The interaction between arabinoxylan and wheat gluten is essential for rheological properties of dough and wholewheat
bread. In this paper, free thiol content, surface hydrophobicity and viscoelasticity of wheat gluten after enzymatic
action were measured to investigate the effect of recombinant lipoxygenase (ana-rLOX) on the interaction between watersoluble
arabinoxylan (WEAX) and wheat gluten. Meanwhile, further exploration of gluten rheology and bread quality was
conducted by adding recombinant lipoxygenase and soluble arabinoxylan. The results showed that the addition of anarLOX
and WEAX could decrease free thiol content by 21%, increase gluten protein surface hydrophobicity and enlarge
hydrodynamic radius by 27.3%. At the same time, the viscoelasticity of gluten was significantly enhanced and bread quality
was remarkably improved as indicated by reduced harness, gumminess, chewiness and increased resilience.

Potato starch gel samples made from potato starch and water were fried at 180 ℃ under atmospheric pressure,
and total oil content and oil distribution of the fried samples were analyzed. The results showed that the contents of total oil,
surface oil and penetrated surface oil of fried potato starch gels increased with increasing moisture content. The contents of
total oil and structural oil increased as the frying time was extended. However, penetrated surface oil content decreased with
increasing frying time. Penetrated surface oil constituted the largest portion of the total oil content, followed by structural oil,
and surface oil was the smallest portion of the oil in fried potato starch gel samples. The contents of different oil fractions
displayed a certain trend, but varied differently during the frying process under atmospheric pressure.

In order to improve the selection efficiency of vegetable soybean and optimize the quality evaluation system,
eighteen leading cultivars of vegetable soybean in Jiangsu province were tested for their physical indexes (pod length, pod
width, pod thick, hundred pods weight, kernel weight, L*, a*, b*, hardness, and moisture content) and chemical indexes
(VC, chlorophyll, crude fat, starch, soluble sugar, soluble protein, isoflavone, and LOX activity). The results showed
that chlorophyll content, LOX activity, isoflavone content, starch content, kernel weight, hundred-pod weight and a* had
greater coefficients of variation among species, while L* and moisture content had smaller coefficients of variation, and
the remaining parameters were not significant. Principal component analysis showed that eighteen indicators reflecting the
quality of vegetable soybean might be represented by seven principal components (cumulative contribution rate of 92.332 9%).
According to the clustering results, eight quality parameters including kernel weight, chlorophyll, VC, soluble sugar, crude
fat, isoflavone, hardness and a* selected from seven categories of principal components could substitute the original eighteen
indicators so as to simplify the evaluation indicator system. Among eighteen soybean varieties, the comprehensive quality of
Xudou No.17 was the best, closely followed by Qufan No. 2 and Xindali No. 1, while Sudou No. 8 was the worst.

In the present study, the inhibitory effect of lotus seedpod procyanidin oligomers (LSOPC) on the formation of
advanced glycation end products (AGEs) was explored in simulated systems consisting of α-lactose, L-lysine, and either
oleic acid, linoleic acid or linolenic acid at various conditions of reaction temperature and time, and LSOPC concentration
using fluorescence spectrophotometry and electronic nose technology. The results showed that the inhibitory effect of
LSOPC on the formation of AGEs was greatly affected by reaction temperature and time. Higher LSOPC concentration
could result in increased inhibitory rate of LSOPC on AGEs formation, and the increase of inhibitory rate was faster at low
temperature when compared with high temperature. LSOPC had different impacts on odors generated in three simulated
systems under different reaction conditions through fingerprint analysis combined with electronic nose technology. At
low temperature (100 ℃), the odors formed in each system had no significant difference, while the results showed a big
difference at 180 ℃. Thus, LSOPC have a certain inhibitory effect on the formation of AGEs in a dose-dependent manner
which is highly correlated with heating temperature and time, and fatty acids.

Effect of ferric ion concentration and soybean hull pectic polysaccharide (SHPP) concentration on gel strength,
swelling properties and moisture desorption process of soy hull pectic polysaccharide spherical gel measured by texture
profile analysis and thermal gravimetric analysis was investigated in this study. The results showed that the suitable ferric ion
concentration and high SHPP mass concentration were beneficial to spherical gel with high gel strength, big swelling ratio
and high-density net structure. The biggest gel strength and swelling ratio of the spherical gel with 0.3 mol/L ferric ion and
6.0 g/100 mL SHPP were approximately 116.33 g and 366%, respectively. For moisture desoprtion of the spherical gel with
0.3 mol/L ferric ion and 6.0 g/100 mL SHPP, the pre-exponential factor and activation energy were the largest, indicating
that the network structure of gel spheres was dense.

The antioxidant activity in vitro of sanshool from Sichuan peppers (Zanthoxylum bungeanum) was assessed by
total antioxidant capacity, reducing power and scavenging capacities against hydroxyl and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
(DPPH) free radicals as well as its cellular antioxidant activity on human liver HepG2 cells. The results indicated that
sanshool had a certain reducing power and total antioxidant capacity in a dose-effect manner, but the scavenging activity on
DPPH and hydroxyl radicals was a little weak. The cellular antioxidant activity on human liver HepG2 cells showed that at
lower concentrations (0–50 μg/mL) of sanshool, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was decreased and malondialdehyde
(MDA) content was increased. At a concentration up to 100 μg/mL, SOD activity was increased significantly and MDA
content was reduced significantly (P < 0.05). Therefore, sanshool is can be considered as a potential antioxidant ingredient
for functional foods.

Soybean protein isolate (SPI) and lactose were used as raw materials to synthesize SPI-lactose graft by solventfree
glycosylation with microwave heating and SPI-lactose-Al2O3 graft using Al2O3 as the carrier. The chemical and structural
properties of the two graft copolymers including color, fluorescence spectral characteristics, amino acid composition,
solubility and degree of browning were compared. Results showed that the reaction rate of SPI-L-alumina was lower than
that of SPI-L. With the extension of microwave heating time, the color of both samples were deeper, and color difference
gradually increased, the solubility rose first and then dropped, and the contents of lysine and arginine were significantly
reduced. The maximum fluorescence wavelength of SPI-L revealed a blue shift followed by a red shift with an initial
increase and then a decrease in relative fluorescence intensity, whereas the maximum fluorescence wavelength of SPI-Lalumina
displayed a blue shift with a gradual increase in relative fluorescence intensity.

A regionally characterized lactic acid bacterium, Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis, isolated from traditional
sourdough in China, was used to ferment wheat flour and wheat bran to make wheat and bran sourdoughs. The impact
of L. sanfranciscensis sourdoughs made from different materials at different substitution levels on the baking and staling
characteristics of bread was investigated. The results revealed that the addition of wheat sourdough significantly improved
specific volume and sensory quality of bread, while the quality of bread with wheat bran decreased, when compared with
the control made from wheat flour. However, bran sourdoughs (10%, 20% and 30%) also significantly improved specific
volume and sensory evaluation scores of bread. Both wheat/bran sourdough and wheat bran were able to improve the
staling characteristics of bread. Within the same storage period, the increase of hardness, moisture migration quantity
and retrogradation enthalpy of sourdough and bran breads all decreased when compared to the control. In addition, the
hardness and retrogradation enthalpy of bran sourdough bread were also lower than those of the corresponding bran
dough bread (BDB).

S2, a high molecular weight fraction of exopolysaccharides (EPS), was purified from skim milk fermented by
Lactobacillus rhamnosus KF5. The surface topography of EPS S2 in aqueous solution was observed using atomic force
microscopy (AFM). The different topographic images of EPS S2 were obtained in aqueous solutions at different concentrations of
polysaccharide. With a decrease in the concentration of polysaccharide solution, the interactions between polysaccharide molecules
were weakened. The surface topography of S2 was changed from the spherical lump, island-shape, entangled network to one/two
strand chains. At a concentration of 50 ng/mL, the polysaccharide molecules formed network structures, indicated that S2 had
branched structure. When the concentration of S2 polysaccharide was 10 ng/mL, the polysaccharides existed as flexible chains,
formed disordered random coils in water. This further proved that the random coil conformation of this molecule obtained from
light scattering and viscometry experiments, according to the theory of dilute polymer solutions.

The purpose of the present work was to obtain anti-breast cancer compounds from Cudrania tricuspidata fruits. The
methanol extract of Cudrania tricuspidata fruits was sequentially extracted with petroleum ether (PE), ethyl acetate (AE) and n-butyl
alcohol (n-BuOH) to obtain PE, AE and n-BuOH fractions. MTT assay was used to evaluate the anti-breast cancer activity
of the methanol extract and its three fractions against breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7. The results showed
that the AE fraction had significant inhibitory activity on MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells with half maximal inhibitory
concentrations (IC50) of 75.4 and 66.8 μg/mL, respectively. Then, the AE fraction was further separated by silica gel
column chromatography and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography assay. The structures of crystals obtained from this
separation process were identified using single-crystal X diffraction. Two major crystal components were identif??ied including
4’-O-methylalpinumisoflavone and alpinumisoflavone. As evaluated by MTT assay, the inhibitory rate of alpinumisoflavone
against MCF-7 cell growth was 56.7%. Therefore, the AE fraction from Cudrania tricuspidata fruits containing isoflavones
and alpinumisoflavones has potent anti-breast cancer activity depending on the presence of alpinumisoflavone.

Objective: To compare the difference in shear force, intramuscular fat content, μ-calpain and protein degradation
between Meishan and crossbred pigs in order to explore the factors contributing to the tenderness of Meishan pork. Methods:
Six purebred Meishan pigs and six crossbred pigs (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) were slaughtered. μ-Calpain at 45 min
postmortem, integrin and nebulin degradation at 1, 3 and 7 d of postmortem aging were determined by polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis (PAGE) and western blotting. Results: Meishan pork presented lower shear force and higher intramuscular
fat content compared to crossbred pork (P < 0.05). At 45 min postmortem, crossbred pork presented enhanced degradation of
μ-calpain, as evidenced by significantly lower proportions of 80 kD fragments and significantly higher proportions of 78 kD
and 76 kD fragments percentage compared to Meishan pork (P < 0.05). Lessened degradation of μ-calpain in Meishan pork
at 45 min postmortem potentially forecasted that Meishan pork could have lower protein degradation during the subsequent
aging time. The degree of integrin degradation was lower in Meishan pork compared to crossbred pork at 3 and 7 d of
postmortem aging. Additionally, the relative optical density of nebulin was lower in Meishan pork compared to crossbred
pork at 1 and 3 d of postmortem aging, which represents lower degradation of nebulin. Conclusion: μ-calpain and protein
degradation may not be key factors contributing to the higher tenderness of Meishan pork, while the higher intramuscular fat
content may help explain the lower shear force in Meishan pork.

Fuzzy mathematics and cluster analysis were used for comprehensive quality assessment of fourteen table grape
varieties sampled from a commercial vineyard in Weinan, Shannxi province in 2013. The results showed that there were
larger coefficients of variation in berry shape, yield, total anthocyanin content, berry skin thickness, berry bloom thickness,
and berry color characteristics, whereas sensory properties and related indicators of intrinsic quality were relatively
lower. The comprehensive assessment by fuzzy mathematics analysis showed that “Red Globe”, “Summer Black”, “Ruby
Seedless”, “Wuhengzaohong” ,“Jintian 0601” and “Wink” had superior quality. “Qinlongdasui” and “Flame Seedless”
showed the lowest quality. By using Q-type cluster analysis, “Wuhengzaohong”, “Red Globe”, “Ruby Seedless” and “Wink”
with superior quality were clustered into one group, “Muscat Hamburg”, “Jumeigui” and “Hong Ru” with average quality
were assigned into another group, and “Flame Seedless” with the worst quality was clustered into a separate category. The
combination of fuzzy mathematics and cluster analysis could provide a comprehensive and objective evaluation system for
determining the quality of grape varieties.

Objective: To investigate the antioxidant effect in vitro of native and sulfated polysaccharides from rape pollen
(RPP). Methods: After sulfation of RPP using a sulfuric acid method at 0 and 10 ℃, respectively, the scavenging capacities
against hydroxyl free, superoxide anion, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals were assayed using vitamin C
(VC) as the control. Results: Two sulfated polysaccharides of RPP with degree of substitution (SD) of 0.89 and 1.36, named
S-RPP1 and S-RPP2, respectively, were obtained. RPP, S-RPP1 and S-RPP2 had certain scavenging ability against the three
free radicals. Total antioxidant activity was in the decreasing order of S-RPP1 > S-RPP2 > RPP. Conclusion: The antioxidant
activity of polysaccharides from rape pollen can be improved through sulfation．

In this study, changes in physical and chemical properties of starch including solubility, swelling power,
transparency, retrogradation value, amylase, freeze-thaw characteristics and iodine blue value during germination of tartary
buckwheat were investigated. Meanwhile, the morphological changes of starch granules were analyzed. Results showed
that with increasing germination duration within the experimental range, starch granule diameters of germinated tartary
buckwheat were increased from 4–5 μm to 7–8 μm and most of the starch granules were polygonal or irregular shapes.
Longer germination time resulted in the appearance of more porous starch granules. All indices of starch granules increased
except solubility, transparency and freeze-thaw stability.

The effects of different tenderization treatments on the color of goose meat were investigated. The results showed
that the L*, a* and b* values decreased after low temperature treatment, and the total amount of myoglobin also decreased
during the early stage of low temperature treatment, but increased within 24–48 h. There was no significant difference in the
proportion of oxygenated myoglobin (MbO2) under the condition of low temperature. On the other hand, the proportion of
metmyoglobin (MetMb) and deoxy-myoglobin (deoxyMb) showed the opposite trend. The L* value of goose meat treated
by papain increased, while a* and b* values changed little. Meanwhile, significant effect of papain on the proportions of
three myoglobins was observed, and the proportion of MetMb showed the lowest value when the treatment with 6 U/g of
papain lasted 70 min. The L* and b* values of goose meat treated by compound phosphate declined while a* value showed
no significant difference. In addition, the proportions of MbO2 and deoxyMb increased obviously after being treated by
compound phosphate, and the proportion of MetMb was extremely low. To sum up, both papain and compound phosphate
treatments were beneficial for maintaining or improving the color of goose meat.

In this study, we established a highly effective method to screen multiple-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria carrying
the integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs). Five Proteus vulgaris strains harboring SXT/R391 family of ICEs, isolated
from aquatic products in Shanghai, China, were obtained using the new method. Antimicrobial activity and heavy metal
susceptibility of the P. vulgaris strains were examined using standard Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and dilution
susceptibility tests according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI, USA, 2012 Edition), all showing
distinct resistance to ten antimicrobial agents belonging to six drug classes tested. In addition, a wide heavy metal resistance
profile was also detected, displaying strong resistance to Cd, Cu, Zn and Hg. The conjugation experiments demonstrated the
capacities of active self-transmission of the SXT/R391-like ICEs between P. vulgaris and Escherichia coli MG1655 strains.
Our results will facilitate further research on collaborative selection mechanism of environmental antibiotics and heavy
metals, and early warning in prevalence of novel MDR bacteria or “super bacteria”.

The hydrolysis conditions of type II collagen from chicken sternal cartilage were optimized to obtain increased
degree of hydrolysis (DH). Based on the optimal hydrolysis parameters, enzymatic hydrolysates with different DHs were
prepared, and then lymphocyte proliferation test was utilized to evaluate their immunological activity. The results showed that
neutral protease was the most suitable enzyme for hydrolyzing type II collagen and the optimal hydrolysis conditions were
hydrolysis temperature of 50 ℃, hydrolysis pH of 7.5, collagen concentration of 25 mg/mL, enzyme dosage of 40 U/mg,
and hydrolysis time of 150 min. The hydrolysates with a DH of 18% could result in proliferation of lymphocytes by up to
58.69%, and the maximal proliferative activity of lymphocytes was found at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. The molecular
weight distribution of collagen hydrolysates with higher immunological activity was 1 000–180 D (accounting for 75.21%
of the total hydrolysates).

The activity of acid protease immobilized in different composite gel carriers made from sodium alginate (SA)
combined separately with three natural polymers was measured to select the best immobilization carrier and conditions
using single factor experiments and orthogonal array design. The results showed that the best carrier was composed
of SA and xanthan gum and the best immobilization conditions were determined as follows: CaCl2 concentration,
5.0 g/100 mL, SA to xanthan gum ratio, 6:1, and immobilization time, 2.5 h. Experiments conducted under these conditions
gave an activity recovery of 74.12%. The enzymatic properties of immobilized protease indicated there was no variation
in optimum pH and optimum temperature when compared with the free enzyme. Compared with the free enzyme, thermal
stability of immobilized acid protease was enhanced, and the kinetic parameter Km was improved. The half-life of the
immobilized protease was 17.28 d.

The effect of ultra-high pressure (UHP) combined with enzymatic hydrolysis on the allergenicity of P34 in
soybean protein isolate (SPI) and the functional properties of desensitized SPI was studied. The results showed that ultra-high
pressure could accelerate the hydrolysis process to eliminate the immune activity of soybean protein P34 using flavourzyme
and improve the hydrolysis efficiency by 50%. The solubility, viscosity, emulsification, water-holding capacity, oil-absorbing
capacity, emulsion stability, foaming capacity and foam stability of SPI subjected to the combined treatment of ultra-high
pressure and hydrolysis were improved obviously when compared with the latter alone.

In this study, for the first time, we investigated the effect of temperature (15–42 ℃) on the expression of core
genes of the integrative and conjugative element (ICE, ICEVpaChn1) in Vibrio parahaemolyticus CHN25 using real time
polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR). The results revealed distinct expression patterns of the tested genes. The eex
gene involved in the entry exclusion system was strongly inhibited by more than 10 folds when the bacterium was incubated
at the temperatures below or above 37 ℃. Along with increasing temperature in the range of 15–37 ℃, the expression of
int, traI, rumA, and traG genes was enhanced, and reached the highest level at 37 ℃ as the optimal growth temperature for
V. parahaemolyticus CHN25. In contrast, increasing temperature could significantly repress the expression of the gene
encoding a repressor protein SetR that can stimulate the activators of the int gene (SetC and SetD) and promote the conjugation
and transfer of ICEVpaChn1. In addition, self-transmissible activity of the ICE was likely inhibited when the bacterium was
grown at temperatures lower than 15 ℃ or above 37 ℃. The results of this study will facilitate better understanding of the
molecular mechanism underlying the effects of environment stresses on the conjugative transfer of ICEs.

In order to obtain a high activity of acidolysis, Rhizopus oryzae lipase (ROL) was modified with NaIO4-oxidized
dextran. The effects of reaction time, reaction pH, reductant concentration and dextran concentration on modification
efficiency were studied. Box-Behnken experimental design and response surface methodology were used to optimize the
modification conditions as follows: pH 7.63; reaction time, 15.53 h; reductant concentration, 0.20 mol/L; and dextran
concentration, 0.3%. Under these conditions, the maximum predicted acidolysis rate of lipase of 37.28% was obtained, which
was basically consistent with the experimental value. The effect of the above four factors on the acidolysis rate of lipase
was in the decreasing order of reaction time, reaction pH, dextran concentration and reductant concentration. After chemical
modification, ROL had obvious changes in absorption characteristics in the ultraviolet region. The maximum absorption
wavelength was obviously different. At the optimum temperature of 40 ℃, the activity of dextran-ROL was increased
2.2 times compared to ROL, and the stability of dextran-ROL was also improved significantly.

Tianpei (sweet fermented oat) is a famous local snack in Lanzhou which is traditionally made by fermentation of
highland barley and oat for 2 or 3 days. In this paper, during fermentation, physicochemical changes were investigated, and
the production of ergosterol and proteolysis were monitored by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and sodium
dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), respectively. Results showed that pH value decreased
rapidly and reached the lowest level of 3.90, and total acidity showed a gradual increase to the highest level of 0.74% as the
fermentation progressed. The content of ammonium nitrogen increased to the highest value of 0.06% during 24–36 h and
then dropped rapidly. Reducing sugar content increased significantly to the highest value of 41.17 g/100 g during the first
36 h and then decreased until the end of fermentation. Continually, the content of ergosterol augmented and reached its final
value of 213.64 μg/g. High-molecular-weight oat proteins were significantly hydrolyzed during fermentation, especially for
the protein with a molecular weight of 35.08 kD, which had a mean degradation rate of 55.57%.

This paper reports the optimization of medium components and fermentation conditions for improved production
of prodigiosin by Serratia marcescen using single factor and orthogonal array designs. Results indicated that the optimal
medium consisted of 4 mL/100 g of soybean oil, 1.5% of peptone, 0.15% of sodium chloride and 0.15% of potassium
dihydrogen phosphate, and the optimal fermentation conditions were determined as 30 ℃, an inoculum size of 1%, 70 mL
of medium contained in a 250-mL flask, and cultivation with shaking at 200 r/min. The maximum prodigiosin production
achieved after 36 h of cultivation under the optimized conditions was 2.98 g/L, and the activity of extracellular lipase from
S. marcescens was 15 U/mL.

The objectives of this study were to develop an optimized enzymatic method for extracting proteins from
Pleurotus eryngii and to evaluate the nutritional value of the obtained proteins. Response surface methodology (RSM)
based on a Box-Behnken design was used in combination with single factor experiments to establish the optimal hydrolysis
conditions as follows: water to solid ratio, 35:1 (V/m); enzyme/substrate ratio, 2.6% (on a dry weight basis); initial pH, 7.2;
and temperature, 60 ℃, leading to an extraction yield of 10.68%. Amino acid coefficient method was used to evaluate the
nutritional value of the proteins extracted from Pleurotus eryngii. The essential amino acids/non-essential amino acid (EAA/
NEAA) value, essential amino acids/total amino acids (EAA/TAA) value and score of ratio coefficient (SRC) of the obtained
proteins were 0.65, 0.40 and 75.02, respectively. This extraction procedure was simple and the obtained proteins had good
quality so that it can be used in industrial production of Pleurotus eryngii protein products.

Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is a rate-limiting enzyme for the biocatalysis of γ-aminobutyric acid
(GABA). Therefore, GAD gene is the key gene to regulate the production of GABA. In order to improve the productive
capacity of GABA in yeasts, in the present study, we used the CTAB method to purify S. cerevisiae 28 genomic DNA as the
template. A 1 758 bp gene fragment was amplified and sequenced as the GAD1 gene that had 98.58% homology with the
S. cerevisiae S288c gene. The primers were designed for amplifying the 3 490 bp sequence of GAD1 full-length gene,
including GAD1 gene upstream promoter, regulatory sequence and downstream terminator. The full-length gene sequence
was cloned into plasmid pUG6, to construct the recombinant plasmid p28. The strain 28 was used as the starting strain
for the conversion, and the transformant was gained by G418 resistance screening, and further verified by PCR, plasmid
extraction and double digest identification as the recombinant DL28. By exploring the characteristics of the recombinant
plasmid p28, we found that it had good genetic stability, and the recombinant plasmid was still stable after subculture for 10
generations without resistance training. The enzyme activity was determined after transformation, and the GAD activity of
recombinant DL28 was improved by 73.8% when compared with the strain 28. Therefore, GAD gene is highly expressed in
recombinant DL28, which also has higher G418 resistance.

Enzymatic characterization of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) from the leaves of Dysosma versipellis (Hance.) M.
Cheng was investigated using catechol as the reaction substrate. The results showed that the optimal substrate was catechol
at a concentration of 1.0 mol/L, and the optimal pH and temperature for this enzyme were 7.0 and 30 ℃, respectively. The
remaining activity of PPO was 11.92% after thermal treatment at 90 ℃ for 10 min. The kinetics of PPO reaction was fit to
the Michaelis-Menten equation, with Km and vmax value of 0.230 7 mol/L and 769.23 U/min, respectively. Different inhibitory
effects on PPO among ascorbic acid, glycine, EDTA and citric acid were observed. NaHSO3 showed stronger inhibitory
effect on PPO than Na2S2O3. The PPO could be activated by Al3+, Cu2+ and SDS. Ca2+ had certain inhibitory effect on the
PPO enzyme. In contrast, Mg2+, Fe2+ and Fe3+ had no significant effect on the enzyme activity (P < 0.05).

Paecilomyces variotii CSLG1A, a strain able to degrade formaldehyde, was mutagenized by ultraviolet (UV)
irradiation and the selected mutants were tested for their abilities to degrade formaldehyde. The UV mutagenesis was carried
out by placing the original strain at a distance of 30 cm away from a 15-W UV light lamp for 30 s, yielding a mortality rate
of 88%. The mutant stain F1-23 with significantly increased formaldehyde degradation ability was obtained by two rounds
of screening. The critical formaldehyde concentration degraded by the mutant strain was 7.88 g/L, which was enhanced by
22.2% when compared with that obtain with the original strain. The activity of formaldehyde dehydrogenase produced by
F1-23 was 83.6 U/mg, representing a 23.8% increase over that produced by the original strain. The formaldehyde resistance
and degradation capacity of F1-23 remained substantially unchanged after 5 passages, suggesting good genetic stability. In
summary, the strain F1-23 holds great promise for application in the exploration of formaldehyde biodegradation.

This work reports the preparation of antibacterial peptide by enzymatic hydrolysis of prickly ash seed protein
with acid protease. Substrate concentration, enzyme/substrate ratio, pH, hydrolysis temperature and hydrolysis time were
investigated by single factor method for their effect on the anti-E. coli activity of hydrolysates. Optimization of enzyme/
substrate ratio, hydrolysis temperature and hydrolysis time based on anti-E. coli activity of hydrolysates was carried out using
a Box-Behnken experimental design. The degree of hydrolysis of prickly ash seed protein was 9.05% and the inhibitory rate
of the produced antibacterial peptide against E. coli was 56.98% when the hydrolysis experiment was carried out for 4.7 h
at 51.2 ℃ and an initial pH of 4.0 with a substrate concentration of 30 mg/mL and an enzyme/substrate ratio of 3.0%.

Modified Gompertz (SGompertz) and logistic (Slogistic) models were selected as the primary growth models to fit
the growth curves of Staphylococcus aureus in roast duck at various storage temperatures (10, 15, 25, 30 and 37 ℃). Using
the obtained specific growth rate (μmax) and lag time (λ), square root model and quadratic polynomial model were selected to
fit the secondary growth models of Staphylococcus aureus in roast duck. The results showed that the SGompertz model could
well describe the growth of Staphylococcus aureus at different temperatures, and therefore μmax and λ values obtained from it
were used to establish the secondary growth models. It was found that for the square root and quadratic polynomial models
based on μmax, R2 values were 0.942 3 and 0.947 1; Bf were 1.02 and 0.93; Af were 1.18 and 1.37, respectively, suggesting that
the square root model could be employed to predict the growth of Staphylococcus aureus in roast duck. For the square root
and quadratic polynomial models describing λ, R2 were 0.953 3 and 0.987 1; Bf were 0.99 and 1.00; Af were 1.11 and 1.06,
respectively, suggesting that the quadratic polynomial model could be employed to predict λ. This study can provide basic
information for quantitative microbial risk assessment of roast duck and other ready-to-eat cooked meat products.

Response surface methodology was used to optimize the fermentation medium based on vinasse hydrolysate for
enhanced production of bacterial cellulose (BC). Meanwhile, the properties and structures of the BC were compared with
those obtained with the basic culture medium. According to the results of single factor experiments and response surface
analysis, the optimal medium components were determined as follows: saccharose 39.33 g, peptone 20.01 g, magnesium
sulfate 0.91 g, sodium citrate 3.45 g, xanthine 1.02 g, ethanol 10 mL, vinasse hydrolysate 1 000 mL and pH 6.0, yielding
6.27 g/L of BC, which was increased by 42.5% when compared with that before optimization (4.4 g/L). The properties and
structures of BC produced with vinasse hydrolysate were confirmed to be basically the same as those of BC produced with
the basic medium through Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron
microscopy (SEM), suggesting that vinasse hydrolysate could be used as an alternative raw material for the fermentation of
BC without any influence on the properties of BC.

Purpose: The aim of this work was to isolate and identify lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in Yanggaomeijiu Daqu,
a fermentation starter for the production of Chinese liquor Yanggaomeijiu, and to explore the diversity of LAB in
Yanggaomeijiu Daqu. Methods: Individual bacterial colonies of LAB from Yanggaomeijiu Daqu were obtained through
isolation and purification steps including gradient dilution, enrichment, cultivation, and plate streaking. Morphological identification
of LAB isolates was performed based on colony and individual morphological characteristics and further molecular identification
was carried out by repetitive sequence-based polymerase chain reaction (Rep-PCR) and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Results: A
total of 65 LAB isolates were obtained from Yanggaomeijiu Daqu, which could be assigned into 9 different groups by conventional
microbiological analysis, differentiated into five types by Rep-PCR at a 75% similarity, and belonged to 4 genera including
Pediococcus，Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus and Enterococcus by gene sequencing. Conclusion: The diversity and composition
of LAB in Yanggaomeijiu Daqu can be identified quickly and accurately by the combination of traditional microbial separation
methods and modern molecular biological identification techniques.

Cheese whey hydrolysates were obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis with an alkaline protease “alcalase” for 2 h
at 50 ℃ and an initial pH of 9.5 with an [E]/[S] ratio of 4%. The antioxidant peptide was purified from cheese whey
hydrolysates by ultrafiltration, polydextran gel chromatography and tricine-sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide
gelelectrophoresis (tricine SDS-PAGE). The optimal operating pressure, hydrolysate temperature and pH and ultrafiltration
time for the improved ultrafiltration membrane flux were found to be 0.25 MPa, 30 ℃, 9.0 and 120 min, respectively. The
peptide with molecular weights ranging from 4 000 to 6 000 D had the highest inhibitory activity on lipid peroxidation, with
an inhibitory rate of approximately 47.28%. After purification with Sephadex G-50, the separated fractions were determined
by tricine SDS-PAGE and lipid peroxidation inhibition, respectively. Fraction 34 with molecular weight distribution ranging
from 4 000 to 4 100 D had the highest inhibitory activity on lipid peroxidation.

Electrophoresis-purity glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) from bovine liver was obtained after homogenization,
buffer solution extraction, n-butanol degreasing, ammonium sulfate fractional precipitation, DEAE-Sepharose ion exchange
chromatography and Superdex-200 gel filtration. After purification, the specific activity of GDH was 306.06 U/mg, with
93.60-fold purification; meanwhile, the recovery rate was 23.12%. The molecular weight of GDH was approximately
380.2 kD, in which the subunit molecular weight was roughly 61.7 kD. The results of enzymatic characterization illustrated
that the optimal reaction temperature for GDH was 50 ℃, and it was relatively stable at a temperature below 30 ℃. The
optimal reaction was pH 8.2, and its Km was 0.696 mmol/L towards NADH. The enzyme activity of GDH was inhibited
by methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and metal ions such as Cd2+, Co2+, Ca2+, Ag+, Pb2+, Zn2+, and Cu2+, but enhanced to some
extent by low concentrations of Ba2+, Mg2+, K+, Li+ and EDTA.

The microbial population, diversity and dynamics of Sichuan pickles with different salt concentrations
were assessed. Using different selective media, 168 microbes were isolated from pickle brines with three different salt
concentrations and identified by 16S rDNA or 18S rDNA analysis. The results showed the lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus
plantarum and Lactobacillus pentosus dominated the normal process of Sichuan pickle fermentation. When Sichuan pickle
was deteriorated, Bacillus and yeast especially Bacillus subtilis and Candida tanzawaensis were the dominant flora in the
pickle samples. Furthermore, Bacillus methylotrophicus, Bacillus licheniformis, Pichia kudriavzevii and Candida tropicalis
were isolated from pickle brine with 40 g/L salt. Bacillus pumilus, Pichia kluyveri var. cephalocereana and Candida
tropicalis were the most abundant isolates from pickle brine with 60 g/L salt. The major representatives of spoilage-causing
microbes involved in pickle brine with 80 g/L salt were Proteus mirabilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Galactomyces
geotrichum, Bacillus licheniformis, Pichia kudriavzevii and Pichia kluyveri var. cephalocereana. The biofilms formed on the
surface of spoiled pickle brines consisted of bacteria and fungi. When the salt concentration was higher in the pickle brine,
the more proportion of bacteria existed in the biofilm.

In this study, white kidney bean was used as the raw material to prepare polypeptide with α-amylase inhibitory
activity by enzymatic hydrolysis. The hydrolysis efficiencies of acidic, neutral and alkaline protease for α-amylase inhibitor
(α-AI) activity were compared to determine 3.350 acidic protease as the best enzyme. Using combination of single factor
and orthogonal array designs an enzyme dosage of 3 200 U/g, an initial pH of 2.2 and 60 min hydrolysis at 55 ℃ were found
to be optimal to obtain the maximum α-amylase inhibitory rate of 80.82%. White kidney bean polypeptide derived from
α-AI extract had higher thermal stability than α-AI extract, and the α-amylase inhibitory activity of the polypeptide could be
maintained for a longer time at 85 and 90 ℃. Electrophoretic analysis showed that the molecular weight of white kidney
bean polypeptide was 7.53–9.09 ku.

In order to find the most suitable strain for the production of antioxidant peptides and plasmin from millet bran,
initial screening of 27 Bacillus subtilis stains for the ratio of transparent circle diameter to bacterial colony diameter (HC
value) was performed on casein agar plates and further screening of the selected strains based on total proteinase activity,
peptide content and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) of fermentation supernatants was conducted using the basal medium
containing millet bran. This study also investigated the optimal fermentation time for antioxidant activities of fermentation
supernatants using the selected optimal strain. Results showed that NattoD-3 was found to be the optimal strain for the
fermentation of millet bran, yielding a protease activity of 90.22 IU/mL. The optimal fermentation time was 72 h, and the
resulting T-AOC, DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power and Fe2+ chelating ability of millet bran fermentation
supernatant were 38.04 U/mL, 75.37%, 0.18 and 44.34%, respectively. The peptide content in the fermentation supernatant
reached 4.28 mg/mL with plasmin activity of 522.64 IU/mL.

The fermentation process of fresh lean pork with added rice flour and salt to produce sour pork was optimized
for higher content of γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) by response surface methodology. The effect of different amounts of
rice flour and salt on protein degradation and GABA content after 60 days of fermentation was assessed. Results indicated
that the amounts of rice flour amount and salt could affect the formation of GABA and protein degradation. The optimum
fermentation conditions for sour pork were addition of 12.73% of rice flour and 4.74% of salt and fermentation at 16.50 ℃.
Under these optimized conditions, the maximum content of GABA was 282.36 mg/100 g.

As an important immune system, mucosal immune system is the first line to protect the mucous membranes
against colonization and invasion by potentially dangerous microbes that may be encountered. In this study, the
immunoregulatory activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus peptidoglycan (PG) was investigated on pathogenic Escherichia coli
(E. coli)-induced mouse model. Compared with PG, the oxidative modification of PG had a significant effect on the secretion
of sIgA, reduced the expression of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the intestinal mucosa. PG
derived from Lactobacillus acidophilus had the capability of enhancing immune regulation of intestinal mucosa.

Purpose: To observe the hypoglycemic effect of crude polysaccharides from Aralia chinensis roots (APC) on
experimental diabetic rats. Methods: A rat model of diabetes was induced through the injection of alloxan. Sprague-Dawley
(SD) rats were randomly divided into six groups: low, medium and high ACP dose groups, positive control group, blank
control group and diabetic model group. The mice in the treatment groups were administrated with APC for 4 consecutive
weeks, and then the changes in fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol (TC),
triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density liporotein (LDL) were determined. Results: ACP could
reduce the levels of FBG and HbA1c in diabetic rats, decrease the contents of serum TC and TG, significantly increase
HDL levels, and result in little change in LDL levels. Conclusion: ACP can effectively ameliorate the metabolism of blood
glucose and lipids in diabetic rats.

To fully understand the proliferation of splenocyte in vitro of natto ingredients, two kinds of polysaccharideprotein
complexes, named as NPPC-1-b and NPPC-2-a, were extracted and purified from natto by DEAE-52 cellulose ionexchange
chromatography and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration chromatography. Their molecular weights were determined
by performance gel permeation chromatography to be approximately 26.93 and 357.60 kD for NPPC-1-b and NPPC-2-a,
respectively. The two complexes were further characterized by FT-IR, UV-visible spectrophotometry, monosaccharide
and amino acid composition analysis. The results showed that NPPC-1-b contained an O-glycopeptide bond, while
NPPC-2-a contained an N-glycopeptide bond. NPPC-1-b was mainly composed of mannose (Man), rhamnose (Rha)
and arabinose (Ara), with the contents of 67.45%, 25.67% and 2.44%, respectively. However, NPPC-2-a was mainly
composed of glucose (Glc), mannose (Man), arabinose (Ara), xylose (Xyl) and galactose (Gal), accounting for 36.64%,
21.71%, 10.35%, 9.00% and 5.17%, respectively. Seventeen amino acids were identified in both complexes. NPPC-1-b
was mainly composed of glutamic (Glu), proline (Pro), lysine (Lys) and arginine (Arg) with contents of 0.971%, 0.791%,
0.708% and 0.603%, while NPPC-2-a was mainly composed of Glu, Pro and aspartic (Asp) acid with contents of 0.903%,
0.689% and 0.504%. Besides, preliminary in vitro tests showed that NPPC-1-b (100–200 μg/mL) and NPPC-2-a (12.5–
200 μg/mL) exhibited significantly higher immunomodulatory activities against the proliferation of lymphocytes
(P < 0.05), and the effect of 100 μg/mL NPPC-2-a was the best. In respect of cytokines expression, NPPC-1-b and NPPC-2-a
significantly enhanced the expression of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-γ (INF-γ), and 50 μg/mL NPPC-1-b showed a
strong effect on IL-2 secretion, 200 μg/mL NPPC-2-a exhibited a strong effect on INF-γ secretion. These results suggest that
NPPC-1-b and NPPC-2-a can effectively increase immunomodulatory activity.

Purpose: To study the weight loss effect of phytosterol ester and puerarin in obese mice. Methods: An obese
mouse model was established by feeding high fat diet, and then the obese mice were divided into five groups, including
model group, phytosterol ester group, puerarin group, phytosterol ester plus puerarin group, orlistat tablet group (10 mice per
group). The treatments by gavage lasted for six weeks. Then, body weight, food intake, obese index, fat index, serum total
cholestetol (TC), serum triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol
(HDL-C), the number and diameter of fat cells and liver lesions were measured. Results: Compared with the model group,
body weight in the mice from phytosterol ester group, puerarin group and combined treatment group were respectively
decreased by 5.41%, 6.98% and 12.50%. Obese indexes were respectively decreased by 3.41%, 3.26% and 6.25%. Fat
indexes were respectively decreased by 19.88%, 27.41% and 30.42%. The serum levels of TC, TG and LDL-C of the groups
treated with phytosterol ester and/or puerarin decreased compared to the model group, and the combined treatment group
showed the largest decline in the three serum lipid parameters by 21.40%, 37.50% and 30.43%, respectively. The number of
fat cells in the combined treatment group was increased, and liver fatty lesion was also alleviated. Conclusion: Phytosterol
ester and puerarin have weight-reducing effects on obese mice, especially when used in combination.

Objective: To compare the protective effects of different extracts from Dendrobium huoshanense against alcoholinduced
subacute liver injury in mice. Methods: Freeze-dried Dendrobium huoshanense and its different extracts including
water extract, alcohol-soluble extract, alcohol-insoluble extract and crude polysaccharides were prepared. Mouse liver injury
was induced by oral administration of 30% alcohol and different extracts were employed to intervene in the liver injury.
After continuous treatment for 30 days, mouse body weight and liver weight were measured, liver pathological changes were
examined, the contents of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase
(ALP), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein
cholesterol (LDL-C) were determined, and the levels of hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
(ALDH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malonaldehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH)
were determined. Results: The protective effects of freeze-dried Dendrobium huoshanense, and its water extract and alcoholinsoluble
extract against alcohol-induced subacute liver injury were better than that of alcohol-soluble extract, but lower
than that of crude polysaccharides. Liver tissue damage and steatosis in mice subjected to 30% alcohol were ameliorated by
oral administration with crude polysaccharides, the levels of ALT, AST, ALP, LDL-C, TC and TG in serum were reduced,
the level of HDL-C in serum and the activities of ADH, ALDH, SOD and GSH-Px in liver were enhanced, and the loss of
GSH and the increase of MDA in liver were suppressed. Conclusion: Polysaccharides are the major functional factors in
Dendrobium huoshanense protecting liver tissue from alcohol-induced injury.

To observe the effect of zinc threoninate (Thr-Zn) orally supplemented to pregnant rats on the growth
performance and metallothionein (MT) mRNA expression in their offspring, 90 pregnant SD rats were randomly divided
into 5 groups which were administered daily with Thr-Zn at different doses by gavage during days 6 to 15 of pregnancy.
After birthing, the newborn rats were routinely fed for a full month. After measuring the body weight, body length and
tail length, the liver, kidney, spleen, and sternum of the offspring rats from each group were harvested for extracting RNA
and determining the relative expression levels of MT1 gene. Compared with the blank control group, body weights of the
offspring of rats treated with Thr-Zn increased significantly (P < 0.05). Compared with the blank control and solvent control
groups, MT1 mRNA expression levels in the offspring of rats treated with Thr-Zn were significantly higher (P < 0.05). The
expression level of MT1 mRNA in offspring rats with maternal Thr-Zn treatment at a dose of 1 000 mg/kg was higher
than that in other groups. Therefore, maternal Thr-Zn supplementation can significantly improve the expression level
of MT1 mRNA and increase the body weights of offspring rats.

Objective: To investigate antianxiety, sedative and hypnotic effects of Schisandra chinensis polysaccharides
(ScP), and to explore the underlying mechanisms. Methods: Totally 40 ICR mice were randomly divided into 4 groups,
namely, control (distilled water), low-dose ScP (75 mg/kg), moderate-dose ScP (150 mg/kg) and high-dose ScP (300 mg/kg)
groups. The mice were orally administrated with ScP for 7 consecutive days. After the last administration, the effect of
ScP on autonomic activities of the mice was observed with an independent activity recorder and the effect of ScP on the
sleeping number, sleeping latency and sleeping time of the mice treated with the sub-threshold and threshold dose of sodium
pentobarbital was observed respectively. Moreover, the elevated plus maze (EPM) was used to establish an anxiety mice
model for observing the antianxiety effect of ScP in mice. Enzyme-linked immune assay (ELISA) was applied to detect the
contents of neurotransmitters GABA and Glu in the brains of the mice for exploring the underlying mechanisms. Results:
ScP could significantly reduce the number of autonomic activity (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), increase the sleeping number,
shorten the sleeping latency of the mice treated with sub-threshold dose of sodium pentobarbital (P < 0.05), and prolong
the sleeping time of the mice treated with threshold dose of sodium pentobarbital (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). ScP showed a
confirmed anxiolytic effect by increasing the open arm entry (OE) (P < 0.01) and the open arm time (OT) (P < 0.05) in
EPM mice. ScP significantly decreased Glu contents in the brain tissue of mice (P <0.05), but did not affect GABA contents
significantly. Conclusion: ScP has an antianxiety, sedative and hypnotic effect in mice, which may be related to the reduction
of Glu in mouse brain.

Purpose: To comparatively analyze active components in Cordyceps militaris from different sources and
investigate the effects of Cordyceps militaris from different sources on the immune function of mice. Methods: High
performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the contents of cordycepin and adenosine in four kinds
of Cordyceps militaris, and their immune-regulatory effects on mice were evaluated by carbon clearance rate, immune organ
indexes and proliferation capacity of spleen lymphocytes. Results: Silkworm chrysalis Cordyceps militaris, wheat Cordyceps
militaris, rice Cordyceps militaris and Cordyceps capitata contained 3.68, 2.86, 2.63 and 0.95 mg/g cordycepin, and 1.11,
0.79, 0.64 and 0.094 mg/g adenosine, respectively. Based on the results of carbon clearance rate, proliferation capacity of
spleen lymphocytes and immune organ indexes, all the four kinds of Cordyceps militaris could increase the immune function
of mice when compared with the control group. Meanwhile, silkworm chrysalis Cordyceps militaris and wheat Cordyceps
militaris were much better in improving the immune function than those from two other sources. Conclusions: The contents
of cordycepin and adenosine were significantly different among Cordyceps militaris from different sources, and Cordyceps
militaris from silkworm chrysalis and wheat had higher contents of cordycepin and adenosine, and exerted more potent
immune-regulatory effects on mice.

Objective: To study the hepatoprotective effect of polysaccharides from Morus nigra Linn. fruits (MNP) on
CCl4-induced liver damage in rats. Methods: Totally 40 healthy SD rats were randomized into 5 groups with 8 animals in
each group: normal group, CCl4-injury group, and three different treatment groups with different doses of MNP (50, 100,
200 mg/(kg·d)). After 7 days of intragastric administration, all rats except for the normal group were subjected
to intraperitoneal injection of CCl4. After 24 hours, rat serum was collected for analyzing the activity of alanine
aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and the content of bilirubin. Liver tissues were harvested
for measuring the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathion peroxidase (GSH-Px), and the
contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-10 (IL-10).
Results: Compared with the CCl4-injury group, the treatment groups with 100 and 200 mg/(kg·d) of MNP revealed a
significant decrease in body weight (P < 0.05), liver index (P < 0.05), kidney index (P < 0.05) and spleen index (P < 0.01);
serum ALT and AST activities (P < 0.05) and bilirubin content (P < 0.05); and the contents of MDA, IFN-γ and TNF-α
(P < 0.05) in liver, while the activities of liver SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px and IL-10 contentwere significantly increased (P < 0.05).
The administration with 50 mg/(kg·d) of MNP could result in a significant decrease in liver, kidney and spleen indexes (P < 0.05),
GSH-Px activity (P < 0.05), IL-10 content (P < 0.05) in liver, and TNF-α content (P < 0.05) in liver. Conclusion: Polysaccharides
from Morus nigra Linn. fruits can attenuate CCl4-injduced liver injury in rats, and the underlying mechanism may be due to its
antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

Objective: To investigate the physicochemical properties and immunomodulating activities of different edible
mushroom polysaccharides. Methods: Water extraction-ethanol precipitation method was employed to isolate mushroom
polysaccharides. Spectrophotometry, high performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC), gas chromatographymass
spectrometry (GC-MS), infrared spectrometry (IR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were using
to analyze the physicochemical properties and immunomodulatory activities of mushroom polysaccharides. Results:
Under the same conditions, the descending order of extraction rate of five mushroom polysaccharides was Pleurotus
ostreatus polysaccharides (POP), Agrocybe chaxingu polysaccharides (ACP), Flammulina velutipes polysaccharides
(FVP), Lentinus edodes polysaccharides (LEP) and Auriculari aauricular polysaccharides (AAP). These polysaccharides
from five different mushrooms had different molecular mass distributions. All the polysaccharides consisted of mannose
(Man), glucose (Glc) and galactose (Gal) with β-configuration although ACP also contained rhamnose (Rha) and arabinose
(Ara) and AAP contained a small quantity of xylose (Xyl). Methylation analysis indicated that different polysaccharides
had different glucosidic linkage types. The main glucosidic linkage types of POP and LEP consisted of →1,3-β-Glc
and →1,6-β-Glc whereas those of ACP consisted of →1,6-β-Glc and →1,6-β-Gal and those of AAP and FVP consisted
of→1,4-β-Glc. In vitro experiment results showed that the five mushroom polysaccharides had no cytotoxicity at the
concentration ranging from 25 to 400 μg/mL, could improve the phagocytic capacity of mouse peritoneal macrophages
and promote the secretion of NO, TNF-α and IL-1β from macrophages. Among all tested polysaccharides, LEP
containing →1,3-β-Glc and →1,6-β-Glc showed the strongest immunomodulating activity followed in a descending order by POP
containing →1,3-β-Glc and →1,6-β-Glc, ACP containing→1,6-β-Glc and→1,6-β-Gal, AAP and FVP containing→1,4-β-Glc.
Conclusions: These five mushroom polysaccharides had different physicochemical properties and immunomodulating
activities. Their immunomodulating activities depended on the existence of →1,3-β-Glc and →1,6-β-Glc.

Acrylamide and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural formed in thermal treatment of foods have serious harmful impacts on
consumers’ health. Thorough research on their toxicity and formation mechanism, and approaches to detecting and inhibiting
them can contribute to rational utilization of heat treatment processes, improving the safety of thermally processed foods,
and exploiting new methods for inhibiting their formation. In this review, the toxicity, formation mechanisms, and inhibitory
methods of acrylamide and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural are documented. The existing problems involved in the inhibition
methods are summarized. In the future, the development of inhibition methods should be focused on simultaneously
inhibiting multiple Maillard reaction products with potential toxicity.

In order to effectively reduce or prevent the occurrence of food safety issues, the identification of potential risks
of agricultural product supply chains and critical control points is an important issue for China’s agricultural product safety
supervision and management. From the perspective of agricultural product supply chain management, this article aims at
identifying the weak links of agricultural product supply chains by causal path analysis of food safety events related to
agricultural products and determining the key points for risk control of agricultural products, and further establishing a food
safety and quality supervision system in which supervisors, supervisees and consumers are involved to prevent food safety
incidents related to agricultural products by combination with advanced technical support.

Peanut butter contains a lot of proteins, vitamins and minerals, which is rich in nutrients and characterized
by unique flavor. Based on an extensive literature review, this paper aims to summarize recent progress in peanut butter
preparation, quality analysis and safety evaluation. The preparation process of peanut butter involves roasting, cooling, peeli
ng, first grinding, mixing, second grinding and canning. The described quality characteristics of peanut butter include eating
quality (sensory, texture and flavor compounds), nutritional quality (crude protein, crude fat and other materials) and stability
(shelf life and oil separation). The safety evaluation is based on afflation, Salmonella, etc. Moreover, existing problems in
these three respects and future development trends are also proposed.

Vitis amurensis Rupr. is a special germplasm resource in China. Its characteristics of cold resistance,
diseaseresistance and typicality have gained extensive attention. Further progress in the research and comprehensive utilization of
V. amurensis has been achieved in recent years. The comprehensive utilization of the grape berries, skins and seeds with special
emphasis on bioactive substances in V. amurensis and its wine products are reviewed in this article. The deep comprehensive
utilization of V. amurensis is proposed in order to provide a reference for researchers and producers in the future.

Orbitrap mass spectrometry technique with high resolving power and mass accuracy can reliably identify isomers
and structural analogues of the target substances, as well as unknown compounds. Due to these advantages, it has been
widely used in life science, and environmental and food analysis. This review briefly describes the development of Orbitrap
mass spectrometry and its coupled techniques, and systematically summarizes the recent application of Orbitrap mass
spectrometry in the field of food analysis.

With the frequent outbreak of food safety incidents caused by harmful microbes, rapid, sensitive and accurate
methods are needed to detect microbes in food. Although, there are currently diverse types of rapid screening kits or
equipment for food microorganisms available in the market, the performance is uneven. Rapid microbial screening
technologies which are well recognized worldwide and commercialized are reviewed in this article with regard to sample
pretreatment, and microbial enrichment, separation and detection, with the aim to provide comprehensive information for the
research and development of related products. Meanwhile, the future trends of rapid screening technologies are proposed.

Geographical origin traceability of aquatic products is an important tool that is not only beneficial to safeguarding
consumers’ legal rights, but also provides a guarantee for protecting local specialty products. In recent years, mass
spectrometry, spectroscopy and molecular biological technology have played important roles in geographical origin
traceability of aquatic products by fingerprint profiling based on mineral element composition and contents, isotope contents
and ratios, organic compound constituents and DNA mapping using chemometrics. Recent progress in the application
of common analytical techniques for determining the geographical origin of aquatic products is reviewed in this paper.
Furthermore, future trends are also discussed.