crude fat;
adhesiveness was significantly negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with crude fat. Principal component analysis indicated that
3 principal components were extracted from 12 indicators investigated. Hardness, shear force, crude fat and crude protein
were found to be the most important factors affecting the meat quality.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of several polyphenolic compounds (ferullic acid, tannic
acid, rosmarinic acid and syringic acid) at various concentrations (1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% based on protein) on structure
and properties of film from myofibrillar protein of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Among all the investigated polyphenolic
compounds, tannic acid showed the highest cross-linking capacity on myofibrillar protein as evidenced by in the lowest free
amino group and sulfhydryl group contents in the film-forming protein solution. The addition of polyphenolic compounds
could enhance mechanical properties of the resulting films. With increasing concentration of polyphenolic compounds
added, Young’s modulus (E) and tensile strength (TS) of the films increased, while their elongation at break (EAB) decreased
(P < 0.05), suggesting stronger and stiffer film structure. At the same concentration used, tannic acid could result in higher
mechanical properties (elasticity and tensile strength) of the film when compared with other polyphenolic compounds. The
transparency and color of the film were reduced by polyphenolic compounds, depending on the type and concentration.
Therefore, polyphenolic compounds can potentially be applied in inner packaging materials for high-fat foods to prevent
lipid oxidation, thus prolonging the shelf-life of foods during storage.

Once plant cells are ruptured, glucosinolates (GLs) are quickly contacted with myrosinase (MYR) and degrade
into isothiocyanates (ITCs), which are believed to be anticarcinogens. Effects of cutting, steaming and dehydrating on the
contents of GLs and ITCs, and MYR activity in ‘Pate’ cabbage were studied. Results showed that the contents of total GLs
and aliphatic GLs were the lowest, and the content of ITCs was the highest when cabbage leaves were cut into 1.0 cm ×
1.0 cm pieces, a 38.91% increase over that of the intact cabbage. With increasing steaming time, MYR activity decreased.
After steaming for 60 s, the highest content of ITCs was observed, a 53.70% increase compared with the fresh cabbage,
as well as the lowest contents of total GLs and aliphatic GLs. The highest content of ITCs was obtained by addition of 5%
glucose, a 76.26% increase compared with the fresh cabbage. When the drying temperature was 50 ℃, the content of ITCs
was increased by 89.88% compared with the fresh cabbage; meanwhile, the contents of total GLs and aliphatic GLs were the
lowest. Therefore, the optimal processing conditions for cabbage were cutting into 1.0 cm × 1.0 cm pieces, steaming for 60 s,
addition of 5% glucose, and hot air drying at 50 ℃.

This study aims to explore whether photodynamic therapy (PDT) can inactivate bacteria in oysters. The results
showed that photodynamic inactivation technology using curcumin as the photosensitizer had very good inactivation effect
on bacteria in oysters. This technology has the characteristics of high sterilization efficiency (exceeding 90%), broad antibacterial
spectrum, and easy operation. This study suggests that photodynamic non-thermal sterilization technology has the
potential to be applied in the oyster processing industry in the future.

Japonica rice, corn and a blend of taro and corn were used as starch sources to prepare Zhahaijiao, a Chinese
traditional fermented chili product, and changes in reducing powder, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and the
contents of total polyphenols, total flavonoids, VC, VE and lactic acid were measured during the fermentation process. These
antioxidant parameters were further analyzed by principal comment analysis (PCA) to obtain the optimal fermentation time
when Zhahaijiao had the highest antioxidant capacity. The results showed that Zhahaijiao prepared with all investigated
starches had the highest comprehensive score when fermentation time was 30 days, which was much higher than those at
other fermentation times investigated. PCA analysis suggested that total polyphenols and lactic acid were the dominant
contributors. Through further analysis, antioxidant capacity of Zhahaijiao made with japonica rice was better than that from
two other starches.

Adsorption of patulin from apple juice by using waste beer yeast was investigated in this work. The results
showed that a large number of function groups able to adsorb patulin existed on the surface of waste beer yeast cells.
Temperature, incubation time, pH and initial patulin concentration were important parameters affecting adsorption efficiency.
The adsorption reached equilibrium after 2 h. With increasing pH, the adsorption ratio reached a plateau at pH 4.0. Patulin
adsorption ratio increased with increasing temperature, and decreased with increasing initial concentration of patulin,
shortening the equilibration time. The adsorption equilibrium could be described by the Langmuir model. The maximum
uptake capacities (qmax) obtained by the Langmuir model were 3.70, 5.05 and 5.99 μg/g at 4, 25 and 37 ℃, respectively.
The adsorption kinetics of patulin by waste beer yeast was best described using a first-order kinetic model. The adsorption
process was spontaneous and endothermic in nature.

Three different drying techniques including natural drying, oven drying and hot-air drying was used to dry
fresh seedless purple grapes to explore drying properties and kinetics model. The effects of three drying methods and its
temperatures on the contents of water and total polyphenols in seedless purple grapes were investigated. The results showed
that the hot-air drying method maintained higher contents of total polyphenols in seedless purple grapes. The Henderson-
Pabis model which could be used to describe the relationship of water content and drying time was well fitted and established
based on the experimental data from three different drying techniques. The effective diffusion coefficients of water with
different drying methods were in the range of 1.411 9 × 10–10–4.297 3 × 10–10 m2/s. This study can accurately predict the
changes of water content and water loss rate during the drying process of seedless grapes, and can provide a theoretical basis
for optimizing the drying process and online detecting the water content of seedless grapes.

In order to explore the inactivation effect of high hydrostatic pressure on naturally occurring microorganisms in
pickled radish, the numbers of aerobic bacteria, mold and yeast as well as coliform in pickled radish were measured after
pressure processing at various pressure levels (300–600 MPa) for 5–25 min, respectively. The traditional linear models,
Weibull and Log-logistic model were used to fit the survival curves of aerobic bacteria in pickled radish processed by high
hydrostatic pressure. The results showed that microbial inactivation was improved with an increase in pressure level and
processing time. Both mold and yeast were more sensitive to pressure processing and could be inactivated by 500 MPa
pressure for 5 min. Modeling analysis showed that the coefficient of determination (R2) were higher than 0.99, indicating
that the Weibull model fit the kinetics curve of aerobic bacteria inactivation well. The Weibull model was more simple and
flexible compared with the Log-logistic model. The value of scale factor b of the Weibull model increased with increasing
pressure, while the value of shape factor n decreased.

Pholiota dinghuensis Bi exopolysaccharides (PDEPS-1) was prepared from the fermentation broth of Pholiota
dinghuensis Bi through extraction and purification procedures. The changes of PDEPS-1 in simulated digestive juices were
investigated by determining the reducing sugar content, molecular weight, and monosaccharide composition before and after
digestion using simulated saliva, gastric juice and gastrointestinal juice model in vitro. The results showed that the content
of neutral sugar in PDEPS-1 was 97.97%, and PDEPS-1 also contained small amounts of protein, uronic acid, and sulfuric
radical. No reducing sugar was detected in PDEPS-1. The average molecular weight of PDEPS-1 was estimated to be
17.95 kD. It was composed of mannose and galactose in a molar ratio of 53.32:6.43. After digestion in saliva, the molecular
weight of PDEPS-1 remained unchanged and neither reducing sugar nor monosaccharides were detected, indicating that
PDEPS-1 could not be digested in saliva. After digestion, reducing sugar was detected in both simulated gastric juice and
gastrointestinal juice, but monosaccharides were not detected. Therefore, the exopolysaccharide PDEPS-1 from Pholiota
dinghuensis Bi was resistant to the digestive juices.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of four drying methods including hot air drying, shade
drying, vacuum drying and vacuum freeze drying on polyphenol compounds and antioxidant activity of Lonicera japonica
flower. The contents of total phenols and individual phenolic compounds were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu and high
performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. In addition, the free radical scavenging activities of polyphenols
extracted from Lonicera japonica flower against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl and 2,2’-azinobis
(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radicals were determined. The results showed that the contents
of total phenols and individual phenolic compounds were affected by four drying methods, especially by vacuum freeze drying.
The antioxidant activities of polyphenols extracted from Lonicera japonica flower were also significantly affected by four drying
methods (P < 0.05). The IC50 of vacuum freeze dried Lonicera japonica for scavenging capacity against DPPH, hydroxyl and
ABTS radicals were 5.43, 17.64 and 44.32 μg/mL, respectively. It was clearly indicated that the IC50 of hot air dried, shade dried
and vacuum dried Lonicera japonica was higher than that of vacuum freeze dried sample. Correlation analysis exhibited a high
relationship between phenolic acid and antioxidant activity (P < 0.05). Based on these results, vacuum freeze drying is the most
suitable method for retaining phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities in Lonicera japonica.

In order to remove salt from grass carp protein hydrolysate, four macroporous adsorption resins including
DA201-C, DA201-M, SQT-67 and D002 were selected for the highest adsorption capacity for grass carp peptides through
static adsorption and desorption experiments. The results showed that DA201-C had the best adsorption efficiency for
grass carp peptides. Its adsorption quantity increased with increasing concentration of grass carp peptides. Seventy-five
percent ethanol revealed the best elution efficiency for DA201-C. The optimal conditions for the desalination of grass carp
peptides with DA201-C were determined as follows: the sample at 30 mg/mL was passed through the column at a flow rate
0.5 BV/h, and then the column was washed with at a flow rate of 2 BV/h and eluted with 75% ethanol at 2 BV/h. Under
these conditions, the desalination efficiency of grass carp peptides was 97.17%.

The enzymatic hydrolysate of tilapia viscera and its ultrafiltration fraction (peptide < 5 kD) were separately added
to tilapia surimi to explore their inhibitory effects on lipid and protein oxidation during refrigeration (0–4 ℃). The results
showed that both the hydrolysate and its fraction improved the color of tilapia surimi (P < 0.05), especially the latter, which
was nearly as effective as VC at a certain dose. The hydrolysate demonstrated strong antioxidant capacity against both lipid
and protein oxidation in surimi during storage (P < 0.05), which, however, was inferior to that of its ultrafiltration fraction.
To sum up, the hydrolysate can effectively maintain the quality of surimi during refrigerated storage, and the peptides < 5 kD
separated from it by ultrafiltration possess better antioxidant activity.

Chirocephalus diaphanous eggshell was ground, defatted and sieved before being subjected to ultrasonic-assisted
extraction with 60% ethanol solution as the solvent to obtain pigment. The structure of the pigment as well as its maximum
absorption peak was determined by infrared and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. Then effects of light, temperature, pH,
food additives, metal ions, oxidant and reductant on its stability were investigated. Total antioxidant capacity and hydroxyl
and ABTS radical scavenging activities of the pigment were measured by in vitro. The results showed that the pigment
was a dark brown powder composed of amide-aromatic compounds with –OH, –CH2–, –C≡C– and –C–O–C–, and the
maximum absorption peak appeared at 397 nm. The pigment was sensitive to outdoor natural light, ultraviolet light and
high temperature. pH, sacrose, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate, Na+ and K+ could affect the stability
of the pigment. Acidic environment, citric acid, tartaric acid, soluble starch, Mg2+ and Al3+ had a hyperchromic effect on the
pigment. However, sodium benzoate, Ca2+, Zn2+, Fe3+, Fe2+, Cu2+ and Pb2+ could destroy the pigment in different degrees. The
pigment could be easily damaged by oxidant, but it had high capacity to resist reduction. The pigment possessed favorable
total antioxidant activity, and its IC50 for scavenging hydroxyl and ABTS radicals were 6.104 and 0.377 mg/mL, respectively.
Therefore, the pigment can be used as a natural antioxidant.

The effects of adding different kinds of ammonium salts to the culture medium on the biosynthesis and
metabolism of pigments and citrinin in M. purpureus Y20 during liquid-state fermentation were studied by examining
changes in the contents of monascus red pigment, monascus yellow pigment and citrinin. Also, we elaborated the underlying
causes for the changes. The results showed that pH values of the fermentation broth of M. purpureus Y20 without added
ammonium salt remained stable at 4.8 during fermentation, while those obtained with the addition of CH3COONH4,
NH4H2PO4 or C6H5O7(NH4)3 were maintained at greater than 6. The initial pH of the culture medium with the addition of
NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4 or NH4Cl was below 5.5, and then decreased to around 2.5 during fermentation. The final citrinin
content of the groups with 0.15 mol/L (NH4)2SO4 and 0.1-0.3 mol/L NH4Cl, respectively, during fermentation dropped to
0.05 mg/L, indicating an 88.6% reduction when compared with the control group with no added ammonium salt. No citrinin
was detected in the fermentation broth with 0.3 mol/L NH4NO3 added, and a 31.0% increase of yellow pigment content
and an 11.6% decrease of red pigment content were observed compared with the control group. Similarly, no citrinin was
detected in the fermentation broth with the addition of CH3COONH4, NH4H2PO4, or C6H5O7(NH4)3, but color value and
biomass were lower, suggesting that the addition of ammonium salts could affect the pH environment of the fermentation,
and plays an important role in reducing citrinin and changing the proportions of monascus pigments. The addition of
NH4NO3, NH4Cl and (NH4)2SO4 can contribute to the biosynthesis of monascus yellow pigment and the inhibition of citrinin.

Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) was applied
to analyze molecular weight distribution of hydrolysis products from birchwood xylan and beechwood xylan digested
by Bacillus subtilis xylanase (XynA), obtained through recombinant expression and purified by Ni+-IDA column
chromatography. The hydrolysis products were identified by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and MALDI-TOF/MS.
Results showed the enzymatic hydrolysis of birchwood xylan yielded mainly xylobiose (X2) and xylotriose (X3) as well as
acidic xylooligosacchrides with a degree of polymerization (DP) of 4–12 each including a single methyl-glucuronic acid side
chain. Both xylobiose and xylotriose were found in the hydrolysate of beechwood xylan as well as acidic xylooligosacchrides
with a DP of 4–16 structurally similar to those from birchwood xylan. Therefore, the recombinant XynA has the potential to
produce X2, X3 and acidic xylooligosacchrides.

Four hapten derivatives were obtained from 4-nitrophthalic acid through esterification and reduction. In order to
prepare artificial antigens, the hapten derivatives were coupled with the carrier proteins bovine serum albumin (bovine serum
albumin, BSA) and ovalbumin (OVA) by diazotization method and activated ester method respectively. The successful
synthesis of artificial antigens was identified by ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV) and sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide
gel electroporesis (SDS-PAGE). New Zealand white rabbits were injected with each of the four artificial antigens coupled
with BSA. The sensitivity and specificity of antibodies were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
The results showed that the titer of DBAP-BSA (dibutyl 4-aminophthalate-BSA) antibody was 1:64 000 and the titers of
all three other antibodies were 1:128 000. The IC50 values of DBAP-BSA, DBCP-BSA (dibutyl 4-carboxylphthalte-BSA),
DiBAP-BSA (diisobutyl 4-aminophthalate-BSA) and DCHAP-BSA (dicyclohexyl 4-aminophthalate-BSA) against DBP
(dibutyl phthalate), DBP, DiBP and DCHP were 0.305, 0.268, 0.104 and 0.247 mg/mL, respectively. The cross-reactivity
with each other was small. Therefore, the antibodies had high sensitivity and specificity. The successful synthesis of four
hapten derivatives made it possible to prepare polyclonal antibodies and establish immunoassay.

Objective: To isolate and identify a Bacillus strain used for biodegradation of deoxynivalenol (DON). Methods:
Samples of moldy straw, soil and faeces were collected and heated to 80 ℃. The supernatant was inoculated into an isolation
medium with DON as the sole carbon source to enrich DON-degrading strains. The enriched strains were isolated and
purified on LB medium plates, and then the isolates were detected for their ability to degrade DON. The optimal strain
was identified by morphological observation, physiological and biochemical tests and 16S rDNA sequences. Results:
The optimal strain B.JG05 was screened out of 16 isloates, which could degrade up to 80.61% of DON in inorganic salt
medium. The degradation efficiency of DON in feed by B.JG05 was 82.68%. The strain B.JG05 was a rod-shaped and sporeforming
bacterium. Its physiological and biochemical characteristics were consistent with those of Bacillus cereus, and the
phylogentic tree analysis based on 16S rDNA sequence showed that it was the most close to Bacillus cereus. Conclusion:
The strain B.JG05 with high DON degradation capacity was identified as Bacillus cereus, and it could offer a basis for the
biodegradation of DON in feed or food.

Electrophoretically pure lysozyme from bovine kidney was obtained through homogenization, buffer extraction,
butanol degreasing, ammonium sulfate fractionation precipitation, CM-Sepharose ion-exchange chromatography and
Superdex-200 gel filtration chromatography. Results showed that the specific activity of the purified lysozyme was
15 145.63 U/mg with a recovery rate of 29.13% and the enzyme was purified 231.05 folds. The molecular weight of the
lysozyme was approximately 12.66 kD, which consisted of a single subunit. The optimum temperature of the enzyme was
65 ℃ and it was stable at temperatures below 65 ℃; the optimum pH of this enzyme was 9.0 and it was stable in the range
of pH 3.0–9.0. Its Km towards micrococcus lysodeikticus was 0.399 μg/mL. The enzyme activity was enhanced by methanol,
ethanol, isopropanol and KSCN, and inhibited by SDS, Pb2+, and Ag+.

In the present study, the specific primers were designed for the screening of the fatty acid desaturase gene
in Isochrysis galbana 3011 under low-temperature induction and for the determination of fatty acid desaturase by real
time-qPCR. Results showed that of 14 primers designed using prime5, 7 provided specific amplification. Based on
amplification efficiency, the largest relative expression amounts of Des4, Des5, Des6, Des8, Des9 and Des12 were 7.71,
11.33, 42.58, 22.02, 73.91 and 16.01, respectively, all of which dropped after an initial rise with decreasing temperature.
Statistical analysis performed using SPSS19.0 software indicated that there was highly significant difference between the
relative expression amounts of 6 genes at 18 ℃ and those obtained at three other temperatures 12, 15, 21 ℃ (P < 0.01). The
induction at 18 ℃ for 24 h could effectively increase the expression of Des9 in Isochrysis galbana 3011. This study has
demonstrated a feasible method to manipulate the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in microalgae.

In this study, a mould isolated for degrading aflatoxin B1 was reported. Morphological studies coupled with
internal transcribed spacer (ITS), 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequence, 26S ribosomal RNA gene sequence analyses
indicated that the mould was Cladosporium uredinicola. Through single-factor experiments, the fermentation conditions
were determined as follows: temperature 28 ℃, medium loading volume 75 mL/250 mL, inoculumamount 15% (V/V),
fermentation time 36 h, initial pH 8.0. Under these conditions, the AFB1 degradation efficiency was 68.96%, a 69.52%
increase over that before optimization (40.68%). On the thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plate, a new dot was found which
exhibited blue fluorescence at 365 nm.

Streptococcus thermophilus is regarded as a multi-functional probiotic bacterium. Five protein hydrolysates from
grass carp skin were prepared using Neutrase 0.8L, Protease P “Amano” 6, ProteAX, Alcalase 2.4L FG and Flavourzyme,
respectively, for use as nitrogen sources to culture Streptococcus thermophilus. Among the five proteases, Neutrase 0.8L was
found to be the best enzyme to produce the optimal nitrogen source for the growth of Streptococcus thermophilus. In further
investigations, we optimized hydrolysis conditions using orthogonal array experiments. The results showed that the optimal
hydrolysis conditions were as follows: enzyme dosage, 1%; hydrolysis time, 80 min; initial pH, 6.5; and ratio between fresh
skin and water, 1:2 (m/V). The hydrolysate obtained under these conditions was rich in collagen-derived peptides as a new
optimum nitrogen source for Streptococcus thermophilus incubation.

The main objective of this experiment was to evaluate the regulatory effect of dietary supplementation of
tributyrin at 0.1% on blood physiological and biochemical indexes, pancreas weight, and pancreatic enzyme secretion in
sucking piglets with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Totally 8 normal-birth-weight piglets and 16 IUGR piglets were
selected. The IUGR piglets were randomly divided into 2 groups (IUGR group was fed basic artificial milk; IUGR+tributyrin
group fed basic artificial milk supplemented with 0.1% tributyrin). The normal-birth-weight piglets fed with basic artificial
milk (NBW group). The experiment started from 7 days and ended at 21 days of age. Then, 6 piglets with nearly equal
body weight were selected from each group and slaughtered. Blood parameters and pancreatic enzyme activities were
detected. The results showed that the levels of blood total bilirubin and urea were significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and
total protein and creatinine were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in IUGR piglets. The pancreas weights of IUGR piglets
were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of the NBW group. Pancreatic amylase and lipase activities in IUGR piglets
were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Moreover, after being supplemented with 0.1% tributyrin, blood urea, total bilirubin,
total protein and creatinine in IUGR piglets had no significant difference (P > 0.05) from those in the NBW group. Pancreas
weight was increased (P > 0.05), trypsin, amylase and lipase were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in IUGR piglets. The
above findings suggested that blood physiological and biochemical indices of sucking piglets could be influenced by IUGR.
Dietary supplementation of 0.1% tributyrin has a potential therapeutic role in attenuating the damage caused by IUGR.

In order to investigate the modulation of casein glycomacropeptide (CGMP) on the diversity of intestinal flora
in mice with ulcerative colitis (UC), an oxazolone-induced mouse model with ulcerative colitis was used to explore the
intestinal flora in the presence of CGMP and the mechanism underlying the treatment of ulcerative colitis through CGMP.
The mice with oxazolone-induced ulcerative colitis were divided into four groups including normal control group, model
control group, CGMP group and salazosulfapyridine (SASP) group. After oxazolone challenge, the mouse in model
control group were given regular feed as same as that provided to normal control group, and the mice in CGMP group
and SASP group were administrated with CGMP at 50 mg/(kg·d) and SASP at 40 mg/(kg·d) for 7 consecutive days. Ion
Torrent sequencing technology was applied to detect the diversity of intestinal flora in mice. Marked structural changes
were discovered in the gut microbiota of mice with ulcerative colitis, showing a reduction in intestinal flora diversity and
decline in dominant bacterial populations. The sequencing data were analyzed by multivariate statistical methods and
the results showed that the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were significantly decreased, whereas Actinobacteria
and Proteobacteria were increased. The intestinal bacterial diversity in UC mice was increased after the intervention of CGMP,
indicating that CGMP could improve the oxazolone-induced ulcerative colitis of mice by adjusting the imbalanced intestinal flora.

Objective: To investigate the effect of eicosapetaenoic acid (EPA) on the formation of THP-1 monocyte-derived
foam cells. Methods: THP-1 monocytes were cultured with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and oxidized low-density
lipoprotein (ox-LDL), and intervened by EPA at concentrations of 200, 100 and 50 μmol/L for 48 hours. The cholesterol
content of foam cells was measured by cholesterol kit. The concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α in culture supernatant were
detected by ELISA. The expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) was detected by semi-quantitative
reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: EPA decreased the intracellular concentration of
cholesterol (P < 0.05) when compared with the control group. EPA decreased the concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α in
culture supernatant (P < 0.05) in a dose-dependent manner and low-dose EPA increased the expression of ABCA1 mRNA.
Conclusion: EPA reduces the accumulation of intracellular cholesterol and inhibits the transformation of macrophages
into foam cells. EPA decreases the secretion of inflammatory factor and low-dose of EPA increases the expression of
ABCA1 mRNA, which may partially explain its anti-atherosclerotic activity.

Phycobiliprotein is a light-harvesting pigment in red and blue-green algae. It is widely used in the pharmaceutical
industry due to its antioxidant activity and anticancer activity. In Nostoc sphaeroides Kützing, phycocyanin and
phycoerythrin are major varieties of phycobiliprotein. However, the effect of Nostoc sphaeroides Küting phycobiliprotein
(NSKP) on immune functions remains unclear. In the present study, the immunoenhancing effect of NSKP in Kunming
mice was explored. The mice were administered with NSKP at dosages of 100, 300 and 500 mg/(kg·d) (body mass) by
gavage once a day. After administration for 30 consecutive days, the immune parameters including the phagocytosis of
peritoneal macrophages, natural killer cell activity, the proliferation of T lymphocytes, cytokines levels, antibody production,
hemolytic complement activity and delayed-type hypersensitivity were measured. The results showed that NSKP promoted
the phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages, the function of natural killer cells, and the proliferation of T lymphocytes, as
well as increased the levels of interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-4 and serum hemolysin. Meanwhile, the response of delayed-type
hypersensitivity in NSKP group was also dramatically higher than that in the control group. Therefore, NSKP is a potential
immunoenhancing agent.

This study was designed to investigate the effect of dietary pork and beef proteins on growth performance and
physiological responses of growing rats after a long-term intervention. Thirty young male Sprague-Dawley rats were
categorized into three groups and fed a diet containing proteins isolated from pork, beef or casein, respectively. After
90-day intervention, physiological parameters were measured. The results indicated that rats fed pork and beef proteins
showed a decrease in growth rate and fat deposition than those fed casein (P < 0.05), but they had higher activities of alanine
aminotransferase and aspartate transaminase in serum and lower triglyceride level (P < 0.05). Pork and beef protein could
decrease serum concentration of triglyceride (P < 0.05). Rats fed beef protein showed lower serum total cholesterol and glucose
contents than the casein-fed group (P < 0.05), but the pork protein-fed group did not show such an effect (P > 0.05). Rats fed pork
and beef protein had lower concentrations of free amino acids in serum (P < 0.05). Therefore, long-term intervention with
beef and pork proteins had different effects on body metabolism, depending on protein source and variation in digestion and
absorption. Pork and beef protein intakes can control body weight, and beef protein may cause lower hepatic metabolism and
reduce serum lipid levels.

The antioxidant activity and immunoregulatory activity of oligopeptides from wheat residue left after solid-state
fermentation for alcohol production were studied in vivo. Totally 112 healthy Kunming mice (4 weeks old) were randomly
divided into 14 groups. The mice in the normal control group and experimental groups 1–6 were fed a normal diet and
gavaged with normal saline and oligopeptides (penta and hepta peptides each at different doses (4, 8, and 12 mg)),
respectively, while those in the high-fat control group and experimental groups 7–12 were fed a high-fat diet and orally
administrated with normal saline and the oligopeptides (each at different doses (2, 4, and 8 mg)), respectively. After
continuous intragastric administration for 28 days, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum and liver, and the
activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in liver were determined in
the mice in the normal control group and experimental groups 1–6, and the populations of T-lymphocytes such as CD3+, CD4+ and
CD8+ in spleen were determined by flow cytometry. Also, the tissue homogenates of duodenum, jejunum and ileum of the mice
in the normal control group, high-fat control group and experimental groups 7–12 were determined for the levels of MDA and the
activities of SOD, CAT and GSH-Px. The results showed that MDA contents in liver, duodenum, jejunum and ileum of the highfat
diet-fed mice declined significantly (P < 0.05) in response to administration of the oligopeptides, and SOD, CAT and GSH-Px
activities increased significantly (P < 0.05). CD4+/CD8+ ratio also significantly increased (P < 0.05). These experimental findings
suggest that the oligopeptides from fermented wheat residue have antioxidant capacity and can enhance immune function, as
well as can inhibit oxidative damage caused by high-fat diets in the intestine of mice.

In this study, the potential ecological and health risks of the heavy metals cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and mercury
(Hg) in edible lily and its growing soil in Gansu province were analyzed by using the potential ecological risk index method
and target hazard quotient (THQ) method. The results showed that the contents of heavy metals in edible lily-growing
soil were significantly increased by 1.82, 0.27 and 1.71 times compared with the background values of soil heavy metals
in Gansu province in 1993, respectively, which were still in line with environmental quality standards for green foods.
According to the Environmental Quality for Green Food Producing Area (NY/T 391—2013), the average individual potential
ecological risk indices of Cd, Pb and Hg in edible lily-growing soil were 18.25, 2.78 and 5.19, respectively. All these risk
indices were less than 40, suggesting that the risk was at level A and the degree of ecological harm was relatively low.
Taking the background values of soil heavy metals in Gansu province in 1993 as reference, the order of degree of potential
ecological hazard in soil was Cd > Hg > Pb. Cadmium had a potential impact on the ecological environment of all producing
areas investigated. The comprehensive potential ecological hazard level was level B, which belonged to the medium level.
The biological enrichment coefficients of Cd, Pb and Hg in edible lily were 0.131, 0.003 and 0.022, respectively. The THQ
value of cadmium, lead and mercury was lower than 1. Heavy metal levels of lily did not exceed the maximum allowable
limit and thereby was not hazardous to human health.

Polysaccharide components SP1 and SP2 with different molecular weights were obtained from Schisandraceae
and through ultra-filtration and deproteinization. The intestinal cell lines Caco-2 and HT-29 were used to evaluate the
antitumor activity of SP1 and SP2 in vitro. The results showed that the proliferation of both Caco-2 and HT-29 cells was
inhibited by SP1 and SP2. Meanwhile, the increase in relative transcription level of caspase-3 was confirmed by realtime
quantitative polymerase chain reaction (real time-qPCR). SP1 had no significant effect on the inhibition of tumor cell
growth, except incubation for 72 h at a dose of 500 μg/mL (P < 0.05). However, SP2 showed an obvious tumor inhibitory
effect even at lower dose and shortened incubation time, resulting in a more significant increase in the relative transcription
level of caspase-3. In conclusion, the polysaccharides from Schisandraceae have great potential to inhibit the proliferation of
intestinal tumor cells, especially the small molecular weight polysaccharide .

To evaluate the effects of Kluyveromyces marxianus M3, with good fermentation performance and high ability to
produce bile salt hydrolase, isolated from Tibetan kefir on the intestinal flora balance in experimental hypercholesterolemic
rats, 40 rats (43 weeks old) were divided into 4 groups and fed a high fat diet supplemented with low, medium and high
dose of freeze-dried K. marxianus M3 powder for a 7-week experimental period. According to our results, in the first five
weeks, the numbers of 3 kinds of bacteria in rat feces gradually changed, and there was no significant difference between the
three experimental groups and the high-fat model group; at the fifth week, the preventive hypercholesterolemia model was
established successfully, the number of Lactobacillus in the three experimental groups was significantly higher than that in
the high-fat model group (P < 0.01), while the number of Salmonella (P < 0.01) and Clostridium perfringens (P < 0.05) was
significantly lower than in the high-fat model; among all experimental groups, the number of Lactobacillus in the low dose
group was the highest while Salmonella and Clostridium perfringens were the lowest, showing that the effect of low dose
was better than the medium and high doses. These results demonstrated that K. marxianus M3 could promote the growth
of intestinal beneficial bacteria and inhibit the breeding of harmful bacteria in the hypercholesterolemic rats, having a good
effect on the intestinal flora balance.

The antitumor effect and antioxidant activity of purified polysaccharide from Flammulina velutipes before and
after chelation with Zn2+ were evaluated. To investigate the antitumor effect of the polysaccharide-Zn2+ chelate on the
proliferation of L929 tumor cells, methlthiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) experiments were carried out and the morphology
of L929 cells was observed with different concentrations of polysaccharide. The results showed that crude and purified
polysaccharide at concentrations of 5–50 μg/mL had little impact on the growth of L929 cells, while the polysaccharide-Zn2+
chelate played an important role in the inhibition of cell growth. Furthermore, the supernatant of macrophages co-cultured
with Flammulina velutipes polysaccharides could kill L929 cells. Moreover, the antioxidant activity was improved after
the chelation with Zn2+. This study demonstrated that zinc chelation could enhance the antioxidant activity of purified
polysaccharide from Flammulina velutipes.

Objective: To investigate the antitumor activity of polysaccharides from Gracilaria chouae (GLP) in vivo.
Methods: S180 sarcoma mouse model was established and used for the determination of antitumor activity of GLP in vivo.
In addition, the underlying mechanism was explored by measuring biochemical parameters of immune system in the mice.
Results: GLP definitely had inhibitory effect on S180 sarcoma in vivo. An inhibition rate of 34.75% was obtained with
intraperitoneal injection at a dose of 100 mg/(kg·d), higher than that (31.35%) of the medium-dose intragastric administration
group (200 mg/(kg·d)). Immune organ indices of tumor-bearing mice significantly increased (P < 0.01). Additionally, the
proliferation and the differentiation of lymphocytes was activated by GLP administration. The levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ
significantly increase (P < 0.01), while the level of IL-10 significantly decreased (P < 0.01). GLP showed good protection on
the immune system. Conclusion: GLP had strong anti-tumor activity and was more effective when given by intraperitoneal
injection than by intragastric administration. The anti-tumor effect of GLP was mainly achieved by improving immune
function in mice.

The contents of protein and amino acids in Sparassis latifolia were determined, and the internationally accepted
nutrient value assessment method was applied to assess the nutrient value of proteins in submerged cultivated mycelia and
fruiting bodies of Sparassis latifolia. The protein content of S. latifolia mycelia was 26.8%–30.6% while that of fruit
bodies was 13.4%. The first limiting amino acids of S. latifolia mycelia in corn flour liquid culture was isoleucine (Ile),
while the first limiting amino acids of S. latifolia mycelia cultured with wheat flour and glutinous rice flour were
both methionine (Met) and cystine (Cys). The essential amino acid content of fruit bodies, showing the highest essential
amino acid index (EAAI) and biological value (BV), was 48.62%, which was higher than that of mycelia. As measured by
fuzzy discernment method, the closeness degree of mycelial proteins from S. latifolia cultured with corn flour, wheat flour,
and glutinous rice flour to whole egg protein were 0.94, 0.90 and 0.92, which were higher than those of fruit bodies.

An experimental rat model of fatty liver was constructed to explore the preventive effect of chitin from
Pleurotus eryngii on fatty liver. The rats were fed chitin at various concentration levels while cholestyramine was used
as a positive control. After 5 weeks, the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST),
total cholesterol (TC) and total triglycerides (TG) in serum and the levels of malonaldehyde (MDA) and superoxide
dismutase (SOD) in liver were detected and pathological changes in liver were examined. Results showed the levels
of ALT, AST, TC and TG in serum and the levels of TC, TG and MDA in liver significantly decreased (P < 0.01), and
SOD activity significantly increased (P < 0.05) after administration with P. eryngii chitin for 5 weeks. Moreover, fatty
degeneration in liver tissue was alleviated, and the levels of TC and TG were reduced in liver tissue. Furthermore, the
hepatoprotective activity of P. eryngii chitin (PC) was dose dependent. Notably, the preventive effect of high-dose PC
was similar to that of cholestyramine (P < 0.05). All these results indicated that P. eryngii chitin has the potential to
prevent fatty liver disease in rats.

Leukotoxin (Ltx) and leukotoxin diol (Ltxd) are oxidation products of linoleic acid (LA). The existing studies
indicate that both Ltx and Ltxd are cytotoxic and associated with a number of mammalian diseases. Exogenous Ltx and Ltxd
can disrupt the endocrine function in female rats. The present paper reviews the recent progress made in the studies of Ltx
and Ltxd with respect to discovery, mechanisms of formation, pathological and physiological significance, toxicological
effects and analytical methods. Moreover, further studies in this area are also suggested.

This article reviews recent advances in the research on the effect of temperature shock treatments (heat and
cold) on the storage quality and chilling injury of postharvest fruits and vegetables with respect to quality attributes and
physiological and biochemical characteristics. The future development direction of temperature shock treatment is also
proposed. The suitable temperature shock treatments help maintain the hardness of fruits and vegetables, improve the taste
and flavor for consumer acceptance, inhibit the decomposition of chlorophyll and yellowing, decrease weight loss rate, lower
respiration rate, alleviate or suppress the release of ethylene by inhibiting the related enzyme activities, prevent the increase
of PPO and POD activities, induce the synthesis of new proteins, enhance cell resistance to environmental stress, postpone
the increase of cell membrane permeability, and result in a decline in MDA generation.

Increased intake of high-fat diets, disturbing the metabolic balance of liposomes in the body, is one of the major
reasons for the dramatic increase in the prevalence of hyperlipidemia. On the other hand, many foods exert lipid-lowering
effects through their functional components such as dietary fiber, polysaccharides, polyphenols and steroidal saponins and
alkaloids. Herein, we review the latest progress in the study of the hypolipidemic effect and mechanisms of functional food
components, aiming to provide a reference for future development and utilization of hypolipidemic natural products.

The risk of unknown chemical substances in foods is the unanticipated risk outside the food safety regulations,
which is a significant public health issue for food safety monitoring authorities and has attracted more public concern in
recent years. In many cases, we should identify such substances rapidly in order to take measures and means to prevent the
spread of the risk. Thus, the demand for the development and the applications of more efficient and more powerful tools
to analyze unknown chemical contaminants in foods is increasing. In this article, based on the general sample preparation
techniques, comprehensive screening and confirmation methods and the databases for screening and confirmation, the
advantages and limitations of the rapid screening and confirmation methods for the risk of unknown chemical substances in
foods are discussed. The general sample preparation techniques such as QuEChERS, solid phase microextraction (SPME)
and turbulent flow chromatography (TFC) ensure that different types, different materials are extracted and purified as much
as possible. The comprehensive screening and confirmation methods for the applications of different types of high-resolution
mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance enable the screening of several hundreds of compounds with high
sensitivity within one run. The databases allows automated screening and confirmation of unknown chemical substances.
The future research trends in this field are also introduced.

After decades of development, sensory evaluation has played a strong role in product development, quality control,
marketing, flavor analysis, quality and safety supervision and inspection, and has quickly become an important technical support
for modern food science and technology and the food industry. This paper mainly introduces the basic concepts and traditional
methods of sensory evaluation, focusing on its application in the food industry and innovation in methodology.

Proteomic techniques, the most important research tools in the post-genomic era, have been widely applied to
research useful microbes such as acetic acid bacteria (AAB) for the food industry. The present paper outlines the concept of
proteomics and reviews proteomic techniques and their application in AAB research. Moreover, future applications of AAB
proteomics in the vinegar industry are prospected as well.

Fungal exopolysaccharide possesses high viscosity, and antioxidant, antiviral and antitumor activity, which is
widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. In this review, we summarizes the latest progress made in China and
abroad in studying exopolysaccharide-producing strains, factors influencing the production of fungal exopolysaccharide,
breeding strategies for exopolysaccharide production and the function of fungal exopolysaccharide, aiming to provide some
references for further investigation and application of fungal exopolysaccharide.

In this article, the properties of N-nitrosamines and N-nitrosoamides are introduced briefly. The hazards of
NOCs to human and animals are summarized with respect to carcinogenicity, teratogenicity and toxicity. Subsequently, the
pathways and mechanisms for the synthesis in vivo and in vitro of the N-nitroso compounds (NOCs) and the affecting factors
are discussed. Finally, the methods used to inhibit N-nitrosamines and N-nitrosoamides in vivo and in vitro by elimination
and blocking and the underlying mechanism are reviewed, aiming to provide theoretical references to fi nd other methods or
mechanisms for NOC suppression and elimination.

Nucleotides (NTs) are low-molecular-weight biological molecules crucial to biochemical processes. They play
an important role in maintaining the immune system, accelerating the proliferation of immune cells and the secretion of
cytokines. Although endogenous production serves as the major nucleotide source, evidence suggests that exogenous
sources, mainly dietary nucleotides, have more connection with immune system. This article reviews previous researches on
the effects of NTs on immune function.

In the present study, the current status of research on food safety emergency management system (FSEMS)
in China is summarized. FSEMSs at the grassroot level are also investigated. Meanwhile, the strategies to cope with the
cadmium-tainted rice incident are also analyzed. Based on questionnaire surveys and empirical studies, six suggestions on
how to establish a complete food safety emergency management system are proposed.