The present study was performed to illustrate the change of actomyosin in duck breast muscle upon heattreatment. We examined the effects of heating temperature (45, 50, 55, 60, 65 and 70 ℃) and heating time (0, 1, 10, 20, 30and 60 min) on the dissociation of actomyosin in duck muscle as evaluated by Western blotting on the basis of the change inits content. Results showed no dissociation of actomyosin was observed when muscles were heated at 45 ℃ (P > 0.05). Withthe extension of heating time, the actin content increased at the early stages and then declined when muscles were heatedat 50, 55 or 60 ℃, but it was significantly higher when compared with that in the control group (P < 0.05). After heatingat 65 ℃ for 60 min, the actin content decreased to a level identical to that in the control group; however, after heating at70 ℃ for 30 or 60 min, the presence of actin was not detected. The results suggested that the dissociation of actomyosin wassignificantly improved when the muscle was heated at a temperature of 50–60 ℃ for 10–30 min.

This study investigated the evolution of the low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) T2 relaxation
characteristics (e.g., relaxation time T21, T22 and T23, corresponding peak area S21, S22, S23 and S22/S23 and the single component
relaxation time T2W) and fatty acid composition (e.g., C14:0, C16:1, C16:0, C18:1, C18:2, and C18:0) of fresh lard adulterated with
increasing proportions of used lard. The correlation model between LF-NMR results and fatty acid composition was
established and verified. The results indicated that with increasing adulteration level, the relaxation time T21 revealed a
significant decrease (P < 0.05), S21 and S22/S23 exhibited linear increases (R2 > 0.9681), and S23, T2W, the content of C18:1 +
C18:2 and the degree of unsaturation (unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio) presented a linear reduction. A good binomial
relationship of adulteration ratios with S22 was achieved, yet no obvious relationship with T22 or T23 existed. Regression
analysis showed that the contents of C16:1, C16:0, C18:2, C18:0 and C18:1 + C18:2 and the degree of unsaturation had an excellent
correlation with S21, T21, S22, T23 and T2W. The models could be used to predict the changes of fatty acid composition and the
adulteration ratio of lard sample by LF-NMR characteristics.

A high-purity hop polyphenol extract (HPE) (containing 88.7% of total phenolics) was prepared from spent hops in
the present study. The phenolic compositions of HPE were determined and its in vivo and in vitro antioxidant activities were
evaluated by comparison with those of green tea polyphenols. The results showed that the phenolic compositions of HPE
included more than 55% proanthocyanidins and more than 28% flavonoid glycosides. in vitro, HPE effectively scavenged
reactive oxygen species and inhibited Cu2+ vitamin C-induced oxidative DNA damage. in vivo, orally administered HPE at
polyphenol doses of 200 to 800 mg/kg body weight significantly prevented a bromobenzene-induced decrease in hepatic
superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity, and decreased the levels of hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactive
substance in bromobenzene-treated mice. HPE at the oral doses of 200 to 800 mg/kg body weight significantly reduced the
frequency of bone marrow micronuclei induced by cyclophosphamide. These results suggest that dietary hop polyphenols
could provide protection from oxidative mutagenic in vivo and in vitro damage. The in vivo and in vitro antioxidant activities
of hop polyphenols were higher than those of green tea polyphenols at the same concentration.

Fast drying could restrain chlorophyll (Chl) degradation in green prickleyashes (GPs) drying except for GPs
with damaged oil vacuoles (GP-DOV). To explore the possible mechanisms behind this phenomenon, the variations in Chl
pigments and related enzymes were investigated. Compared with GPs with intact oil vacuole, the variations in Chl pigments
in GP-DOV were more serious and complicated, that is, only 6% of the total Chl was retained in GP-DOV. This damage
seemed to inhibit the formation of pyrochlorophyll pigments after the formation of pheophorbide-a in the pheophorbide-a
oxygenase pathway and resulted in the accumulation of pheophorbide a, which accounted for 18% of the total Chl pigments
in dried GP. During the slow drying process, the damage gradually induced the activity of chlorophyll-degrading peroxidase, resulting in
the accumulation of C132 oxidized Chl pigments. The activities of related enzymes such as chlorophyllase and pheophorbidase showed a
downward trend whereas chlorophyll-degrading peroxidase and metal-chelating substances was fluctuated.

In this manuscript, the combined effects of one of three monosaccharides (glucose, fructose or sorbitol), citric acid
and potassium ion (at a fixed concentration of 0.2 mol/L) on the transparency, water-holding capacity and gel strength of
soybean hull pectin were studied. Statistical analysis with Design-Expert software showed that polysaccharide concentration
had a significant influence on water-holding capacity, transparency and gel strength. The highest water-holding capacity
and gel strength (98% and 37.74 g, respectively) were observed for 3.00 g/100 mL soybean hull pectin gel with 0.20 mol/L
potassium ion, 0.75 g/100 mL citric acid and 2.50 g/100 mL sorbitol. Citric acid and soluble solids also had significant
effects on the transparency. Pectin concentration was correlated negatively with the transparency but positively with the
gel strength. Citric acid concentration only affected significantly the gel transparency, while glucose concentration exerted
significant effects on both water-holding capacity and gel strength (P < 0.05) but not on the transparency.

Porcine longissimus dorsi muscles were cut into 1 cm × 1 cm × 1 cm cubes and immersed in aqueous solution
of different NaCl concentrations (5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%, m/m), and then changes in the total weight, and salt and
water contents of pork during curing were measured. By doing so, our objective was to obtain mass transfer kinetic data of
pork during curing and the optimum curing conditions. The results showed that the brine concentration and curing time were
significantly affected the mass transfer of pork during the curing process. Total weight and water content decreased with
increasing concentration brine while NaCl content exhibited the opposite trend. All these three indicators changed obviously
during the first hour of curing and then tended to be stable. In 15% brine, the pork yield was greater, and NaCl diffusion
rate (De) was higher, suggesting that this brine concentration is more suitable for curing pork. In addition, the mass transfer-based
predictive models developed for the above three indicators exhibited good linear relationships and were useful for this study.

Changes in protein and amino acids in polished rice with intact germ during germination were investigated.
The results showed that the starch content of polished rice with intact germ left intact decreased, while the protein content
increased slightly during germination. SDS-PAGE and SEC-HPLC analysis demonstrated that the subunit compositions of
polished rice were not affected significantly by germination, but the subunit contents were changed. The fractions of high
molecular weight decreased, and correspondingly, the contents of subunits with low molecular weight increased. The results
of amino acid analysis showed that the contents of total amino acids and essential amino acids increased during germination,
and the essential amino acid pattern became more reasonable, suggesting that germination can improve the eating quality and
nutritional value of polished rice with intact germ.

In order to evaluate the suitability of fresh juice from different flat peach cultivars, physicochemical and
nutritional indicators including pH, total phenolics, ascorbic acid, proteins, titratable acidity (TA), soluble sugar content
(SSC), soluble sugar content, titratable acidity, SSC/TA ratio, and pectin were determined, as well as processing quality
indicators including fruit weight, CIE L*, a*, b*, browning index, juice yield, and viscosity. Sensory evaluation was mainly
carried out in terms of color, aroma and taste. SSC, juice yield, pectin, a* value and protein were identified as the core
quality indicators by correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis. The weights of the core
indicators were determined by the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), 0.32 for SSC and juice yield; 0.18 for pectin; 0.11 for
a*; and 0.07 for protein. Based on the results obtained from the comprehensive suitability evaluation model of fresh flat
peach juices, the quality of fresh juice from Ruipan 21 were the best, followed by Ruipan 20, Ruipan 4 and Ruipan 19, and
Jupan, Ruipan 2 and Ruipan 3 were not suitable for fresh juice processing.

The composition of free amino acids and color in raw Pu-erh teas of different origins were comparatively
investigated. The contents of eighteen free amino acids (Asp, Thr, Ser, Glu, Gly, Ala, Cys, Val, Met, Ile, Leu, Tyr, Phe, Lys,
His, Arg, Pro, and Thean) in Pu-erh raw teas and tea infusion color (brightness L*, and chromaticity values Δa* and Δb*)
from Xishuangbanna Prefecture and Lincang City, Yunnan province, China, respectively, were analyzed by automatic amino
acid analyzer, HPLC and color difference meter. Variation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) were used for
data analysis. The results showed that the free amino acids had distinct geographical features. The contents of main flavor
amino acids such as Thean, Asp, Glu and Arg were higher in samples from Xishuangbanna than in those from Lincang.
Use of PCA provided a clear distinction of the samples from the two regions. The contents of total amino acids, Asp, Glu,
Thean and His were higher in tableland tea than in old plant tea, but the content of His was lower. Furthermore, there were
significant differences in the contents of total amino acids, Glu, His, and Arg between tableland tea and old plant tea, as well
as differences in main flavor amino acids, L*, a*and b* also displayed significant difference between the two geographic
origins. L* and b* were higher but a* was lower in samples from Xishuangbanna. No significant difference in the color of
tea infusion existed between tableland tea and old plant tea.

The objective of this study was to improve the quality of Chinese sausage processed at high temperature by using
exogenous lipase. Effects of Palatase (a commercial lipase) on lipid hydrolysis, lipid oxidation, volatile components and
sensory attributes were studied at addition levels of 0.00%, 0.02%, 0.04%, 0.06%, 0.08% and 0.10%. The results showed
that palatase addition led to acceleration of lipid hydrolysis, lipid oxidation, and accumulation of lipid-derived volatile
components. Moderate addition of Palatase (0.06%) enhanced aroma without influencing the acceptability, while too much
addition could result in excessive oxidation with off-flavors.

The contents, subunit compositions and molecular weight distribution of total protein and proteins with differentsolubility in lotus seed and its peel waste were analyzed using Kjeldahl method, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamidegelelectrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and size exclusion chromatography-high performance liquid chromatography (SEC-HPLC).The results showed that the protein contents of lotus seed and its peel waste were 188.10 and 186.54 mg/g, respectively.They were similar in terms of the composition of proteins with different solubility; water and salt soluble proteins as well asacid and alkali soluble proteins altogether represented more than 60% and less than 23% of the total proteins, respectively.The SDS-PAGE profiles of proteins from lotus seeds and its peel waste showed a high similarity, and the molecular weightsof main protein subunits were 15–20 and 30–50 kD. The HPLC elution patterns of total and water soluble proteins in lotusseed and its peel waste were highly similar, indicating similar molecular weight distribution, except that the elution peaksof acid soluble proteins and relative intensity of alkali soluble proteins separated from lotus seeds were more or larger thanthose from its peel waste. This study proved that the peel waste had similar protein composition characteristics with lotusseed, and could be used as an alternative material for producing lotus seed protein powder or other related foods.

The effects of high hydrostatic pressure processing (HHP) at different pressures for different time periods on
inactivation of microorganisms including total aerobic bacteria (TAB) and coliform microflora, color, emulsifying properties
(emulsifying activity and emulsion stability index), and foaming properties (foamability and foam stability) of liquid whole
eggs (LWE) were studied. The results showed that the microbiological quality of LWE was up to the national standard after
the processing at 200 MPa for 10 min. As compared with control samples, the emulsifying activity and emulsion stability of
LWE were significantly enhanced after the processing at 400 MPa for 10 min, the foaming capacity was increased by HHP
at 300 MPa for 20 min or 400 MPa for 10 min. The color of HHP-treated LWE was brighter at 400 MPa for 10–15 min
or 500 MPa for 5-15 min. Therefore, proper HHP treatment could achieve the purpose of sterilizing LWE and meanwhile
improving its quality.

The objective of this study was to establish a comprehensive grading system for the quality evaluation of fresh
apple by online non-destructive testing. Factor analysis using SPSS 19.0 software was conducted to select the primary
indicators from 13 quality indicators of fresh Fuji apple from Luochuan, Shaanxi. Probability distribution and analytical
hierarchy process (AHP) were used respectively to grade the quality indicators and determine their weights. By employing
K-means clustering and discriminant analysis, the discriminant model of apple quality was established. The results showed
that the seven key quality indicators of fresh Fuji apple were single fruit weight, fruit shape index, color and lustre, soluble
solids, hardness, vitamin C and sugar/acid ratio. This study has established quality grading and evaluation standards, and
the five discirminant functions developed in this study could be applied to discriminate the quality of fresh apple with an
accuracy of 95.65% and 91.67% using modeling and test samples, respectively. This study can provide a scientific basis to
establish comprehensive assessment and grading standards for fresh apple quality, and also can offer technical support for
integrated on-line quality detection.

This study was aimed to investigate the effect of age at slaughter on the meat quality of Ira rabbits. The eating
quality and nutritional properties were evaluated in meat from male Ira rabbits slaughtered at different ages. Results showed
that: 1) There was no significant difference in L* values or pH during different ages (P > 0.05); 2) however, a significant
reduction of water content in rabbit meat was observed with slaughter age, while the contents of protein, fat and unsaturated
fatty acids became higher (P < 0.05); 3) cholesterol content increased initially followed by a decrease, which was much
lower than in chicken, beef and pork; 4) meat from 75-day-old Ira rabbits had a higher water-holding capacity, cooking loss,
total amino acid content and PUFA/SFA ratio than other ages. Accordingly, it can be concluded that meat from Ira rabbits
slaughtered at the age of 75 days has excellent processing characteristics and high nutritional value.

This study aimed to investigate the correlation between the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in apple
seeds from seven cultivars. The total phenolic content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method, the antioxidant activity
was evaluated by total reducing capacity, 3-ehtylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfnic acid diammonium salt (ABTS) scavenging,
superoxide anion scavenging, hydroxyl free radical scavenging and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical
scavenging assays, and the polyphenol composition of apple seeds was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC). It was shown that Honeycrisp exhibited the highest total phenolic content and the best antioxidant properties among
seven apple cultivars. Antioxidant activity of polyphenols in apple seeds was significantly positively correlated with total
phenolic content (r = 0.771–0.984), with the exception of DPPH scavenging capacity. Compared to tea polyphenols, vitamin
C (VC) and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT), apple seed polyphenols exhibited better antioxidant activity. Phloridzin,
which accounted for 79.76%-86.67% of the total phenolic content as determined by HPLC, was the dominant antioxidant
component in apple seeds. Polyphenols extracted from apple seeds could have a wide application prospect because they act
as the safe, non-toxic natural antioxidants.

The study aimed to investigate the impacts of different drying methods on polyphenol contents and antioxidant
activities of chicory root. The changes in polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity during drying, as well as flavonoid and total
polyphenol contents of dried chicory root were measured. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, 2,2’-azinobis
(3-ehtylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS+·) radical scavenging capacity and reducing power
of polyphenols extracted from chicory root with different drying methods, including air-drying, freeze-drying and hot airdrying
at different temperatures, were also determined so as to obtain the optimum drying method. The results showed
that the contents of polyphenol in chicory root processed by different drying methods differed significantly, likely due to a
combination of residual PPO activity and heat sensitivity of polyphenol during the drying process. When flavonoid content
and total polyphenol content were taken into account, hot air-drying at 60 ℃ was the best method, followed by freeze-drying
and air-drying methods. The antioxidant activity of chicory root was less closely correlated with the content of flavonoids, but
highly correlated with the content of total polyphenols. The DPPH radical, ABTS+· radical scavenging capacity and reducing power
all displayed a significantly (R2 ≥ 0.85, P < 0.05) positive correlation with the total polyphenol content. In order to achieve higher
polyphenol content in dried chicory root, hot air-drying at 60 ℃ was a recommended drying method for chicory root.

The effects of hypoxia and cold stress on γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) accumulation of germinating maize were
investigated. The GABA content in germinating maize was monitored with respect to germination time under hypoxia stress
and freezing or chilling followed by exposure to room temperature (25 ℃). Results suggested that the optimal conditions for
GABA accumulation in 72 h-germinated maize during cold stress were freezing at -18 ℃ for 6 h followed by thawing for
4 h at 25 ℃. Under these conditions, the maximum GABA level (1.52 mg/g DW) was obtained, which was 30.9 folds higher
than that of the control. Moreover, it was also indicated that GABA synthesis in germinating maize was mainly achieved by
the GABA shunt. Maize can be used as a good raw material to accumulate GABA. Besides, hypoxia stress and cold stress
are confirmed as an effective way to accumulate GABA content in germinated maize.

Effects of illumination intensity (which was determined by quantifying the light absorbed using a luxmeter),
wavelength and irradiation time on the preservation rate of Monascus pigments were examined. Sunlight (2 800–31 000 lx)
caused the most serious photodegradation for monascus pigments whereas indoor natural light (54–2 050 lx) had relatively
less serious effects, and no photodegradation was observed under dark condition (0 lx) The preservation rate of Monascus
pigments was decreased with increasing illumination intensity and irradiation time. Under the condition of the same illumination
intensity but different wavelengths, the preservation rate of Monascus pigments followed the decreasing order: red light > yellow
light > green light > blue light > purple light. Monascus pigments were more sensitive to ultraviolet-C light. Under the same
condition, water-soluble Monascus pigments were more stable than alcohol-soluble Monascus pigments.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of high pressure brining on microstructure of chicken
breast. Chicken breast was brined under different pressure levels (0.1, 50, 100, 150, 200 or 300 MPa for 20 min) in
40 g/L salt solution. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), optical microscope and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
were used to characterize the microstructure of chicken breast. The results showed that high pressure brining had significant
effects on the state of water in chicken breast (P < 0.05). At 300 MPa, T22 was shifted towards to slow relaxation direction,
and more immobile water than free water at 150 MPa was observed. At a pressure less than 150 MPa, some differences but
not obvious in the muscle cell shape were observed. Chicken breast muscle fiber arranged loosely at 200 MPa, and muscle
fiber perimysium began to burst at 200 MPa. When brining at 300 MPa, the perimysium of chicken breast muscle become
disintegrated. Chicken myofibrillar structure brined at 300 MPa had a significant change; Z line and I band were completely
destroyed, thus forming a reunion body near them, and the ablation of fibers was also observed. Therefore, 150 MPa could
provide better maintenance of muscle fiber structure.

In order to investigate the effect of gelatin dosage on the adsorption of tannic acid, 0.01–0.11 g of gelatin
was used to adsorb 25 mL of 900 mg/L tannic acid model solution. The gelatin dosage was optimized for the adsorption
capacity of gelatin and the removal rate of tannic acid. The adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherms of tannic acid by
gelatin were explored as well. In addition, the effect of gelatin adsorption on blueberry juice astringency was examined.
The results showed the optimal gelatin dosage was 0.03 g, leading to an adsorption capacity of 527.5 mg/g and a removal
rate of tannic acid of 70.33%. The adsorption of tannic acid by gelatin was described by pseudo-second order adsorption
kinetics; the adsorption isotherm was described by Langmuir adsorption model and it was monolayer adsorption. When 25
mL of blueberry juice containing 900 mg/L tannic acid was shaken at 15 ℃ for 20 min after addition of 3 g of gelatin, the
adsorption capacity was 420.8 mg/g and the removal rate of tannic acid was 56.11%.

Crude polysaccharide was obtained from Sipunculus nudus by alkali extraction and deproteinized by Sevag
method. The polysaccharide was sequentially purified by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-52 cellulose column
and Sephadex G-100 Gel column. Then, the purified polysaccharide from Sipunculus nudus (SNPS) was characterized
for physicochemical properties and monosaccharide composition. The results showed that SNPS with a purity of 99.35%
contained 22.21% alduronic acid without protein, nuclein or sulfate ions. Gas chromatography analysis showed that the
monosaccharide compositions of SNPS were arabinose, glucose and galactose, with a molar ratio of 1.16:9.54:1. This study
demonstrated that SNPS was a homogeneous component obtained from Sipunculus nudus.

The solubility and super-solubility of aspartame in ethanol-aqueous mixture with different ethanol mass fractions
at 5–60 ℃ were determined, and the apparent nucleation order m was calculated. Meanwhile, the nucleation rate equation
was achieved. The surperstaturation curve and metastable region of aspartame were obtained. It was found that the solubility
data could be described well by the model of λh equation; in addition, the influences of temperature, solvent composition,
cooling rate and agitation rate on the width of metastable zone were explored. The results showed that the solubility of
aspartame in the selected solvents increased with an increase in temperature and ethanol mass fraction, and a synergistic
effect on solubility was observed at w = 0.5 (m/m). Contrary to the solubility, the width of metastable zone decreased with
increasing temperature and ethanol mass fraction; under the same experimental conditions, either decreasing agitation rate or
increasing cooling rate may broaden the width of metastable zone.

In the present study, a psychrophilic pullulanase-producing strain, Pseudoalteromonas sp. NX-1, was isolated
from Antarctic marine sediment samples with optimum growth temperature of 20 ℃. The enzymatic properties of
pullulanase from strain NX-1 were investigated. The medium composition and culture conditions for pullulanase production
by NX-1 were optimized by single factor and orthogonal array experiments. The results showed the optimum catalytic pH of
the pullulanase was 7.0, and the half-life was 120 min at optimal catalytic conditions. The pullulanase activity of this isolate
was influenced in decreasing order by the following medium components sugar, peptone, CaCl2 and Na2HPO4. The optimal
culture conditions were 20 ℃ and an inoculum size of 1% using a medium consisting of 15 g/L sugar, 15 g/L peptone,
0.5 g/L CaCl2 and 6 g/L Na2HPO4. The yield of pullulanase was improved by 25.1% when compared to that obtained before
optimization that before.

Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the effects of different
levels of cadmium (Cd2 +) on Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis cells were examined. The SEM results showed that when the
mass concentration of Cd2+ was 0 and 10 mg/L, the bacterium displayed an oblong shape with smooth surface and grew
vigorously. With increasing concentration of Cd2+, white granules appeared on the surface and the number of surviving cells
began to fall (i.e., OD was reduced from 1.336 to 0.515). Under the stress of Cd2+ at 200 mg/L, almost no visible bacteria
were seen and a small amount of prismatic crystals appeared. The TEM results revealed that when the mass concentration
of Cd2+ was 0–50 mg/L, the cell structure of this strain was intact and the cellular contents were evenly distributed, and the
strain grew normally. When exposed to 100 and 200 mg/L Cd2+, it began to change abnormally such as ruptured cells and
release of cellular contents from holes in the cellular membrane. In addition, plasmolysis was observed. Together, these
results indicated that Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis was hardly affected by Cd2+ at low concentrations (≤ 50 mg/L) but
inhibited at high concentrations (100 and 200 mg/L).

Purpose: To explore the effect Burkholderia lipase on enrichment of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in
Aurantiochytrium sp. oil. Methods: Tributyrin plate method was used to screen a lipase-producing bacterium. Using
4-nitrophenyl laurate as substrate, the enzymatic properties of the Burkholderia lipase were studied. The lipase was
used to hydrolyze Aurantiochytrium oil. To evaluate the enrichment efficiency of DHA with the lipase, the fatty acid
compositions in the aqueous and the organic phase after hydrolysis were detected by gas chromatography. Results: The
lipase-producing bacterium obtained from mud samples collected from Guangzhou city was identified as Burkholderia sp.
SD001. Its lipase activity reached the maximum value of 70 U/mL in the culture after fermentation at 30 ℃ for 40 h. The
lipase had an optimal pH of 8.5 and an optimal temperature of 45 ℃. When the lipase was used to hydrolyze the oil from
Aurantiochytrium sp., the percentage of DHA content in the oil was increased from 30% to 40%. Conclusions: A bacterium
producing a lipase capable of enriching DHA has been obtained. The lipase from this strain with expanded applicability is
useful for the enrichment of polyunsaturated fatty acid.

Open reading frame of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) from soybean was cloned into the plasmid
pNZ8149 and plasmid pNZS was reformed to construct the food-grade vector. The recombinant plasmids were then
separately transformed into L. lactis NZ3900 by electronic perforation, and the growth ability of the transformants was
detected in Elliker medium. The recombinant plasmids named pNZ-SOD and pNZS-SOD were thus constructed successfully
after PCR amplification, ligation and identification. The expression of L. lactis NZ3900/pNZ-SOD and L. lactis NZ3900/
pNZS-SOD was induced by nisin and their expressed products were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The SOD enzymatic activities of the transformants L. lactis NZ3900/pNZ-SOD and L. lactis
NZ3900/pNZ-SOD were determined by the inhibition of nitrotetrazolium. The SOD enzymatic activity of the transformant
L. lactis NZ3900/pNZS-SOD (with two thirds of extracellular SOD) was 1.6 times higher than that of the transformant
L. lactis NZ3900/pNZS-SOD and 13.5 times higher than that of the parent strain. Hence, the expression of MnSOD was
enhanced in L. lactis NZ3900/pNZS.

Electrophoresis-purity catalase (CAT) was obtained from freshly sprouted soybean (Glycine max) by the
sequential steps of homogenization, buffer solution extraction, ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-Sepharose ion
exchange chromatography and Superdex-200 gel filtration chromatography. The purified enzyme had a specific activity of
26 322.43 U/mg, with a 30.92% activity recovery and a 293.09-fold purification. The molecular mass of the CAT enzyme
comprising a 57.42 kD subunit was 234.9 kD. Its optimum pH and temperature were 7.2 and 30 ℃, respectively. This
enzyme was stable at pH 4.0–10.6 and at 25–35 ℃. Its Km towards H2O2 was 31.82 mmol/L. The enzyme activity was
strongly inhibited by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), oxalic, Ag+ and Cu2+, but was activated by low concentration of Pb2+.

Objective: To improve the productivity and reduce production costs of xylanase (XynB) and α-glucuronidase
(AguA) from Thermotoga maritima MSB8. Methods: Gene recombination technology was used to clone the XynB and AguA
genes into different BioBrick base vectors, thus constructing pET-20b-xynB-aguA and pET-28a-xynB-aguA. These plasmids
were then transformed into Escherichia coli JM109 (DE3), respectively, to induce the coexpression of the two enzymes
for hydrolysis of birch xylan and corncob. Results: After 8 hours of induction, the recombinant E. coli JM109 (DE3)/pET-
28a-xynB-aguA produced XynB and AguA with the yields reaching 7.6 and 0.5 U/mL in LB medium, respectively, which
were higher than those of E. coli JM109 (DE3)/pET-20b-xynB-aguA. In TB medium, XynB activity reached 10.27 U/mL
and AguA activity reached 1.5 U/mL. At 80 ℃, combination of both enzymes degraded birch xylan more thoroughly than
single xylanase, resulting in a higher content and purity of xylobiose in hydrolyzate. The amount of reducing sugar released
and electron microscopy observation revealed good degradation of corncob. Conclusions: Cloning and co-expression of
XynB and AguA from T. maritima are practicable and the recombinmant XynB and AguA have potential applications in
biotransformation, food industry, feed production and other areas.

Co-culture of Lactobacillus plantarum (L.p) with antioxidant ability and Streptococcus thermophilus (S.t) was
used to produce yogurt with antioxidant activity. The culture conditions temperature, inoculum size, and L.p to S.t ratio
were examined. By measuring the inhibition of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), reducing power, metal ion
chelating capacity and 1,1-diphenyl-2-tridinitrophenylhydrazine (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity, the antioxidant activity
of yogurt was evaluated, and the control of its postacidification by temperature was also discussed. The results showed that
a yogurt with the best quality and controlled postacidification at 5 ℃ was obtained when the fermentation was carried out at
43 ℃ using an inoculum size of 2% at an L.p to S.t ratio of 1:1.5. The yogurt fermented by L. p and S. t at the ratio of 1:1.5
had the highest antioxidant activity.

The conditions for the synthesis of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) using glutamate decarboxylase from recombinant
E. coli cells were optimized in this work. The effects of temperature, pH, surfactants, metal ions, the ratio of substrate and
cells and the transformation system volume on the productivity of GABA were studied. Results indicated that the optimal
reaction system volume was 5 mL containing 0.1 mol/L sodium glutamate as the substrate, 6.4 mg of E. coli cells (dry
weight), 0.06% Triton-100 (volume fraction) and 0.6 mmol/L Ca2+ at pH 4.5. The reaction was allowed to proceed for 7 h at
45 ℃. Under these optimal conditions, the yield of GABA was 26.1 g/L. The transformation efficiency of GABA reached
the highest level of 13.8 g/(g·h) after 1 h reaction, which is 2.5 times higher than that observed before optimization.

Objective: To investigate the growth, muscle quality and gene expression of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and fatty
acid synthase (FAS) of Schizothorax prenanti Tchang (SPT) at different growth stages. Methods: SPT with body weights of
(137.8 ± 1.7) g (small, juvenile), (312.4 ± 11.8) g (medium, subadult) and (500.9 ± 31.4) g (large, adult) were collected,
respectively. Their body condition indexes, visceral indexes and major muscle nutrients were determined. Meanwhile, LPL
and FAS mRNA levels in liver and muscle of SPT at the juvenile, subadult and adult growth periods were evaluated by realtime
PCR. Results: Compared with the small group, boby condition indexes, hepatopancreas index (HIS), mesenteric lipid
index and water content were reduced in the medium group and large group (P < 0.05). The contents of crude protein and
crude ash showed no significant change in muscle. The intermuscular fat was the least abundant in the large group (P < 0.05).
The LPL and FAS mRNA expression levels in liver for the small group, medium and large group were significantly higher
than in muscle (P < 0.05). The LPL mRNA and FAS mRNA expression levels in liver were the lowest in the large group
(P < 0.05). The LPL mRNA and FAS mRNA expression levels in muscle were the highest in the medium group (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: The essential nutrients in muscle are reduced at the adult stage, and the content of intramusclar fat is correlated
with the expression of LPL mRNA and FAS mRNA.

This study aimed to identify the 40-kD allergen of Litopenaeus vannamei and to analyze its immune crossreactivity
among shellfish species. Several proteomics and immunological experiments were performed. By using matrixassisted
laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS), the 40 kD allergen from
Litopenaeus vannamei was identified as arginine kinase (AK). Its amino acid sequence was compared with that of known
proteins by BLAST, Clustal X2 and MEGA 5. The results revealed that AK had high homology among shrimp (96%－100%),
crab (91%－93%), cockroach (83%) and mollusca (49%－52%)．The purified AK was injected subcutaneously into mice
to produce specific polyclonal antibodies for analyzing its immune cross-reactivity by Western blotting. It was shown that
the proteins with relative molecular mass (Mr) of about 40 kD corresponding to AKs from 17 species of shellfish could be
recognized by the AK-specific polyclonal sera. The results of both proteomics and immunological analysis have shown that
AK is a pan-allergen among crustacean and mollusca.

In the present study, 84 different bacterial strains were isolated from spoiled vinegar, which were identified as 20Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, 12 B. licheniformis, 6 Bacillus 1NLA3E, 12 Paenibacillus, 4 B. megaterium, 3 Brevibacillusbrevis, 2 B. pumilus, 11 B. coagulans, 1 Lactobacillus acetotolerans and 1 Clostridium perfringens strains by morphologicalobservation, 16S rDNA sequencing, and sequence alignment with GenBank database, as well as 16S-23S ITS sequencing.The inhibitory potency of nisin on these 84 bacterial strains was determined by assaying the diameter of inhibition zoneusing cup-plate method and turbidity using nephelometry, indicating that nisin had a significant inhibitory activity on all themicrobes isolated from the spoiled vinegar.

In order to obtain a high-yield β-1,3-1,4-glucanase producing strain, Bacillus altitudinis YC-9 was used as the
starting strain and mutagenized sequentially with nitrosoguanidine (NTG) and N+ beam. The preliminary and secondary
screening results showed that strain N-2-2 and 10-30s-3 had high ability to produce β-1,3-1,4-glucanase, with a yield of 28.6
and 36.1 U/mL, which revealed a 2.36- and 2.98-fold increase compared with that of the original strain, respectively, while
exhibiting reduced growth rates. Furthermore, the β-1,3-1,4-glucanase gene was successfully cloned and expressed in E. coli.
The intracellular activity was 79.2 U/mL, a 6.5-fold increase compared with the original strain, when induced at 30 ℃ for 6 h.

The effects of food on the body are mediated mainly through its influence on the metabolic and metabolic
networks after being ingested and absorbed. This study aimed to develop a new experimental method to quantitatively
evaluate the effects of food on metabolic and metabolic networks. Peripheral blood samples were collected from volunteers
with four kinds of physiological states including basic state (or sleeping state), learning state, motion state and fever state,
and their changes in lactate metabolic flux were studied as well as the role of 15 enzymes involved in the central metabolic
pathways in controlling lactate metabolic flux. The results indicated that lactate metabolic flux in the four states were quite
different, following the increasing order: basic, learning, motion and fever, which was consistent with that observed for
the catabolism. A combination of correlation analysis and principal component analysis was used to determine the control
coefficient of lactate metabolic flux. The results showed that pyruvate kinase (PK, CpPK = 0.221 6), pyruvate dehydrogenase
complex (PDHC, CpPDHC = 0.206 4), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, CpLDH = 0.162 6), transketolase (TKL, CpTKL = 0.206 0)
played major roles in controlling lactate metabolic flux, among which, PK played the most important role. Peripheral
blood samples collected from healthy volunteers before and after eating modified rice starch were then analyzed by
applying the experimental methods mentioned above and the results indicated that lactate flux was obviously enhanced
after eating modified starch as compared with that before eating and as the same effect was observed on the catabolism.
On the contrary, the anabolism decreased. PK gene expression was significantly increased (P = 0.01) whereas PDHC gene
expression (synthetic) was significantly reduced (P = 0.003). The present study showed that the gene expression profiles of
enzymes were fitted with the predicted lactate flux well. These results have demonstrated that this method could be used to
quantitatively evaluate the effects of food on metabolism by collecting appropriate peripheral blood samples after eating it.

The enzymatic hydrolysate of extruded corn gluten produced by sequential hydrolysis with Alcalase and Protamex
was evaluated for its anti-alcoholism effect in mice. The results showed that the hydrolysate contained 87.76% peptides which
molecular weight is less than 1 000 u, and was richer in glutamic acid, leucine and alanine than corn gluten. Gavage administration of
the enzymatic hydrolysate resulted in a 59.43% reduction in blood alcohol concentrations in mice when compared with the model group.
Moreover, this hydrolysate increased alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity in the stomach of mice, and enhanced superoxide dismutase
(SOD) activity and glutataione (GSH) content but reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the liver within a certain time range.

Purpose: To investigate the effects of cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside (Cy-3-g) on the proliferation and differentiation
of human megakaryocytes cell line (Dami). Methods: Megakaryocytes were cultured with or without different concentrations
of Cy-3-g (0.05, 0.50, 5.00, 50.00 and 100.00 mmol/L). Cell viability and proliferation were respectively measured by
typan blue staining and MTT test. Colony formation of megakaryocytes in soft agar medium from different groups was
assayed. After culturing the cells from each group, giemsa staining was used to observe cell morphology. Polyploidy of
megakaryocyte DNA and CD41 expression rate were tested by flow cytometry. Results: Cy-3-g at concentrations of 50.00
and 100.00 mmol/L effectively enhanced the viability of Dami cells when compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Dami
cells treated with Cy-3-g showed higher cell proliferation than the cells from the control group (P < 0.01). Cy-3-g at 50.00
and 100.00 mmol/L significantly increased the number of colony formation, DNA polyploidy and CD41 expression rate in
Dami cells compared to the control group (all P < 0.01). Conclusion: Cy-3-g can promote the proliferation and differentiation
of human megakaryocytes, which provides a potential theoretical basis for platelet production induced by anthocyanins.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of inulin on insulin resistance in trans fatty acids-fed mice. Methods: Inulin was
given at low, medium and high doses. Results: The intake of trans fatty acids elevated fasting blood glucose, fasting serum
insulin, insulin resistance index significantly (P < 0.01), and reduced insulin sensitivity index, islet β-cell function and T-SOD
significantly (P < 0.01). Inulin reduced fasting blood glucose and insulin resistance index, and increased insulin sensitivity
index and islet β-cell function, especially at the high dose, showing significant differences (P < 0.01) when compared with
the trans fatty acid group. Conclusion: Trans fatty acids can lead to insulin resistance in mice, and the intervention of inulin
can improve the symptoms, in particular at the high dose.

Objective: To reveal the preventive effect of jujube polysaccharides (JP) on chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS).
Methods: JP were prepared from jujube fruits by water extraction and ethanol precipitation and their physicochemical
properties were determined. A four-week old rat CFS model was established. The rats were orally administrated with JP
and the behavior experiments were conducted after induction of CFS. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and
glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in rat serum were eassayed. Spleen index,
thymus index and T lymohocyte transformation were analyzed. Results: JP markedly decreased MDA levels in serum, and
increased spleen index and T lymohocyte transformation. Conclusions: The preventive effects of JP on CFS are closely
related to their immune-regulating function and antioxidant activity.

The in vivo and in vitro antioxidant properties of flavonoids extracted with ethanol from the dry leaves of
Phragmites communis Trin. (PCF) were studied by measuring the effects on hemolysis of rat red blood cells (RBCs) and
MDA generation in liver homogenate and mitochondria in vitro. Results indicated that PCF in the concentration range of
0.5–10 mg/mL could inhibit the hemolysis of rat RBCs and the generation of MDA in rat liver homogenate and mitochondria
in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting obvious antioxidant activity in vitro. Increased concentrations of PCF could enhance
the activities of GSH-Px and SOD and reduce MDA levels in the serum of S180 tumor-bearing mice so as to have elevated
antioxidant activity. PCF at the dose of 300 mg/(kg·d) had antioxidant activity comparable to that of 5-FU at 10 mL/(kg·d)
for tumor-bearing mice in vivo.

The metabolism of mequindox and the food safety evaluation of its metabolite 3-methyl-quinoxaline-2-carboxylic
acid (MQCA) in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus were investigated. The juvenile sea cucumbers were divided
randomly and exposed to seawater containing 2, 4 and 6 mg/L mequindox for 24 hours. Subsequently, Apostichopus
japonicus were placed into clean seawater for 96 hours for the depletion experiments. The samples were collected during
the exposure and depletion and were detected for the contents of mequindox and MQCA by high performance liquid
chromatography. The data were processed with software DAS 2.0 and SPSS 13.0. The mequindox in seawater was rapidly
absorbed by Apostichopus japonicus, and the peak concentrations (Cmax) were 0.89, 1.73, and 2.56 mg/kg, respectively at 2.5,
1.5 and 1.5 h during the exposure period. The bioconcentration factors (BCF) were 0.45, 0.43 and 0.43, and the area under
the curve (AUC) values revealed a positive correlation with the exposed concentrations (R2 = 1). The depletion of mequindox
in Apostichopus japonicus was also rapid, and 85% of mequindox was excreted or metabolized in 0.5 h. Mequindox became
undetectable after 72 h elimination. MQCA was identified as one of the metabolites of mequindox. It was detected at 15 min
exposure, and increased to the peak concentration of 29.2 μg/kg at 24 h during the exposure period (6 mg/L group).
Depletion of MQCA was slow, and remained in Apostichopus japonicus for long-term. The food safety of grown-up
Apostichopus japonicus was evaluated based on the safety index (IFS), and the IFS of MQCA in grown-up Apostichopus
japonicus was 1.23 × 10－4 (far less than 1) with no effect on the food safety.

To evaluate the laxative effect of Ya’an Tibetan tea and/or xylooligosaccharide, the rat constipation model was
established. From 50 male Wistar rats, 5 rats with the same age and similar body weights were randomly selected as the
normal control group, and the remaining rats were treated with loperamide hydrochloride to establish the rat constipation
model. The rats with constipation were randomly divided into 8 groups, including constipation model group, Ya’an Tibetan
tea infusion group, xylooligosaccharide group, Ya’an Tibetan tea plus xylooligosaccharide high, medium and low-dose
groups, positive control group and Ya’an Tibetan tea powder group. After 7 d administration, feed intake, water intake,
body weight gain, fecal pellet number and water content within 24 hours, gastrointestinal transition rate and living bacteria
in feces were measured in rats from each group. Results showed that fecal pellet number, body weight and water content
were increased, and the number of intestinal enterococci and enterobacteriaceae was reduced, intestinal bifidobacteria and
lactobacillia were increased and intestinal transition length were extended in the mice treated with Ya’an Tibetan tea and/
or xylooligosaccharide as compared to those from the control group. Ya’an Tibetan tea and xylooligosaccharide had a
synergistic laxative effect in a dose-dependent manner, and the best laxative effect, similar or even superior to that of the
positive control senna, was observed at the high dose, while restoring the bowel function of constipation rats to nearly the
normal level. Ya’an Tibetan tea and xylooligosaccharide mixture have defecating function, and may maintain the balance of
the intestinal flora.

The protein content and amino acid compositions of mulberry leaves were analyzed. Based on the obtained data, whole
hen’s egg protein and the FAO/WHO reference model of essential amino acid (EAA) were used to evaluate the nutritional values
of the leaf protein in comparison with plant proteins from four other species. The results showed that the proteins from mulberry
leaves were rich in EEAs and contained at least 17 kinds of amino acids (AAs). EAAs accounted for 34.7% of the total AAs in
mulberry leaves. The first limiting AA in these proteins was ILE. The ratio coefficient of amino acids of proteins in mulberry leaves
was 69.71, indicating that mulberry leaves are a source of proteins with high nutritional value.

Objective: To explore the lifespan-prolonging effect of chitooligosaccharides (COS) at various concentrations
on Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) in order for these compounds to be developed into anti-aging drugs. Methods:
C. elegans as a model organism were cultured in the absence (control) or presence of different concentrations (50, 100,
200 and 400 mg/L) of COS with a relative molecular mass not greater than 1 000. The effects of COS on the lifespan,
reproductive capacity, movement speed and swallowing frequency of C. elegans were examined. Results: Compared with the
control group, the lifespan of C. elegans was prolonged by COS at concentrations larger than 200 mg/L (P < 0.05). COS at
all investigated concentrations could significantly extend the mean and maximum lifespan of C. elegans and 400 mg/L was
the most effective concentration for prolonging the lifespan of C. elegans. Compared with the control group, the movement
speed and swallowing frequency of C. elegans were increased when the concentration of COS was higher than 100 mg/L
(P < 0.01), reaching a plateau at 400 mg/L. Conclusion: COS with relative molecular mass equal to or less than 1 000 at
concentrations of 50–400 mg/L can significantly improve the mean and maximum lifespan of C. elegans.

The nutritional components of eggs and skin of Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum cultured in spring water in
Guizhou province were determined. The results showed that 18 kinds of amino acids were found in eggs and the skin;
the ratios of essential amino acid to total amino acid and to non-essential amino acid in eggs were 43.0% and 75.5%,
respectively, while those in skin were 20.7% and 26.0%, respectively, but the ratio of delicious amino acid (DAA) to total
amino acid was higher (50.1%) with glycine (180.0 mg/g) being the most abundant DAA. The eggs and skin contained
with 22 and 18 kinds of fatty acids, respectively, in which the saturated fatty acids accounted for 83.11% and 66.96%,
respectively, and the polyunsaturated fatty acids accounted for 58.51% and 29.55%, respectively. The proportion of EPA +
DHA was 16.53% in eggs, which was higher than that in skin (2.90%). In eggs, P was the most abundant and Mn the least
abundant mineral element, and their contents were 10 520.00 and 1.79 mg/kg, respectively. In skin, the content of Ca was
the highest, and Mn was the lowest, which were 9 199.03 and 0.50 mg/kg, respectively. The contents of predominant mineral
elements (Ca, P, Cu, Zn, Mn and Se) in eggs were higher than in skin, while K, Ca and Fe contents were lower than in skin.
This research showed that the eggs of farmed Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum were a high-quality protein source, while the
skin contained an abundant amount of collagen. Both eggs and skin were rich in minerals and unsaturated fatty acids, with
huge potential for development and utilization.

The major nutritional components and amino acid compositions in three parts of Chuanmingshen (Chuanmingshen
violoaceum Sheh et Shan) were determined comparatively. The results showed that the leaves had much higher contents
of vitamin C (VC, 4.73 mg/100 g), protein (3.97 g/100 g), calcium (43.64 mg/kg) and iron (7.47 mg/kg), in addition to
higher levels of total amino acids, essential amino acids and delicious amino acids than the roots and stems. In addition,
Chuanmingshen leaves contained almost all essential amino acids in a well-balanced proportion, and the essential amino acid
composition was very close to the FAO/WHO recommended pattern. Therefore, Chuanmingshen leaves have high nutritional
value and health benefits, and can be processed into natural green products, such as tea bag, oral liquid, and auxiliary
seasoning materials in processed foods, and animal feed.

Recently, the interactions between polyphenols and proteins have attracted increasing scientific interest. Based
on the mode of their interactions, the interactions between polyphenols and proteins can be divided into two categories
known as the non-covalent interaction and the covalent interaction. While extensive studies have been conducted on the
non-covalent interactions, little research is available on the covalent interactions. Based on an extensive literature review,
this paper overviews the mechanism of covalent interactions between polyphenols and proteins, factors affecting their
interactions, and the effects of these interactions on the food system. It has been shown that the covalent interactions of
polyphenol and protein are partially responsible for the sensory properties, functional and nutritional properties and safety of
the food system. Finally, future research directions in this area are also discussed.

The current status of studies on the extraction and processing of isolated proteins is reviewed systematically with
emphasis on fish protein isolate. Various food protein ingredients extracted from different raw materials based on isoelectric
precipitation method are discussed with particular emphasis on the development and utilization of fish protein. The present
analysis is focused on the conformation and structure of the protein molecules during isolation. Research has shown that
large changes in conformation and structure are always accompanied by significant changes in functional properties of the
protein isolates. Therefore, it is essential to explore the mechanism of protein molecular structure during isolation in order to
regulate specific functional properties of the fish protein ingredients.

As a simple, efficient and low-cost detection approach, test strips provide an effective guarantee for the rapid
detection of food safety. This article reviews the development of test strips based on paper chromatography, chemical
colorimetry, enzyme inhibition, immunoassay, biochemistry and molecular biological technology. The applications of
innovative approaches such as microfluidic paper-based analytical devices, nano-material markers and paper analyzer in test
strips are summarized. Finally, future prospects in this area are discussed.

Oxalate decarboxylase (Oxdc) is a homogenous polymerase with manganese ion and belongs to the Cupin
protein superfamily. In plants and microorganisms, Oxdc is one of the main enzymes which can catalyze the decomposition
of oxalate into formic acid and CO2 without cofactors. It has been applied widely in agriculture, food, industrial process,
medical, biological monitoring and other fields. In this paper, the source, structure, function and practical applications of
Oxdc are reviewed, with particular discussion on the role and advantages of Oxdc in urinary oxalate stones. This will provide
important theoretical reference for the effective prevention and treatment of urinary tract stones.

In recent years, a large number of studies have shown that Helicobacter pylori may be a food-borne pathogen,
and milk is one of the most likely sources of its infection. Isolation and culture of H. pylori from food samples is exacting
and time-consuming. At present, PCR and related technologies, which have high sensitivity, are applied to detect trace
amounts of H. pylori in food samples such as milk. However, there is lack of rapid and effective detection methods and
related standards for H. pylori in food samples although a variety of specific and mature assays are currently available for
clinical use. This review focuses on recent progress in contamination and detection techniques of H. pylori in milk and dairy
products, so as to provide some references for further research on transmission and pathogenic mechanisms of H. pylori.

Vitamin D, an essential compound for humans, is derived from provitamin D by ultraviolet irradiation. The most
important members of the vitamin D family are vitamin D2 and vitamin D3. Edible fungi contain a high amount of provitamin D2
(ergosterol), which can be converted to vitamin D2 by ultraviolet irradiation. The contents of ergosterol and vitamin D2 in
different growth ways of edible fungi are outlined in this paper, beginning with the mechanism of vitamin D2 formation from
ergosterol. The emphasis is placed on discussing some major factors influencing the conversion of ergosterol to vitamin D2 in
edible fungi subjected to ultraviolet irradiation, including edible fungi species, bands of ultraviolet, irradiation dose and time,
and irradiated parts, growth stage and moisture content of edible fungi, as well as reaction temperature, in order to provide a
reference to increase the yield of vitamin D2 in edible fungi under ultraviolet irradiation．