Bone collagen peptides prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis are mixed peptides with a variety of potential biological activities. However, there is a lack of research on targeted screening of bone collagen peptides with the ability to promote osteoblast proliferation. In this study, the molecular mass and sequence of yak bone collagen peptides prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and nano-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (nano LC-MS/MS), respectively. The semi-flexible docking method CDOCKER based on epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was used for the targeted screening of bone collagen peptides with the ability to promote osteoblast proliferation. Finally, in vitro cell tests were used to verify the molecular docking results. Results indicated that a total of 78 yak bone collagen peptides were identified, the low-molecular-mass ones being predominant (those with molecular mass less than 3 000 Da accounted for 91.8%). GPAGPQGPRGDKGETGEQ (GP-18, 1 736.815 Da), TPEVDDEALEKFDK (TP-14, 1 634.775 Da), GPAGPQGPRGDKGETGE (GP-17, 1 608.757 Da), GKSGDRGETGPAGPAGPIGPV (GK-21, 1 875.951 Da), and GKSGDRGETGPAGPAGPIGPVG (GK-22, 1 932.973 Da) had the potential to promote osteoblast proliferation. The relative proliferation rate of mouse MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts treated with 3.0 mg/mL GK-22 was 106%, which was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). The results of this study provide a theoretical reference for targeted screening and industrial preparation of bioactive peptides with the ability to promote osteoblast proliferation.

This study explored the antifungal activity and potential mechanism of action of dihydromyricetin (DMY) against Aspergillus flavus. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of DMY against the spore germination and mycelial growth of A. flavus was 4 mg/mL. Calcofluor white (CW) and propidium iodide (PI) staining proved that DMY treatment destroyed the cell wall and membrane of A. flavus. Compared with the control group, the release of A. flavus cell content (expressed as OD260 nm) in the 1/2 MIC and MIC groups increased by 4.14 and 6.93 times, respectively, and both the extracellular pH and relative conductivity increased. The inhibition rate of A. flavus respiration by DMY at MIC was as high as 25.82%. These results indicated that DMY exerted antifungal activity against A. flavus via disrupting the integrities of the cell wall and membrane and interfering with respiratory metabolism. In addition, DMY could effectively inhibit the germination of A. flavus spores on peanuts and corn kernels. Therefore, DMY can be used as an effective natural antifungal compound in the preservation of grains and agricultural products.

The effects of four different cooking methods (steaming, boiling, microwave and sous-vide (SV)) on the eating quality and flavor compounds of spiced pork trotter were investigated by measuring its cooking loss, nutrient composition, cholesterol, total free amino acids, lipid oxidation, color, sensory score, fatty acid composition and volatile flavor substances. The results showed that SV significantly reduced the cooking loss and cholesterol content and increased the a* value, the contents of moisture and unsaturated fatty acid (P < 0.05) and the number of volatile flavor substances in the product. Microwave heating significantly decreased the fat content of spiced pork trotter (P < 0.05). The sensory score of spiced pork trotter cooked by steaming was the highest. The maximum L* value was obtained by boiling (P < 0.05). Therefore, all the heating treatments can improve the eating quality of spiced pork trotter, but SV shows better performance in improving the color, increasing the content of unsaturated fatty acids and the number of flavor substances and reducing the content of cholesterol.

In order to select sea buckthorn (SBT) cultivars suitable for juice making, this study characterized the physicochemical properties of SBT berries from three cultivars (‘Chinese SBT’, ‘Shengguo NO.1’, ‘Shenqiuhong’) in China. It was found that ‘Chinese SBT’ showed the highest superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity ((1 029.14 ± 77.72) U/g), total phenolic content ((8.37 ± 0.20) mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g), and antioxidant capacity ((11.04 ± 0.27) and (6.06 ± 0.32) mmol Trolox equivalent (TE)/100 g determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and ferric-reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, respectively). The juice of ‘Chinese SBT’ concentrated to an over 2.5 increase in SOD activity could be developed as a functional product. The quality of SBT juice processed by high pressure processing (HPP, 500 MPa/6 min) or high-temperature short-time sterilization (HTST, 100 ℃/15 s) was comparatively evaluated. Total aerobic viable count was reduced by more than 3 (lg(CFU/mL)) by HPP and HTST. Neither yeasts nor molds were detected in the treated samples. Moreover, both treatments could increase the SOD activity whereas the HPP-treated samples exhibited higher SOD activity during storage. HPP and HTST well retained total phenols, L-ascorbic acid, and antioxidant capacity. These quality characteristics were well preserved during storage at 4 ℃. Therefore, HPP- or HTST-treated SBT juice can be developed as a functional product with high antioxidant and SOD activity.

Objective: To comparatively investigate the effects of deep frying and air frying on the astaxanthin content and antioxidant activity of Litopenaeus vannamei. Methods: Astaxanthin was extracted by organic solvent extraction, and the content of astaxanthin was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antioxidant activity in vitro was determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) cation radical and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays. Results: The effects of the two heating methods on shrimp were different. The color change of shrimp after heating was highly related to astaxanthin content. During the air frying process, the astaxanthin content increased first and then decreased, while the antioxidant activity gradually increased followed by leveling off. Air frying at 200 ℃ for 240 s resulted in the largest increase in the content of astaxanthin and antioxidant activity, while deep frying caused great losses of astaxanthin content and antioxidant activity, which increased with heating time. Conclusion: Air frying has less effect on astaxanthin content and in vitro antioxidant activity of Litopenaeus vannamei than deep frying.

Hurood was subjected to ultra-high pressure (UHP) treatments from 100 to 500?MPa for 20?min before being frozen. A directly frozen sample without UHP treatment was used as a control. The changes in the eating quality, nutritional quality, sensory quality and microstructure of hurood were investigated as a function of pressure levels, and the effects of different pressure levels on the quality characteristics and microstructure of hurood were analyzed. The results showed that UHP treatments at 400 and 500?MPa decreased the thawing time of frozen hurood by 19.46% (P < 0.05), and reduced the thawing loss rate to 3.6% compared with the control group. The water-holding capacity, and protein, fat and ash contents of hurood were maintained in the 400 and 500?MPa treatment groups. The sensory score of hurood in the control and 100?MPa treatment groups was significantly lower than that of the other groups (P < 0.05), and the microstructure of hurood in the two groups was relatively loose. Hurood treated at 400 and 500 MPa had a compact structure, good quality, and a smooth and elastic surface. In conclusion, 400 and 500 MPa UHP treatments can effectively improve the quality characteristics and microstructure of frozen hurood.

In this study, monomeric compounds from the fruiting bodies of fresh Lactarius hatsudake were obtained by sequential organic solvent extraction, ethyl acetate extraction, and silica gel column chromatography, and were structurally characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, high performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The effect of the compounds on the mRNA and protein expression of inflammatory factors and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophage RAW264.7 cells was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot. Results indicated that monomeric compounds with strong anti-inflammatory activity were extracted from Lactarius hatsudake and preliminarily identified as guaiane sesquiterpenoids. The guaiane sesquiterpenoids could significantly inhibit the mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in LPS-stimulated macrophages (P < 0.01). The guaiane sesquiterpenoids could also reduce the protein expression of inflammatory factors such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS and TNF-α in LPS-stimulated macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner. Therefore, the guaiane sesquiterpenoids can significantly reduce the phosphorylation levels of p44/42, p38 MAPK (p38 protein) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), thereby inhibiting the activity of the MAPK signaling pathway.

This study investigated the effect of Nostoc flagelliforme powder on the intestinal flora and immune regulation of mice. The chemical composition of wild and liquid cultured N. flagelliforme powder was determined. Mice were gavaged with different doses of N. flagelliforme powder (200 and 400 mg/kg mb). Afterwards, body mass, immune organ indices, the serum concentrations of interleukin 1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interferon γ (IFN-γ) and the level of intestinal secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), cytokine expression in immune organs, and the water content, pH, and short-chain fatty acids in intestinal contents were measured and the effect of Nostoc flagelliforme powder on the intestinal microecology of mice was evaluated. The results showed that the nutritional value of liquid cultured N. flagelliforme powder was higher than that of wild N. flagelliforme powder. Compared to the control group, high-dose liquid cultured N. flagelliforme powder increased immune organ indexes, serum IFN-γ and TNF-α levels and intestinal SIgA levels, up-regulated the mRNA expression of IFN-γ, TNF-α and immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the spleen promoting the synthesis of relevant immune factors, reduced the pH of intestinal fluid, and increased the content of short-chain fatty acids in cecum contents. The intervention of N. flagelliforme powder improved the species richness and diversity of the intestinal microflora in mice, decreased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in the colon and cecum, and increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes in the colon, and the relative abundance of Verrucomicrobia and the immune-related probiotics Akkermansia, Parabacteroides, Alistipes and Ruminiclostridium. Conclusion: Liquid cultured N. flagelliforme powder can regulate the intestinal flora and improve immune function in mice.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to clarify the protective effect of foxtail millet bran polyphenols on alcohol-induced gastric mucosal injury and its underlying molecular mechanism in order to provide a scientific basis for the application of foxtail millet bran polyphenols in nutritional intervention for patients with alcohol-induced gastric mucosal injury. Methods: Male Wistar rats were intragastrically administered with 50 mg/kg mb of polyphenols derived from foxtail millet bran on a daily basis for three successive weeks. Afterwards, a rat model of acute alcohol-induced gastric mucosa injury was established by intragastrically administering the animals with 75% ethanol solution. Alcohol-induced gastric epithelial cell injury and intervention models were established by sequential treamtment of human gastric epithelial cells (GES-1 cells) with different doses (1–15 μg/mL) of foxtail millet bran polyphenols for 24 h followed by 1 000 mmol/L of ethanol for 12 h. The morphological and pathological structure of rat stomach was observed by dissection, and the protective effect of foxtail millet bran polyphenols on rat gastric mucosa was evaluated. The protective effect of foxtail millet bran polyphenols on GES-1 cells was evaluated in combination with cell morphological changes and survival rates. Finally, oxidative stress and apoptosis indicators were measured to evaluate the effects of foxtail millet bran polyphenols on antioxidant activity in rats and GES-1 cells with acute alcohol-induced injury and the inhibitory effect of foxtail millet bran polyphenols on ethanol-induced cell apoptosis. Results: Foxtail millet bran-derived polyphenols could effectively prevent alcohol-induced rat gastric mucosal and GES-1 cell injury, significantly attenuate the ethanol-induced increase in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in GES-1 cells (P < 0.01). At the same time, it significantly relieved the elevated level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in rat gastric mucosal and markedly enhanced the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and obviously inhibited ethanol-induced cell apoptosis. Conclusion: Foxtail millet bran-derived polyphenols protect the gastric mucosa by alleviating ethanol-induced oxidative damage of gastrointestinal mucosal epithelial cells.

Objective: The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), the major intestinal metabolite of curcumin, on human platelet activation and aggregation, as well as the possible mechanisms. Methods: Human gel-filtered platelets were pre-incubated with various concentrations of THC (0, 0.5, 1 and 10 μmol/L) for 40 minutes in vitro, followed by activation with thrombin for two minutes. Platelet surface expression of CD62P and CD63 were determined by flow cytometry. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the levels of secretion of platelet factor-4 (PF4) and chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5). The levels of ATP released from platelets and platelet aggregation were detected in an aggregometer. Moreover, the phosphorylation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt were measured by Western blot. Results: Compared with the control group (with 0.05% of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)), THC inhibited thrombin-induced platelet surface expression of CD62P and CD63 and the release of PF4, CCL5 and ATP, reduced the maximum platelet aggregation rate, and down-regulated the phosphorylation levels of PI3K and Akt in a concentration-dependent manner, more obvious effect being observed at 10 μmol/L (P < 0.01, P < 0.001). A specific agonist of PI3K, 740 Y-P, could partially reverse the inhibitory effect of THC on the release of PF4 and CCL5 and platelet aggregation (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Conclusion: THC attenuates platelet activation and aggregation possibly through inhibiting PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

The purpose of this experiment was to study the effects of adding different doses of boron in drinking water on the microstructure, digestive enzyme activity, barrier function and antioxidant function of the rat ileum. One hundred freshly weaned clean-grade SD rats were randomly selected and divided into 10 groups (n =10) after one week of acclimatization. The control group was given distilled water, while the experimental groups I to IX were given distilled water containing 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320, 480 and 640 mg/L of boron, respectively, for 60 days. The results showed that compared with the control group, the height of ileum villi and the number of goblet cells (GC) in rats given 5 mg/L of boron increased significantly (P < 0.01), the expression of the tight junction proteins ZO-1 (P < 0.05) and occludin (P < 0.01) increased significantly, and the activities of maltase (P < 0.05), lactase (P < 0.01), α-amylase (P < 0.01), lipase (P < 0.01), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (P < 0.01), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) (P < 0.05) and the content of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) (P < 0.01) also increased significantly. The numbers of ileal GC (P < 0.05) and intra-epithelial lymphocytes (IEL) (P < 0.01) increased significantly, the expression of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIg A) (P < 0.05), ZO-1 (P < 0.01) and occludin (P < 0.01) increased significantly, and the activities of lactase (P < 0.01), and SOD (P < 0.01) and GSH-Px content (P < 0.05) also increased significantly in the ileum of rats given 10 mg/L of boron in drinking water. In contrast, the number of GC (P < 0.01) and the number of IEL (P < 0.01) significantly decreased, SIg A (P < 0.01), ZO-1 (P < 0.05) and occludin (P < 0.01) expression significantly decreased, and the activity of maltase (P < 0.05) and T-AOC (P < 0.05) also significantly decreased in rats administered with 480 and 640 mg/L of boron in drinking water. These results suggest that drinking water supplementation with 5 and 10 mg/L of boron could improve the microstructure, enhance digestive enzyme activity, barrier function and antioxidant function of the rat ileum, whereas drinking water supplementation with 480 and 640 mg/L of boron could have the opposite effects.

Although banana powder (BP), konjac powder (KP), resistant dextrin (RD), corn starch (CS) and L-carnitine (LC) have been reported for their anti-obesity properties, their effects on the gut microbiota and its metabolites, and the differences in anti-obesity mechanisms related to the gut microbiota are still unknown. In this study, high-throughput sequencing and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to detect the gut microbiota profile and the amount of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the feces of high-fat diet-induced obese rats, respectively. Results showed that the probiotic genera Ruminococcus_2, Coprococcus_2 and Ruminiclostridium_5 were the main bacterial genera in the CS, BP and RD groups, respectively. Spearman correlation analysis and canonical correlation analysis (CCA) demonstrated that glucolipid metabolism parameters were related to changes in the gut microbiota. The relative contributions of soluble dietary fiber-rich diets (konjac powder and resistant dextrin) and insoluble dietary fiber (resistant starch)-rich diets (banana powder and corn starch) to producing SCFAs were equivalent, and greater than that of L-carnitine (LC). The ability of the five materials to promote the growth of probiotics and inhibit the proliferation of harmful bacteria in the gut was in the decreasing order of RD > BP > CS > KP, and the ability to increase fecal SCFAs was in the decreasing order of BP > RD > CS > KP, while LC showed little effect on the gut microbiota or SCFAs. CCA analysis showed that the degree of correlation between glucolipid metabolism parameters and the intestinal microbial community decreased in the following order: blood glucose (GLU) > high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) > total cholesterol (TC) > low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) > triacylglycerol (TG). Spearman correlation analysis showed that Ruminococcus_2 was positively correlated with butyrate content, and Escherichia.Shigella was positively correlated with the contents of acetate, butyrate and total SCFAs.

Objective: To study the effects of four common minor cereals in China (buckwheat, oat, proso millet and millet) on the intestinal microbiota and short chain fatty acids in rats. Methods: Fifty seven-week-old male SD rats (weighing (302.10 ± 9.58) g) were randomly divided into five groups: control, oat, buckwheat, proso millet and millet. The control group was fed a basal diet, while the remaining groups were fed 50% of the basal diet and 50% of the corresponding cereals for six weeks. During the experimental period, the feed intake and body mass of rats were measured every week. At the end of the experimental period, the feces of rats were collected to determine the water content. The cecum and colon were weighed, and the pH and short-chain fatty acid content of cecum and colon were determined. The composition and distribution of bacterial flora in the ileum, cecum and colon were measured. Results: The fecal moisture contents of rats fed buckwheat, oat and millet (25.76%, 24.64% and 22.45%, respectively) were significantly higher than that of the control group (12.06%). The pH values of cecal contents (6.21–6.91) and colonic contents (6.01–6.15) of rats fed minor cereals were significantly lower than those of the control group (7.28 and 6.93, respectively). The total amounts of short-chain fatty acids in cecal contents (23.78–37.89 μmol/g) and colonic contents (80.82–153.46 μmol/g) were significantly greater than those in the control group (14.99 and 46.15 μmol/g, respectively), with the highest levels being observed in the buckwheat group (37.89 and 153.46 μmol/g, respectively). In ileum, cecum and colon contents of rats, Firmicutes was dominant. The ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroides in cecum and colon contents was lower than that in ileum contents. The ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroides in cecum contents was lower in the four cereal groups compared with the control group. The ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes in ileum, cecum and colon contents was 39.2%, 38.8% and 24.5% lower in the buckwheat group than that in control group, respectively. Conclusion: Minor cereals especially buckwheat play an important role in regulating the pH, short-chain fatty acid contents and microbiota of intestinal contents in rats. Accordingly, moderate intake of minor cereals should be ensured in the daily diet.

1-Octene-3-ol, a typical flavor substance of edible fungi, has been found to cause damage to the brain nervous system. In this work, we studied the neurotoxicity of different concentrations (0 (control group), 0.025% (volume fraction, the same below), 0.050%, 0.075%, 0.100%, 0.125%, 0.150%) of 1-octene-3-ol on HT22 cells through evaluation of apoptosis, oxidative stress, energy metabolism, and inflammation markers. The results showed that 1-octene-3-ol at a concentration above 0.050% significantly decreased the viability of HT22 cells, and caused a decrease in the mRNA expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), thereby causing damage to the central nervous system. Moreover, apoptosis rates, the relative mRNA expression level of the apoptosis-regulating gene Bax/Bcl-2, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were increased, the mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased and cytochrome c oxidase concentration was increased. Besides, the relative mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 were also increased. These results indicated that 1-octene-3-ol mediated neurotoxic damage to HT22 cells through the co-regulation of the above aspects, which will provide a theoretical basis for studies on the neurotoxicity of 1-octene-3-ol.

To explore the relationship between the preventive and therapeutic effect of grass carp scale collagen peptide (CP) on osteoporosis (OP) and inflammatory cytokines and intestinal flora, female ICR mice were divided into four groups: sham operation, OP model, calcium supplement (Caltrate), and collagen. The effect of CP from grass carp scale on the biomechanical properties and microstructure of the femur, the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, and the intestinal flora in mice was investigated. The results showed that grass carp scale CP could enhance the maximum bending load and maximum bending stress of the femur in OP mice (P < 0.05), increase the number of trabeculae, repair damaged femur microstructure, reduce IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations in serum (P < 0.05), regulate the composition of intestinal flora, reduce the abundance ratio between Firmicutes and Bacteroides, promote the growth of probiotics such as Lactobacillus and Prevotella, and inhibit the colonization and reproduction of opportunistic pathogens such as Helicobacter in the intestine compared with OP model. In summary, grass carp scale CP can act as an adjuvant agent for the treatment of OP by reducing the secretion of serum inflammatory cytokines and improving the composition of the intestinal flora in mice.

Being rich in high-quality proteins, minerals and microelements, organically grown soybean flour is a major raw material for the production of non-dairy formulae. In this study, a soybean-based infant formula was developed using organically grown soybean flour and soybean protein isolate (SPI) as the protein sources. The aims of this study were to investigate the chemical composition, amino acid composition, microstructure, osmotic pressure, and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of the infant formula. The results showed that the nutritional composition of the infant formula powder was in accordance with the National Food Safety Standard for Infant Formula (GB 10765-2021). The essential amino acid composition was better than that of commercial soy-based infant formula. The amino acid score (AAS) was more balanced. In addition, the infant formula, richer in essential amino acids such as histidine, could meet the nutritional requirements of infants and may be used as an alternative to breast milk. Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) photographs showed that the granule size distribution of the formula was more uniform compared with commercial infant formula. The osmotic pressure of the formula was (281.00 ± 1.20) (mOsm/kg H2O) which is suitable for infants. The percentage body mass gain and PER of rats fed the formula were higher than those of rats fed casein suggesting that the formula could promote the growth and development of rats owing to its high nutritional value. These findings may provide basic data for the development of soybean-based infant formula.

Sacha inchi soluble dietary fiber (SISDF) was evaluated for its antioxidant and immunological activity. The structure of SISDF was identified by ion chromatography, gel chromatography and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results showed that the weight-average molecular mass of SISDF was 401 479 Da, which was found to be a large polysaccharide with pyranose as the main chain. The monosaccharide composition analysis showed that SISDF consisted of galacturonic acid (46.49%), rhamnose (18.95%), xylose (17.60%) and galactose (11.25%). At 2 mg/mL, SISDF scavenged 68.57% of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, 69.83% of hydroxyl radical and 70.35% of 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation. At concentrations of 62.5–1 000 μg/mL, SISDF enhanced the proliferative and phagocytic activities of RAW264.7 macrophages significantly (P < 0.01) and increased the secretion levels of NO, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α factors in RAW264.7 macrophages. Therefore, sacha inchi soluble dietary fiber has good antioxidant and immune activity, and thus has the potential to be developed as a natural food antioxidant and anti-inflammatory nutraceutical.

Exosomes were obtained by cultivating hypothalamic neural stem cells from fat-1 transgenic mice and total RNA was extracted from them for high-throughput sequencing. To study the regulatory effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) on exosomal miRNAs derived from neural stem cells in the hypothalamus, and to explore the mechanism of action of n-3 PUFAs in inhibiting hypothalamic inflammation and obesity, the hypothalamic neural stem cells from fat-1 transgenic mice and wild-type C57BL/6 mice were cultured, separately. Exosomes were collected from the cell culture supernatant for total RNA extraction. After high-throughput sequencing, bioinformatics was used to analyze the differentially expressed miRNAs and predict the target genes. The target genes were analyzed by KEGG (Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes) enrichment analysis and their relative expression levels were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The results showed that compared with wild-type C57BL/6 mice, the exosome miRNAs derived from hypothalamic neural stem cells in fat-1 transgenic mice had distinctive expression profiles, and the target genes of the miRNAs that were significantly differentially expressed were at key positions in the hypothalamic inflammation and fatty acid metabolism pathways. As validated by qPCR, the expression of the key target genes that were differentially expressed were regulated by n-3 PUFAs. In conclusion, the increase of endogenous n-3 PUFAs level can regulate the expression of miRNAs in exosomes from neural stem cells in the hypothalamus and the expression of genes related to inflammatory response and lipid metabolism, thereby inhibiting hypothalamic inflammation and resisting obesity.

Objective: To explore the effects of freeze-dried fruit powder of Rosa roxburghii Tratt (RRT), and polysaccharides (RPS) and flavonoids (RF) extracted from RRT on glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) mice. Methods: RPS and RF were prepared by ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction followed by purification with macroporous resin. A T2DM mouse model was established by feeding mice a high-fat and high-sugar diet and injecting them with streptozotocin (STZ). Six groups of mice were set up: blank control (physiological saline), model, positive control (metformin hydrochloride), RRT, RPS and RF. The intervention period lasted 28 days. During this period, body mass, food intake, water consumption, fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glucose tolerance were determined. All mice were sacrificed and anatomized to measure organ indices, fat mass, serum lipids, liver antioxidant indices, glucokinase (GK) activity, liver glycogen, and peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) levels and to examine liver pathologic changes. Results: Compared with the blank group, the body mass and brown fat content of the model group significantly decreased (P < 0.05); food intake, water intake, FBG, organ indices and white fat content significantly increased (P < 0.05); abnormal glucose tolerance appeared; serum cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) contents significantly increased (P < 0.05), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) contents significantly decreased (P < 0.05); the activities of liver catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and GK and liver glycogen content significantly declined (P < 0.05); the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and PPAR-γ significantly increased (P < 0.05); disordered liver cell arrangement, steatosis, edema, and inflammation were observed. Compared with the model group, food intake, water intake, organ indices, white fat content, and FBG of the RRT, RPS and RF groups decreased, body mass and brown fat content increased, serum TC, TG, and LDL-C levels significantly decreased, and HDL-C levels significantly increased; liver MDA and PPAR-γ levels significantly decreased, CAT, SOD and GK activity and liver glycogen content significantly increased, and liver pathological damage was significantly improved. Conclusion: RRT, RPS, and RF can improve glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in T2DM mice. The effect of RPS and RF is significantly more pronounced than that of RRT (P < 0.05), and the effect of RF is significantly more pronounced than that of RPS and the positive control metformin hydrochloride.

This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of exogenous melatonin on the activity and gene expression of cell wall-degrading enzymes and quality attributes (including mass loss rate, ethylene release rate and surface color) of ‘Nanguo’ pears during storage at room temperature. The results demonstrated that exogenous application of melatonin maintained higher flesh firmness, chlorophyll content and soluble solid content, remarkably decreased ethylene release rate, and delayed peel yellowing and the decrease in titratable acid content, but did not affect the mass-loss rate of ‘Nanguo’ pears. Moreover, melatonin treatment significantly retarded the degradation of water-insoluble pectin and the accumulation of water-soluble pectin. Compared with the control group, the most significant difference in the contents of water-insoluble and water-soluble pectin in the melatonin group appeared on days 3–12 and 6–12 (P < 0.05), respectively. On day 9, the content of water-soluble pectin in the control group was 1.18 times higher than that in the melatonin group, while the content of water-insoluble pectin in the melatonin group was 1.21 times higher than that in the control group. The changes of the content of pectin substances were related to the inhibition of melatonin on polygalacturonase (PG), pectin methylesterase (PME), β-glucosidase (β-glu), cellulase (Cx) activities and gene expression. These results demonstrated that exogenous application of melatonin could maintain the fruit quality of ‘Nanguo’ pears by inhibiting the activity and gene expression of cell wall-degrading enzymes and ethylene release.

In order to study the changes in the total bacterial count and fatty acid composition of marinated eggs as a function of sterilization temperature and storage temperature, vacuum-packed marinated eggs were sterilized at 95, 105 or 121 ℃, and stored at 4 or 25 ℃ (those sterilized at 121 ℃ were stored exclusively at 25 ℃). The results showed that sterilization at each temperature could effectively kill bacteria, and the total bacterial count in each group was less than 10 CFU/g. The contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the samples sterilized at 105 and 121 ℃ decreased by 1.56% and 6.83%, respectively, compared with that sterilized at 95 ℃. Different changes in fatty acid composition as a function of storage time were found among groups, depending on such factors as sterilization temperature, storage temperature, microbial species, microbial proliferation and oxidative hydrolysis reaction. The samples sterilized at 95 ℃ could be stored at 25 ℃ for only 15 days and had the fastest rate of deterioration of fatty acids. The samples sterilized at 105 ℃ could be stored at 25 ℃ for 75 days, and had a slow rate of deterioration of fatty acids. The samples sterilized at 95 ℃ could be stored at 4 ℃ for 90 days, but the rate of deterioration of fatty acids was faster. Microbial proliferation was not detected in the samples subjected to sterilization at 121 ℃ after 90 days of storage at 25 ℃. During storage, fatty acids were retained well, but the initial level of polyunsaturated fatty acids was low. Microbial proliferation was not detected in the samples sterilized at 105 ℃ after 90 days of storage at 4 ℃, either, and the retention rate of fatty acids was the highest during storage. Accordingly, sterilization at 105 ℃ and stored at 4 ℃ can be used for the production of marinated eggs with high nutrient level and long shelf life.

In order to explore the mechanism of oxidative and immune injury by which combined stress of acute cold exposure and air exposure during waterless live transport induces the death of Litopenaeus vannamei, oxidant stress injury and changes in related immune system indicators in the hepatopancreas in response to the combined stress were analyzed under conditions simulating actual transportation. The results showed that compared to the control group, the survival rate declined after acute cold + 9 h waterless stress. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) significantly increased in response to acute cold stress (P < 0.05), but declined in response to subsequent waterless stress. Meanwhile, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the cold stress and combined stress groups was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05), and the maximum value was observed in the acute cold + 3 h waterless stress group. In addition, the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) increased with air exposure duration, reaching 2.82, 2.12 and 5.26 U/mg at 9 h, respectively. After 2 h resuscitation, they nearly returned to normal. In the combined stress group, the activities of the non-specific immune enzymes phenol oxidase (PO), peroxidase (POD) showed a downward trend, while the activities of acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) increased incessantly with air exposure duration, reaching their maximum at 9 h and nearly returning to normal after resuscitation. Furthermore, histopathological examination showed that slight decomposition of epithelial tubules and partial exfoliation of cells in the inner wall appeared in the acute cold + 9 h waterless stress group, which indicated that the defense system was damaged. As L. vannamei can increase its antioxidant enzyme activities and non-specific immune activities in response to environmental stress, intolerable stress can cause irreversible damage to the hepatopancreas and ultimately cause the death of L. vannamei.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of freeze-thaw (F-T) cycles on the lipid changes in dark meat of cooked bonito. The peroxide value (POV), acid value (AV), pH, lipid composition and fatty acid composition were determined after 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 F-T cycles. The results showed that lipid composition significantly changed, and the contents of triacylglycerol (TAG) and polar lipid (PL) decreased significantly, while the content of free fatty acids (FFA) increased significantly with the number of F-T cycles. In addition, the POV and AV increased significantly, while the pH decreased (P < 0.05). The contents of total saturated fatty acids and total polyunsaturated fatty acids in the total lipids decreased gradually, the contents of fatty acids in TAG and PL and the content of total polyunsaturated fatty acids in PL decreased significantly, whereas the content of total polyunsaturated fatty acids in FFA increased significantly (P < 0.05). Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) showed that there were differences in lipid profile among fish subjected to different F-T cycles, and the degree of lipid oxidation increased with the number of F-T cycles. Finally, correlation analysis showed that the content of FFA was positively correlated with AV and POV, but negatively correlated with pH and the contents of PL and TAG. These results indicated that F-T cycles could affect the lipid composition of dark meat of cooked bonito and induce lipid oxidation and decomposition, which may provide some theoretical guidance for lipid control of dark meat of cooked bonito during storage and transportation.

The quality of fresh Pseudosciaena crocea cultured in four different aquaculture modes, namely, raft cages, through-frame cages, deep-water net cages and deep-sea seine, and those cultured in deep-sea seine and stored under one of the two typical distribution conditions of chilling and freezing was comprehensively evaluated by measuring body size parameters, springiness, crude fat content, surface color (yellowness/blueness, b*), sensory evaluation score and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) content, and their quality grading was performed according to the standard Rules for the Evaluation of High Quality Cultured Pseudosciaena crocea (T/CROAKER001–2018). The results showed that seine net cultured Pseudosciaena crocea had a higher rate of superior quality, which was close to that of wild Pseudosciaena crocea; during the circulation process, the quality of Pseudosciaena crocea from the ice platform (IP) group, thawing ice platform (TIP) group and frozen storage (FS) group gradually deteriorated, among which the TIP group had the fastest rate of quality deterioration. On the second day of storage, its freshness failed to reach the standard for superior quality, and its b* value fell to below 25 at 14 h. The quality of Pseudosciaena crocea from the FS group was judged to be superior on the 30th day of frozen storage, and on the 180th day, the springiness, TVB-N content and sensory score were close to the unacceptable end point. The overall quality evaluation showed that the superiority rate of deep-sea seine cultured Pseudosciaena crocea was 62.5%, while the quality of Pseudosciaena crocea from the IP and TIP groups could not be judged to be superior at the 3rd and 2nd day of storage, respectively, and the quality of Pseudosciaena crocea from the FS group could not be judged to be superior after 30 days of freezing. The results of this study can provide a reference for the quality control of cultured Pseudosciaena crocea during farming and postmortem storage.

This study investigated the effect of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment on the browning and energy metabolism of Lentinus edodes, and explored the relationship between energy metabolism and browning in order to provide a theoretical basis for the development of postharvest preservation technologies for Lentinus edodes. The effects of 1-MCP fumigation at three concentrations of 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 mg/L on the color and respiration and energy metabolism related enzyme activities of postharvest Lentinus edodes were studied. It was shown that 1-MCP could effectively reduce the browning degree of Lentinus edodes cap. After 1-MCP treatment, the respiration of Lentinus edodes was inhibited, and the respiratory intensity decreased. At the same time, 1-MCP treatment could inhibit the increase in polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity. The energy charge level of 1-MCP-treated Lentinus edodes increased significantly during storage, and the fruiting bodies maintained high succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) activity and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. Based on the experimental results, we conclude that 1-MCP can delay the browning of Lentinus edodes cap by regulating the respiration of Lentinus edodes, reducing PPO activity, maintaining the energy level of the fruiting bodies and affecting the enzyme activities related to energy metabolism.

Pyranoanthocyanins are anthocyanin derivatives that were first found in aged red wine. Pyranoanthocyanins contribute to the color and flavor of red wine and their outstanding stability lays the foundation for anthocyanin modification. The present paper aims at reviewing the structural characteristics, formation pathways and physicochemical properties of the common pyranoanthocyanins. Moreover, the relationship between the structure of the pyranoanthocyanins and their color characteristics and biological activity is illustrated. This review is expected to provide useful information for the directed synthesis and application of pyranoanthocyanins.

Freshness is not only an important factor affecting fresh meat quality classification, but also directly determines the shelf life of products. Therefore, it is important to construct a fresh meat freshness characterization system. However, the traditional methods are complicated to operate and time-consuming, so that they cannot give results rapidly and therefore cannot meet the current needs. Therefore, a fast and accurate technology for fresh meat freshness characterization is always urgently needed for the meat industry and is a research hotspot in academia. This paper summarizes the new technologies available for the determination of the freshness of fresh meat, including sensory bionics, intelligent response and spectrum analysis. It emphasizes on reviewing the advantages and disadvantages of these technologies and discusses future breakthrough directions. Lastly, this review is wrapped up with an outlook on future trends in this field, in order to provide a reference for further research.

Salmonella is one of the main factors threatening food safety and human health. Controlling contamination of Salmonella has become a common concern in the field of food research. This article comprehensively describes the survival strategies of Salmonella, namely, biofilm formation, acid and heat resistance, and food matrix differences ensuring their survival and reproduction, Besides, the physicochemical and biological methods used to control Salmonella pollution are summarized in detail. We hope that this review can provide a theoretical foundation for further studies on the hazard control of Salmonella and improvement in food safety.

Advanced glycosylated end products (AGEs) can cause a variety of chronic metabolic diseases such as diabetic kidney disease, Alzheimer’s disease, atherosclerosis and osteoarthritis by causing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and activating oxidative stress. So advanced glycation end products have long been considered potently toxic molecules that promote host cell death and contribute to organ damage in humans. Polyphenols are common secondary metabolites in nature. They have diverse structures and biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial functions. Natural polyphenols can reduce the formation of AGEs and inhibit related diseases by capturing free radicals, blocking inflammatory signaling pathways, and interacting with microorganisms. This paper reviews the inhibitory effects of polyphenols on AGEs and related diseases, expecting to provide scientific reference for further research on the inhibition of AGEs by polyphonel.

China presents typical characteristics of a risk society at the present stage. With the rapid development of informatization and globalization, new food safety risks are emerging and overlapping with traditional ones, increasing the difficulty of food safety governance. This problem has become a major global concern. In this paper, we statistically analyzed 1 110 representative papers in the field of food safety risk governance in China from the core journal database of Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure using the visualization software CiteSpace. It was found that research on food safety risk governance in China did not start until the early part of the new century. The annual number of published papers has steadily increased recently. Over the past 20 years, fruitful achievements have been achieved in seven major topics, which are characterized by three aspects: the transformation from a one-dimensional to a multi-dimensional governance concept, the cross integration of various research methods and disciplines, and the convergence of research forces. As China had entered a new era, future research on China’s food safety risk governance should start with grasping the responsibility in the new era, refining new practical experience and exploring new academic value, so as to make greater contribution to the modernization of China’s food safety governance system and governance capacity.

Interfacial modification of proteins refers to modifying interfacial proteins during the post-emulsification stage to enhance the thickness and rigidness of interfacial protein films and consequently improve the physicochemical properties of emulsions. Moreover, interfacial modification of proteins can avoid some of the adverse effects of pre-modified proteins before emulsification on emulsion properties. However, in-depth research and a systematic summary of the existing research on interfacial modification of proteins are still lacking up to now. Therefore, this article reviews several widely used methods to modify interfacial proteins, such as enzymatic cross-linking, polysaccharide modification, polyphenol modification and oxidative modification, with special reference to their principles and effects on improving emulsion properties. Besides, future development directions are discussed, with the aim to provide a theoretical basis and technical support for further improving the physicochemical properties of emulsions.

High-temperature meat products are popular among consumers due to their unique color, aroma and taste. However, harmful substances such as heterocyclic amines can be formed from reducing sugars and amino acids through free radical pathway or Maillard reaction during the high-temperature processing of meat products. In this paper, we review the formation pathways and prevention methods of heterocyclic amines in high-temperature meat products and the regulation of their metabolism in the human body. We recommend that the proper heating methods as well as the proper edible oils, sugars and metal ions, natural spices and antioxidants should be selected. In order to reduce the digestion and absorption of heterocyclic amines and regulate their metabolism the human body, we recommend that the activity of heterocyclic amines should be reduced, the activation process should be inhibited, the genotoxicity should be reduced by enzymatic trapping of metabolites, and the rate of metabolism, digestion and absorption in the body should be reduced by nucleotide excision repair after ingestion of heterocyclic amines. The information gathered in this review will be helpful to optimize the processing technology for high-temperature meat products, promote the green development of the meat industry and enhance consumer health.

Salt is one of the most common condiments in our daily life, and its major ingredient, sodium chloride, is an indispensable substance for the human body. Salt can improve food flavor and texture and prolong the shelf life of foods. However, excessive intake of salt will increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as high blood pressure and coronary heart disease. This paper reviews the methods used for salt reduction in foods without affecting the flavor quality of foods, such as substitution with non-sodium salts, addition of natural extracts or salty peptides, multi-sensory synergy to enhance salty taste perception, salt crystal structure optimization and food texture recombination. The basic principles, characteristics and research progress of various salt reduction methods are described in detail. The aim of this review is to provide a scientific basis and theoretical reference for in-depth studies on methods and strategies for salt reduction in foods.

Oligosaccharides are linear or branched carbohydrate compounds composed of two to ten monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic bonds. They have many health benefits, and can function as sweeteners. Oligosaccharides are a combination of nutritiousness, health care, and dietetic therapy. Compared with polysaccharides, oligosaccharides have several advantages, such as stronger biological activity and easier absorption by the body. In recent years, marine-derived oligosaccharides have been proven to have a variety of biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anticoagulant, and immunity-enhancing activities. They can be widely used in food, medicine, cosmetics, agriculture, aquatic products, and other fields. This paper introduces four major marine-derived oligosaccharides, including N-acetyl chitooligosaccharide/chitooligosaccharide, alginate oligosaccharides, agarooligosaccharides, and carrageenan oligosaccharides, and presents a brief description of their sources, structural characteristics, various biological activities and applications. It is expected to provide a reference for the high-value utilization of marine polysaccharide resources and the in-depth development of marine oligosaccharides.

It is found that endogenous enzymes, microorganisms, lipid oxidation and environmental factors are important factors causing the spoilage of aquatic products. How to improve the preservation of aquatic products to reduce the spoilage loss of aquatic products and ensure the safety of consumers of aquatic products is key for the sustainable development of the aquatic industry, which has aroused widespread concern. In recent years, with people paying more attention to food safety and food packaging, active packaging has gradually developed, which has been applied to significantly improve food preservation and has become a research hotspot. In this context, this paper begins with a discussion of the spoilage mechanism of aquatic products. This is followed by an analysis of the mechanism of the effect of active packaging on the quality preservation of aquatic products from four aspects: endogenous enzyme activity, microbial growth, lipid oxidation and environment factors. This review also discusses the possible synergistic mechanism of active packaging. We anticipate that this review will provide support for future targeted active packaging of aquatic products.

Organic acids are a class of natural and safe antithrombotic factors that come from a variety of sources, and are widely found in various plant foods such as fruits, vegetables and grains. They have antithrombotic effects such as anticoagulation and inhibiting platelet aggregation and thrombolysis, and thus have the potential for the development and clinical application of health products for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. In this paper, the food sources and antithrombotic mechanisms of organic acids and their derivatives are reviewed, and the antithrombotic effects of different organic acids are comparatively discussed. Moreover, recent studies on the antithrombotic effects of organic acids are summarized and an outlook on the future of this filed is given, so as to provide a reference for further studies on the antithrombotic mechanisms of organic acids and the development of foods rich in organic acids.

Owing to its unique advantages such as resource integration and reengineering, algorithm plays a more and more prominent role in modern society. As a product of the information age, algorithm administration has gradually brought automation into the field of social public governance, resulting in the formation of a new social governance paradigm containing algorithm administration. The “Tianyan” system in Shanghai is an innovative application of administrative algorithm in the field of food safety supervision. This review focuses on the new changes, risks and challenges of food safety supervision under algorithm administration. The optimization of food safety supervision under algorithm administration has been realized by establishing an evaluation responsibility mechanism, improving the algorithm operation system, implementing information disclosure and interpretation obligations, and clarifying the attributes of algorithm decision-making tools.

With the growing prosperity of the wine market, consumers have paid more attention to wine quality. The geographical origin and variety of wine are important factors determining wine quality. Volatile components play an important role in the characterization of a specific geographical origin or variety of wine. Therefore, the analysis of volatile compounds in wine is significant for the identification of the geographical origin and variety of wine. In this article, we summarize the analytical methods used to determine volatile compounds in wine and the current status of research on the identification of the geographical origin and variety of wine based on analysis of volatile compounds, with the aim of promoting in-depth research on the volatile compounds of wine and providing theoretical references for ensuring the quality and authenticity of wine and establishing a more complete wine volatile fingerprint.

In this paper, we analyzed the veterinary drugs allowed for use in accordance with the National Food Safety Standard Maximum Residue Limits for Veterinary Drugs in Foods (GB 31650–2019), the veterinary drugs banned for use in accordance with Announcement No. 250 and other serial announcements of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, the 315 banned substances belonging to 11 classes in the 2021 World Anti-Doping Code Prohibited List 2021, and the substances included in the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) 2021 Monitoring Program. By using the comparison algorithm of Python’s third-party function library, it was found that 33 substances belonging to six categories including anabolic agents, β2-agonists, glucocorticoids, stimulants, diuretics and masking agents, and peptide hormones were identified to coincide with the corresponding types of animal drugs in animal-derived foods in China. At the same time, the types of food-derived doping to be prevented and controlled in large-scale sports competitions were analyzed and compared, revealing that 39 drugs in the six categories of anabolic agents, β2-agonists, β-blockers, diuretics and masking agents, stimulants, and glucocorticoids were consistent with those prohibited by the WADA, 25 drugs of anabolic agents, β2-agonists, diuretics and masking agents, stimulants, and glucocorticoids were consistent with those banned and restricted by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. The veterinary drugs prohibited by both the WADA and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs included 19 compounds in the five categories anabolic agents, β2-agonists, diuretics and masking agents, stimulants, and glucocorticoids. The above results provide working ideas for further clarifying the types and scope of food-derived doping, and provide a reference for strengthening the prevention and control of food-derived doping in animal foods for major sports events.

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is an emerging ultrasensitive analytical technology with potential applications in many fields, such as food safety detection, environmental monitoring and clinical diagnosis. However, traditional SERS detection mainly relies on Au or Ag nanomaterials as substrates, resulting in poor signal uniformity, poor stability and high cost. Benefitting from the combination of SERS and photocatalysis, the signal uniformity, batch-to-batch consistency and cost effectiveness can be significantly improved by using semiconductor-noble metal composite nanomaterials as SERS substrates. Moreover, the elimination of hazardous analytes and the recyclable SERS detection can be achieved via photocatalyzed degradation. The current review mainly focuses on new developments in photocatalysis-SERS for the recyclable detection of food contaminants. The design and fabrication procedures of recyclable SERS substrates made of inorganic/organic semiconductor photocatalysts and noble metal nanomaterial composites are introduced along with their advantages and shortcomings, and their potential applications in the detection and elimination of typical food contaminants including pesticides, banned additives and antibiotics are discussed in detail. Finally, the current challenges and future trends in this field are also summarized.

The food industry is the largest industry in China, which concerns the national economy and the people’s livelihood, and is also an important industry where new formats and new products are emerging vigorously. The food industry ushers in new development opportunities in the process of construction of an innovation-oriented country. In order to effectively promote the development of collaborative innovation in the whole food industry chain, this paper introduces the resource endowments of China’s food industry from the aspects of edible agricultural product resources, operating income of the food industry, and product brand construction in various regions of the country, and summarizes the current status of China’s food science and technology innovation power with respect to research and development investment, distribution of innovation resources, and enterprise innovation strength. The problems existing in the technological innovation-driven development of the food industry in China are dissected. Policy suggestions are put forward such as optimizing the layout of science and technology power, promoting cross-regional collaborative innovation, and highlighting the principal role of enterprises in innovation. This paper aims to provide a reference for improving the scientific and technological innovation ability of food industry and promoting the high-quality development of the food industry in the country.

Cashew nut allergy can cause serious food allergy. In recent years, with the rapid increase in consumption of cashew nuts, the incidence of cashew nut allergy has been on the rise, and cashew nuts have become an important food allergen. Ingestion of a small amount of allergens can cause severe allergic reactions and even life-threatening events. However, cashew nut allergy is a severely underestimated health problem, especially for children. Therefore, the society urgently needs to pay enough attention to cashew nut allergy, and it is necessary to widely publicize the seriousness of cashew nut allergy to the public. This article conducts a systematic review on the epidemiology, allergen components, clinical features, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of cashew nut allergy, with the aim to provide scientific information for the social understanding and in-depth research of cashew nut allergy.

Phytochemicals refer to the bioactive substances present in plants that show specific health-benefiting effects. Due to the poor water solubility, low gastrointestinal stability, low absorption efficiency via intestinal epithelial cells or lymphatic transport, and fast metabolic rate, some phytochemicals exert limited health effects in vivo when orally consumed. Emulsion-based delivery systems can enhance the health effects of phytochemicals in the following ways: 1) by increasing their solubility and stability in the gastrointestinal tract, and preventing them from directly contacting the gastrointestinal environment so as to reduce the degree of degradation; 2) by forming micelles through the oil phase during intestinal digestion to enhance the solubility of lipid-soluble substances in the digestive tract and then improve the absorption efficiency through blood and lymphatic transportation; 3) by regulating the time-delayed release and specific adhesion behavior of phytochemicals in the digestive tract, and changing the structure and function of the intestinal flora or regulating the release and absorption target of phytochemicals to improve their interaction with the intestinal flora. In this paper, the characteristics and advantages of various emulsion systems are reviewed, with special focus on the solubilizing effect of emulsion-based delivery systems on phytochemicals and the effect of emulsion-based delivery systems on their controlled absorption in the digestive tract and interaction with the intestinal flora.

Myofibrillar protein is the most abundant protein in meat products, and its structure and functional properties largely determine the quality of meat products. Power ultrasound, a non-thermal processing technology, has been widely used in the meat industry. The sonication of a liquid medium generates cavitation bubbles, and the resultant physical forces can be considered as the major mechanism responsible for changes in protein structure and functional properties. In this paper, the principle of ultrasound is introduced, and the effect of power ultrasound on the structure and functional properties of myofibrillar protein is reviewed in detail. Furthermore, this paper also discusses the recent progress in the application of power ultrasound in improving meat quality traits such as tenderness, water-binding capacity, color and flavor, and future prospects are proposed as well. Overall, this review provides a theoretical basis for promoting the application of power ultrasound in meat products.

Milk oligosaccharides, a class of bioactive ingredients in milk, have prebiotic, antivirus, anti-inflammation and immunoregulatory effects. Milk oligosaccharides can be added as a new food component to formula foods for special medical purposes or functional foods, which has attracted widespread attention in recent years. Domestic herbivorous mammalian milk is an attractive source of milk oligosaccharides, and a large number of studies have been conducted on the types and contents of oligosaccharides in the colostrum and mature milk of non-human mammals; however, little is known on the difference in the type and abundance of milk oligosaccharides among species. In this review, we summarize and compare the types and contents of oligosaccharides in milks from four domestic herbivorous mammals (goat, cow, pig and camel), which may provide reference for the application of oligosaccharides derived from animal milk.