Suaeda salsa an annual herb of Chenopodiaceae Suaeda well accepted as both a folk medicinal and foodplant. In the current study, the extraction of total flavonoids from S. salsa and the in vitro antioxidant, hypoglycemic andhypolipidemic activities of the extracts were investigated. The total flavonoids was extracted by refluxing with ethanol andthe selection and optimization of main experimental parameters were carried out using single factor experiments combinedwith central composite design-response surface methodology (CCD-RSM). The total flavonoids extracted from S. salsawere tested for hydroxyl and oxygen radical scavenging activity, and inhibitory activities against α-amylase and lipasein vitro. Results revealed that the optimal conditions for the extraction of total flavonoids were as following: liquid-tosolidratio, 31.40:1; ethanol concentration, 83.12%; reflux temperature, 90 ℃, and reflux time, 128.40 min. Under theseoptimized conditions, the predicted and actual values of total flavonoids yield were 0.896% and 0.932%, respectively.The in vitro antioxidant tests revealed that the total flavonoids could scavenge hydroxyl and oxygen radicals and showedinhibitory activity against α-amylase and lipase. The optimal extraction conditions obtained in this experiment are simple toperform and have good reproducibility. The results have demonstrated that the total flavonoids from S. salsa can be used asa potential source of natural antioxidant, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic ingredients, which provides new pharmacologicalbasis for the development of S. salsa.

In order to obtain wheat germ oil with the lowest content of nonhydratable phospholipids (NHP), microwave
was employed to pretreat wheat germ in this study. An L9(34) orthogonal array was designed to optimize pretreatment
conditions. The independent variables studies were initial moisture content of wheat germ, microwave irradiation time and
power The response was NHP content. The optimal pretreatment conditions were established as follows: initial moisture
content of wheat germ, 26.0%; microwave irradiation time, 3 min; and microwave power, 480 W. The maximum yield of
wheat germ oil of 9.22% was obtained under the optimized pretreatment conditions, which was higher than those obtained
from the control (6.21%) and roasted samples (1.09%). The NHP contents in oil of wheat germ treated with microwave and
baking were 0.087 and 8.04 mg/g, respectively, whereas NHP content in control was 15.22 mg/g. In conclusion, microwave
pretreatment of wheat germ could significantly reduce the content of NHP and improved wheat germ oil yield.

The study aimed to obtain a low-sweetness, low-calorie and economic composite cryoprotectant which mitigates
the negative effect of frozen storage on the eating quality of chicken meatballs. Trehalose and polydextrose were selected for
combination with two traditional commercial cryoprotectants (sucrose and sorbitol) to design a three-level orthogonal array.
Thawing loss, expressible moisture and texture properties were determined. The results showed that the optimal combination
was trehalose 1.0%, polydextrose 4.0%, 3.0% sucrose and sorbitol 2.0%. The addition of the composite cryoprotectant in frozen
chicken meatballs could effectively improve the water holding capacity and texture properties of frozen chicken meatballs.

In this study the synthesis of cyclo(His-Pro) was investigated under high pressure/temperature condition. Using
dipeptide methyl ester hydrochloride as starting material, cyclo(His-Pro) was synthesized in water by high pressure/
temperature assisted cyclization. Influences of different reaction variables including pressure, time, solution pH and substrate
concentration on the yield of cyclo(His-Pro) were investigated by single-factor experiments, and then an orthogonal array
design was used to optimize the cyclization conditions. Quantification and identification of cyclo(His-Pro) in the product
were carried out by ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and electro spray ionization mass spectrometry
(ESI-MS). The optimum cyclization conditions were determined as follows: reaction pressure, 0.20 MPa; reaction time,
3.5 h; solution pH, 6.0; and substrate concentration, 15 mg/mL. Under such conditions, cyclo(His-Pro) was obtained in
excellent yield (91.35%) and no racemization was observed in the reaction process. In contrast to the classic methanol-reflux
cyclization, this method is rapid, environmentally friendly and highly efficient.

A novel method for recovering dioscin produced from the rhizomes of Dioscorea zingiberensis C. H. Wright by
enzymatic hydrolysis and ultrasonic extraction with aqueous ethanol as the solvent was established by foam separation in this
study. The effect of dilution factor, temperature and filling volume in the separation column on the recovery and enrichment
ratio of dioscin was addressed using combination of one-factor-at-a-time method and response surface methodology. A
dilution factor of 84, an operating temperature of 20 ℃ and filling 436 mL of sample into the separation column provided
optimal conditions for separation of dioscin. Under these conditions, the maximum enrichment ratio and recovery of
dioscin of 7.53 and 91.08% respectively were obtained. The procedure presented in this study is an effective, simple
and environmentally compatible method thathas a great potential to be industrialized to separate dioscin from Dioscorea
zingiberensis C.H. Wright using foam separation.

In order to find the most appropriate macroporous resin to purify total flavonoids from Toona sinensis leaf extract,
the adsorption and desorption performance of nine kinds of macroporous resins for flavonoids from Toona sinensis leaves
were investigated based on adsorption and desorption ratios, and kinetic studies of the static adsorption of flavonoids were
also performed. NKA-9 resin was found to be suitable for the purification of total flavonoids from Toona sinensis leaves. By
using dynamic adsorption and desorption experiments, the optimum purification conditions were obtained as follows: 70 mL
of 7 mg/mL Toona sinensis leaf extract (containing 3 mol/L NaCl) was loaded onto the column at a flow rate of 2 BV/h and
eluted with 80 mL of 60% ethanol (pH 6) at a flow rate of 2 BV/h. Under these conditions, the content of total flavonoids
was increased from 81.272 3 to 219.970 2 mg/g. The results of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis
indicated that the contents of rutin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, quercitrin and afzelinare were increased by more than 3 folds,
respectively, compared with those before purification. The approach presented in this study enables effective enrichment of
total flavonoids from Toona sinensis leaves. Quercitrin, which is two times more abundant than four other compounds, is the
main flavonoid compound from Toona sinensis leaves.

Objective: To optimize the preparation process of bamboo leaf extract effervescent tablets and to evaluate
their quality attributes. Methods: An orthogonal array design was used to optimize the formulation of effervescent tablets
including the usage of lubricant (polyethylene glycol 6000) and effervescent agent composition (i.e. ratio of sodium
bicarbonate to citric acid) based on pH, disintegration time and hardness. Total flavonoids content and foaming capacity of
the optimized effervescent tablets were also analyzed. Results: The optimum combination of effervescent agents was citric
acid 20% and sodium bicarbonate 20%. Sodium bicarbonate was wrapped with polyethylene glycol 6000 before direct
powder compression. The obtained tablets were slightly acidic and rapidly disintegrated. Foam volume of the tablets was
13.7 mL/g and the content of total flavonoids was 52 mg/g. Conclusion: The obtained effervescent tablets displayed good
appearance, rapid disintegration, and clear solution without precipitation after dissolution.

Using one-factor-at-a-time method and response surface methodology (RSM), the optimal conditions for enzymatic
extraction of polysaccharides from loquat leaves with cellulase were determined as follows: temperature, 41 ℃; time, 2.95 h;
and cellulase amount, 15.6 mg/g. Under these optimal conditions, the extraction yield of polysaccharides was 8.03%.
The adsorption properties of loquat leaf polysaccharides (LLP) on the ion exchange adsorbent DEAE Sepharose CL-6B
were studied. Effects of pH and ion strength on isotherms were examined through static adsorption experiments. The
results showed that equilibrium sorption data could be described by the Langmuir isotherm equation with high correlation
coefficients, implying the existence of the monomolecular sorption in these systems. After fitting the experimental data
with Langmuir equation, several adsorption parameters, which directly reflected the influences of pH and ion strength, were
obtained. The adsorbent exhibited better adsorption performance for LLP at higher pH and lower ion strength of buffer
solution. The suitable conditions for ion chromatography were obtained with pH 8.0 of buffer solution without NaCl. Three
fractions named as LLPS-1, LLPS-2 and LLPS-3 were obtained through ion chromatography, and their yields were 32.66%,
1.22% and 3.12%, respectively.

The response surface methodology was used to optimize the superfine grinding of honeysuckle (Flos Lonicerae).
The yields of total flavonoids and total phenols extracted from ground honeysuckle were investigated as a function of
superfine grinding pressure, frequency and time. As a result, a mathematical model was established. The results showed that
all three operating parameters had significant effects on functional components of honeysuckle (P < 0.05). The optimum
process conditions were determined as 0.6 MPa, 14.4 min and 31.3 Hz for superfine grinding pressure, time and frequency,
respectively. Under these conditions, the yields of total flavonoids and total phenols were 1.15% and 0.74%, respectively.

Objective: To optimize the extraction of polysaccharides from Gracilaria chouae (GLP) and to investigate their
inhibitory effects on tumor cells. Methods: Response surface methodology was used to optimize the extraction process for GLP.
Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) method was used to determine the effects of GLP on the proliferation of HeLa, EC-109,
HepG-2 and MCF-7 cells. Results: The optimal extraction conditions were determined as follows: temperature, 93.1 ℃;
material-to-liquid ratio, 1:61.5 (g/mL); and ultrasonification time, 35 min. Under these conditions, the maximum yield of
polysaccharides of 16.75% was obtained. GLP revealed anti-proliferation effect on HeLa, EC-109, HepG-2 and MCF-7 cells
in a dose-dependent manner in the range of 200–1 000 μg/mL. When the concentration was up to 1 000 μg/mL, the percentage
growth inhibition of the above four cells were 49.11%, 41.18%, 34.98% and 31.33% respectively. With increasing GLP dose
over a certain range, the numbers of apoptotic and necrotic cells increased, as revealed by cell morphology observation and
Annexin V-FITC/PI fluorescence double staining detection. Conclusions: GLP could induce apoptosis of cancer cells.

The killing effect of high energy electron beam (HEEB) irradiation on main microorganisms in rice as a
function of irradiation dose, irradiation time and material thickness was examined using single factor and orthogonal array
experiments, aiming to find the optimal conditions for microbial inactivation of rice. Results showed that the efficacy of
HEEB irradiation against the total number of colonies, total combined molds and yeasts count (TYMC) and E. coli. varied
with the treatment conditions, showing a positive correlation with irradiation dose. The optimum conditions for HEEB
irradiation were determined as follows: irradiation dose, 4 kGy; irradiation time, 6 s; and material thickness, 10.5 cm. Under
these conditions, the total number of colonies in rice was 82 CFU/g, the total number of mold and yeast colonies was 2 CFU/g,
and E. coli was not detected. Thus, the microbial inactivation efficiency of HEEB irradiation for rice was more than 99%.

The conditions for ultrasound-assisted extraction of ursolic acid from Fructus Mume were optimized by response
surface methodology (RSM). Based on the results of single-factor tests, three factors including ethanol concentration, solidto-
liquid ratio and extraction time were identified as main variables that affect extraction efficiency. Optimization of the
three factors was performed using extraction efficiency of ursolic acid as the response. Besides, the antibacterial effect
of ursolic acid on Escherichia coli was studied. The optimum extraction conditions were determined as follows: ethanol
concentration, 71%; solid-to-liquid ratio, 3:44 (g/mL); and extraction time, 2.5 h. Under these conditions, the yield of ursolic
acid was (12.61 ± 0.13) mg/g. The antibacterial test showed that the minimal inhibition concentration of ursolic acid against
E. coli was 0.25 mg/mL. After treatment with 0.5 mg/mL ursolic acid, the cell wall and membrane permeability of E. coli
was increased and the contents of protein, nucleic acid materials, Ca2+ and total leakage were enhanced by 29, 2.5, 8 and 1.8
folds compared to control, respectively. The scanning electron microscopic observation of E. coli showed that the cells were
obviously destroyed or broken, indicating that ursolic acid has inhibitory effect on the growth of E. coli. The study can lay
the theoretical basis for the application of ursolic acid and Fructus Mume in the future.

In order to improve the extraction efficiency of synephrine from abscising fruits of Citrus tankan and
simultaneously protect the morphological integrity of tissues, vacuum air current technique was applied in cell wall
breakdown for subcritical water extraction of synephrine. The effect of two tissue protectants on the percentage of broken
fruits and extraction efficiency was examined. The experimental conditions for cell wall breakdown were optimized to
maximize the extraction efficiency of synephrine by Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology (RSM) based
on single-factor experiments. Sequential soaking in 0.3 g/100 mL sodium alginate solution for 20 min and 0.15 g/100 mL
calcium chloride solution for another 60 min provided optimal protection of the tissue. The optimum conditions for cell wall
breakdown were determined as follows: decompression temperature, 100 ℃; pressure difference, 116 kPa; retention time,
21 min; and 3 decompression cycles. Under these pretreatment conditions, the extraction yield of synephrine was 69.42%
and the percentage of broken fruits was 33.21%, which were increased by 26.94% and decreased by 12.07% compared with
the control group without this pretreatment, respectively.

Two variable-retort-temperature (VRT) sterilization processes were presented according to the constant-retorttemperature
(CRT) process with F0 = 20 min and the two VRT processes were compared with the CRT process. The heating
histories of the retorts and cool points were plotted and analyzed. The results showed that the three methods had the same
F0 value but different combinations of temperature and time. Compared with the CRT process, the better VRT process
(105 ℃-115 ℃-120 ℃-125 ℃ for 2.5 min at each temperature) resulted in 22.8%, 6.9% and 20.5% increases in the
hardness, springiness and cohesiveness of skipjack meat and 29.41%, 48.13% and 20.14% decreases in turbidity and crude
protein content of the broth, respectively. The muscle tissue of skipjack was less disintegrated by the VRT sterilization
processes, as shown by observation of the cross-sectional microstructure of muscle. All these results showed that the
variable-retort-temperature sterilization processes could reduce the quality loss of canned skipjack compared with the
constant-retort-temperature process.

Objective: To establish a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the simultaneous
determination of syringic acid, ferulic acid, rutin, daidzein, quercetin, quercetin, quercetin and quercetin in Herba Leonuri.
Methods: The analytes were separated on an InertSustain C18 (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm). The mobile phase consisted of
methanol and 0.1% acetic acid (pH 3.0) with gradient elution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The UV detection wavelength
was set at 285 nm. The column temperature was maintained at 35 ℃. The injection volume was 20 μL. Results: The eight
compounds were well separated, showing good linear correlations with correlation coefficient (r) ≥ 0.999 1 (n = 7). The
average recoveries were 89.93%–102.01%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) between 1.17% and 3.11%. Conclusion:
The method is simple, rapid and accurate, which can provide an experimental basis for quality control of Herba Leonuri.

The fruits, leaves and barks of Morus nigra L. and M. alba L. var. tatarica, two special plants in Xinjiang
autonomous region, were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), atomic absorption spectrometry,
UV spectrophotometry and conventional methods for amino acids, mineral elements, flavonoids, polysaccharides, and
alkaloids. The results showed that different plant parts of both mulberry species were rich in a wide variety of amino acids (17
amino acids) with an essential amino acid to total amino acid ratio higher than 0.60, and contained abundant health beneficial
mineral elements and bioactive ingredients. Alkaloids, flavonoids and polysaccharides were the most abundant in the fruits
and barks of Morus nigra L., and the fruits of M. alba L. var. tatarica (1.393, 11.999 and 337.491 mg/g on a dry basis),
respectively. Four principal components, which had a cumulative variance contribution ratio of 97.000% to the information
on 29 initial indexes, were extracted in principal component analysis (PCA). Morus nigra L. scored higher overall, thereby
having higher medicinal value.

A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was established for the simultaneous determination
of ten components including caffeine, catechin (C), epicatechin (EC), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin gallate (ECG),
epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), theaflavin (TF1), theaflavin-3-gallate (TF2A), theaflavin-3’-gallate (TF2B), theaflavin-
3,3’-digallate (TF3), in Congou black tea. The chromatographic conditions were optimized. A Whatman Partisphere C18
column (4.6 mm × 125 mm, 5 μm) was used to separate the ten compounds. The mobile phase was a mixture of 0.035%
trifluoroacetic acid containing 5% acetonitrile (A) and 50% acetonitrile solution containing 0.025% trifluoroacetic acid and
methanol solution (B) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The column temperature and UV detection wavelength were set as 32 ℃
and 205 nm, respectively. The ten components were successfully separated and detected under the chosen experimental
conditions. The calibration curves for all these components displayed a good linear relationship with correlation coefficients
above 0.999 8 and precision relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 0.72%–3.32% (n = 5) and repeatability RSD of 1.87%–
4.43% (n = 5). The recovery rates of the ten compounds were in the range of 94.73%–102.38%. The method is convenient,
rapid, accurate, reproducible and applicable to simultaneously determine these ten components in Congou black tea.

In order to effectively detect and identify their volatile flavor, pork samples were detected by electronic nose and
solid-phase micro-extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). In view of the similarity between
the two detection methods, hierarchical clustering was used to analyze the detection data. A linear regression model was
established to obtain the mapping relationship between the electronic nose detection data and the volatile flavor compounds
in pork for the classification of the electronic nose data. Consistent results were obtained from the clustering analysis of the
electronic nose detection data and volatile components of pork. The regression equation showed that a linear relationship
existed between the two detection data. Sample recognition accuracy reached 90%. This study demonstrated the feasibility
of using electronic nose to detect the difference in volatile flavor compounds of pork.

The smoke flavoring obtained in our laboratory from apple wood was evaluated for its quality characteristics
such as sensory quality, pH, the contents of carbonyl compounds, phenols and benzo(a)pyrene, volatile flavor composition
and electronic nose analysis in comparison with commercial products. The results showed that pH value of the liquid smoke
flavoring from apple wood was 2.31 and it contained 9.94 mg/mL of phenolic compounds and 7.91 g/100 mL of carbonyl
compounds. Phenols and aldehydes were the dominant volatile flavor compounds in the smoke flavoring, accounting for
36.15% and 17.58% of the total amount of volatiles, respectively. Electronic nose combined with principal component
analysis revealed that the smoke flavoring from apple wood had significant differences in principal components compared
with commercial products and was obviously advantageous in terms of major components and characteristic flavor
compounds. Meanwhile, benzo(a)pyrene was not detected in smoke flavoring. Thus, it has a good application prospect.

A method was developed for the determination of isoorientin, orientin, vitexin, isovitexin and p-coumaric acid
in Indocalamus leaves and rice dumplings wrapped in them by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The
migration patterns of these flavonoid compounds in fresh, vacuum-packaged and quick-frozen rice dumplings during the
cooking process were established by determining their contents in Indocalamus leaves and the wrapped rice. The results
showed that in the first boiling cycle, the migration percentages of flavonoids from indocalamus leaves to rice dumplings
were 7.41%–45.18%. In the second cycle, the contents of flavonoids in indocalamus leaves were rapidly reduced in the
first 30 min by 51.61%–72.48% as compared to the total reduction during the entire period of 120 min, and the migration
percentages of flavonoids were 18.07%–65.94%, which were higher than those in the first boiling cycle. During the storage
period of 30 days, the contents of flavonoids (except for no change in isovitexin) in Indocalamus leaves were reduced in
the first 15 days by 68.60%–85.50% as compared to the total reduction over the whole storage period and the migration
was slowed down from the 15 day onwards; the migration percentages of flavonoids (except that isovitexin did not migrate)
were 25.90%–64.84% during the 30-day storage. During the second boiling cycle and storage period, the migration rates
of isoorientin and orientin were lower than those of other flavonoids. Fresh rice dumplings were most beneficial for the
migration of isovitexin, while quick-frozen samples were beneficial for the migration of other flavonoids. The migration of
isovitexin under vacuum and quick-frozen conditions did not happen in a short time.

Objective: To compare the volatile flavor compounds of tuna pancreatic protein hydrolysates produced by different
proteases and therefore to provide references for deep processing of tuna pancreas. Methods: An electronic nose was used to detect
odors of tuna pancreatic tissue as a control and its enzymatic hydrolysates. The sensor array was optimized by loading analysis for
principal component analysis (PCA). Headspace solid-phase micro extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
(HS-SPME-GC-MS) was used to identify and compare the volatile flavor components of all the above samples. Results: PCA
analysis revealed that electronic nose enabled the detection of significant differences in odors of the control, bromelain, animal
protease, alkaline protease, papain, flavorzyme, trypsin and neutral protease groups. A total of 45, 54, 54, 34, 46, 43, 53 and 50
volatile substances were identified by HS-SPME-GC-MS in these groups, respectively, mainly including hydrocarbons, alcohols,
aldehydes, ketones and furans. The flavor compounds syringaldehyde, β-ionone and 2-ethyl-furan were the most abundant in the
animal-derived protease groups. The relative contents of fishy odor compounds in the papain, flavorzyme and trypsin groups were
lower than those in other groups. Conclusion: The hydrolysis of tuna pancreas with animal-derived proteases could significantly
enhance pleasant flavor. Papain, flavourzyme and trypsin have better effects on deodorization.

In order to explore a new approach to the utilization of pomegranate husk, wood vinegar was prepared by
pyrolyzing pomegranate husk in the temperature range of 150–400 ℃. Chemical constituents of the wood vinegar were
analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Its antioxidant activities were evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-
2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and hydroxyl radical scavenging methods. The results showed that the contents of total
phenols, total ketones and organic acid in the wood vinegar were 10.92 mg/mL, 7.81 mg/mL and 2.53% respectively. A
total of 27 compounds were detected by GC-MS analysis from the wood vinegar, mainly including phenols, organic acids,
alcohols, alkanes, aldehydes and ketones. Its scavenging activities against DPPH and OH hydroxyl radicals were 10.22 μg/mg
and 45.19 μg/mg VC equivalent, respectively. This study suggested that wood vinegar from pomegranate husk has the
potential to be used as a natural antioxidant resource.

 Major flavor components, including nucleotides, free amino acids, inorganic ions and glycine betaine, in muscle
of sea cage-cultured Trachinotus ovatus were determined. Taste impact of the main flavour components was evaluated by
taste active values (TAVs) and equivalent umami concentration (EUC) methods. The results showed that the total content of
5’-nucleotides in T. ovatus meat was 379.9 mg/100 g, of which 5’-inosine monophosphate (IMP) was up to 373.59 mg/100 g.
The content of total free amino acids was 256.60 mg/100 g, of which the contents of glycine, alanine, and glutamic acid
were 136.34, 27.47, and 16.84 mg/100 g, respectively, making the largest contribution to the taste. K+, Na+ and PO4
3- were the major tasty ions. Glycine betaine content was 1.95 (mg/g). The EUC of cultured T. ovatus was 7.92 g MSG/100 g, and
the TAV value was 264. Glycine and alanine were the major contributors to the sweet taste, while glutamic acid and IMP
contributed to the strong umami taste. The TAVs of glycine, IMP, K + and PO4 3- were greater than one. In conclusion, the main flavor components of T. ovatus were IMP, glycine, alanine, glutamicacid, K +and PO4 3-, while IMP glycine and alanine had synergistic interaction, which made up the umami of T. ovatus.

The breast and leg meats of Chongqing Baishiyi salted duck produced in autumn and winter were selected as raw
materials, and the volatile flavor compounds of four samples were extracted by solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) and
analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that a total of 103 volatile flavor
compounds were detected, mainly including hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters and aldehydes. In the same production season, the
contents of alcohols and esters in duck meat from different parts of carcass changed obviously but the contents of aldehydes
and hydrocarbons contents did not. For the same carcass part, the contents of alcohols and aldehydes in salted duck produced
in different seasons obviously changed, but no obvious difference was observed in the contents of esters and hydrocarbons.
In addition, the characteristic volatile flavor of salted duck was mainly attributed to hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes
and esters, such as limonene, myrcene, terpinene, terpinolene, 3-carene, 2-pinene, ethanol, linalool, isovaleraldehyde,
isobutylaldehyde, N-hexanal, linalyl, anethole, etc.

The nutritional and active components and antioxidant capacities of the flesh of mature fruits of Myriopteron
extensum were measured in order to evaluate its development potential as a food source. The results showed fresh fruits of
M. extensum had a water content of 90.50% and contained (11.29 ± 0.228) mg of total protein, (7.19 ± 0.129) mg of soluble
protein and (1.28 ± 0.073) mg of lipids per gram of sample. The mineral content of M. extensum was slightly lower than that
of leek and zucchini, but showed an increase compared with apple. Polysaccharide content of dry powder of M. extensum
was (36.86 ± 0.73)%. The contents of polyphenols and flavonoids were (30.52 ± 0.86) and (8.34 ± 0.24) mg/g, respectively.
Antioxidant tests suggested that the DPPH scavenging capacity of the fruit juice of M. extensum was (362.24 ± 17.89) mg
ferulic acid equivalent/g, ferric reducing power was (131.49 ± 8.34) mmol/g, total antioxidant capacity was (357.12 ± 13.11)
mg Trolox equivalent/g, and reducing power was (1 066.67 ± 24.23) μg ascorbic acid equivalent/g. M. extensum has broad
prospects for development and application due to its nutritional value and high antioxidant potential.

After digestion of food samples with a double-control heating and digestion instrument, an atomic absorption
spectrometer was used to measure the concentrations of various metal elements in the solution, including Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe,
Pb, Cd, and Cr. To verify the scientificalness and reliability of the digestion procedure, analyses were performed on blank
samples. Digestion temperature and time were optimized. Nitric acid recovery and the reliability of the proposed method
were investigated. The results showed that this digestion method had the advantages of low baseline value, high accuracy
and short time of digestion and deacidification, greatly improving the accuracy of analytical results and analysis efficiency.
At the same time, more than 70% of nitric acid could be recovered during the analytical process, reducing air pollution.

The non-volatile flavor substances of acid-hydrolyzed corn protein powder were analyzed by gas chromatographymass
spectrometry (GC-MS) after derivatization. The optimal derivatization conditions were determined as follows:
3.0 μg/mL hydroxylamine hydrochloride in anhydrous pyridine, 250 μL of the methanol extract, and reaction at 70 ℃ for 20 min.
A total of 62 compounds were isolated and identified from three different batches of sample. Quantitative analysis with
sorbitol as the internal standard showed amino acids, acids, sugar, alcohol and lactone to largely contribute to the flavor.

A reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method has been presented for the
simultaneous determination of 17 free amino acids and 7 biogenic amines in Chinese rice wine. Wine samples were precolumn
derivatized with phenylisothiocyanate (PITC), separated using Inertsil ODS-SP C18 chromatography column (250 mm ×
4.6 mm, 5 μm), eluted with a mobile phase composed of sodium acetate, acetonitrile and ultra-pure water, and detected at
254 nm. The calibration curves of 17 amino acids and 7 biogenic amines all exhibited good linearity over the range from 2.0
to 500 mg/L and 0.5 to 125 mg/L, respectively. Mean recoveries for amino acids and biogenic amines were between 86.44%
and 99.75%, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were in the range of 0.31%–3.53%. The limits of detection (LODs)
for 17 free amino acids and 7 biogenic amines were in the range of 0.02–0.25 mg/L, and the limits of quantification (LOQs)
were 0.25–4.50 mg/L. The method is stable, accurate, and suitable for the simultaneous determination of amino acids and
biogenic amines in Chinese rice wine, having a wide linear range.

This study was aimed at isolating, identifying the dominant spoilage bacteria from Litopenaeus vannamei using
an automatic biochemical identification system and 16S rDNA sequence, detecting the quorum sensing signaling molecules
acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs), autoinducer-2 (AI-2) and exploring the dynamic formation regularities with indicator
bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens JZA-1 and Vibrio harveyi BB170, respectively. Ten strains were selected and identified,
including Oceanisphaera profunda, Stapylococcus haemolyticus, Shewanella putrefaciens, Brevibacterium sp., Bacillus
siamensis, Exiguobacterium aaestuarii and four strains of the Proteus genus. All the Gram-negative spoilage organisms isolated
secreted signaling molecule AHLs while Proteus sp., Shewanella putrefaciens, Brevibacterium sp. and Bacillus siamensis secreted
signaling molecule AI-2. The AHLs activity of dominant spoilage organism was positively correlated with cell density. The AI-2
production was accumulated within the logarithmic phase and decreased rapidly from 24 h onwards.

 A highly sensitive nanoimmunosensor for the determination of ractopamine (RAC) in food samples was
constructed based on a glass carbon electrode modified with carboxylic multi-walled carbon nanotubes/chitosan (MWNTs-
COOH/CS) composite film. Based on the specific immune reaction between antibody and antigen for RAC, the effect
of immune response on immunosensor response current was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse
voltammetry using K3[Fe(CN)6] as the probe. The results showed that immune response currents increased linearly with the
cube root of RAC concentration in the range of 0.05–4.05 ng/mL (Ip = − 4.524 4CRAC 1/3 + 14.259, R2 = 0.990 4) with limit
of detection (LOD) of 0.08 ng/mL (RSN = 3). Excellent specificity, stability and reproducibility of the prepared MWNTs-
COOH/CS/RAC-anti immunosensor were observed under the selected conditions. The developed method was applied to the
determination of RAC in pork, beef, mutton, and chicken samples. The results agreed well with those obtained by HPLC
method. Being faster than HPLC method, this immunosensor is practicable for rapid determination of RAC in food samples.

A novel method was presented for the determination of chitosan based on its quenching effect on the fluorescence
of Cibacron brilliant red 3B-A in B-R buffer solutions. Under the condition of λEx/λEm = 285 nm/341 nm, the degree of
fluorescence quenching of Cibacron brilliant red 3B-A was linearly proportional to the concentration of chitosan added in
the range of 0.050–2.00 μg/mL and a linear equation was fitted as follows: ΔF = 68.78c + 2.648 (c: μg/mL) (R2 = 0.999 2).
The detection limit of the fluorescence quenching method was 0.039 μg/mL. Moreover, chitosan-Cibacron brilliant red 3B-A
ion-association complex showed a significant resonance Rayleigh scattering peak at 342 nm, and the intensity of resonance
Rayleigh scattering was directly proportional to the concentration of chitosan. In the range of 0.050–6.00 μg/mL, linearity
equation of chitosan-Cibacron brilliant red 3B-A system was ΔI = 681.31c+114.95 (c: μg/mL) (R2 = 0.999 1) with detection
limit of 0.033 μg/mL. Therefore, two methods (fluorescence quenching and resonance Rayleigh scattering) by using
Cibacron brilliant red 3B-A as a probe have been established and validated for rapid determination of chitosan and chitosan
capsules. Meanwhile, the effect of the molecular weight of chitosan on its accurate determination was also investigated.
These two methods were applied in analysis of two real chitosan samples, and there was no significant difference in the
results from the two methods with acceptable recoveries.

A sensitive and selective method was developed using high performance liquid chromatography-positive ion mode
electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous determination of salicylic acid
(SA) and gibberellic acid (GA3) in tomato. The analytes were extracted with a mixture of acetic acid and acetonitrile; the
extract was purified with solid-phase extraction (SPE) on an octadecylsilane (C18) column. Then SA and GA3 in the extract
were separated on a reversed phase C18 column using a gradient elution program with 0.5% formic acid–methanol as the
mobile phase. Qualitative analysis was performed with electrospray ionization in anion mode (ESI-) under multiple reaction
monitoring (MRM) mode. The matrix-matched calibrations were used for quantitation. The calibration curves showed a
good linearity in the concentration range of 1.25–20.00 and 10–1 000 ng/mL for SA and GA3, with correlation coefficients (R2)
of 0.998 4 and 0.993 3, respectively. The average recoveries of SA and GA3 in tomato were in the range of 87.6%–95.3%
and 83.8%–96.5% at three spiked concentration levels, and relative standard deviations (RSD, n = 3) were less than 6.9%.
The limits of quantitation (LOQ) for SA and GA3 were 0.01, and 0.15 (ng/mL), respectively. The method could be used for
the rapid and accurate detection of these hormones in tomato.

A highly precise quantitative method based on the droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) technique
was developed to detect bovine and porcine ingredients in meat products. By using the ddPCR method, we found good linear
relationships between the raw meat weight and DNA content and between the DNA content and DNA copy number. Using
the DNA content as an intermediate value, we established the following formulae for calculating the weight of the original
raw meat from the specific DNA copy number: Mbeef = 0.062C - 0.943，Mpork = 0.045C - 1.72. By examining the mixed meat
samples of known compositions, we found that the final quantitative results for the mixed samples were similar to the true
raw meat weights, free from interference from exogenous species. Analysis of commercial samples showed that the ddPCR
quantification system enables determination of the proportions of bovine and porcine ingredients in meat products with good
practicability. Quantitative analysis indicates that ddPCR is highly precise in quantifying beef and pork in meat products and
therefore has the potential to be used in routine analysis and meat adulteration of various species.

An ion chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (IC-PAD) method was developed for the
determination of cyanide in mixed wines. The samples were diluted with ultrapure water and filtrated though a 0.22 μm MCM
membrane. The free cyanide was separated on a Thermo Fisher Dionex IonPac® AS16 anion exchange column kept at 30 ℃
using isocratic elution with a solution of 10 mmol/L sodium hydroxide as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min.
The eluates were detected with an Ag working electrode. The results revealed good linear responses of cyanide over the
range of 1–5 000 ng/mL) with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.999 7, the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.1 mg/L at 25 μL
injection volume, and the average recovery was 102.3%. Compared to the spectrophotometric method described in the
Chinese national standard GB/T 5009.48—2003, this method is simple, rapid and more suitable for the determination of
cyanide in mixed wines with wide linear range, low LOD, high accuracy and good repeatability.

Objective: To figure out the cause of the occurrence of unpleasant odor in one batch of polyethylene terephthalate
(PET) bottled natural mineral water. Methods: Firstly, we counted and isolated strains from the samples by membrane
filtration and culture on plate count agar (PCA). Secondly, the main spoilage bacteria were identified as Pseudomonas spp.
by 16S rRNA analysis. Then gradient PCR was used to optimize the PCR conditions for amplification of rpoB gene. The
PCR amplified rpoB sequence was analyzed. Results: The main pollutant bacteria in this batch of bottled drinking water was
found to belong to a new species of P. extremaustralis, which was firstly isolated from a temporary pond in Antarctica in 2009.
The rpoB sequence analysis showed that P. extremaustralis spp. was responsible for the occurrence of off-flavor in natural mineral
water. When being inoculated back into normal products, it grew well and stink. Conclusion: Some strains of P. extremaustralis
spp. have the capability of passing through double 0.2 μm-pore-size filters, tolerating ultraviolet sterilization, growing in PET
bottled natural mineral water at low temperature and low oxygen content, and giving out an unpleasant odor.

A novel electrochemical immunosensor was developed by modifying the electrode with gold nanoparticles/
graphene composite material. The immunogen was prepared by conjugating dienestrol (hapten) to the carrier protein (bovine
serum albumin) and used to generate polyclonal antibodies. Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry were
employed to monitor the fabrication process of immunoreaction system in solutions containing the redox probe K3Fe(CN)6.
The results revealed that gold nanoparticle/grapheme composites could effectively modify the electrode and enhance its
sensitivity. The biosensor showed excellent detection performance with a broad linear range of 1–6 000 ng/mL and a
supersensitive detection limit of 0.05 ng/mL. In addition, the biosensor modified with the small molecule of dienestrol had
the advantages of simplicity, reproducibility and stability. Good recoveries in the range of 96.5%–103.7% were obtained in
the detection of pork, dunk, beef and milk powder samples.

Currently, the detection of moldy core in apples is still a problem. This study aimed to develop a method for
multiple-factor nondestructive detection of moldy core in apples based on transmission spectra. We built a discriminant
model which enables nondestructive detection of moldy core in apples based on both multiple-band transmission spectrum
and apple diameter. A spectrum acquisition platform was constructed to acquire the transmission spectra (200–1 025 nm) of
232 apples. and their diameters were measured with a vernier caliper. Stray light correction and nonlinearity correction were
used to preprocess the original spectra. Based on the collected transmission spectra, transmitted intensity in 12 wavebands
which were the most relevant to moldy core of apples, were selected and combined. The diameter data were analyzed by
principal component analysis (PCA). The Fisher discriminate model was developed using the PCA results as independent
variables and verified. The overall accuracy rate was 93.1%, while that of the spectral model was 91.37%. In conclusion, the
multiple-factor modeling based on transmission intensity and diameter permits accurate detection of moldy core in apples.
This research can provide feasible ideas for rapid, non-destructive detection of moldy core in apples.

In order to compare the difference in the identification of 60Co γ-ray irradiated peanuts by different near-infrared
(NIR) spectrometers, NIR spectra of peanuts exposed to different dosages of irradiation were collected by Fourier transform
(FT) spectrometer and linear variable filter (LVF) spectrometer, respectively. The spectra were pretreated by the first
derivative and the standard normal variable (SNV), respectively. The partial least square-discriminat analysis (PLS-DA) calibration
models were developed and validated using external validation sets. The results indicated that the accuracy of the LVF-NIR model for
calibration, cross validation and external validation sets were larger than 92%, larger than 85% and larger than 83% respectively,
which were all larger than those of the FT-NIR model. It could be concluded that different data preprocessing methods have less
influence on the model accuracy, while the influence of different NIR spectrometers is significant.

In this study, a fast and sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of dimethyl yellow and diethyl yellow in dried
beancurd and condiment was developed and validated using HPLC coupled with diode array detector (DAD) and ultra performance
liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The two dyes were extracted with hydrochloric acid-acetonitrile.
The extracts were further purified with dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE) procedure using C18 to reduce matrix interference. The
validation of the UPLC-DAD method was performed using HPLC-MS/MS. Good recoveries in the range of 84.7%–110.7% were
obtained, with relative standard deviations less than 7%. The HPLC method was economical, simple and suitable for screening of samples,
and the UPLC-MS/MS method was sensitive and accurate and suitable for validation of positive samples.

A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed in this study for the simultaneous
determination of 16 additives in wine. Chromatographic separation was performed using gradient elution on CAPCELL PAK
C18 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with methanol-20 mmol/L ammonium acetate as mobile phase, followed by detection at
250 nm. The results showed that the method exhibited an excellent linearity in the concentration range of 0.1–20 mg/L with a
correlation coefficient of 0.999 3–0.999 7 and had a good repeatability with relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.3%–6.3%. The
limits of detection (LOD) were between 0.01 and 0.5 mg/L, and average recoveries ranged from 76.5% to 108.5%. The present
method is simple and accurate and can meet the requirements for the analysis of illicit additives in wines.

This study aimed to develop a rapid method for the detection of carbonyl value (CV) in edible oils. Anisaldehyde
was used as carbonyl reference and gravimetrically added to carbonyl-free rapeseed oil. A series of CV (0–60 mmol/kg)
oil samples were determined using polyethylene (PE) film as a spectrum acquisition accessory. A linear relationship between
CV and absorbance at the characteristic absorption peak (1 703/1 570 cm-1, peak at 1 703 cm-1 and two base points at
1 570 cm-1) was established. However, different types of edible oils exhibited substrate effect, which showed that 1 703 cm-1
had variability even among their carbonyl-free samples. To correct the substrate effect, peak absorption at 3 472 cm-1,
as evaluated by the 2-D correlation spectroscopy technique, was used as the relevant absorption peak to 1 703 cm-1.
Subsequently, a liner relationship between both peak heights was established. Results indicated that there was a highly linear
correlation between CV and the absorbance at 1 703 cm-1. The corrected model was y = 0.005 4 x + 0.090 9. with a correlation
coefficient (R) of 0.991 9 and standard deviation of 0.013 mmol/kg. Moreover, there was a good relationship between the values
obtained from the national standard method and the corrected model, with a slope close to 1, and correlation coefficient of more
than 0.99. Thus the PE film-based FTIR method for determination CV in edible oils is workable.

A direct competitive chemiluminescene enzyme immunoassay (dc-CLEIA) was developed to detect furantoin
metabolite in animal tissues. The optimal dilutions of monoclonal antibody and enzyme labeled antigen were determined by
chequerboard titration. The effects of coating conditions, blocking solution and competitive reaction time were investigated
by single-factor experiments. The optimized reaction conditions were determined as follows: 4 000-fold dilution of
monoclonal antibody 80-fold dilution of enzyme labeled antigen, 2 h incubation at 37 ℃ for coating followed by overnight
storage at 4 ℃, blocking with 1% BSA, and 1 h competitive reaction. The linear detection range of the developed CLEIA
was 0.030–10.595 ng/mL, and the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) value was 0.559 ng/mL. The recoveries in negative
samples ranged from 84.9% to 103.4%. The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 3.4%–7.8% and 4.7%–
11.8%, respectively. The cross-reactivity values were lower than 0.1% with other structural analogues and derivatives expect
for furantoin original drug (36.2%). The CLEIA method was sensitive and accurate, and thus suitable for the fast screening
of furantoin metabolite in food samples.

Salbutamol-ractopamine-bovine serum albumin conjugate (SAL-RAC-BSA) was prepared and served as
immunogen to obtain a broad-spectrum specific antibody (anti-SAL-RAC-BSA Abs) through immunization of rabbits.
Electrochemical immunosensor modified with reduced graphene oxide-chitosan composite and SAL was constructed and
its electrochemical behavior was studied by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Indirect
competitive electrochemical immunoassay was carried out for the simultaneous determination of three β2-agonis, including
clenbuterol (CL), salbutamol (SAL) and terbutaline (TB). The proposed method indicated a linearity in the range from 50 to
7 000 ng/mL, 1 to 1 500 ng/mL and 100 to 6 000 ng/mL for CL, SAL and TB, respectively, and the limits of detection were
0.2, 0.3 and 0.3 ng/mL, respectively. The recovery rates of clenbuterol in spiked pork, fat and liver samples ranged from
84.7% to 106%. In summary, a sensitive, rapid and simple electrochemical immunoassay was successfully developed for the
determination of three β2-agonists.

An experiment was performed to investigate the effects of 3 bagging stages on fruit flavor quality of “Ruiguang
No.19” nectarine the major cultivar grown in Guanzhong region of Shaanxi province with the non-bagged samples as
the control. Solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) was used to analyze
volatiles of nectarine fruits. A total of 83 volatile compounds were detected, and the total content of characteristic aroma
volatile compounds in bagged fruits at different days after full blossom was in the decreasing order: control > bagging
at 40 days > 45 days > 50 days. Compared with control, the bagged fruits increased the relative content of alcohols, but
decreased the contents of aldehydes, esters and ketones. Three lactones and 2 terpenes were detected as characteristic aroma
compoundsand linalool contenthad a significant correlation with γ-decalactone content. In addition, bagging mainly affected
the aroma componects and color of “Ruiguang No.19” fruit. An earlier bagging time was better for the peel coloration of
fruits. Bagging at 40 days after full blossom showed good peel coloration, strong fruit aroma and the best overall quality.

This study focused on the formulation of slow-releasing chlorine dioxide preservative paper in order to provide
theoretical support for the development of wood fiber-based green packaging materials. Preservative coating was made by
mixing oxidized starch adhesive, NaOH and NaClO2. The preservative paper was made on the basis of paper taking NaClO2
as the precursor of ClO2. Slow-releasing ClO2 was then achieved by controlling tartaric acid content and interaction time.
Taking oxidized starch adhesive, NaOH, NaClO2 and tartaric acid concentration as the experimental factors, orthogonal
design was implemented to ascertain NaClO2 residual rate and ClO2 releasing pattern in the preservative system. The
experimental data were regressed with SPSS to reveal the influence of three coating ingredients on half life of NaClO2
residual rate, the maximum ClO2 releasing speed, the time needed to achieve maximum releasing speed and total amount of
released ClO2. Results showed that the optimum formulation of preservative coating consisted of 0.7 g of oxidized starch
adhesive per sheet, 15% NaClO2, 0.3 g of NaOH per sheet and 15% tartaric acid in B paper.

The effect of transport vibration on the storage quality of fresh-cut lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.var. ramosa Hort.)
was evaluated. The fresh-cut lettuce was transported in a refrigerated truck to a supermarket in 5 hours and then stored on
shelves at 4 ℃. The vertical acceleration of the truck reached its maximum value before stopping. The quality changes of
fresh-cut lettuce after 0, 2, 4 and 6 days of cold storage were examined. The vibration intensity of the rear-upper part of
the cabin was the strongest. After 4 days of storage, the fresh-cut lettuce placed at the rear-upper part showed the highest
browning ratio and most significant damage of cell membrane lipids. The quality of fresh-cut lettuce was deteriorated more
significantly with increasing vibration intensity during the transportation. Hence, the rear-upper part of the cabin led to the
worst quality of fresh-cut lettuce during the transportation.

Ultraviolet (UV) light and microwave (MW) treatments were separately applied after the peeled pomegranate
seeds (‘Taishansanbaitian’ cultivar) were washed with flowing water. Weight loss, decay incidence, titratable acidity,
total soluble solids content, the contents of major organic acids, VC and lactic acid, relative electrolytic leakage and
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of the pomegranate seeds were determined every three
days during subsequent storage at (4 ± 0.5) ℃ for up to 15 days. The results showed that UV radiation reduced the weight
loss, decay incidence and relative electrolytic leakage of fresh-cut pomegranate seeds during cold storage, suppressed the
increase in total titratable acid content and maintained the main organic acids and VC contents at a relatively stable level,
while microwave treatment caused in an increase in weight loss, decay incidence, lactic acid content and relative electrical
conductivity during the middle–late stages of storage compared with the control. DPPH free radical scavenging capacity
of both MW- and UV- treated seeds remained higher during the early stages of storage (3–6 days) but decreased during the
late stage. Fresh-cut seeds of ‘Taishansanbaitian’ pomegranate retained its freshness for up to 6 days at (4 ± 0.5) ℃, and the
effect of UV treatment was superior to that of MW treatment and control.

The effect of composite coatings composed of konjac glucomannan (KGM), xanthan gum (XG) and phytic acid
(PA) on the preservation of fresh-cut lotus root was studied by the orthogonal experimental design method. The optimum
combination was screened and validated through experiments. The results showed that the combination of 15 g/L KGM,
1.5 g/L XG and 0.5 g/L PA was found to be optimal. The optimized KGM composite coating inhibited the browning,
reduced the respiration rate and the losses of VC and total soluble solids (TSS), and suppressed the decrease of total
phenol and improved the antioxidant capacity of fresh-cut lotus root. Thus, the KGM composite coating provides excellent
preservation of fresh-cut lotus root.

During storage of ginger, the occurrence of Pnyxia scabiei Hopkins can cause serious damage, leading to huge
economic losses. In this study, we examined the effect of controlled atmospheres with varying O2/CO2 levels (100% O2,
95% O2 + 5% CO2, 90% O2 + 10% CO2, and 85% O2 + 15% CO2) on the physiological metabolism, growth and development,
and mortality rate of P. scabiei Hopkins. The natural atmosphere was used as control. Physiological indexes of P. scabiei
Hopkins were measured at regular intervals at 20 ℃ and 85%–95% humidity. The results showed that the controlled
atmospheres, especially 95% O2 + 5% CO2, significantly reduced enzyme activities in P. scabiei Hopkins. After 60 h,
compared to the control group, the activities of protease, polyphenol oxidase (PPO), acetylcholinesterase (AChE),
carboxylesterase (CarE) and glutathione-S-transferase (GSTS) were reduced by 14.7%, 53.59%, 72.52%, 80.3% and 61.63%,
respectively, and the mortality rate (97.83%) was increased by 96.22%. The effect of 90% O2 + 10% CO2 was slightly
weaker, but showing no significant difference from the 95% O2 + 5% CO2 treatment. This study demonstrates that the O2/CO2
controlled atmospheres can be a potential control measure for P. scabiei Hopkins during ginger storage.