This study aimed at comparing the chemical composition, reducing power, free radical scavenging ability and ferric ion-chelating ability of products at different stages of preparation of soluble and insoluble dietary fiber from tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tartaricum L. Gaerth.) bran by extrusion or not, followed by sequential enzymatic hydrolysis with α-amylase and protease and subsequent cellulase modification. The results showed that extrusion and enzymatic treatment could improve the contents of total dietary fiber, insoluble and soluble dietary fiber, total flavonoids and total phenolics and antioxidant properties of dietary fiber from tartary buckwheat bran.

To make full use of chestnut shell resources, the optimum extraction process for procyanidins from chestnut shells (CSPCs) with aqueous ethanol was investigated by response surface analysis, and the stability of CSPCs was explored for its best storage conditions. The effects of ethanol concentration, ratio of solid to liquid, extraction temperature and time on the yield of CSPCs were evaluated, and the effects of pH, light, temperature, additives and metal ions on the stability of CSPCs were also investigated. The optimized extraction conditions were as follows: extraction with a 14.5-fold volume of 51% aqueous ethanol solution at 69.3 ℃ for 2 h. Under these conditions, the theoretical yield of CSPCs was 40.35 mg/g, and the measured value was 40.23 mg/g. The results of stability experiments showed that CSPCs was stable at pH 2.2－6, whereas it had poor light stability and should be consequently stored in darkness at low temperature (4－20 ℃). NaHSO3 could protect CSPCs to some extent. Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Al3+ were found to have positive contribution to CSPCs stability, while sodium benzoate, Ca2+, Fe2+ and Cu2+ could not coexist with CSPCs. Therefore, to maintain the stability of CSPCs, it is necessary to control temperature, light and metal ions. An acidic environment and the presence of NaHSO3 can improve the stability of CSPCs.

Nanofiltration membranes (NFM) with molecular weight cut off (MWCO) 160 D and 360 D were used to concentrate and purify corn protein hydrolysate of MW <5 kD at pH 8.0. The mass transfer efficiencies of peptides, amino acids and sodium ion (Na+) in concentration process and the changes in hydroxyl free radical scavenging activity and antialcoholism activity of corn peptides (CPs) in dialysis process were evaluated. The results showed that although 160 NFM exhibited lower transmission/rejection rates of CPs, amino acids and Na+ as compared to 360 D NFM, the rejection rate of CPs by 160 D NFM was above 88.80% and it provided desalting effect similar to that of 360 D NFM and yielded a desalting efficiency of 94.6% after triple repeated dialysis. Moreover, the activating effect of corn peptides on alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) was kept very well in 160 D NFM dialysis. In general, 160 D NFM is suitable to be used for the concentration and purification of corn protein hydrolysate and the number of repeated dialysis should be no more than 3.

Acidified ethanol method was applied to extract anthocyanins from red raspberry (Rubus idaeus), and the optimal extraction conditions were determined by orthogonal array design. Treatment at 60 ℃ for 1.5 h using 20-fold volume of 80% ethanol aqueous solution containing hydrochloric acid (pH 3) as extraction solvent provided optimum extraction of anthocyanins, and an anthocyanin yield of 0.625 mg/g was achieved. In addition, the resulting extract was evaluated for its antioxidant activity. It was found that the extract displayed dose-dependent reducing power and abilities to scavenge hydroxyl and superoxide anion free radicals in the concentration range investigated here, and that the half-maximal effective concentrations (EC50) against hydroxyl and superoxide anion free radicals were 0.175 mg/mL and 0.699 mg/mL, respectively, indicating that the extract has stronger ability to scavenge hydroxyl free radicals than to scavenge superoxide anion free radicals.

Response surface methodology was used to optimize the preparation of β-carotene-loaded zein nanospheres by supercritical anti-solvent technique. The effects of the ratio between β-carotene and zein, temperature, and pressure as well as interactions among them on β-carotene loading and embedding rate were investigated, and the morphology, particle size and structure of β-carotene-loaded zein nanospheres were characterized by SEM, DLS and XRD. The results indicated that core/wall ratio had the most significant effect on β-carotene loading and embedding rate, sequentially followed by pressure and temperature. β-carotene loading reached its maximum level of 8.73%, when the β-carotene/zein ratio was 1:10, the temperature 55 ℃, and the pressure 8 MPa. β-carotene showed a maximum embedded rate of 85.4% under the following conditions: β-carotene/zein ratio of 1:30, temperature of 35 ℃, and pressure of 16 MPa. The structure of β-carotene-loaded zein particles was a matrix, the average particle size was about 150 nm with a narrow distribution, and the spherical degree was high.

A novel continuous preparation process of casein phosphopeptides (CPPs) was developed using enzymatic membrane reactor and anion-exchange chromatography. Alcalase was used to continuously hydrolyze 10% casein at pH 8.5 and 50 ℃ for 3 h in a tangential flow filter (TFF) enzymatic membrane reactor (EMR). The separation and purification of the resulting CPPs using anion-exchange resin D303 was investigated and the technological parameters were optimized by single factor design based on the recovery rate of phosphate and the molar ratio of nitrogen to phosphate. The results showed that the appropriate adorption/desorption conditions of D303 were as follows: loading permeate flow rate of 1 BV/h, sample loading quantity of 100 mL, elution temperature of 45 ℃, and hydrochloric acid concentration for elution of 0.15 mol/L, and the recovery rate of phosphate from the permeate was 93.11% and the molar ratio of nitrogen to phosphate was 7.21 under these conditions.

The lipase-catalyzed preparation of conjugated linoleic acid glyceride (CLA) from conjugated linoleic acid and glycerin under supercritical CO2 was studied. The effects of the quantities of molecular sieve and enzyme addition, pressure, temperature and time on the esterification rate of CLA were investigated. The results showed that the optimal parameters for preparing CLA were as follows: in the attendance of 6% type 3A molecular sieve and 4% Novozym 435 lipase, reaction at 60 ℃ and 11 MPa for 20 h. Under these conditions, the esterification rate of CLA reached 90.98%. The contents of 9c,11t-CLA and 10t,12c-CLA was 37.79% and 41.66%, respectively in the CLA glyceride prepared.

The preparation of α-tocopherol/β-cyclodextrin complex by supercritical carbon dioxide impregnation technology was studied. The effects of process parameters, including pressure, temperature and reaction time on α-tocopherol loading and the disperability of α-tocopherol/β-cyclodextrin complex in water were studied. The determination of α-tocopherol loading was carried out using ultraviolet spectrophotometer, and FTIR, DSC and TGA were used for the characterization of α-tocopherol/β-cyclodextrin complex. The results showed that α-tocopherol loading first rose and then declined with increasing pressure and temperature, and reached up to 38.7% at 35 ℃, 18 MPa and impregnation time of 1 h, and that the prepared complex could disperse homogeneously in water.

Ultrasonic was used to help extract amygdalin from loquat seed with ethanol aqueous solution. To optimize the extraction process, the effects of operation parameters such as ethanol concentration, temperature, extraction time, liquid-to-solid ratio and ultrasonic power on extraction efficiency were investigated by single-factor experiments. Based on this, a two-level, five-factor experimental design was used to investigate the affecting significance of the operation parameters, and a quadratic model for extraction efficiency as a function of ethanol concentration, liquid-to-solid ratio and ultrasonic power that were determined to be main affecting variables was established using central composite design, and the optimization of the three operation parameters were performed using response surface methodology. Ethanol concentration of 75%, temperature of 60 ℃, extraction duration of 30 min, liquid-to-solid ratio of 12:1(mL/g) and ultrasonic power of 250 W were found optimum and the extraction efficient was observed to be 39.07 mg/g, with the relative error being 0.66% compared to the predicted value. Thus, the established model for extraction efficiency had high prediction accuracy.

The present study aimed to comparatively investigate the effect of microwave treatment on residual peroxidase and lipase activity in brown rice using rice bran as control and to explore the change in rice quality during microwave treatment. Microwave was found to have a very significant stabilizing effect on brown rice, and the quality of rice was also affected. For the least quality loss and the best enzyme inactivation, the treatment conditions microwave power, treatment time and rice moisture content were optimized to be 700 W, 100 s and 21%, respectively by three-level, three-factor response surface analysis. Under such conditions, the theoretical residual lipase activity and rice broken rate were 15.66μmol/(g ·h) and 18.92%, respectively, with their experimental values being 16.25μmol/(g ·h) and 17.33%. After 4 weeks of the enhanced storage, the free fatty acid value was decreased by 13.7% compared to the untreated rice, demonstrating that the optimized microwave treatment is applicable for the stabilization of brown rice in practice.

Objective: To screen the optimum method for deproteinizing crude polysaccharide from Mactra veneriformis and to determine the polysaccharide content and biological activity of purified product. Methods: The deproteinization of crude polysaccharide from Mactra veneriformis was comparatively studied using ion exchange, trichloroacetic acid (TAC) method, PEG flocculation and salt fractionation. Results: Ion exchange, trichloroacetic acid (TAC) method and salt fractionation had good deproteinizing effect on crude polysaccharide from Mactra veneriformis, and the polysaccharide contents in the resulting purified products were 85%, 90.96% and 83%, respectively. PEG flocculation was unsuitable for the removal of protein impurities from crude polysaccharide from Mactra veneriformis. Ion exchange and TAC method provided highly effective hypoglycemic products, and the product derived from TAC method displayed a significant difference compared to the model control (P ＜ 0.05). Conclusion: The screened methods are feasible in practice.

The objective of the present study was the optimization of the preparation process for hydroxypropyl porous corn starch in a microwave reactor. The operation conditions starch milk concentration, microwave treatment time, microwave power and propylene oxide amount were optimized by single factor and orthogonal array design methods based on degree of molar substitution, and their optimum levels were found to be 30%, 3 min and 300 W and 6.90%, respectively. Under the optimized conditions, the degree of molar substitution was 0.0103.

Aim: To optimize the extraction of total flavonoids from pumpkin seedlings and to evaluate their free radical scavenging activity. Methods: Aqueous ethanol solution was the solvent for flavonoid compounds in pumpkin seedlings. Orthogonal array design method was employed for the optimization of extraction process. Free radical scavenging activity evaluation was achieved by determining the abilities to scavenge DPPH and hydroxyl free radicals (by salicylic acid method). Results: The optimized extraction conditions were found to be extraction at 70 ℃ for 4 h using 85% aqueous ethanol solution at a solid/liquid ratio of 1:25 (g/mL). The extraction efficiency for total flavonoids from pumpkin seedlings reached up to 2.56% under these conditions. The median effective concentration (EC50) of total flavonoids from pumpkin seedlings against DPPH and hydroxyl free radicals were determined to be 0.017 mg/mL and 0.019 mg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: Flavonoid compounds are abundant in pumpkin seedlings and those from pumpkin seedlings have strong free radical scavenging activity.

The microencapsulation of purple corn anthocyanins by spray drying was optimized by response surface methodology. Air inlet temperature in spray drying was determined as the most important affecting factor of the percentage of embedded purple corn anthocyanins. The optimum microencapsulation conditions for purple corn anthocyanins were found to be: the content of total solids of 25%, consisting of 15% purple corn anthocyanins and 45% maltodextrin and air inlet temperature of 140 ℃. Under such conditions, 95.2% of purple corn anthocyanins could be embedded. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observations and measurement in a laser particle size analyzer showed that the surface of microencapsulated purple corn anthocyanins at 140 ℃ air inlet temperature was smooth and uniform, and the particle size distribution was concentrated, with a peak being observed at 7.13μm.

Objective: To optimize the extraction and purification process for polysaccharides from green asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) and to explore their in vitro antioxidant effects. Methods: Ethanol reflux extraction followed by enzymatic deproteinization was used to extract and purify polysaccharides from freshly picked green asparagus. A 9-run, 3-factor, 4-level orthogonal array design was applied to optimize temperature as well as extraction duration and number that influence extraction efficiency. The effects of temperature, hydrolysis duration and enzyme dose for polysaccharide deproteinization using papain, neutral protease or alkaline protease were explored based on a 9-run, 3-factor, 3-level orthogonal array design. Total sugar and reducing sugar were determined by phenol-sulphate and salicylic acid methods. Finally, the free radical scavenging effect of green asparagus polysaccharides and their inhibitory effect on erythrocyte hemolysis and swelling of liver mitochondria. Results: The once extraction at 100 ℃ for 3 h with a solid/liquid ratio of 1:20 (g/mL) provided the highest extraction efficiency, (8.50± 1.07)%, and the purity of the resulting product was increased to (52.40 ± 0.47)% after optimized alkaline protease hydrolysis. Green asparagus polysaccharides could dramatically scavenge DPPH, hydroxyl and superoxide anion free radicals, and inhibit erythrocyte hemolysis and liver mitochondrial swelling. Conclusion: Green asparagus polysaccharides have good antioxidant effects in vitro.

Carp protein was hydrolyzed by subtilisin to prepare hydrolysate rich in peptides, and its antioxidant activity was investigated by free radical scavenging assay. The effects of the hydrolysis conditions temperature, pH, enzyme dosage, reaction time and solid-to-water ratio on degree of hydrolysis, polypeptide content, amino acid content and the abilities to scavenge hydroxyl and superoxide anion free radicals were examined in single factor experiments. Further, ternary quadratic regression rotation design was employed to optimize temperature, enzyme dose and solid-to-liquid ratio for maximizing polypeptide content. The results showed that the optimum values of temperature, pH, enzyme dosage, reaction time and solid-to-water ratio were 62 ℃, 7.0, 100 U/g, 4 h and 1:2 (g/mL). The polypeptide content in the resultant hydrolysate under these conditions was 0.704 mg/mL, and its scavenging rates against hydroxyl and superoxide anion free radicals were 73.41% and 59.78%, respectively, suggesting excellent antioxidant activity.

The effectiveness of the four solvents distilled water, ethanol, acetone and petroleum ether in extracting pigment from purple cabbage was compared, and ethanol was found to be the best solvent for purple cabbage pigment according to the color of the resulting extracts and residues. Further, 25% ethanol was the best solvent for the extraction of the pigment by comparison of absorbance of extracts from it and higher or lower concentrations of ethanol. In the following investigations, the extraction of purple cabbage pigment was conducted by the traditional water bath extraction alone or in combination with either ultrasonic or microwave using 25% ethanol as the extraction solvent, and the extraction conditions were investigated. The optimum conditions for the single water bath extraction were 4 h extraction time, 55 ℃ water bath temperature and pH 2. With the assistance of ultrasonic, the optimum extraction duration was 45 min and the optimum pH and temperature were kept unchanged. In the microwave-assisted extraction, the optimum power was 300 W, the optimum length of extraction time was 3 min, and the optimum water bath temperature and pH were still 55 ℃ and 2, respectively. Obviously, the traditional water bath extraction in combination with either ultrasonic or microwave was superior to it alone in terms of required extraction time.

Millet bran oil was extracted and rectified with supercritical fluid carbon dioxide (SFCO2). In the extraction, pressure, temperature, length of extraction time and CO2 flow rate were optimized by orthogonal array design, and the influences of pressure and temperature on the rectification of millet bran oil were analyzed. The results showed that the optimal conditions for the extraction of millet bran oil were as follows: extraction at 45 ℃ for 2 h under 30 MPa with a CO2 flow rate of 50 kg/h, the resultant oil yield was up to 19.69% under these conditions, and the optimum rectification conditions were 10 MPa column pressure and the temperatures of 40, 45, 50 ℃ and 55 ℃ for four sequential columns. The millet bran oil prepared in this study contained a relatively large amount of unsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic acid up to 67.8%, and had better physical and chemical indexes in comparison with commercial ones.

Objective: To optimize process conditions for the degumming of Tephrosia.vogelii Hook f. seed oil such as acid kind and amount, water amount, temperature and stirring time for maximizing degumming rate. Methods: On the basis of single factor experiments, phosphoric acid amount, water amount, temperature and stirring time were optimized by response surface analysis. Results: Phosphoric acid was found to be the best degumming agent for T.vogelii Hook f. seed oil. The optimum degumming conditions were determined as follows: stirring at 62 ℃ for 45 min in the presence of 2.47 g/kg phosphoric acid and 4.1% water. Under these conditions, the actual degumming rate was 92.48 % (the degummed oil contained 0.095% phosphatide), close to the predicted value of 91.5256%. Conclusion: The phosphoric acid aided degumming process can effectively remove phospholipid from T.vogelii Hook f. seed oil.

Two extraction methods, namely alkaline method and salt method were used to extract protein from Job s Tears seeds, and their effects on the extraction rate of protein from Job s Tears seed were compared. In the alkaline extraction method, the extraction parameters pH, material-to-liquid ratio, temperature and extraction time were optimized by single factor and orthogonal array design methods based on the extraction rate of protein from Job s Tears seed. The extraction parameters optimized (also by single factor and orthogonal array design methods) in the salt extraction method were salt concentration, material-to-liquid ratio, temperature and extraction time. The results showed that the optimum material-to-liquid ratio, temperature, extraction time and pH for the alkaline extraction of Job s Tears seed protein were 1:12, 35 ℃, 5 h and 11, respectively. Under these conditions, the extraction rate of protein was up to 43.56%. Overall, the alkaline extraction method was superior to the salt extraction method.

To optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Artemisia lavandulaefolia leaves and stems, a multiple quadratic regression describing the relationship between the extraction rate of polysaccharides and extraction parameters such as extraction time, temperature and ratio of water to material was established using a 3-factor, 3-level Box-Behnken statistical design, and response surface and contour plots with the extraction rate of polysaccharides as the response were drawn based on the model. The optimum conditions for extracting polysaccharides from Artemisia lavandulaefolia leaves and stems were determined as follows: ultrasound treatment time 35 min, temperature 70 ℃ and ratio of water to raw material 40 mL/g. Under such conditions, the relative error between the experimental and theoretical extraction rates of polysaccharides was 4.02%, indicating that the goodness of fit of the established regression model is quiet good. Polysaccharides from Artemisia lavandulaefolia leaves and stems had strong total antioxidant capacity and showed scavenging ability towards DPPH free radicals.

Lignin was extracted from Camellia oleifera shell by alkaline water with the assistance of microwave. The effects of potassium hydroxide concentration, solid-to-liquid ratio, microwave power and treatment time on the yield of lignin were studied by single factor and orthogonal array design methods. Meanwhile, the lignin obtained was structurally analyzed by infrared and (IR) and UV spectroscopy. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: alkaline concentration 0.7 mol/L, solid-to-liquid ratio 1:70, and microwave radiation power 550 W for an extraction duration of 60 min. Under such conditions, the yield of lignin was up to 11.45%. IR and UV spectral analyses showed that the lignin extracted by this method remained its original structure. In conclusion, the optimum microwave-assisted extraction technology for lignin from Camellia oleifera shell has been obtained, which has great significance for the comprehensive exploitation and industrial utilization of Camellia oleifera shell as a rich source of lignin.

Objective: To obtain the optimum extraction conditions for pigment from Calendula officinalis L. flowers, and to study the stability of the pigment under various conditions. Methods: Solvent extraction was used to extract pigment from C. officinalis L. flowers. The effects of solvent type, material-to-liquid ratio, temperature and extraction time on pigment extraction (reflected by the absorbance at 466 nm of extracts) were studied. A L9(34) orthogonal array design was employed to optimize the extraction conditions. The stability of the pigment towards light, heat and food additives was also investigated by determining the change in absorbance at 466 nm. Results: The optimal extraction conditions for C. officinalis L. flower pigment were using 90% aqueous ethanol as extraction solvent for extraction at 70 ℃ for 40 min with a material-to-liquid ratio of 1:8 (g/mL). The pigment was stable under acidic (＜ pH 5), light and heat conditions. Common food additives such as glucose and sucrose as well as some metal ions including Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and Cu2+ had no adverse effect on the pigment. However, Fe3+ had a significant negative effect on the pigment. Conclusion: The optimal extraction conditions of pigment from C. officinalis L. flowers has been obtained. The pigment shows good stability toward light, heat and some common food additives, thereby having broad application prospects in the fields of food and drug.

Goose meat was processed under conditions of varying pressure (0－500 MPa) and dwell time (0－30 min) and constant temperature (20 ℃), and the effect of ultra high pressure treatment on the tenderness of goose meat was investigated. The tenderness of goose meat was evaluated by water loss rate during cooking and water holding capacity during centrifugation. In single factor experiments, the appropriate levels of pressure and dwell time were 300 MPa and 20 min, respectively. Based on the results of response surface analysis, pressure and dwell time had interactive effects on water loss rate during cooking and water holding capacity during centrifugation. The optimum levels of pressure and dwell time for minimizing water loss rate during cooking were 292 MPa and 19.75 min, respectively. Pressure of 246 MPa hold for 23.85 min provided maximum water holding capacity during centrifugation. These results indicate that the ultra high pressure might enhance the tenderness of goose breast meat and has promising prospects for further development.

Response surface methodology was used to optimize the conditions for alkaline extraction of xylan from corncob with the aim of maximizing the yield of xylan. The effects of NaOH concentration, solid-to-liquid ratio, extraction time and temperature on the yield of xylan were studied in single factor experiments. Subsequently, a regression model for the yield of xylan was established using a central composite design involving the above four factors at five levels and based on the model, response surface analysis was carried out to find out the optimum levels of these four factors. The results indicated that the optimum extraction conditions were NaOH concentration of 25 g/100 mL, solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:25, temperature of 94 ℃ and extraction time of 3 h. Under such conditions, the experimental yield of xylan was 24.39%, which was basically consistent with the predicted one of 24.41% and increased by 19.85% than the maximum one of 20.35% obtained in single factor experiments.

The objective of the present study was the development of a compound film-coating fresh-keeping agent for fruits and vegetables using soy hull pectin as base material with added chitosan, polyvinyl alcohol and glycerin. The formulation of the four components was optimized by uniform design based on sensory evaluation, film thickness, moisture permeability, antimicrobial activity and infrared spectral analysis. The results showed that the optimal film formula consisted of 0.2% pectin, 0.6% chitosan, 0.3% polyvinyl alcohol and 0.3% glycerin.

In this study, fish meal and soybean meal were used as substrate to compare microwave-assisted acid hydrolysis and routine acid hydrolysis by determining the amino acid composition of hydrolysates on an auto-amino acid analyzer. Meanwhile, in order to evaluate the stability of microwave-assisted acid hydrolysis, two imported fish meal samples and one soybean meal sample were subjected to microwave-assisted acid hydrolysis and amino acid determination (the same samples were hydrolyzed and analyzed at four different dates). The results showed that the relative standard errors for the determination of each of the three samples at different dates were less than 4%. Therefore, microwave-assisted acid hydrolysis has a good stability and can be used as an alternative to routine acid hydrolysis and provide technical supports for accurate determination of amino acids.

Ultrasound assistance was applied to extract flavonoids from Polygomun aviculane L. using aqueous ethanol as extraction solvent. Four main factors (extraction time, ultrasound power, ethanol concentration and solid-to-liquid ratio) affecting the yield of flavonoids were optimized by response surface methodology. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions were extraction time of 39 min, ultrasound power of 70 W, ethanol concentration of 65%, and solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:21 (g/mL). Under these conditions, the observed yield of flavonoids was 20.07 mg/g, and the relative error in comparison with the predicted one was 1.1%, suggesting that the optimal extraction conditions are reliable.

Enzymatic hydrolysis followed by Sevag treatment was used to develop a combined method for removing proteins in crude corn silk polysaccharide. The enzyme used was papain. Its hydrolysis conditions were optimized by single factor and orthogonal array design methods based on deproteinization rate and the recovery of polysaccharides. The number of repeated Sevag treatment was also investigated. The optimal conditions for deprotenizing crude corn silk polysaccharide were as follows: enzyme-to-substrate ratio of 2.5 (mg/L), temperature of 50 ℃, oscillation time of 8 min and number of repeated Sevag treatment of 2. Under such conditions, the purity of crude corn silk polysaccharide was increased from 21.88% to 37.77%, and the deproteinizaiton rate and polysaccharide recovery were 69.97% and 94.51%, respectively.

In order to achieve maximum yield of volatile oil from Fructus Amomi Rotundu, the conditions for microwave-assisted extraction were optimized by response surface methodology. In single factor experiments, ethyl acetate was found to be the best solvent for the extraction of volatile oil, and extraction parameters such as solvent-to-material ratio, extraction time and microwave power were identified as main factors affecting oil yield. On the basis of the results, a 15-run Box-Behnken experimental design involving the three main affecting factors (extraction parameters) at thee levels was used to establish a quadratic regression model for oil yield, and the model was analyzed by response surface analysis to find out the optimal levels of the three extraction parameters. The results showed that solvent-to-material ratio of 10:1 (mL/g), extraction time of 153 s and microwave power of 322 W were obtained as the optimal conditions. Under the optimal conditions, the experimental extraction yield was 2.67%, which was close to the predicted one of 2.64%. Thus, this model had good prediction ability.

The high content of pigment makes it difficult to crystallize raffinose from its ethanol solution obtained from defatted wheat germ. In the present study, activated charcoal (AC) was used to develop a method for decolorizing raffinose solution, and the decolorization conditions AC dose, temperature, pH and operation time were optimized by single factor experiments, where the effects of the four conditions on decolorization rate were preliminarily, in combination with a response surface design involving 3 factors (AC dose, temperature and pH) at 3 levels. The optimum decolorization conditions were determined as follows: AC dose, 4 g/100 mL; temperature, 50 ℃; pH, 5.0; and adsorption time, 2 h. Under these conditions, the decolorization rate was up to 94.6%, and a very small amount of raffinose was lost. Therefore, active carbon is applicable to decolorization of raffinose.

Objective: To optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from okra by response surface analysis. Methods: On the basis of single-factor experiments, the relationship between the yield of polysaccharides and main extraction conditions including extraction time, liquid/solid ratio and temperature was modeled using a 3-factor, 3-level Box-Behnken experimental design and further, the established model was analyzed by response surface methodology to obtain the optimum extraction conditions. Results: The optimum extraction conditions were obtained as follows: extraction time of 20 min, liquid/solid ratio of 44:1 and temperature of 52 ℃. Under these conditions, the estimated and observed values of maximal yield of polysaccharides were 27.82% and 27.75%, respectively. Conclusion: The results provide a reference for extraction of okra polysaccharides, and lay a foundation for future research on okra.

Objective: To optimize conditions for the ethanol extraction of total saponins (TS) in Rhizoma Polygonati odorati with the assistance of microwave. Methods: The optimization of extraction conditions was performed by single factor and orthogonal array design methods based on TS content of extracts. Results: The optimal extraction conditions were obtained as follows: ethanol concentration 50%, material-to-liquid ratio 1:20 (g/mL) and microwave power 400 W for extraction repeated times for 10 min each time. The average content of TS in dry extracts was 5.414 mg/g under the optimum extracting condition. #br# Conclusion: The optimized extraction process is simple and easy to operate and has good stability.

Solvent extraction was used for the extraction of volatile oil from Macadamia nut from Yunnan in this study, and extraction conditions such as solvent type, the boiling range of petroleum ether, liquid/material ratio, extraction time were optimized by single factor and orthogonal array design methods. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: extraction solvent, petroleum ether of boiling range of 60 to 90 ℃; extraction time, 6 h; and liquid/material ratio, 16:1 (mL/g), and the maximum oil yield was up to 72.83% under the optimized conditions. The oil obtained was determined to have 0.9108 relative density (20 ℃), 1.4661 refractive index, 1.603 mg KOH/g acid value, 198.22 mg KOH/g saponification value. The GC-MS fatty acid composition analysis showed that Macadamia nut oil was stable and contained abundant amounts of unsaturated fatty acids and consequently had high nutritional value.

In this study, supercritical fluid CO2 extraction was applied to extract polygonatum odoratum essential oil. The effects of extraction temperature and pressure as well as separation temperature and pressure on oil yield were investigated in single factor experiments and further, the extraction parameters were optimized using a 4-factor, 3-level, 9-run orthogonal array design based on oil yield. The results showed that extraction temperature of 35 ℃, extraction pressure of 30 MPa, separation temperature of 20 ℃ and separation pressure 9 MPa were found optimal for the extraction of polygonatum essential oil. The oil had certain inhibitory effect against bacteria, mold, yeast and actinomycetes and excellent thermostability.

In order to maximize the incremental rate of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) in soybean meal after extrusion, single factor and orthogonal array design methods were employed to optimize extrusion conditions. Starch added at a level of 20% was found to be the best swelling agent. After extrusion, pentose content in soybean meal displayed a larger increase than the contents of hexose and alduronic. The optimal extrusion conditions were material moisture content of 17%, screw speed of 150 r/min and temperature of 180 ℃. Under such conditions, the incremental rate of SDF was 199.64%, and the water holding capacity and swelling capacity of extruded soybean meal were 1430% and 16.7 mL/g, respectively, which were 94% and 125% higher than unextruded soybean meal.

The purpose of the present study was to develop a two-step resin column chromatographic method for purifying crude procyanidin extract from raspberry seeds. Static adsorption and desorption experiments were carried out to comparatively investigate the adsorption and desorption performance of 8 types of macroporous resins towards raspberry seed procyanidins, and type HPD100C macroporous resin showed higher adsorption quantity and desorption rate and consequently was more suitable for enriching raspberry seed procyanidins. The optimal conditions for the dynamic adsorption and desorption of raspberry seed procyanidins on type HPD100C macroporous resin were experimentally determined as follows: sample pH 5, 0.5 mL/min sample loading flow rate, and 1.5 mL/min desorption flow rate with 40% ethanol as desorption solvent. The pooled eluate obtained was applied to polyamide resin followed by desoprtion with 60% ethanol, and the resulting final purity of raspberry seed procyanidins was 92%.

In order to establish a production process of ready-to-eat Pleurotus eryngii chips with high sensory quality and low oil content by vacuum low-temperature dehydration, operation parameters in dipping with aqueous maltodextrin solution, predrying, vacuum low-temperature dehydration and vacuum rotary deoilling were optimized based on oil content and sensory evaluation. The results showed that the optimal production process of ready-to-eat Pleurotus eryngii chips consisted of 90 s blanching of 1.5 mm thick Pleurotus eryngii slices at 80 ℃, ultrasonic-assisted dipping in 15-fold volume of 15% aqueous maltodextrin solution, predrying for 20 min under 60 ℃ hot air, vacuum deep-frying at 80－90 ℃ for 10 min and rotary deoilling for 10 min, and that the resultant product exhibited low oil content and excellent sensory quality. This process proved to be applicable for practical production.

Petroleum ether extraction was used to determine the oil contents and fatty acid composition of four samples (consisting of 3 cultivars: Camellia oleifera Abel from Baise, Camellia semiserrata Chi from Wuzhou and two samples of Camellia oleifera Ruanzhi from Hechi and Wuzhou, respectively) of Camellia oleifera seeds from the primary production areas of Hechi, Baise and Wuzhou in Guangxi. The determination of fatty acid composition was achieved using GC-MS. The results showed that kernel percentages and oil contents (expressed on the basis of seed dry weight) of four samples of Camellia oleifera seeds ranged from 53.29% to 68.91% and from 47.05% to 59.51%, respectively. Totally 14 fatty acids were identified in them by GC-MS, including monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) saturated and fatty acids (SFAs) accounting for 72.91% to 80.11%, 5.85% to 9.14% and 13.62% to 17.95% of the total fatty acids, respectively. Camellia oleifera Ruanzhi seeds from Hechi had the highest content of MUFAs (80.11%), and the predominant MUFA was oleic acid. The sample having the highest content of PUFAs was Camellia oleifera Ruanzhi seeds from Wuzhou, which contained mostly linoleic acid. The SFAs found in four samples of Camellia oleifera seeds were mainly made up of palmitic acid and stearic acid. Moreover, a small amount of 9,10-epoxystearic acid was first found in Camellia oleifera seeds from Guanxi.

A novel assay was developed for the detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157:H7) based on bio-bar DNA and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The immune reaction between the target and antibodies modified on biofunctionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) or AuNPs leads to the formation of a sandwich structure of MNPs/target/AuNPs, followed by de-hybridization and release of bio-bar DNA. Due to its ability to hybridize with probe ssDNAs modified on AuNPs, bio-bar DNA could lead to aggregation and color change of AuNPs, which is readily visible with naked eyes, and can be quantified by UV-visible spectroscopy as well. The proposed method had a detection limit of about 102 CFU/mL in both pure broth culture and milk with a detection range of 102－106 CFU/mL. With the aid of bio-bar DNA and AuNPs, detection of E. coli O157: H7 in food is accurate, fast, and easy-operated, which may provide a new tool for food safety monitoring.

The near infrared spectra of honey samples were calculated by the method of Norris smoothing combined with first derivative. The outliers were detected by Monte Carlo cross validation (MCCV), and the variables were selected by competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS). The samples were divided into calibration set and validation set by Kennard-Stone (KS) algorithm. Partial least squares (PLS) regression was applied to build a quantitative calibration model of pH and acidity. The coefficient of cross-validation of the calibration set (Rcv2) was 0.8516, and the root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) was 0.1214.The coefficient of determination of the validation set (Rp2 ) was 0.8205, and the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) was 0.1196 for pH value. For acidity, the Rcv2, RMSECV, Rp2 and RMSEP were 0.8723, 2.1734, 0.8250 and 2.4674, respectively. The finding shows that this method is suitable for quantitative analysis of honey pH, while caution is needed for honey acidity analysis.

Garlic samples from 25 geographic populations were collected, and the content of potential allicin was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography, followed by cluster analysis. The results showed that the content of potential allicin in differed noticeably among garlic samples from different with regions and could be grouped into five categories. It was much higher in samples from South Xinjiang, which are worthy of further study.

Baked and hot air-dried Sichuan peppers (Zanthoxylum piperitum DC.) from Hancheng, China were analyzed using solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) coupled with GC-MS. Totally 48 volatile compounds were identified from baked Sichuan pepper, mainly includingα-pinene (4.14%), 6,6-dimethyl-2-methylene-bicyclo [3.1.1] heptane (5.63%), 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-1,4-cyclohexadiene (3.20%) 1,7,7-trimethyl-tricyclo [2.2.1.0(2,6)] heptane (6.96%), β-phellandrene (9.47%), fomic acid (8.50%), 3-carene (3.62%), 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol (3.09%), 4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-ol (5.34%), α,α,4-trimethyl-3-cyclohexene-1-methanol (6.12%), α-terpinyl isovalerate (8.91%), naphthalene (4.32%) and 1-methyl-5-methylene-8-(1-methylethyl)-1,6-cyclodecadiene (5.07%) were dominate. The number of volatile compounds identified in hot air-dried samples was 49, and the predominant compounds wereα-pinene (3.38%), 6,6-dimethyl-2-methylene-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane (9.38%), 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-1,4-cyclohexadiene (14.74%),2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-ol (3.00%), 1,7,7-trimethyl-tricyclo[2.2.1.0(2,6)]heptane (18.45%) β-phellandrene (9.80%), 3,7,7-trimethyl-bicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-ene (10.89%), 2,6-dimethyl-2,4,6-octatriene (3.37%)3-carene (3.11%) and cis-β-terpineol (3.87%).

Microwave digestion coupled with visible spectrophotometry was used to establish an analytical method for the determination of lecithin content in eggs. Eggs were homogenized and treated with ethanol to remove the phosphate protein, Followed by microwave digestion. The detection of lecithin was spectrometriacally performed at 400 nm. The mean spike recovery rates of the established method for lecithin in eggs from three species of poultry were above 90% with a coefficient of variation of less than 2%. This method displayed excellent accuracy and precision, had many advantages over the conventional method, such as less reagent consumption, ease of operation and low environmental pollution. Therefore, it might be an effective and practical method.

Simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE) followed by GC-MS was used to investigate the volatile flavor composition of pickled mustard root samples from different processing methods. A total of 90 volatile compounds were identified in 4 samples, including raw mustard root, traditional pickled mustard root and its desalted counterpart and mustard root pickled by a novel process, of which 68, 56 and 28 were present in novel pickled mustard root as well as traditional pickled mustard root and its desalted counterpart, respectively. Overall, pickling process results in the formation of many new volatiles. However, more are formed by the new process compared with the other two. Meanwhile, desalting process may result in a substantial loss of volatile compounds.

A simple method employing inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for the determination of iodine content in edible algae such as kelp, undaria, hair algae, sea aedge, laver and ulva lactuca was developed. Samples were extracted by 25% tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TAMH) in closed glass bottles at 90 ℃ for 3 hours. The supernatant were diluted and determined by ICP-MS with Te as internal standard. This method displayed excellent linearity in the linear range from 10 to 500μg/L with a correlation coefficient of 0.9999. The mean recoveries in undaria samples ranged from 80% to 120% with a RSD of less than 5%, and the limit of detection for iodine was 0.50 mg/kg. This simple, rapid and sensitive method is applicable for the determination of iodine in massive samples.

The changes in aroma compounds of litchi juice during storage at different temperatures (4 ℃ and 25 ℃) were studied by solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The results showed the content of total aroma stored at 4 ℃ and 25 ℃ increased by 39.10% and 31.99%, respectively, after 4 weeks of storage. After 8 weeks of storage, the retention rates of total aroma were 96.17% and 74.49% at 4 ℃ and 25 ℃, respectively. The content of alcohols and acids significantly increased (P＜0.01) during the first 4 weeks of storage, and then decreased significantly (P＜0.05) with further storage. The content of esters reached its peak value after 6 weeks of storage and then decreased significantly (P＜0.05) with further storage. The content of alkenes decreased significantly during the whole storage time. The content of aldehydes changed slightly during the first 4 weeks of storage, but the retention rates of aldehydes apparently decreased to 59.86% (4 ℃) and 55.3% (25 ℃) after storage for 8 weeks. The contents of six typical aromas such as citronellol, geraniol, phenylethyl alcohol,β-myrcene, D-limonene, and geranial in litchi juice reached the highest value after 4 weeks of storage, and then decreased with the increase of storage time. As for the retention of total aroma in litchi juice, 4 ℃ was a better storage temperature than 25 ℃.

A new method for selectively quantitative detection of trh-positive viable cells of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters was developed using ethidium bromide monoazide (EMA) staining in combination with real-time PCR (RT-PCR, real-time polymerase chain reaction). The results showed the optimum light exposure time to achieve DNA crosslinking by EMA in dead cells and to photolyze the free EMA in solution was 20 min. The use of 2.0μg/mL EMA or less did not inhibit the RT-PCR amplification of DNA derived from viable cells of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The minimum amount of EMA to completely inhibit the RT-PCR amplification of DNA derived from heat-killed cells was 1.0μg/mL. In artificial contaminated oyster samples without enrichment process, there was a strict negative correlation between the log cell number and the Ct values in the range of 2.0 × 103 to 2.0 × 107 CFU. The detection limit of the real-time PCR assay was 2 × 103 CFU in both pure cultures and artificial contaminated oyster samples, which indicated the sensitivity of RT-PCR was 400 CFU/g in artificial contaminated oyster sample. The freezing/thawing experiments showed thawing in water bath at temperature below 55 ℃ had little effect on viable cells of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Therefore, this method avoided the defection in traditional PCR, which could not distinguish viable bacteria cells from dead ones. It may offer a fast, sensitive method to identify and quantify pathogenic viable cells effectively.

The discrimination of kudzu starch with adulterated sweet potato starch and potato starch was conducted by mid-infrared spectroscopy (400－4000 cm-1) and principal component analysis (PCA). An equation was created through fisher linear discriminant analysis, and its reliability was verified by classifying training samples and testing samples. The results showed that the two dimensional distribution of principal component of samples belonged to different locations, and there was no overlap between kudzu starch location and adulterated samples. The classification of training samples and testing samples showed that the self-recognition rates of kudzu starch adulterated with sweet potato starch and potato starch were 93.3% and 100%, respectively. Meanwhile, the interactive correct recognition rates of kudzu starch adulterated with sweet potato starch and potato starch were 86.7% and 92.0%, respectively. So this method has good discrimination ability, and may offer a new approach for the rapid discrimination of kudzu starch adulterated with sweet potato starch and potato starch.

A high-performance liquid chromatography method (HPLC) was developed for the determination of red 2G in sausage. Sausage samples were extracted twice with 0.662 mol/L NH3 ·H2O and the extract was cleaned up on a C18 column. Red 2G was analyzed by HPLC with diode array detector and confirmed by UPLC-MS/MS. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of HPLC was 0.106 mg/kg and the average recoveries ranged from 79.0% to 86.5% with RSD values between 3.19% and 5.06%. The LOQ of UPLC-MS/MS was 0.005 mg/kg and the average recoveries ranged from 75.5% to 80.2% with RSD values between 3.62% and 9.97%. The developed HPLC method and UPLC-MS method can be applied for the determination and confirmation of red 2G in sausage.

A three-wavelength UV spectrophotometric method was proposed for the determination of total flavonoid content in Ampelopsis grossedentata. Samples were extracted with ethanol, and the extract was then detected colorimetrically with aluminum chloride as chromogenic agent at the wavelengths of 322, 311 nm and 296 nm. The regression equation of the proposed method was obtained as follows: δA = 0.0171C＋0.0171, which exhibited good linearity in the range of 0 to 40μg/mL, with a correlation coefficient r of 0.9978. The spike recoveries at two spiked levels were between 98.18% and 102.79%, and the precision RSDs (n = 5) were less than or equal to 0.371%. Thus, this method is accurate and precise.

A solid phase extraction followed by high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the analysis of the prohibited colorant rhodamine B in red wine. The separation of rhodamine B from wines was achieved on a Supelclean- C18 SPE column washed with 40% ethanol aqueous solution (V/V) and eluted with 80% methanol aqueous solution (V/V) prior to analysis on a high performance liquid chromatography equipped with a UV detector. The calibration curve of the method was linear over the range of 1.0 to 10.0μg/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.9924. The recoveries for rhodamine B standard spiked in the range of 1.5 to 3.5μg/mL were between 69.67% and 75.00% with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.87% (n = 5). The detection limit was 0.25μg/mL. Owing to advantages of good linearity, low limit of detection, high precision and rapidity, this method is suitable for the determination of rhodamine B in red wine.

In order to explore the relationship tea hair and tea quality, the standard and routine analytical methods were used to systematically determine the chemical composition of tea hair and tea. The results showed that tea hair had significantly (P ＜ 0.01) lower tea polyphenols, catechins, caffeine, amino acid, and water extractable content than tea, and a significant lower amino acid content was also observed in tea hair (P ＜ 0.05). Despite tea hair a having lower total ash content compared to tea, the difference was not statistically significant (P ＞ 0.05). However, the content of crude fiber of tea hair was significantly higher than that of tea. These findings revealed that tea hair might be not positively associated with tea quality.

In this study, the proximate chemical composition of premna leaves was found be made up of pectin 35.57%, protein 18.70%, crude fat 4.27%, coarse fiber 6.87%, total flavonoids 73.43 mg/1 g, and total polyphenols 29.44 mg/1 g. Further, the chemical composition of volatile oil extracted from the leaves of plant by steam distillation extraction was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 68 compounds were identified in the oil, including 14 alcohols (24.5%), 14 alkenes (18.85%), 8 ketones (8.81%), 6 esters (7.95%), 8 aldehydes (6.41%), 2 furans (3.95%), 3 alkyls (1.93%), caryophyllene oxide (9.71%), 1,1,5,6-tetramethyl-indene (3.06%), longleaf pine terpenes-(V4) (1.25%) and so on, of which, 1-octene-3-alcohol (11.45%), caryophyllene oxide (9.71%), alpha-caryophyllene (5.82%) and trans-beta-ionone (3.43%) were the dominant components.

A high performance liquid chromatographic method was established for the quantitative determination of free ellagic acid content in guava leaves. Hot ethanol reflux (containing 0.01% HCl) extraction was applied for the extraction of samples. The analyte was separated on an inertsil ODS-SP column (250 mm × 4.5 mm, 5μm) held at 35 ℃ using a mobile phase composed of 3% glacial acetic acid (phase A) and net methanol (phase B) with the following gradient elution program: 0－4 min, 20%－45% B; 4－10 min, 45% B; 10－15 min, 45%－70% B; 15－20 min 70%－100% B; 20－21 min 100% B. The injection volume used was 10μl. The detection wavelength was set as 254 nm. The relative standard deviation of retention time for 5 replicate injections was 0.6%. Free ellagic acid content displayed an excellent linear relationship with pear area over the range of 0.5 to 200 mg/L, with a correlation coefficient of more than 0.9998. The spike recoveries for free ellagic acid were between 95.86% and 98.31 %. This method was used to determine free ellagic acid content in the real samples of young, mature and aged guava leaves. The results proved its good feasibility and showed that young, mature and aged guava leaves contained 0.814, 0.023 mg/g and 0 mg/g free ellagic acid, respectively, suggesting that free ellagic acid content in guava leaves is related to their maturity.

A novel quick method to determine lead content in foods was proposed by direct reading on an ionic analyzer equipped with a lead-selective electrode following pressurized microwave digestion of samples. The lead contents of wolfberry fruits, leaves and stems from the same cluster in Zhengzhou suburb as determined by the method were 68.86, 38.59 μg/g and 31.33 μg/g, respectively. The average recoveries for lead in spiked wolfberry fruits, leaves and stems were between 94.6% and 103.2%, with relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.9% to 1.7% (n = 11). The limit of detection for lead was 0.0103 mg/L. The calibration curve of the method was linear over the range of 0.105 to 204.7 mg/L, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9990. The electrode slope obtained was 27.367. This method proved to have the advantages of directness, simplicity, high sensitivity and accuracy and suitability of rapid on-the-spot determination.

The amino acid profiles of different parts of cultured Cordyceps sinensis were determined using amino acid analyzer in combination with post-column derivatization with ninhydrin. At least, 17 common amino acids and 8 essential amino acids were found in the residual solid left after the culture of Cordyceps sinensis and its fruit bodies and mycelia, respectively, which contained 8.32%, 21.68% and 23.19% total amino acid contents and 3.74%, 8.11% and 8.88% essential amino acid contents, respectively. Furthermore, not only the fruit bodies and mycelia of cultured Cordyceps sinensis but also the residual solid left contained adenine, adenosine and cordycepin. All of them are therefore potential candidates for further exploitation and utilization.

In the extraction of volatile oil from pricklyash peel by microwave-assisted steam distillation (MASD), main extraction parameters were optimized by orthogonal assay design based on extraction efficiency with the purpose of developing a sample preparation method for rapid analysis of volatile oil composition of pricklyash peel by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The effects of MASD and single steam distillation on the extraction efficiency, physicochemical properties and chemical composition of volatile oil from pricklyash peel were compared. The optimal MASD parameters were determined as follows: microwave power 400 W, extraction time 20 min, and the amount of water addition 15 mL/g. Totally, 137 compounds were separated in the GC-MS analysis of volatile oil extracted by MASD, and 59 of them had higher than 90% mass spectral similarities, including the dominant compounds sabinene (3.72%), beta-myrcene (8.34%), sylvestren (15.15%), terpinene (3.65%), cineole (6.25%), alpha-pinene (4.95%), beta.-linalool (3.05%), 4-carvomenthenol (10.48%), alpha-terpieol (3.55%) and alpha-terpineol acetate (4.09%), which were quantitatively determined by peak area normalization method. Volatile oils extracted by both methods had similar compound composition and physicochemical properties but differed in the relative contents of their common components. In summary, an efficient and effective extraction of volatile oil can be achieved by using MASD. Volatile oil composition can be rapidly analyzed by MASD coupled with GC-MS.

The objective of the present study was to compare the composition of volatile flavor compounds in Chinese mitten crab meat and crab spawn. Odorants of 750 g of steamed crabmeat were extracted by simultaneous distillation-extraction (SDE) and then analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 97 volatile compounds were identified and quantified in Chinese mitten crab. Of these, 67 and 60 compounds were found in crab spawn and meat, respectively and only 30 volatiles were detected in both of them. Crab spawn and meat differed mostly in alcohols, alkanes, aromatic compounds and sulfur-containing compounds, which might be the main cause of flavor difference between them. Furthermore, 30 common components generally exhibited higher contents in crab spawn than in crab meat.

The composition of volatile compounds in instant pickled mustard tuber and raw mustard tuber was analyzed by simultaneous distillation and solvent extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 37 volatile compounds including 4 hydrocarbons, 7 alcohols, 2 ethers, 5 aldehydes, 4 acids, 8 esters, 1 phenol, 5 sulphur comounds and 1 heterocycle were identified. Allyl isothiocyanate, benzyl isothiocyanate, cyclopropyl isothiocyanate, and dimethyl trisulfide were found in both materials. Allyl isothiocyanate (60.77%) and cyclopropyl isothiocyanate (6.10%) were the prominent compounds in raw mustard tuber, and those in instant pickled mustard tuber were p-propenylanisole (47.54%) and allyl isothiocyanate (11.41%).

Objective: To establish a HPLC method to determine the content of D-mannose (D-Man) in Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo beverage (DOB). Methods: Ethanol precipitation followed by hydrochloric acid hydrolysis and derivatization was carried out for sample preparation. Mannose was separated on an Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18 (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5μm) using a mobile phase made up of 20 mmol/L ammonium acetate and acetonitrile (80.5:19.5, V/V) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detection wavelength was set at 250 nm. Results: No interference was found from Panacis quinquefolium in DOB. The linear range of Man was between 7.815μg/mL and 312.6μg/mL (r = 0.9997). The average recovery was 99.66% (RSD 1.76%, n = 6). Conclusion: This method is specific, sensitive, accurate and reproducible and may therefore be applicable for the determination of D-Man in DOB.

A UPLC-MS/MS method was developed to determine trichlorphon residues in aquatic products. Trichlorphon residues in samples were extracted into ethyl acetate, defatted on an acidic alumina solid phase extraction column, separated by UPLC, measured by MS/MS in positive ion multiple reaction monitoring mode, and quantified by external standard method. Over the range of 0.02 to 0.8 ng/mL, an excellent linear relationship (r = 0.9992) between trichlorphon concentration and peak area was observed for the standard working solution of trichlorphon. The average spike recoveries for trichlorphon in blank samples ranged from 89.0 % to 93.8 %, with a RSD between 2.1% and 5.4%. The detection limit for trichlorphon was 1μg/kg. This method proved simple, rapid and accurate.

Three different sample pretreatment methods, namely ultrasonic-assisted solvent extraction (UASE), simultaneous distillation and extraction (SDE), solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) were used to analyze the composition of aroma compounds of Tuber huidongense by GC-MS. USAE extraction resulted in 80 separated peaks, of which 67 were identified, accounting for 93.59% of the total extract. The number of separated peaks in SDE-derived extract was 97, including 67 identified compounds, representing 90.45% of the total extract. A total of 64 peaks were separated in the chromatogram of SPME-derived extract and 50 of them were identified, accounting for 75.15% of the total extract. The total number of aroma compounds extracted by the three methods was 142, including 23 major aroma compounds. Overall, SDE was the best method among them.

Plum (Chuanhong cultivar) fruits were treated with varying concentrations of calcium chloride before storage at 0 ℃ to explore the effect and related mechanisms of calcium chloride treatment on chilling injury and enzymatic browning in plum fruits with the objective of discovering a new method to reduce chilling injury. The contents of polyphenols and malondialdehyde (MDA), the activity of PPO and chilling injury index in plum fruits from the control group were increased after storage at 0 ℃ for 12d, which suggests the start of chilling injury. Calcium chloride treatment delayed the increase of polyphenol content, activated PPO, POD and CAT, and dramatically decreased external chilling injury index. However, only the 2% calcium chloride treated group had significantly lower internal chilling injury index and MDA content than the control group, and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) had no obvious difference between both groups, but the SOD level in the 2% calcium chloride treated group was significantly higher than those in other groups. It showed that calcium chloride treatment inhibited chilling injury in plum fruits obviously in appearance. Based on a comprehensive comparison between the internal and external chilling injury indices, calcium chloride treatment at 2% concentration could inhibit chilling injury most effectively. At the end of storage, the content of polyphenol and POD activity in the 2% calcium chloride group was 1.16 and 3.7 times higher than those in the control group, and the internal chilling injury index was only 42% and that in the control group was as high as 57% after 72 d storage. In conclusion, 2% calcium chloride treatment could prevent chilling injury in plum fruits.

The effects of hot air treatment on active oxygen metabolism and heat-shock protein (HSP) biosynthesis in harvested Chinese bayberry were investigated in this study. The fruit were pretreated with hot air at 48 ℃ for 3 h, then stored at (1 ± 1) ℃ for 12 d. Decay incidence, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and lipoxygenases (LOX), and the production of superoxide anion and hydroxyl radicals as well as HSP level were determined at 2-day intervals during storage. Hot air treatment significantly delayed the decrease in the activities of SOD, CAT and APX and induced HSP biosynthesis, resulting in inhibition of the accumulation of superoxide anion and hydroxyl radicals and the increase in LOX activity and alleviation of the oxidative damage to plasma membrane. These results suggest that the mechanism of delaying fruit senescence and inhibiting fruit decay by hot air treatment may be closely associated with maintenance of the balance between active oxygen metabolism and the induction of HSP biosynthesis.

The effects of the plant growth regulators DA-6 and DCPTA on the metabolism of reactive oxygen species in Ziziphus jujuba Mill. cv. Dongzao during growth were investigated. DA-6, DCPTA and the control (water) were sprayed on the tree crown 3 times at blossom, 20 days and 40 days after blossom, respectively. Fruit samples were collected regularly during different growing periods. In this study, the generation rate of superoxide anion free radicals, the contents of H2O2 and MDA and the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) were measured. The results showed that DA-6 and DCPTA treatments had no significant effect on changes in the generation rate of superoxide anion free radicals in ‘Dongzao’ jujube, but could accelerate its decline. DA-6 treatment increased H2O2 content significantly than DCPTA treatment. Both treatments dramatically increased the activities of SOD and POD in comparison with the control. DCPTA treatment increased the activity of CAT significantly at the end of the growth and inhibited the production of MDA, whereas DA-6 treatment had inhibitory effect on the activity of CAT. These finding can provide experimental data and theoretical supports for delaying the postharvest senescence of‘Dongzao’jujube.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate age-related changes in antioxidant enzyme activities in modified atmosphere packaged (MAP) golden needle mushroom under varying oxygen content conditions during storage at 1－3 ℃. Totally 100 g of golden needle mushroom was placed into polyethylene bags containing 8 g of hygroscopic bentonite and 6 g of activated carbon, in which different modified atmospheres were formed by 0% O2 + 100% N2, 20% O2 + 80% N2, 50% O2 + 50% N2, 70% O2+ 30% N2, 80% O2 + 20% N2, 90% O2 + 10% N2 and 100% O2 + 0% N2 before storage. Sampling was conducted for determination of antioxidant enzyme activities every 5－7 days. The results showed that modified atmosphere containing 80% O2 had the best fresh-keeping effect on golden needle mushroom. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and lipoxygenase (LOX) were increased obviously, while the activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD) and cellulase (CMCase) displayed an opposite change in the first 2 weeks. With the continuous prolongation of storage, the activities of SOD, CAT and LOX declined remarkably, while POD and PPO showed a significant increase. As a result, superoxide anion and hydroxyl free radicals were accumulated in golden needle mushroom, which leads to the damage of cell membrane structure and the increase in cellular permeability. In conclusion, water seepage and tissue softening resulting from the decomposition of cell-wall by CMCase and the aggravation of enzymatic browning may be the major causes of senescence and quality deterioration in golden needle mushroom.

The effects of 1-MCP and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on the fresh-keeping and quality of ‘Huahong’ apples were investigated during cold storage (0 ℃) in this study. The results indicated that, compared with control group, 1-MCP or MAP treatment significantly inhibited ethylene production and respiration rate, delayed the decrease of fruit firmness, soluble solid content and titratable acid, and inhibited the increase of L value and cell membrane permeability. No CO2 injury was found in‘Huahong’apple packaged in 0.02 mm PE and 0.04 mm PVC bags, which suggests that‘Huahong’apple is resistant to carbon dioxide injury. The storage life of ‘Huahong’ apple was prolonged by different treatments in the following order: 1-MCP＞0.04 mm PVC bags＞0.02 mm PE bags＞control. However, the quality of‘Huahong’apple was maintained in the following order: 0.04 mm PVC bags＞1-MCP＞0.02 mm PE bags＞control.

Harvested kiwifruits of a new variety of Actinidia eriantha Benth Walter were stored at 20 ℃, and then the postharvest respiratory rate, nutritional and functional ingredients were investigated at intervals of three days. The results showed that fruit firmness and titratable acid decreased sharply in the first six days and then maintained a relatively stable level, while respiratory rate, the contents of soluble solid, ascorbic acid and reducing sugar increased at the early period of storage and then decreased gradually. In addition, the contents of total phenol and flavonoids had no obvious changes during storage.

The effect of high oxygen modified atmosphere packaging on antioxidant activities in fresh-cut lettuce during storage was investigated in this paper. Lettuce slices were packaged in atmospheres with different oxygen contents, i.e., 60% O2+20% CO2+20% N2, 100% O2, or air as control, and stored at 4 ℃ for 14 days. The contents of vitamin C, polyphenols and carotenoids in fresh-cut lettuce and the abilities of these compound and lettuce juice to scavenge DPPH radicals were determined during storage. The results showed that antioxidant enzyme activities in fresh-cut lettuce were affected remarkably by high oxygen modified atmosphere packaging. High oxygen modified atmosphere packaging alleviated the decreases of vitamin C and β-carotenoids contents, and their DPPH scavenging capacities, and increased the content of total polyphenols and its DPPH free radical scavenging capacity. Statistical analysis showed a positive linear relationship between vitamin C content and antioxidant activity with a correlation coefficient of 0.8745. Therefore, high oxygen treatment alleviated the decrease of total antioxidant activity in fresh-cut lettuce, and this may be attributed to inhibiting the decrease of vitamin C.

The objectives of this study were to develop a preparation method for amino-polystyrene microspheres and to evaluate its application in purification of antibodies against clenbuterol. Polystyrene was prepared by dispersion polymerization, and converted into polystyrene microspheres by nitration reaction, which were reduced into amino-microspheres. Scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectrometry was used to characterize the shape and structure of microspheres. Amino-polystyrene microspheres were bound with clenbuterol molecules by diazotization reaction. Amino-polystyrene microspheres with clenbuterol were applied in the immunoaffinity adsorption and separation of anti-clenbuterol antibodies. Finally, purified antibodies were detected by UV and electrophoresis assay. We proved that it is feasible to use amino-polystyrene microspheres with clenbuterol prepared in this study to purify anti-clenbuterol antibodies.

A new type of nutritional power was developed using Pueraria lobata (Wild.) Ohwi powder, rice and corn powder as raw materials. Fresh Pueraria lobata was soaked in 0.1 g/100 mL citric acid for color protection, and then was steamed at 105 ℃ for 15 minutes, and dehydrated at 60 ℃. Then dried Pueraria lobata was powdered and filtered through 100 mesh sieve. The optimal formula of the nutritional powder was as follows: Pueraria lobata powder 56%, sugar 20%, maltodextrin 10%, rice flour 7.2%, corn flour 4.8% and β-cyclodextrin 2%.

Polysaccharide in Isatis tinctoria L. (ITPS) was extracted with 95 ℃ hot water three times for 2 h each time. The extract was filtered, centrifuged, and added with carrageenan powder, fruit juice powder, sugar, citric acid, flavouring essence and pigment. The mixture was cooled down to room temperature for the formation of ITPS jelly. The optimal formula of ITPS jelly was as follows: ratio of carrageenan solution (20 mg/mL) to polysaccharide solution 3:7 (V/V), sugar 30 mg/L, fruit juice powder 45 mg/mL and citric acid 0.6 mg/mL. ITPS jelly was homogeneous and exhibited beautiful color and delicious taste, and its mechanical properties such as cohesiveness, adhesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, springiness and hardness could meet edible requirements. Adding potassium sorbate at a level of 2.0 mg/mL followed by pressurized steam sterilization provided a shelf-life of more than 5 months.