Purpose: To optimize the preparation of blended calcium powders from shrimp shell and to evaluate its calcium
absorption in rats. Methods: The extraction of blended calcium powders from shrimp shell (Penaeus vannamei) by the
combined use of trypsin and citric acid was investigated. Furthermore, the effects of calcium powder on growth, calcium
absorption in rats was studied by establishing calcium deficiency model. Results: The optimized preparation conditions
were determined as follows: initial hydrolysis with 2.5 × 103 U/g of trypsin at pH 8.0 and 45 ℃ for 1.5 h followed by
treatment with 20 mL of 0.35 mol/L citric acid for 1.5 h. Under these conditions, the rate of proteolysis was 57.24%, and the
dissolution rate of calcium was 85.78%. Furthermore, the calcium power contained 19.6% calcium and 18.3% total amino
acids, which was a hazel powder with a delicate texture and without off-flavor. Animal experiments showed that the calcium
powder prepared from shrimp shell significantly improved calcium absorption in rats (P < 0.05), and that gavage dose of
66.5 mg/(kg·d) (calculate based on calcium content and the body weight of rats) could improve the contents of calcium and
phosphorous in serum. Conclusion: Trypsin combined with citric acid offers a mild and effective way to extract blended
calcium powder from shrimp shell, which exhibits better absorption than of CaCO3 with the same calcium content.

This experiment was performed to investigate the effects of combined treatment of tumbling distance, temperature
and vacuum degree on finished product yield of prepared chicken breast meat products. On the basis of single-factor
experiments, the Box-Behnken response surface methodology was applied to optimize the parameters. Results indicated
that the quadratic polynomial regression model established had a good fitness (R2 = 0.848 9). The finished product yield of
prepared chicken breast meat products was significantly influenced by the interaction of vacuum degree and temperature
(P < 0.05). The optimum conditions were determined as follows: tumbling distance, 4 000 m; temperature, 1 ℃ and vacuum
degree, 0.07 MPa. Under these conditions, the finished product yield was 98.32%.

Dietary fiber was extracted from pine kernel meal and its physicochemical properties were examined. Response
surface methodology was used to optimize the extraction conditions. Alcalase was selected as the best enzyme to hydrolyze
the protein in pine kernel meal. pH, enzyme dosage, reaction temperature and reaction time were chosen as the significant
variables influencing the extraction of dietary fiber. Using one-factor-at-a-time method and response surface methodology,
the levels of these four variables were optimized as follows: pH, 9.2; enzyme dosage, 10 148 U/g; reaction temperature,
50 ℃, and reaction time, 3.1 h. Under these optimized conditions, the dietary fiber content of pine kernel meal was determined to
be 77.67%. Compared with pine kernel meal, its water-holding capacity, swelling capacity and oil-binding capacity were increased
by 24.17%, 25.95%, and 40.44%, respectively and its solubility was decreased by 63.94%. The dietary fiber obtained from pine
kernel meal exhibited good functional properties, which are important for practical applications.

Purpose: To optimize the pectinase-assisted extraction of proanthocyanidins (PC) from the stems of
Cynomorium songaricum Rupr.. Methods: Pectinase was introduced into the process for improving the extraction efficiency.
The extraction conditions were optimized by using response surface methodology (RSM). Five key factors including
enzyme dosage, hydrolysis duration, pH value, temperature and ethanol concentration were selected by one-factor-at-a-time
experiments. The extraction yield of PC was used as the response. Results: A quadric regression equation for predicting the
extraction yield of PC was established using Box-Behnken design and the extraction conditions were optimized as follows:
hydrolysis for 34 min with 1% pectinase at 52 ℃ and initial pH 4.8 followed by extraction for 1.5 h with 70% ethanol as the
extraction solvent. Under these optimized conditions, the extraction yield of PC reached 14.30%. Conclusion: The optimized
pectinase-assisted extraction method can enhance the extraction efficiency of PC from Cynomorium songaricum Rupr..

An enzymatic method was used to prepare water-soluble β-D-glucan from the autolyzed cell wall of waste wine
yeast. Single factor method and response surface methodology were applied to optimize the extraction conditions. The watersoluble
β-D-glucan was purified by Sephacryl S-400 HR gel column chromatography to investigate its antioxidant activities.
The optimum conditions for β-D-glucan extraction were determined as follows: temperature, 60 ℃; enzyme dosage, 247 U/mL;
pH, 7.5; and time, 1.5 h. Under these conditions, the yield of water-soluble β-D-glucan was 80.91%. Three components
designated asⅠ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ were eluted from the chromatographic column, the contents of which were 68.08%, 13.97% and
8.79%, respectively. The relative molecular weight of componentⅠ was 100 065.18 D. Antioxidant activity studies showed
that the purified water-soluble β-D-glucan had good antioxidant activities with EC50 values for scavenging, 2’-azinobis-(3-
ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate (ABTS+·), hydroxyl radical, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) radical and
superoxide anion radical and chelating Fe2+ of 2.035, 6.352, 16.773, 5.238 and 1.061 mg/mL, respectively.

A stepwise procedure for bleaching soybean oil was developed on the basis of the principle that multiple
adsorption equilibriums allow effective bleaching of soybean oil. The optimization of processing conditions was done using
one-factor-at-a-time method and response surface methodology. To crude soybean oil, activated clay was added in three
different portions until reaching the same final concentration. The best bleaching efficiency of soybean oil was obtained
when activated clay was added to a final concentration of 1.27% with stirring at 150 r/min for 60 min at 100 ℃. Under these
conditions, the acid value and peroxide value of soybean oil were up to 0.12 mg KOH/g and 3.26 mmol/kg, respectively.
The yellowness and redness of the oil were respectively 18 and 1.45 as measured using a Lovibond tintometer. Compared
with the conventional bleaching process, the new process used 9.29% less activated clay and simultaneously improved the
refining efficiency.

The enzyme-assisted extraction of rosemary acid from Perilla frutescens was optimized applying one-factorat-
a-time method (OFAT) and response surface methodology (RSM) and the antioxidant activity of the rosemary acid was
investigated. Preliminary investigations were conducted into the effect of enzyme dosage, hydrolysis temperature, time and
pH on the extraction yield of rosemary acid. Furthermore, the optimization of process parameters for extracting rosemary
acid by cellulase hydrolysis of Perilla frutescens was done by RSM using Box Behnken design. Meanwhile, the antioxidant
activity was assessed by superoxide anion and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assays. The
optimal conditions for rosemary acid extraction were determined as follows: enzyme dosage, 3%; hydrolysis temperature,
45 ℃; time, 12 min; and pH, 4. The maximum extraction yield of rosemary acid of 0.617% was obtained in experiments
conducted under these optimal conditions, being not significantly different from the predicted value (0.621%). The rosemary
acid showed strong scavenging capacity on superoxide anion and DPPH radicals, thereby having potent antioxidant activity.

In this study, we evaluated and compared the effectiveness of single and combined applications of microwave
and ultrasonic for enhancing the sulfuric acid hydrolysis of corn straw. It turned out that the combined use of microwave and
microwave was superior to either alone. Further, we optimized the microwave/ultrasonic hydrolysis process by using onefactor-
a-time method and response surface methodology. A quadratic regression model for predicting the yield of reducing
sugar as a function of 5 independent variables was formulated and validated. The marginal effect of the independent variables
studied and their interactions were tested. The optimal process conditions were obtained as follows: temperature, 82 ℃;
reaction time, 153 min; sulfuric acid concentration, 3.1%; solid/liquid ratio, 1:45 (g/mL); and microwave power, 634 W.
Under these conditions, the maximum yield of reducing sugar of 41.24% was obtained experimentally, which was in good
agreement with the model prediction, indicating that the model is feasible. A 6.6% increase was achieved as compared to that
obtained under the conditions: reaction time for 2 h at 120 ℃, a sulfuric acid concentration of 3%, and a solid/liquid ratio of
1:20 (g/mL). Ion chromatographic analysis revealed that the hydrolysate solution under the optimized conditions contained
1.75% arab sugar, 0.44% galactose, 15.65% glucose, 7.98% xylose, 15.34% fructose, and 0.09% cellobiose.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the optimum conditions for breaking Ganoderma lucidum spores
by high-pressure homogenization using water as the solvent and to evaluate the antitumor effect of the broken spores.
The optimization of three process variables including solid-to-liquid ratio, homogenization pressure, and the number
of homogenization cycles for improved percentage of broken spores was conducted through one-factor-at-a-time and
orthogonal array experiments. S180 tumor-bearing mice models were established for evaluation of the antitumor effect of
the broken G. lucidum spores. The results showed that the optimal conditions for breaking G. lucidum spores were obtained
as follows: homogenization pressure, 150 MPa; homogenization cycles, 3 times; and solid-to-liquid ratio, 1:100 (g/mL).
Under these conditions, the percentage of broken spores could be up to 94.35%. Antitumor tests showed that the percentage
inhibition of tumor growth in S180 tumor-bearing mice by the broken spores was 43.37%–57.59%, and the liver index and
lung index were little affected while the thymus index and spleen index were significantly enhanced. Therefore, broken G.
lucidum spores possessed good antitumor effect.

Box-Behnken experimental design and response surface methodology were employed to optimize the conditions
for extraction of purple sweet potato peel pigment. Also, the effect of various physicochemical factors on the stability of the
pigment was addressed. The optimum extraction conditions were obtained as follows: 0.5% citric acid:anhydrous ethanol
at a volume ratio of 1:1 as extraction solvent; solid-to-solvent ratio, 1:60 (g/mL); temperature, 50 ℃; and time, 20 min.
Under these conditions, the predicted absorbance value of the pigment solution was 0.843 and the experimental value was
0.838. The pigment was unstable under light and strong alkali conditions (pH > 7). It was relatively stable at temperatures
between 4 and 60 ℃. Metal ions including K+, Ca2+, Na+, Zn2+, Mg2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, and Fe3+ were helpful in the degradation of
the pigment. Within the safe dosage range, its stability was hardly affected by benzoic acid, sorbic acid, citric acid, sucrose,
soluble starch, glucose, and sodium chloride. Therefore, it can be used as food coloring agent.

The aroma components of sun-dried and baked black teas, three replicates each, extracted with headspace solidphase
microextraction (HS-SPME) were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Their similarities
and differences were compared by using principal component analysis (PCA) and clustering analysis (CA). A total of
76 aroma components were identified in these two kinds of black tea, mainly including alcohols, ketones, and esters
compounds. Among them, alcohol compounds were the most abundant components in sun-dried black tea (57.43%) and
baked black tea (60.45%), mainly including linalool, linalool oxides, geraniol, nerolidol, etc. The aroma components of sundried
and baked black teas were very similar and difficult to distinguish from each other. However, PCA and CA showed
that sun-dried and baked black teas could be clearly distinguished according to their volatile characteristics, which illustrated
that drying methods have influences on aroma components of black tea. Therefore, HS-SPME-GC-MS in combination with
multivariate statistical methods could provide a feasible and rapid technique to differentiate between sun-dried and baked
black teas based on their volatile components and relative contents.

This study was undertaken to investigate the distribution characteristics of mineral elements in wild Wolfiporia
extensa. Fifteen elements including Li, Mg, K, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Rb, Sr, Cs, and Pb in the sclerotia of
W. extensa collected from 28 regions of Yunnan province were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry
(ICP-MS) after microwave digestion. The measurement data were analyzed by SPSS through principle component analysis
(PCA), correlation analysis, and cluster analysis (CA). The results showed that the correlation coefficients (r) of the linear
regression equations of the anayte elements were all above 0.999 0, the measured values of standard reference materials
were in agreement with the certified values, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were all below 8%. Hence this
method is suitable for the determination of mineral elements of wild W. extensa because of its good precision and accuracy.
Our analysis results indicated that wild W. extensa collected from Yunnan contained many kinds of mineral elements. The
concentration levels of Ca (925.79 μg/g), K (370.42 μg/g), Mg (115.20 μg/g), and Fe (115.80 μg/g) were the highest, and
the levels of toxic elements As and Pb were below the maximum safe limits stipulated in the Standard for Maximum Levels
of Contaminants in Foods (GB 2762—2012) and the FAO/WHO standards. The results of PCA indicated that 4 principal
components were chosen to examine the dataset which could explain 77.55% of the total variance. V, Fe, Li, As, Cs, Cr,
Pb, Sr, Ca, and Mn were inferred to be the characteristic elements in wild W. extensa. The results of correlation analysis and
CA were in agreement with PCA. All the tested elements could be grouped into three clusters: Fe, V, Li, Cs, As, and Cr as
the first cluster; and Pb, K, Rb, Zn, Mg, and Cu as the second cluster; and Mn, Ca and Sr as the third cluster. The results of
CA indicated that there were significant differences in the contents of mineral elements mainly because the mineral element
contents of wild W. extensa were greatly influenced by the topography and climate characteristics of Yunnan province.

The hybridoma cells secreting monoclonal antibody (McAb) against bovine colostrum immunoglobulin G (IgG)
were developed by cell fusion technology after immunization of BALB/c mice with bovine IgG. McAbs were obtained by
purification of mouse ascites. A double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique was
established for the detection of bovine colostrum IgG. The linear range was 7.8–1 000 ng/mL and the limit of detection (LOD)
was 7.06 ng/mL. The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficient of variations were 4.52% and 4.94%, respectively. The recovery
rate was 91.85%–102.45%. The ELISA method can provide a simple, accurate and stabile approach for the rapid detection
of bovine colostrum IgG.

In order to investigate the influence of initial aging on aroma components in fermented Lentinula edodes wine,
solid-phase micro extraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were applied to detect the
dynamic changes in aroma components during initial aging stage. The relative contents of aroma components were calculated
by a peak area normalization method and the contribution of each compound to the aroma was evaluated by relative odor
activity value (ROAV). The results indicated that a total of 54 aroma components were identified in the initial stage of wine
aging. Among the tested components, 8 aroma components including 3-methyl-1-butanol, phenethyl alcohol, decanoic acid,
and ethyl ester had larger effect upon the aroma than the others. As aging proceeded, the relative contents of esters and acids
were decreased proportionally whereas the proportion of esters was increased significantly. The other aromas remained
stable. The contents of aroma components and ROAV after aging for 60 and 180 d were not significantly different (P > 0.05).
It was shown that the main aroma of the wine was formed in the early stage of aging, indicating that the aging time could be
appropriately shortened during production, in turn shortening the production cycle and improving the production efficiency.

An ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was used to
rapidly and simultaneously detect 4 oligosaccharides in bovine milk and human milk. Samples were defatted, deproteined,
resolved on an ACQUITY BEH amide column using gradient elution with 0.1% ammonia water/acetonitrile as mobile
phase, detected by mass spectrometric specific ion monitoring and quantified. The standard curves of 2 fucosyllactose
oligosaccharides were linear within the range from 0.78 to 50.00 mg/L with R2 > 0.990. The standard curves of 2
sialyllactose were linear within the range from 1.56 to 100.00 mg/L with R2 > 0.990. The recoveries of spiked samples
ranged from 80.00% to 100.00%. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of repeatability and precision was less than 5.00%.

The effects of different extraction methods on lipid yield, fatty acid composition and lipid composition of
sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) eggs were investigated in this study. Lipid was extracted from fish eggs by using the Soxhlet
method, the enzyme-assisted solvent method and the supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) method, respectively. The
results showed that the different extraction methods had obvious effects on the lipid yield. The fatty acid compositions of
lipids extracted by different methods were slightly different, but the lipid composition of eggs was not significantly affected.
Soxhlet extraction with ethyl ether produced a lipid yield of (23.71 ± 1.82)% (on a dry matter basis). The lipid yield with
enzyme-assisted solvent extraction was (15.47 ± 1.21)% from the samples treated with neutral protease, whereas a lipid yield
of (10.43 ± 2.16)% was achieved by SC-CO2 extraction. A total of 17 fatty acids were found in lipid from eggs, including 6
saturated fatty acids, 4 monounsaturated fatty acids and 7 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The relative contents of unsaturated
and polyunsaturated fatty acids were more than 70% and 17%, respectively. There were three dominant lipid components
extracted from sturgeon eggs including triglycerides, cholesterol and polar lipids, irrespective of extraction methods.
Triglycerides accounted for more than 89% of the total lipids in sturgeon eggs.

The general nutrients, amino acids, fatty acids, cholesterol and inorganic elements in the nidamental gland of
female Sepia pharaonis (S. pharaonis) were analyzed to evaluate its nutritional value and developmental prospects. The
results showed that the contents of moisture, crude protein, crude fat and ash in the nidamental gland of female S. pharaonis
on fresh weight basis were 73.27%, 18.40%, 0.16% and 1.70%, respectively. Eighteen amino acids were detected in the
nidamental gland of female S. pharaonis and the content of essential amino acids (EAA) was 5.54 g/100 g, which accounted
for 41.47% of the total amino acids. The composition of EAAs met the FAO/WHO pattern. According to nutritional
evaluation by amino acids score (AAS), the first limiting amino acid was Val, while the first limiting amino acid was Trp
based on chemical score (CS). The total unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) in the nidamental gland of female S. pharaonis
accounted for 63.21% of the total amount of fatty acids, and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid
(DHA) accounted for 12.55% and 33.19% of the total fatty acids, respectively. The content of cholesterol in the sample was
2.24 mg/g, which was evidently lower than that of egg yolk. Macroelements (K, Ca, Na, and Mg) and trace elements (Se, Cu, and
Mn) were abundant in the nidamental gland of female S. pharaonis, but the content of As was 35.90 mg/kg, which highly exceeded
the limit standard of 0.5 mg/kg. These results indicated that the nidamental gland of female S. pharaonis possesses high nutritional
value, but there is a necessity for appropriate consumption and processing methods to ensure food safety.

The effect of different reaction temperatures on sensory quality and volatile flavor compounds of Maillard
reaction products (MRPs) derived from bovine bone hydrolysate was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
(GC-MS) and electronic nose. The results showed that MRPs generated at different temperatures exhibited high variability
in sensory quality and volatile flavor. The meat flavor produced at 105 ℃ had obvious advantages in the terms of flavor and
taste. In the meantime, it contained much more volatile flavor substances, which could reach 93.62% as detected by GCMS.
In particular, pyrazine compounds as characteristic flavor components accounted for 8.19%. The contents of aldehydes
and ketones were higher as well. The meat flavor manufactured under this condition was dark brown, and had full bodied
fragrance and a lasting aftertaste. At the same time, electronic nose analysis revealed that products obtained at different
reaction temperatures had significant differences in volatile flavor composition.

Objective: This study aimed to prepare epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) reference material according to the
Directives for the Work of Reference Materials (3): Reference Materials—General and Statistical Principles for Certification
(GB/T 15000.3—2008). Methods: EGCG from green tea was separated by extraction and high speed counter current
chromatography (HSCCC). Its chemical structure was identified by ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectroscopy, infrared (IR)
spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The homogeneity and stability
were systematically checked. A cooperative validation was conducted in 8 laboratories and the results of certification for
EGCG were analyzed. Results: The homogeneity and stability of the reference material of EGCG were excellent, and the
certified value was 99.29% with an expanded uncertainty of 0.16% at confidence coefficient of 95%. Conclusions: The
reference material of EGCG conforms to the requirement of the Directives for the Work of Reference Materials (3) and can
be used for validation of analytical methods for quality control of green tea products.

A new method for simultaneous separation and determination of five vitamins including nicotinic acid (vitamin
PP), biotin (VB7), nicotinamide (vitamin PP), folic acid (VB9), and cyanocobalamin (VB12) using high performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) on a titania-based column has been developed. The influence of buffer pH, buffer type, buffer
concentration, column temperature and flow rate on separation efficiency was investigated. The optimized chromatographic
conditions were obtained as follows: 5.0 mmol/L phosphate solution at pH 7.0 as buffer solution, column temperature of
50 ℃, and a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. Biotin and cyanocobalamin were detected at 210 nm and three other vitamins at
270 nm. The thermodynamic parameters enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs free energy were calculated for the retention of the
analytes. The proposed method presented good linearity (R2 > 0.999 0) for the five vitamins. The limits of detection (LODs)
for nicotinic acid, biotin, nicotinamide, folic acid and cyanocobalamin were 6, 10, 20, 22, and 8 ng/mL, respectively. The
precisions (RSDs) for the five vitamins were less than 1.36%. The recoveries of spiked samples were between 92.30% and
107.20%. The precision and accuracy of this method can meet the requirements of HPLC analysis.

To achieve the comprehensive utilization of jujube pit, pyroligneous acid was prepared by pyrolyzing jujube
pit at 150 to 400 ℃ to analyze its chemical constituents by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and test its
antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli, Penicillium glaucum and Coniella granati. The results showed that a total
of 35 compounds were detected by GC-MS analysis from the pyroligneous acid, mainly phenols, ketones, organic acids,
aldehydes, heterocyclic compounds, etc. Among them, the most abundant were phenols, ketones and organic acid, which
accounted for 71.01% of the total amount of compounds detected. All pyroligneous acids with three different concentrations
showed significant antimicrobial activities in a dose-dependent manner. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of
the pyroligneous acid against Escherichia coli, Penicillium glaucum and Coniella granati were 1.25%, 2.5% and 0.625%,
respectively. These results preliminarily suggested that phenols and organic acids were the active components responsible
for the antimicrobial activity of pyroligneous acid.

Fourteen fatty acids in Panicum miliaceum L. were qualitatively identified and quantitatively determined using
gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The total content of these fatty acids was determined to be 96.9%.
Among the identified fatty acids were 8 unsaturated fatty acids (64.533%), of which the predominant ones were linoleic acid
(12.371%), oleic acid (44.157%), linolenic acid (1.173%), etc. Obviously, the dominant fatty acids in Panicum miliaceum L.
were unsaturated fatty acids, which are high quality fatty acids. The results calculated from the regression equation showed
that the contents of palmitic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid in Panicum miliaceum L. were
100.261, 165.309, 23.402, 52.181 and 17.516 mg/100 g, respectively. As with other grains such as foxtail millet, sorghum,
wheat, oat and rice, Panicum miliaceum L. contained stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid and linolenic acid,
rich in unsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic acid and linolenic acid.

This study aimed to analyze the differences in comprehensive quality of free amino acids in ripe fruits among
different varieties of mulberry in Jiangsu province. An automatic amino acid analyzer was used to determine the types and
contents of free amino acids in ripe fruits of 10 mulberry varieties. Then their free amino acid profiles were analyzed and
synthetically evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA). The results indicated that all 10 mulberry varieties contained
17 kinds of free amino acids. The Taiwan No. 1 variety had the highest total content of free amino acids (270.073 mg/100 g)
and Sheyang No. 3 contained the least amount of free amino acids (38.718 mg/100 g). The PCA analysis showed that
the contribution percentages of the first, second and third principal components were 50.845%, 27.912%, and 10.078%,
respectively, and their cumulative percentage contribution was 88.835%. Therefore, these three components could represent
the main trends of free amino acids in mulberries. The comprehensive evaluation scores of 10 mulberry varieties decreased
in the following order: Taiwan No. 1 > Zhenshen No. 1 > Dashi > Fengguosang > Xuan No. 100 > Xuan No. 20 > Yu No.
721 > Zhongshen No. 1 > Zhen No. 9106 > Sheyang No. 3.

Objective: To analyze the chemical composition of the essential oil from Mosla chinensis Maxim. cv.
Jiangxiangru and to examine the inhibition of the oil and its main components on the biofilm formation of Staphylococcus
aureus. Methods: The chemical composition analysis was carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS).
The inhibitory effects of the essential oil and its eight main components were examined against the biofilm formation
of Staphylococcus aureus. Results: A total of 29 chemical compositions were identified in the essential oil. Its main
components were thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene, γ-terpenene, thymyl acetate, α-caryophyllene, 3-carene, and carvacryl
acetate. The percentage inhibition of the biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus by the essential oil reached 91.3%,
although scavenging only 78.5% of the mature biofilm of Staphylococcus aereus. Carvacrol, 3-carene, carvacryl acetate and
α-caryophyllene showed obvious inhibition against the formation of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Among these, 3-carene
was the most effective inhibitor with a percentage inhibition of 93.9%. On the other hand, both p-cymene and thymyl acetate
were able to significantly scavenge the mature biofilm of Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion: The essential oil from Mosla
chinensis Maxim. cv. Jiangxiangru possessed a very strong inhibitory effect on the biofilm formation of Staphylococcus
aureus. Moreover, it also could scavenge the mature biofilm of Staphylococcus aureus. This may be a result of the combined
effects of several components in the essential oil.

Graphene oxide/CeO2-NiAl-layered double hydroxide composite (GO/CeO2-NiAl-LDHs) was prepared using a
urea hydrolysis method and characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction (XRD),
field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and electrochemical techniques. GO/CeO2-NiAl-LDHs showed good
electrochemical activity with an obvious layered structure. A sensor of L-cysteine (Cys) was fabricated using GO/CeO2-
NiAl-LDHs modified paraffin-impregnated graphite electrode (GO/CeO2-NiAl-LDHs/WGE). The oxidation peak currents
depending on the concentrations showed a good linear relationship in a range of 3 × 10-7 - 1 × 10-6 mol/L. The sensor could
be used for Cys sensing in real samples.

Objective: This study aimed to establish and validate a high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method
for the fast simultaneous determination of organic acids and vitamin C (VC) in jujube fruits. Methods: The analytes in
samples were extracted ultrasonically in a water bath, centrifugated and purified by membrane filtration for analysis by
HPLC with diode-array detection (DAD). The chromatographic column used was Inertsil ODS-3 (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm).
The separation was performed using 0.04 mol/L KH2PO4 (pH 2.40) as mobile phase at 0.5 mL/min flow rate by isocratic
elution. The column temperature and detection wavelength were set as 30 ℃ and 210 nm, respectively. Results: Under
these chromatographic conditions, 7 organic acids and VC could be successfully separated in 30 minutes. The coefficients
of determination (R2) of the standard calibration curves of the analyzed compounds were all above 0.998 9 and the precision
expressed as relative standard deviations were between 0.98% and 4.77% (n = 5) and the repeatability RSDs were in the
range of 0.88% to 2.19% (n = 5). The mean recovery rates of seven organic acids and vitamin C were in the range of 91.35%
to 105.74%. Conclusion: This method is an accurate, rapid, and applicable method to determine organic acids and vitamin C
in jujube fruits.

A normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was established to determine
phosphatidylcholine monohydroperoxide (PC-OOH) in dry cured meat products. The PC-OOH in dry cured meat samples
was extracted with chloroform/methanol (2:1, V/V), followed by determination by normal-phase HPLC connected to a
photo-diode array detector (HPLC-PAD) with synthetic C16:0/18:2 PC-OOH as the standard. The chromatographic conditions
were established using a Lichrosorb Si60 column (250 mm × 4.0 mm, 5 μm) with a mobile phase consisting of water and
n-hexane/isopropanol (3:2, V/V) in gradient elution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detection wavelength was set at
234 nm. Results indicated that the linearity ranged from 20 to 600 nmol/mL (R2 = 0.999 9), and the limits of detection (LOD)
and limits of quantification (LOQ) were 5.8 nmol/mL and 19.4 nmol/mL, respectively. The recoveries from spiked samples
at concentration levels of 32–240 nmol/g were in the range of 79.4%–91.9%. The contents of PC-OOH in farm-made sausage
A, B and Chinese ham samples were 92.4, 106.4 and 102.5 nmol/g, respectively, while PC-OOH in smoked meat was not
detected. This method proved to be of high maneuverability, excellent sensitivity and high accuracy, and could be used for
quantitative analysis of PC-OOH in dry cured meat samples.

By taking advantage of lipid peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and consequent generation of a variety of
highly reactive small molecular aliphatic aldehydes during the refining of waste cooking oil, a simple and highly sensitive
method was established based on the precolumn derivatization of aliphatic aldehydes utilizing 2,4-dinitrobenzene hydrazine
(DNPH) followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Further, high sensitivity was obtained by adding
2-picoline borane (2-PB) as a reducing agent to convert cis- and trans-isomers into the same structure. Compared with edible
oil, the contents of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in refined waste oil increased significantly, providing an indicator to
discriminate waste cooking oil. This method is specific, highly sensitive and accurate and greatly improves the procedure for
detection and identification of waste cooking oil.

Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2) in paprika and paprika extracts were quantified by high-performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) after cleanup by immunoaffinity chromatography. Paprika samples were collected from India and
Xinjiang, China. Paprika extracts were prepared in our laboratory. The results showed that aflatoxin was detected in both
paprika and paprika extract samples in the range of 0.93 to 51.53 μg/kg and that during preparation of paprika extracts,
aflatoxin migrated from paprika to capsicum oleoresin, but not to paprika oleoresin. These results indicated that the aflatoxin
in paprika extracts came from contaminated paprika. To control aflatoxin contamination of paprika extracts, the starting raw
material must be free from contamination by aflatoxin.

An analytical method using ion chromatography with isocratic elution was developed for the determination of four
inorganic anions (F-, Cl-, SO₄^2-  and NO₃^-) in carbonates and phosphates. Carbonate samples were dissolved in 20 mmol/L
sodium hydroxide solution and then neutralized to pH between 4.5 and 5.5 with phosphoric acid. Phosphate samples were
dissolved with 20 mmol/L sodium hydroxide solution directly and then separated on an AS11-HC column with 20 mmol/L
sodium hydroxide solution as the mobile phase at 1.0 mL/min flow rate. The results indicated that the calibration curves
showed good linear relationship for 4 inorganic anions (r = 0.999 2–0.999 9). The limits of detection (LODs) for F-, Cl-,
SO₄^2- and NO₃^- were 2.0, 2.0, 2.5 and 2.5 mg/kg respectively. The mean recoveries at three spiked concentration levels
(low, middle, and high) were 80%–109.88%, and the relative standard derivations (RSDs) were 0.85%–4.67% (n = 6).
The proposed method is reliable, simple, convenient, sensitive, universal and reproducible, and can be applied in the rapid
determination of 4 anions in carbonates and phosphates.

A method has been developed for the determination of diclazuril in fish by high performance liquid
chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) with dispersive solid phase extraction. Samples were
dehydrated with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and extracted with acetonitrile. Then the extracts were concentrated under
vacuum condition. The samples were degreased with hexane and cleaned up by dispersive solid phase extraction, analyzed
by HPLC-MS/MS and quantified with internal standard method. Electrospray ionization was applied and operated in the
negative ion mode. The calibration curve showed good linearity between peak area and the concentration of diclazuril
in the range of 1–100 μg/L with a correlation coefficient over 0.999. The average recoveries from spiked sample at the
three concentrations of 1.00, 5.00 and 50.0 μg/kg ranged from 95.4% to 108% with intra- and inter-batch relative standard
deviations below 15%. The limit of detection (LOD) for diclazuril was 0.50 μg/kg. This efficient and simple method could
be used to identify and quantify diclazuril in fish with satisfactory sensitivity and repeatability.

A method for the simultaneous determination of phytosterol and cholesterol in foods was established by gas
chromatography (GC) in this research. Cholesterol, brassicasterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, and stigmasterol
were quantified using 5α-cholestane as the internal reference standard. Samples were saponified before extraction and the
extract was concentrated and diluted again with n-heptane before being injected into the chromatographic system. The results
showed that cholesterol and phytosterols were separated well and displayed linear relationship over the concentration range
of 0.001–2.5 mg/mL. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of this method were 0.3 and 1.0 mg/100 g,
respectively. Compared with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the GC method could effectively separate
cholesterol and phytosterols, with simpler operation, better reproducibility, and higher accuracy and sensitivity.

An ion-selective electrode (ISE) method was developed for the rapid determination of nitrate in pickled mustard
tuber. Firstly, a test instrument consisting of nitrate ion-selective electrodes, reference electrode, ion meter, and computer
was assembled. Then the calibration curve was developed and the influence of temperature, ionic strength and interfering
ions on the ISE method was analyzed. Lastly, the nitrate content in pickled mustard tuber was determined by the ISE
method, and the data obtained were compared with those from conventional ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The results
showed that the temperature change did not affect the calibration curve. Addition of ionic strength regulator and the presence
of interfering ions had less influence on the standard curve. The average error between the ion-selective electrode method
and ultraviolet spectrophotometry was 4.247%, and their relative standard deviations were less than 2.0%. There were
no significant differences between the two methods by t-test. The ion-selective electrode method can be an alternative to
ultraviolet spectrophotometry for the rapid determination of nitrate content in pickled mustard tuber within 15 seconds.

Objective: To examine the influence of the Japanese Fukushima nuclear accident on the activity concentrations
of ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs in import squid at Zhoushan ports. Methods: A total of 310 samples from the North Pacific Ocean, the Sea
of Japan, Argentina sea area, and Peru sea area were selected during 2011?2014, and the activity concentrations of ¹³⁷Cs and
¹³⁴Cs in these samples were analyzed by using a high-purity germanium (HPGe) gamma-ray spectrometer. Results: Among
310 samples analyzed, 20 (6.5%) were found to be positive and the North Pacific squid accounted for 85.0% of the total
positive samples. The highest specific activity values of ¹³⁷Cs and ¹³⁴Cs were 6.89 × 103 and 4.12 × 103 Bq/g, respectively, far
lower than the standard limits in different countries (the minimum limit is 100 × 103 Bq/g). Conclusion: The specific activity
values of ¹³⁷Cs and ¹³⁴Cs in import squid at Zhoushan ports were lower than 10.0 × 103 Bq/g, not harmful to food quality and
safety. However, the relative detection rates of squid from the North Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan squid were higher.
Thus, attention should be paid to this issue.

Objective: To develop an ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS)
method for determining trimethyltin (TMT) in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) food packaging materials and four food simulants
and to further study the migration pattern of TMT from the packaging materials to the food simulants. Methods: TMT
was extracted from PVC food packaging materials with ethyl acetate. After purification and enrichment with OASIS
MCX C18 cartridge, the eluate containing food simulants was evaporated to dryness with nitrogen in water bath, redissolved
with the mobile phase, vortexed and filtered through a 0.22 μm membrane. The filtrate was detected by
UPLC-MS-MS using positive ion electrospray ionization under multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with a UPLC C18
column as separation column, and quantified by an external standard method. At different temperatures, PVC food packaging
materials were soaked in four food simulants, namely, water, 10% ethanol solution, 3 g/100 mL acetic acid solution and
n-hexane, respectively. At certain time points, the soaking solution was analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS. Results: The standard
calibration curve of TMT was linear in the range of 0.1–100.0 μg/L with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 8. The recoveries
at three spiked levels (1.0, 10.0 and 50.0 μg/L) ranged from 90.6% to 97.3%, with relative standard derivations (RSDs) lower
than 6.9%. TMT was detected in the range of 0.19–1.65, 0.19–9.89, 0.11–9.96 and 0.15–3.54 μg/L in water, 10% ethanol
solution 3 g/100 mL acetic acid solution and n-hexane, respectively. Conclusion: The solid phase extraction-UPLC-MS/
MS method is simple, reliable, accurate,and applicable to determinate TMT in food simulants. TMT in PVC food packaging
materials easily migrates to 10% ethanol solution and 3 g/100 mL acetic acid solution. These results showed that TMT
migration has positive correlations with temperature and time, but the process was balanced after a certain period of time.

Objective: To develop a detection method for aildenafil adulterated in health wine using high performance liquid
chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Methods: The chromatography was performed using an
Agilent RRDH Eclipse plus C18 column (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.8 μm), with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-0.1%
formic acid (phase A) and 0.1% acetic acid -20 mmol/L ammonium acetate (phase B) by gradient elution. Qualitative
analysis of aildenafil was conducted under full-scan model, and quantitative analysis in the multiple reaction monitoring
(MRM) model. Results: The method was linear with a correlation coefficient (r2) > 0.99, and its precision, expressed as
RSD, was < 3%. The recoveries of aildenafil at different spiked concentrations ranged from 97.31% to 100.66%. The limit
of detection (LOD) was 0.6 ng/mL and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 1.6 ng/mL. Conclusion: This method is fast and
accurate with a high sensitivity and a high degree of separation. It can be used for the screening and detection of aildenafil
illegally added in health wine.

A gas chromatographic (GC) method with an electron capture detector (ECD) after acetylation was developed
for the determination of sucralose in drinks. Samples were diluted with water and then derivatized with acetic anhydride
in the presence of 1-methylimidazole as a catalyst. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the derivatives were achieved
by GC-MS and GC-ECD, respectively. The results showed that the target derivative was 4,1’,6’-trichloro-2,3,6,3’,4’-
sucrose pentaacetate (TOSPA). The calibration curve for the analyte showed good linearity in the range of 0.02–1.2 mg/mL
(R = 0.999 4). The limit of detection (LOD) for sucralose was 0.23 mg/kg, and the recoveries obtained by standard addition
method were between 90.0% and 94.5%, with relative standard deviations (RSD, n = 6) between 0.6% and 2.5%. This
method provides the advantages of low LOD, high sensitivity, less disturbance, good linearity, high accuracy and simple
operation. Thus, it can be applied in sucralose analysis in drinks.

This paper establishes a method for the batch analysis of seven polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) residues in
aquatic products by gas chromatography. The sample was extracted by ultrasonic assistance, and the extract was then
sulfonated with concentrated sulfuric acid before purification by dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE). The efficiencies
of extraction and separation of PCBs were examined under different conditions and matrix interferences from aquatic
products were taken into account as well. Seven PCBs were detected by gas chromatography with electron capture detector
and quantitated using an internal standard calibration method. The results showed that the calibration curves of seven PCBs
had a good linearity within the concentration range of 0.005–0.2 μg/mL with correlation coefficient of 0.999 86–0.999 97.
The recoveries at spiked concentration levels of 2–100 μg/kg were 80.4%–118.0%, with relative standard deviations between
1.9% and 7.3%. The limit of detection (RSN = 3) was 0.4–0.8 μg/kg, and the practical quantification limit (RSN = 10) was
1.3–2.7 μg/kg. The method was characterized by simple operation, rapid detection and good reproducibility, and was suitable
for the batch analysis of PCBs residues in aquatic products.

The effects of β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) treatment on postharvest grey mold decay, the activities of defenserelated
enzymes and total phenolics content in Kyoho grapes were investigated. The grape fruits were pretreated with
75 mmol/L BABA, inoculated with Botrytis cinerea, and then stored at 25 ℃ for 60 h. The results showed that BABA
treatment resulted in significantly lower disease incidence and smaller lesion diameter compared with the control fruit.
Meanwhile, BABA treatment enhanced the activities of defense-related enzymes including chitinase, β-1,3 glucanase,
phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, 4-coumarate coenzyme A ligase and cinnamate-4-hydroxylase and increased the content of
total phenolics. These results suggest that BABA treatment can reduce the incidence and severity of gray mold decay by
inducing disease resistance in grapes.

In this article, the freshness and shelf life of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) stored at 4 ℃ were determined by
the quality index method (QIM) on the basis of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), K value, 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA),
texture profile analysis (TPA), and total viable count (TVC). The results showed that QI value displayed a highly linear
relationship with storage time and could be represented by the equation QI = 1.175t − 0.395 (R2 = 0.988 4). Conclusively, the
QI could predict the remaining shelf life with an accuracy of ±1 day (0.816) at the 95% confidence interval. On the 15th day,
the sensory quality was considered unacceptable. TVB-N value, K value and the TVC reached 31.34 mg N/100 g, 72.24%
and 6.45 (lg (CFU/g)), respectively, which reached the reference limit standard for the endpoint of fish shelf life. The QIM
result had a good coincidence with freshness indices, indicating that QIM is a promising and rapid method for freshness
evaluation and shelf life determination. Meanwhile, a shelf life of 15 days was obtained in this study for turbot stored at 4 ℃.

The maturity, storage temperature and time of coconut water were investigated by dielectric relaxation
spectroscopy. The sucrose concentration in coconut water was found to be related to its maturity, allowing the determination
of the relative maturity of coconut water. The conductivity of coconut water decreased when the storage time was extended,
and declined faster at room temperature, indicating that low temperature is favorable for the storage of coconut water.
Besides, both free and bound water contributed to the relaxation of coconut water at microwave frequencies. The change
in relaxation strength of bound water reflected the quality change of coconut water. The color change of coconut water
indicated that coconut water could be stored for one day at room temperature and for three days in refrigerator.

The coating preservation of gelatin modified by transglutaminase (TGase) combined with peptide-Zn complex
from silver carp skin on grass carp was studied. Sensory evaluation, thiobarbituric acid (TBA), total volatile basic nitrogen
(TVB-N), pH value and total bacterial count were measured to study the quality changes of grass carp with different
treatments during cold storage. The results showed that modified gelatin alone and its combination with peptide-Zn complex
prepared from silver carp skin protein hydrolysate were both effective in preventing deterioration and preserving the quality
of grass carp by significantly inhibiting the increases in TBA value, TVB-N value and pH value and restraining bacterial
growth. Modified gelatin was comparable to sodium alginate combined with peptide-Zn complex in terms of efficacy.
However, compared with sodium alginate combined with peptide-Zn complex, grass carp had a better quality on the 6th d of
storage after being coated with modified gelatin combined with peptide-Zn complex. As a result, the quality of grass carp
remained at the first and second grades both for 3 more days. In conclusion, modified gelatin combined with peptide-Zn
complex was a more effective coating for preserving the quality of aquatic products when compared with the combination
with sodium alginate.

In order to investigate the effect of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on its postharvest physiology and storage
quality, Termitornyces albuminosus was fumigated with different concentrations of 1-MCP (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 μL/L) at room
temperature (25 ± 2) ℃ and then stored at low temperature (4 ± 1) ℃. The results indicated that 1-MCP treatment could
significantly improve storage quality of Termitornyces albuminosus as indicated by significantly reduced respiration intensity
and increased soluble sugar content and catalase activity compared with the untreated control. Treatment with 1-MCP
not only retarded the degradation of soluble protein but also inhibited the accumulation of malondialdehyde content and
polyphenol oxidase activity. In conclusion, 1-MCP treatment could inhibit physiological metabolism, maintain quality,
and delay the senescence of Termitornyces albuminosus. The optimal concentration of 1-MCP was 1.0 μL/L for storage of
Termitornyces albuminosus. Under this condition, no obvious browning and cap opening were found. The freshness degree
could reach 0.51 after storaged at (4 ± 1) ℃ for 12 days. Thus, 1-MCP treatment was able to effectively prolonge the shelf
life of Termitornyces albuminosus and consequently was effective in preserving its commercial value.

In conventional chilling, pork carcass shrinkage is very serious, causing considerable economic losses. To solve
this problem, we examined the changing patterns of air velocity, temperature and relative humidity at different locations
in the chilling room and further addressed the effects of chilling time and positioning at different locations in the chilling
room on evaporative loss of pork carcasses slaughtered in spring. The results indicated that the differences in air velocity,
humidity and temperature at different locations in the chilling room had a significant effect on evaporative loss of carcasses
during chilling (P < 0.05). The locations of chilling room where air velocity was higher provided higher relative humidity
surrounding pork carcasses and lower temperature, resulting in less evaporative loss of pork carcasses. With the extension of
chilling time, the evaporative loss of pork carcasses gradually increased, and it was significantly affected by the chilling time
(P < 0.05).

The effects of spraying with different concentrations of Ca(NO3)2 solution (1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%) at one week
before harvest on decay incidence and the contents of sugar and organic acid as well as their ratio in fruits of the ‘Jing’ ou
1’ cultivar of Chinese dwarf cherry (Cerasus humilis (Bge.) Sok.) were studied during storage. The results indicated that
preharvest calcium spray reduced the incidence of decay and increased the contents of sugar and organic acid during storage.
On the 45th day of storage, the decay incidence of the fruit treated with 1.5% Ca(NO3)2 preharvest was only 8.4% and the
contents of sucrose, glucose, sorbitol, malic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid and oxalic acid and sugar/acid ratio
in the treatment group were significantly higher than in the control and other calcium treatments. These findings suggest that
preharvest calcium treatment is helpful to preserve the quality of Chinese dwarf cherry fruits during storage and the best
application regimen is spraying 1.5% Ca(NO3)2 at one week preharvest.

In this research, slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) was applied by spraying on freshly harvested fruits of
Myrica rubra cv. Dongkui. The effect of SAEW on the microbial load and storage quality of Myrica rubra was examined.
The experiments were divided into four groups: storage at 4 ℃ without pretreatment, storage at 4 ℃ after spraying with
20 mg/L SAEW, storage at 23 ℃ without pretreatment, and storage at 23 ℃ after spraying with 20 mg/L SAEW. During
storage, changes in quality indices were measured. The results showed that both low temperature and SAEW treatments
could restrain microbial reproduction, reduce respiration intensity, maintain the hardness and weight of Myrica rubra
and slow down the decreases in total acid and total sugar. The treatment of SAEW could also reduce the initial amount of
microbial load. Both treatments could maintain the taste and nutrient value of Myrica rubra to a certain degree as well as
extend the shelf-life. The combination of low temperature storage and SAEW treatment was found to be synergistic.

Effects of sodium selenite on the in vitro and in vivo growth of Alternaria alternata, the causal agent of black
rot disease in vitro, disease development and storage quality of apricot fruit were investigated. The results showed that
mycelial growth and spore germination of A. alternata were significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited by sodium selenite treatment,
and the optimal inhibitory effect was achieved at a concentration of 40 mg/L. Additionally, sodium selenite treatment
caused changes in the morphological structure of A. alternata mycelia such as sunken and distorted hyphae as observed by
scanning electron microscopy (SEM), with a 30.8% reduction observed in its colony diameter as compared to the control.
In vivo experiments showed that the lesion expansion of apricot fruit inoculated with A. alternata was effectively inhibited
by treatment with 20 mg/L sodium selenite. In addition, the ethylene release and respiration intensity of apricot fruit were
significantly reduced while the reductions of weight loss and firmness were delayed. These findings suggested that selenium
has potential application in disease control and preservation of postharvest fruits and vegetables.

The effects of postharvest dipping with different concentrations of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) on the quality and
browning of peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch ‘Okubo’) during cold storage were investigated. The results showed that PVP
treatment at various concentrations significantly slowed down fruit softening, retarded the increase in juice extraction rate
and reducing sugar content, and maintained higher levels of titratable acids and VC. Moreover, PVP treatment decreased the
browning index, and the best effect was observed at 3 mg/mL. PVP treatment inhibited the increase in malonaldehyde (MDA)
content and membrane permeability, and also suppressed the activities of peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and
phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL). These results indicated that PVP could reduce browning and maintain eating quality of
cold-stored peach fruits, thus having potential application in the postharvest industry.

Polylactic acid (PLA) film was applied to preserve broccoli with polyethylene (PE) film packaging and without
packaging as controls. The effect of PLA film on preservation of broccoli quality was investigated by periodically recording
quality changes during storage at a constant temperature of (20 ± 3) ℃. The results showed that the vitamin C and
chlorophyll contents of broccoli were declined, while the relative conductivity and peroxidase (POD) activity were increased
during storage under all three packaging conditions. The broccoli packaged in PLA film showed minimum changes. From
the above results it is clear that PLA film can preserve broccoli quality obviously and effectively prolong its shelf life at
normal temperature.