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Anti-Aging Effects of Two Tocopherol Ester Derivatives on D-Galactose-Induced Aging in Mice

CHEN Weili, BEI Ling, YANG Yang, WANG Biying, LI Jiaxu, KAN Xutian, LI Wenzhi, DU Bing

FOOD SCIENCE 2024, 45 (6): 97-104. DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20221220-203

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In order to explore the anti-aging effects of two tocopherol ester derivatives, the in vitro antioxidant capacity of D-α-tocopherol acetate and DL-α-tocopherol acetate was determined. A mouse model of D-galactose-induced was created and intervened with each of the tocopherol ester derivatives for 42 days. Changes in aging related indicators were analyzed. The results showed that the hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity, and the 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) cation radical scavenging capacity, Fe2+ chelating capacity, and total reducing power of the two tocopherol ester derivatives were better than those of vitamin C in the concentration range of 0.1 to 0.3 mg/mL. Compared with the aging model group, after intervention with tocopherol ester derivatives, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum decreased significantly (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001, and P < 0.000 1), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) increased significantly (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001, and P < 0.000 1). The serum levels of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and liver function indexes including aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) decreased significantly (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001). Moreover, the relative mRNA and protein expression levels of nuclear factor-E2-related factors (Nrf2), quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in the mouse liver were enhanced. DL-α-tocopherol acetate increased the relative mRNA expression of Nrf2, NQO1 and HO-1 by 514.08%, 461.78% and 515.32%, respectively, and their relative protein expression by 620.00%, 988.89% and 1 200.00%, respectively (P < 0.000 1). To sum up, the two tocopherol ester derivatives have anti-aging effects on D-galactose-induced aging in mice, DL-α-tocopherol acetate being more effective than D-α-tocopherol acetate, and their anti-aging effects may be related to the regulation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway.

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Protective Effects of Different Pine Pollen Extracts against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Ovarian Damage in SD Rats

LIU Qisong, CHEN Yang, YANG Changjun, HE Yujie, CHEN Qiuming, HE Zhiyong, WANG Zhaojun, CHEN Jie, ZENG Maomao

FOOD SCIENCE 2024, 45 (6): 105-112. DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20230504-022

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In this study, the contents of total sugars, crude polysaccharides, total phenols and total flavonoids in the aqueous and ethanol extracts of pine pollen, the large molecules isolated from the aqueous extract (> 5 kDa), and the small molecules isolated from the ethanol extract (< 5 kDa) were determined, and their protective effects on ovarian injury induced by cyclophosphamide in SD rats were explored. The results showed that compared with the model group, the ethanol extract and its small molecule fraction effectively increased the ovarian index, the number of mature follicles, the ovarian antioxidant enzyme activities total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (by 16.03%, 25.81%; 138.42%, 237.09%; 104.31%, 109.90%; and 91.62%, 120.63%, respectively), and anti-apoptotic protein expression. In addition, they inhibited atretic follicles and ovarian lipid oxidation, as evidenced by a decrease in the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) by 53.42% and 48.43%, respectively; the effect was more pronounced than that of the aqueous extract and its large molecule fraction, while the aqueous extract and its large molecule fraction could protect the ovaries by reducing the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) activity. This study provides a theoretical basis for further investigation of the mechanism of the ovario-protective effect of pine pollen and also provides technical guidance for the development of new products based on pine pollen extracts.

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Inhibitory Effect and Mechanism of Lactobacillus reuteri on Inflammation and Apoptosis of Intestinal Epithelial Cells

CHEN Peng, ZHONG Yuna, YU Liwen, HU Jin, XIE Meiying

FOOD SCIENCE 2024, 45 (6): 113-119. DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20230427-261

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Objective: To investigate the effect and mechanism of Lactobacillus reuteri on the inflammatory response and apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells. Methods: Immunofluorescence and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to detect the effect of L. reuteri on the inflammatory response and apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells. Bioinformatics analysis, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the dual-luciferase reporter gene assay were used to analyze downstream miRNA expression under the action of L. reuteri. The downstream target gene of miR-196a and its function were investigated using the dual-luciferase reporter gene assay and Western blot (WB). Results: L. reuteri inhibited inflammatory responses and apoptosis induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in intestinal epithelial cells by up-regulating miR-196a. miR-196a could protect intestinal epithelial cells by targeting the expression of programmed cell death factor 4 (PDCD4). Conclusion: L. reuteri could inhibit the expression of the PDCD4 gene through miR-196a, thereby alleviating the inflammatory response and apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells.

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Effects of Total glycosides of Cistanche deserticola on HepG2 Hepatoma-Bearing Mice

FENG Duo, WANG Jing, JIANG Yongjun, ZHOU Shiqi, DUAN Hao, LI Jingyuan, YAN Wenjie

FOOD SCIENCE 2024, 45 (6): 120-129. DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20230509-072

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To study the anti-tumor effect of Cistanche deserticola in Balb/c mice, tumor-bearing nude mice subcutaneously inoculated with HepG2 liver cancer cells were administered with total glycosides (TG) of C. deserticola at different doses by gavage. The pathological changes in the liver and tumors, the proliferation capacity of splenic lymphocytes, and antioxidant indicators in the liver were detected. Metabolomics and 16S rDNA sequencing were used to analyze the changes in metabolites and microbial community composition in the intestinal contents of mice. Results showed that TG inhibited the growth of tumor in nude mice without affecting the normal growth and development of the mice and without any toxic side effects. As the dose of TG increased, the structure of hepatocytes in liver tissues became intact, the degree of pathological changes gradually reduced, the distribution of tumor cells became sparser, and the degree of vacuole deformation increased, which was accompanied by the occurrence of necrosis, indicating that TG could protect the liver and simultaneously inhibit the growth of tumor. TG alleviated liver lesions in mice, as evidenced by increased levels of catalase (CAT) and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and decreased levels of aspartate aminotransferase (GOT) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP). With increasing TG dose, the proliferative capacity of lymphocytes also increased, indicating that TG could exert an anti-liver cancer effect by improving immune function in mice. In addition, TG could inhibit the progression of liver cancer by regulating the levels of metabolites and improving the composition of the intestinal microbiota. Therefore, TG of C. deserticola has an anti-liver cancer effect by improving oxidative stress resistance, regulating immune capacity, improving the metabolic profile and regulating intestinal microbial balance.

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Effect and Mechanism of Andrias davidianus Peptide Supplementation Combined with Treadmill Exercise on Body Mass Loss in Obese Rats

QIAN Jin, FANG Shuangxi, HU Yating, MA Kun, LIU Hui, JIA Shaohui

FOOD SCIENCE 2024, 45 (5): 69-77. DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20221124-288

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Objective: To evaluate the antiobesity effect and underlying mechanism of Andrias davidianus peptide (ADP) supplementation combined with treadmill exercise. Methods: A mouse model of obesity was established by feeding mice a high-fat diet (HFD), and the obese mice were randomly divided into four groups: model, treadmill exercise (Ex), ADP and ADP combined with treadmill exercise (ADP + Ex). The rats in the Ex group were subjected to a six-week treadmill exercise training. The rates in the ADP group were gavaged with ADP for six weeks. The rats in the ADP + Ex group were treated with ADP supplementation combined with treadmill exercise training. Normal Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were used as the control (CN) group. Body mass and food intake were recorded each week, and the serum levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), neuropeptide Y (NPY), irisin, leptin, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) were investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Western blot was used to detect the expression of appetite-regulated proteins (NPY and proopiomelanocortin (POMC)) and energy metabolism-related proteins. Results: Body mass, inguinal and epididymal fat accumulation, food intake, and serum TG, TC and LDL levels significantly decreased in the ADP + Ex group compared with the model group. In addition, ELISA results revealed that combination of ADP supplementation with treadmill exercise reduced the serum levels of NPY and leptin but increased the serum concentrations of GLP-1 and irisin in obese rats. Western blot analysis showed that ADP supplementation combined with treadmill exercise greatly up-regulated the expression of POMC and energy metabolism related proteins (irisin, phospho-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activated factor-1α, and fibronectin type III domain containing protein 5), but down-regulated the expression of NPY. Conclusion: The combination of ADP with aerobic exercise can effectively alleviate HFD-induced obesity, thereby providing a new promising strategy to alleviate HFD-induced obesity.

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Protective Effect and Mechanism of Rosa roxburghii Tratt Polysaccharides on Isoprenaline-Induced Myocardial Ischemia in Mice

WANG Qiwen, LUO Qing, XU Yangyang, WANG Ximin, ZENG Congyan, DAI Weibo, PENG Weiwen, DONG Gengting

FOOD SCIENCE 2024, 45 (5): 78-85. DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20230823-171

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Objective: To explore the protective effect and underlying mechanism of Rosa roxburghii Tratt polysaccharides on isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial ischemia (MI) in mice. Methods: Forty male C57BL/6 mice were equally and randomly divided into five groups: control, model, propranolol (30 mg/kg), low- and high-dose R. roxburghii Tratt polysaccharides (50 and 100 mg/kg). Mice were pretreated with R. roxburghii Tratt polysaccharides for seven days followed by intraperitoneal injection of isoprenaline (ISO, 10 mL/kg) or physiological saline for seven days. Electrocardiograms were recorded 1 h after the last injection. The mice were anesthetized and hearts were excised to calculate cardiac index. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to evaluate myocardial pathological changes. The area of myocardial infarction was detected by 2% 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were detected by biochemical kits. The protein expression of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2), Bcl2-associated X (Bax), caspase 3, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), Kelch-like ECH-related protein 1 (Keap1) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in myocardial tissues were detected by Western blot. Results: Compared with the control group, heart coefficient was significantly increased in the model group and the ST segment of electrocardiogram was significantly elevated. Significantly pathological changes and increased myocardial infarction were found in the myocardial tissue of mice in the model group. Serum MDA and LDH levels were increased (P < 0.001) and SOD activity was inhibited in the model group (P < 0.05). The protein expressions of Nrf2, HO-1 and Bcl2 were significantly down-regulated (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), while those of Keap1, NOX2, Bax and caspase 3 were significantly up-regulated in the model mice (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The ST segment of electrocardiogram was lowered, and myocardial pathological changes were restored in the polysaccharide treatment group compared with the model group. In addition, serum MDA and LDH levels were significantly decreased (P < 0.001) and SOD activity was significantly increased (P < 0.01 or P < 0.001). The protein expressions of Nrf2, HO-1 and Bcl2 were significantly up-regulated (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), while those of Keap1, NOX2, Bax and caspase 3 were significantly down-regulated (P < 0.05, P < 0.01 or P < 0.001). Conclusion: R. roxburghii Tratt polysaccharides ameliorate ISO-induced myocardial ischemia though reducing oxidative stress, regulating caspase-3, Bax and Bcl2 protein expressions and suppressing myocardial cell apoptosis via the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway.

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Preventive Effect of Volvariella volvacea Fruit Body Polypeptides on Acute Alcoholic Liver Injury in Mice and Its Influence on Intestinal Microflora

ZHANG Fangyi, LIN Hailu, CHEN Lili, LUO Xiaofang, CHU Lulu, JIANG Yuji, CHEN Bingzhi

FOOD SCIENCE 2024, 45 (4): 135-143. DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20221213-135

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To investigate the preventive effect of Volvariella volvacea fruit body polypeptides (VVFP) on acute alcoholic liver injury in mice and its influence on the intestinal microbiota, VVFP (1–3 kDa molecular mass) which had been previously obtained by our laboratory was given by gavage to mice. The mice were randomly divided into six groups: blank control, model, positive control, low-dose VVFP, moderate-dose VVFP and high-dose VVFP. Serum indexes, liver indexes and histopathological sections were compared among these groups, and 16S rDNA gene high-throughput sequencing was used to analyze the diversity of the intestinal microflora and the relative abundance at the phyla and genus levels in each sample. Results showed that VVFP significantly reduced the levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity in the serum and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver, and decreased the levels of the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and significantly increased the activities of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) in the liver. The 16S rRNA sequencing showed that VVFP significantly reduced the α-diversity indices Chao1 and observed species, increased the Shannon index, and regulated the abundance of Bacteroides, Firmicutes, Streptomyces, Lactobacillus and Vibrio, thereby reducing liver damage. In conclusion, VVFP can reduce alcoholic liver injury, which will provide a theoretical basis for the application of VVFP in the field of functional foods.

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Effect of Enteromorpha prolifera Polysaccharide on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Intestinal Barrier Injury and Intestinal Microbial Composition in Mice

ZHANG Yumei, XIE Chunyan, WU Xin

FOOD SCIENCE 2024, 45 (3): 34-41. DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20230128-175

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Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Enteromorpha prolifera polysaccharide (EP) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestinal barrier injury and the intestinal microbial composition in mice. Methods: Forty-eight 8-week-old C57BL/6J male mice were selected and randomly divided into four groups (12 mice/group): control (Ctrl), LPS, EP, and EP + LPS. The mice in the Ctrl and LPS groups were provided with a basal diet, and those in the EP and EP + LPS groups were given a basal diet supplemented with 600 mg/kg EP. After feeding for 28 days, the mice in the LPS and EP + LPS groups were injected intraperitoneally with 200 µL of LPS solution at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg body mass, and those in the Ctrl and EP groups were given the same dose of normal saline. Results: After 4 weeks of EP treatment, there was no significant change in LPS-induced liver damage or splenomegaly in mice (P > 0.05). Compared with the LPS group, EP treatment significantly reduced the serum levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO) (P < 0.05) and diamine oxidase (DAO) (P < 0.01), elevated the colonic gene expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) (P < 0.05), and decreased the colonic gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (P < 0.05) and colonic Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression (P < 0.05). At the phylum level, EP treatment significantly increased the abundance of Verrucomicrobiota in mice with LPS-induced intestinal barrier injury (P < 0.01); at the genus level, it significantly decreased the abundance of Alloprevotella, Bacteroides and unclassified_o_Bacteroidales (P < 0.05) and increased the abundance of Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Anaerostipes and Akkermansia (P < 0.05). Conclusion: EP not only can prevent LPS-induced impairment of intestinal barrier function, but also can alleviate intestinal barrier damage in mice by regulating the expression of genes related to the TLR4 signaling pathway and the composition of the intestinal microbiota.

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Repairing Effect of Fucoxanthin on Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice

REN Xiangyu, ZHENG Jiawen, TIAN Xiaoxiao, CAO Hongjie, LI Hangting, TANG Yunping, YANG Zuisu

FOOD SCIENCE 2024, 45 (3): 42-52. DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20230404-034

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Objective: To explore the repairing effect and underlying mechanism of fucoxanthin on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) in C57BL/6 mice. Methods: Fifty-two C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups, including one normal group (n = 14) and three experimental groups (n = 38). The normal group was fed a regular diet, and the experimental groups were fed a HFD. After feeding for eight weeks, two animals were selected from the experimental groups for serum biochemical assays and liver histological observation, and the other 36 were divided into three groups (n = 12 each): model, low-dose and high-dose fucoxanthin, which were then administrated with physiological saline or fucoxanthin by gavage once a day for six weeks. Body mass was recorded weekly, and all mice were killed after fasting for 12 h at the end of the 14th week. The serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), free fatty acid (FFA), adiponectin, and leptin were measured. In addition, the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, glutathione (GSH-Px), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in liver homogenate were also determined. Furthermore, hepatic histopathological changes were observed under microscope, and the protein expressions of the adenosine 5’-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4) signaling pathways in liver tissues were detected by Western blot. Results: Compared with the model group, the levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, ALT and AST in the fucoxanthin-treated groups were significantly decreased (P < 0.05), Leptin was decreased, while the levels of HDL-C and adiponectin were significantly increased (P < 0.05). Moreover, the levels of GSH-Px, SOD and CAT in the fucoxanthin-treated groups were significantly increased (P < 0.05), leptin was decreased, while the levels of MDA and inflammatory cytokines were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) compared with the model group. The results of hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining, oil red O staining, periodic acid-schiff staining (PAS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the histological structure of the liver in the fucoxanthin-treated groups recovered to almost normal. The results of Western blot showed that fucoxanthin treatment upregulated the protein expression of phosphorylated adenosine 5’-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK), peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor α (PPARα), phosphorylated acetyl-CoA carboxylase (p-ACC), and carnitine acyl transferase 1 (CPT-1) in the AMPK signaling pathway, downregulated the expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) and fatty acid synthase (FAS), inhibited the level of Kelch-like epichlorohydrin-associated protein-1 (Keap-1) in the Keap-1/nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway, increased the expression of Nrf2 and its downstream antioxidant proteins heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and glutamate cysteine ligase modifier (GCLM), and downregulated the expression of TLR4, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), phosphorylated nuclear factor κB inhibitory protein α (p-IκBα), and phosphorylated nuclear factor κB (p65) (p-NF-κB (p65)) in the TLR4 signaling pathway. Conclusion: Fucoxanthin can repair HFD-induced NAFLD in mice through regulating lipid metabolism, reducing oxidative stress and suppressing inflammation.

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Garlic Polysaccharides Ameliorate Liver Injury in Mice Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease by Regulating the Nuclear Factor-κB Signaling Pathway

LIU Jie, YU Wangning, WANG Chenghai, LI Sha, CHENG Liyuan, ZHANG Wei

FOOD SCIENCE 2024, 45 (3): 53-60. DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20230322-226

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Objective: To investigate the protective effect of garlic polysaccharides against metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) in mice. Methods: Totally 50 male C57BL/6 mice were randomly equally divided into five groups, namely, normal, model, low-, medium-, and high-dose garlic polysaccharides (250, 1 000, and 3 000 mg/kg mb, respectively). After 28 days of feeding, serum and liver samples were taken for pathomorphological examination, biochemical assays, and quantitative analysis of the expression of the genes Hmox1, Cat, Gpx1, Tnf, Ccl2, Cxcl2, Cxcl10, IL-1a, IL-1b, Fasn, Acaca, Cpt1a, Acox, Cd36, Fabp1, Apob and Mttp. Results: Compared with the model group, garlic polysaccharides at the medium and high doses significantly alleviated MAFLD, restoring the pathological morphology to normal, bringing the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in liver tissue back to near-normal levels, and obviously restoring the expression of Hmox1, Tnf, Ccl2, Cxcl2, Cxcl10, Cpt1a, and Acox to normal levels. Conclusion: Intervention of garlic polysaccharides, especially at the medium dose, can basically eliminate liver damage caused by MAFLD. The underlying mechanism may be related to the regulation of lipid metabolism and inflammatory gene expression through suppressing the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway, thereby reducing lipid deposition and lipid peroxidation.

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Dose-Response Modeling of Aflatoxin B1-Induced Apoptosis Rate in Rat Hepatocytes

HUANG Aodi, YAN Jiahui, ZHANG Zhaohuan, LIU Haiquan, ZHAO Yong, OU Jie

FOOD SCIENCE 2024, 45 (3): 61-67. DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20230328-273

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This study aimed to construct a dose-response model of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced apoptosis rate in rat hepatocytes by using quantitative data. The coefficients of determination (R2) and further mathematical tests showed that the Gamma model (R2 = 0.996 4, Akaike information criterion = 37.40, and Bayesian information criterion = 17.19) was superior to other models. Hence, the Gamma model was recommended as the optimal dose-response model for apoptosis rate in rat hepatocytes after acute exposure to AFB1 for hazard characterization in the framework of AFB1 risk assessment.

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In Vitro Anti-inflammatory and Hypoglycemic Activities of Polyphenols from Sargassum horneri

HE Nianiao, LI Mengyu, CAI Shuyun, SHI Lijun, CHEN Weizhu, CHEN Hui, HONG Zhuan, ZHANG Yi, ZHANG Yiping

FOOD SCIENCE 2024, 45 (3): 68-75. DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20230417-175

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The crude polyphenols extracted from Sargassum horneri were purified using macroporous adsorption resin, and the in vitro anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic activities of the purified product were studied. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to induce RAW 264.7 macrophages to establish an in vitro inflammatory model. The optimal mass concentration of polyphenols from S. horneri was 40 μg/mL for reducing the NO content of inflammatory mediators. Compared with the model group, S. horneri polyphenols solution at 30 μg/mL significantly down-regulated the mRNA expression levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-1β, and significantly inhibited the protein expression level of TNF-α, but had no significant inhibitory effect on the protein expression level of IL-1β; the inhibitory effect was positively correlated with the concentration of polyphenols. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of S. horneri polyphenols on α-glucosidase was 5.96 μg/mL. According to the double reciprocal curve, the competitive inhibition constant (Kic) and noncompetitive inhibition constant (Kiu) were 0.06 and 6.68 μg/mL, respectively, indicating that the mode of inhibition was mixed-type with non-competitive being greater than competitive inhibition. Polyphenols from S. horneri have good anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic activities, and can be used as a natural raw material in the fields of foods, health products and cosmetics.

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Effect of Acer truncatum Seed Oil on Physiological Indicators and Intestinal Flora in Aging Drosophila melanogaster

LI Xiujuan, WEI Jingjing, CHAI Xuejun, LIU Yafei, HUANG Junlang, LIU Wei, CHEN Shulin, ZHU Xiaoyan, ZHAO Shanting

FOOD SCIENCE 2024, 45 (3): 76-83. DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20230321-210

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The aim of this study was to explore the effect of Acer truncatum seed oil (ATO) on physiological indicators and the intestinal flora in aging Drosophila melanogaster. Wild-type D. melanogaster was cultured on a basal medium supplemented with 10, 20 or 40 g/kg ATO, and its behavioral changes such as lifespan, crawling ability, and olfactory memory and heat tolerance capacity were evaluated. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were measured. The midguts were collected to examine changes in gut microbiota composition by using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Compared with the control group, the average lifespan of D. melanogasters in each ATO intervention group was significantly increased (P < 0.000 1); the most pronounced antiaging effect was observed at 20 g/kg ATO, where the average lifespan was prolonged by 31%. In addition, the crawling ability, olfactory memory and heat tolerance capacity were improved, and the activities of SOD and GSH-Px were increased in the 20 g/kg ATO intervention group. Aging changed the composition and structure of the gut microbiota in D. melanogasters. The results of linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis suggested that the relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae, Gluconobacter and Morganella morganii were increased in aging D. melanogasters, which was inhibited by ATO supplementation. To summarize, ATO has an anti-aging effect, alleviates physiological decline in D. melanogaster and prolongs its lifespan. The underlying mechanism may be related to changing the richness, evenness and structure of the gut microbiota in aging D. melanogasters, thereby regulating the gut microbiota and improving the antioxidant capacity.

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Preparation and Antihypertensive Effect of Microcapsules Containing Medicinal and Culinary Plant Materials and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Peptide

XIA Yu, LI Xiaodong, LIU Lu, ZHOU Wenli, JIA Zhibin, JIAO Yang, XIE Qinggang

FOOD SCIENCE 2024, 45 (3): 84-93. DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20230321-206

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In this study, the antihypertensive effect of microcapsules containing a mixture of goji berry, hawthorn and cassia seed at a mass ratio of 4:1:1 and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) was assessed. The ACE inhibition rate of the microcapsules containing the mixture and ACE inhibitory peptide at a mass ratio of 1:2 was 78.19%, which was significantly higher than those of the mixture of medicinal and culinary plant materials (69.46%) and ACE inhibitory peptide (71.48%) alone (P < 0.05). Under optimized encapsulation conditions (solid content of 10%, inlet air temperature of 160 ℃, core-to-wall ratio of 1:15, and a 1:4 mixture of modified starch and maltodextrin as wall material), an encapsulation efficiency of 82.76% was obtained. After intestinal digestion for 240 min, the release rate of the as-prepared microcapsules was 81.40%, and the bitter taste was significantly reduced (P < 0.05). Animal experiments showed that the microcapsules significantly reduced blood pressure in SHR, significantly increased the plasma contents of ACE2 and angiotensin 1-7 (Ang(1-7)), and reduced plasma ACE content and the contents of angiotensin II (AngII) in the plasma, heart, kidney and thoracic aorta (P < 0.05). The effect was more pronounced than those of the mixture of medicinal and culinary plant materials and ACE inhibitory peptide, confirming the synergism between them. The composite microcapsules can not only reduce blood pressure by regulating the renin-angiotensin system but also significantly reduce the degree of cardiac and thoracic aorta fibrosis in SHR, thereby improving organ damage caused by hypertension.

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Hypoglycemic and Antioxidant Effects of Camellia nitidissima Flower on Type 2 Diabetic Mice

LIU Fenfen, PU Shoucheng, ZHAO Wenliang, WANG Yiting, XUE Chen, XU Lishan

FOOD SCIENCE 2024, 45 (3): 94-101. DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20230313-124

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Objective: To comprehensively evaluate the hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects of Camellia nitidissima flower. Methods: The chemical constituents in the aqueous extract of C. nitidissima flower (CFA) were identified by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Next, a mouse model of type 2 diabetes was established, and the diabetic mice were randomly divided into five groups: model, positive control (acarbose at 20 mg/kg mb), low-, medium- and high-dose CFA (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg mb, respectively). After five weeks of intragastric intervention, general growth characteristics, serum glucose, fasting insulin (FINS) and lipid levels, oxidative stress in pancreas and liver tissues, tissue morphological changes and cell apoptosis were analyzed. Results: CFA had a high content of polyphenols and polysaccharides. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and α-glucosidase inhibition were (24.14 ± 0.64) and (69.99 ± 1.97) μg/mL, respectively. Seven compounds were identified from CFA. In addition, CFA could effectively improve the ‘three more and one less’ symptoms of diabetic mice, significantly reduce the levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), postprandial blood glucose (PBG), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and malondialdehyde (MDA), increase the levels of insulin and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), improve the activities of total superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and alleviate pathological damage in pancreas and liver tissues. Conclusion: CFA has significant hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects on type 2 diabetic mice.

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Regulatory Effect of High-Protein Diet on Circadian Rhythm of Lipid Metabolism in Obese Mice

JIANG Zhiqing, DENG Guoliang, ZENG Fanhang, SHAO Ru, ZHU Rongxiang, TANG Xue

FOOD SCIENCE 2023, 44 (23): 95-103. DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20221122-261

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This study aimed to investigate the regulatory effect of high-protein diet on circadian rhythm disturbances of lipid metabolism in obese mice induced by high-fat diet. Totally 120 specific pathogen-free (SPF)-grade C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into normal, high-fat and high-fat/high-protein groups. The metabolic status of mice was monitored at the 4th and 12th week of intervention, and mice were sacrificed at 2, 8, 14, and 20 o’clock after completion of feeding. Lipid levels in blood and liver, the expression of genes related to fat anabolism and catabolism and the expression of circadian rhythm-related genes were measured, and circadian rhythm changes were analyzed. The results showed that high-fat feeding caused an increase in body mass and obesity index and a decrease in voluntary activity and caloric expenditure during the active period. The changes were accompanied by dyslipidemia and an abnormal increase in liver lipid levels, manifested by continuous gene expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase, key enzymes involved in fat anabolism in liver, at high levels during the active and resting periods, a slow increase in the gene expression of sensitive lipase and acetyl-CoA oxidase, key enzymes involved in fat catabolism in liver, and changes in the diurnal variation pattern. Compared with high-fat intervention, high-protein intervention significantly increased the amount of voluntary activity and energy expenditure during the active period, restored the expression rhythm of fat synthase that was higher during the active period and lower during the rest period, and resulted in high-level expression of ACOX, a key enzyme gene involved in fat catabolism, after ingestion, showing obvious circadian rhythms. Further analysis showed that the improvement effects of high-protein intervention on circadian rhythm disorders of lipid metabolism caused by high-fat diet were closely related to the regulation of the expression of two clock genes in liver, circadian locomotor output cycle kaput (CLOCK) and brain and muscle-Arnt-like protein 1 (BMAL1). In conclusion, high-protein diets can alleviate biological clock disorders in liver induced by high-fat diets and ameliorate hepatic lipid metabolism disorders in mice by stabilizing circadian rhythms.

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Effects of Differently Processed Carrots on Ulcerative Colitis in Mice

ZHAO Mingjiao, ZHONG Yadong, ZHANG Hao, HU Jielun, XIONG Tao, NIE Shaoping, XIE Mingyong

FOOD SCIENCE 2023, 44 (23): 104-113. DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20221203-029

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The incidence of ulcerative colitis (UC) has been increasing in recent years. Due to the limitations of traditional drug therapies for UC, natural foods that can prevent this disease and alleviate its symptoms are becoming a research hot topic, but the effects of processing methods on their activity remain unknown. Therefore, the effects of three different processing methods (pulping, high-temperature cooking, and fermentation) on carotenoid and dietary fiber contents as well as carotenoid bioaccessibility in carrots were explored in this study. C57BL/6J mice were used to create a mouse model of UC induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) and the mice received dietary intervention with freeze dried powder of carrots (5.05%, on a dry mass basis) for 14 days. Body mass change, disease activity index (DAI) and colon parameters (length, pathology, inflammatory factors, oxidative stress level, goblet cell number, tight junction protein expression, and short-chain fatty acid content) were analyzed to evaluate the effects of three differently processed carrots on UC. The results showed compared with pulping, high-temperature cooking and fermentation significantly decreased the soluble, insoluble and total dietary fiber contents of carrots (P < 0.05), increased the bioaccessibility of carotenoids (P < 0.05), while fermentation significantly increased the proportion of soluble dietary fiber in total dietary fiber (P < 0.05). Compared with the model group, all processed carrots could significantly inhibit the change of body mass loss and DAI (P < 0.05), decrease the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 (P < 0.05), increase the level of IL-10 (P < 0.05), and up-regulate the expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, claudin-1, and occludin) (P < 0.05). High-temperature cooked or fermented carrots could significantly alleviate colon shortening (P < 0.05), and relieve the pathological damage of colon tissue (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, fermented carrots could significantly inhibit the production of malondialdehyde (MDA) (P < 0.05), improve the decrease in the number of goblet cells (P < 0.05), increase the level of butyric acid (P < 0.05) and possess the best inhibitory effect on IL-6 production. In summary, differently processed carrots could ameliorate ulcerative colitis to different extends, the most pronounced effect being observed with fermented carrots.

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Effect of Microwave Treatment and Drying Time on the Antioxidant Activity of in Vitro Digested Dried Abalone

LIAO Yuqin, HAN Yaohui, REN Zhongyang, SHI Linfan, WENG Wuyin, HUANG Wenmei

FOOD SCIENCE 2023, 44 (23): 114-122. DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20221129-341

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During oven drying of abalone muscle, microwave treatment was conducted at regular time intervals (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days). Abalone muscle digestion products (AMDP) were prepared by subjecting dried abalone to in vitro simulated digestion. Our aim was to investigate the effect of microwave treatment during the drying of abalone muscle on the in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities of AMDP. The results showed that the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of AMDP from fresh abalone muscle for scavenging capacity against hydroxyl (·OH) radicals, N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (DMPD) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-phenylhydrazine (DPPH) radical were 3.04, 15.18 and 21.12 mg/mL, respectively. The IC50 values for the scavenging of these three radical species decreased gradually with increasing the drying time of abalone muscle. After being fed AMDP from abalone muscle dried for 120 days, the body length of Caenorhabditis elegans increased from 768.90 to 1 034.62 μm, the head swing frequency increased from 206 to 281 times/min, and the life span was extended by 36.16% under normal conditions and by 59.41% and 38.48% under heat stress and oxidative stress conditions, respectively compared with the control group. Meanwhile, with prolonging the drying time of abalone muscle, the antioxidant enzyme activities, reduced glutathione (GSH) content and total antioxidant capacity of C. elegans fed AMDP increased, and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) content decreased. In summary, prolonging the drying time and using microwave treatment during the drying process could improve the antioxidant capacity of AMDP.

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Effect of Fish Oil on Enteritis Damage and Intestinal Gene Expression Profiles in Vibrio parahaemolyticus Infected Mice

WANG Rundong, ZHOU Kui, DENG Yijia, ZHANG Yuhao, LI Xuepeng, LI Jianrong

FOOD SCIENCE 2023, 44 (23): 123-133. DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20221204-040

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Fish oil (FO) can modulate the gut ecosystem and improve intestinal health, but the specific role and mechanism of FO in preventing foodborne pathogen infection are still unclear. In this study, the effect of FO on enteritis damage and intestinal gene expression profiles in Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp) infected mice was investigated. The disease activity index (DAI) score, the colonic histopathological score (HIS), the expression of intestinal fibrosis biomarkers (type I and type III collagen), the contents of the cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), the activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (AT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant enzymes (TAE) and the colonic gene expression profiles in the mouse model of Vp infection were measured before and after FO intervention. The results showed that gavage with 4.0 mg/d FO significantly reduced DAI scores and HIS, and alleviated colonic pathological damage. FO could also significantly down-regulate the expression of intestinal fibrosis-related proteins (P < 0.05), maintain intestinal barrier functions, and inhibit cytokine-mediated excessive inflammation and oxidative stress. Thus, FO reduced body damage induced by Vp infection by altering the gene expression pattern in the colon, up-regulating the gene expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR), enriching the PPAR signaling pathway, and inhibiting the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway. Hence, dietary supplementation of FO can protect the body against foodborne pathogens.

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Anti-aging Effect of Inactivated Bacillus sp. DU-106 in Caenorhabditis elegans

ZHANG Yuwei, ZHAO Wenjun, LI Weijie, DU Bing, LI Pan

FOOD SCIENCE 2023, 44 (23): 134-141. DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20221207-078

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The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and anti-aging effects and underlying mechanisms of inactivated Bacillus sp. DU-106 in Caenorhabditis elegans. The antioxidant activity of inactivated Bacillus sp. DU-106 was evaluated by in vitro free radical scavenging assay. The effects of inactivated Bacillus sp. DU-106 at various concentrations on the lifespan, stress response and antioxidant capacity of C. elegans were observed. The results illustrated that inactivated Bacillus sp. DU-106 possessed strong free radical scavenging capacity in vitro, meanwhile, inactivated Bacillus sp. DU-106 effectively extended the lifespan of C. elegans and improved its movement and stress resistance. Different concentrations of inactivated Bacillus sp. DU-106 increased the levels of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione in a dose-dependent manner. Fluorescence microscopy showed that treatment with inactivated Bacillus sp. DU-106 significantly reduced lipofuscin levels in C. elegans. In conclusion, inactivated Bacillus sp. DU-106 can exert an anti-aging effect perhaps by reducing lipofuscin accumulation and increasing the levels of antioxidant enzymes in C. elegans. This study provides a powerful basis for the development of Bacillus for application in nutraceuticals.

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