This study aimed to characterize the redox stability of oxymyoglobin from bovine heart. Myoglobin was isolated
by ammonium sulphate precipitation (75%—100% saturation), followed by Sephadex G-75 chromatography. Its purity
was identified by scanning spectrophotometry. The pH and thermal stability of oxymyoglobin were tested over a pH range
of 3.0—11.0 and a temperature range of 20—60 ℃. In addition, oxymyoglobin was incubated with 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
(HNE) and lactic acid, the redox stability of myoglobin was expressed by metmyoglobin percentage. The results showed
that the stability of oxymyoglobin was decreased and the formation of metmyoglobin increased with increasing temperature.
Metmyoglobin had the highest stability at pH 7.0, where the characteristic absorption peak of myoglobin disappeared. When
compared with the control group, HNE improved the accumulation of metmyoglobin, while lactic acid decreased the accumulation of
metmyoglobin. Myoglobin redox stability in neutral and alkaline environment was significantly higher than that in acid environment
(P ＜ 0.01). Moreover, HNE improved the autoxidation of oxymoglobin, while lactate inhibited the autoxidation of oxymoglobin.

The kinetics of (+)-catechin-acetaldehyde condensation reaction in a wine simulation model was invesitgated by
RP-HPLC-ELSD analysis in this study. The results demonstrated that the reaction followed a first-order kinetic law under the
experimental conditions. Temperature had a significant influence on the reaction rate. The relationship between temperature and
reaction rate obeyed the Arrhenius equation and the activation energy of the condensation reaction was 36.16 kJ/mol.

Bamei lamb is a locally newly developed breed for meat production in Inner Mongolia, but it slaughter
performance and carcass characteristics have never been defined yet. In this study, Bamei lamb at 4, 6, 8 months of
age were slaughtered and its slaughter performance and carcass quality were compared with those of Small tailed
sheep and Sunit lamb of the same age. The results showed that Bamei lamb at all ages analyzed had bigger loin
eye area than the other two breeds of the same ages (P ＜ 0.05). Dressing percentage, lean meat yield and back
meat thickness of Bamei lamb at 6 months and 8 months of age were significantly higher than those of Small tailed
sheep and Sunit lamb of the same age (P ＜ 0.05). Dressing percentage, lean meat yield, loin eye area and back
meat thickness of Bamei lamb at 4 months of age were significantly lower or smaller than those at 6 months of age
(P ＜ 0.01), but which were smaller or lower than those at 8 months of age(P ＜ 0.05). In summary, Bamei lamb
is superior to Small tailed sheep and Sunit lamb for meat production. Based on the data we obtained, the proper
slaughter age for Bamei lamb is between 6 months and 8 months.

The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of high pressure processing (HPP) (with varying
pressures and treatment time) on thermal characteristics of perimysium and endomysium collagen from beef. Muscle
samples were subjected to high pressure treatment varying from 200 to 600 MPa for 10 min and 20 min, respectively. The
changes of thermal shrinkage temperatures (To: onset temperature; Tp: peak temperature; Te: end temperature) of perimysium
and endomysium collagen of beef semitendinosus muscle following HPP treatment were analyzed by differential scanning
calorimeter (DSC). The results indicated that the effect of high pressure on thermal shrinkage temperatures of endomysium
collagen were more significant than that on perimysium collagen, especially when pressure was higher than 500 MPa and
held for longer than 20 min. At pressure above 500 MPa, longer treatment time could lead to higher shrinkage temperatures
of endomysium collagen (mainly presented in Tp). Pressures between 500 MPa and 600 MPa had a critical effect on the
thermal shrinkage temperatures of perimysium and endomysium collagen treated for 10 min and 20 min, respectively. The
changes in thermal shrinkage temperatures of perimysial and endomysial collagen of pressure processed beef muscle were
attributed to the pressure-induced changes of thermal characteristics (thermal stability) of connective tissue collagen.

Absolute molecular weight, amino acid composition and bioactivity in vitro of rice peptide were investigated in
this study. Rice protein was hydrolyzed using alcalase and trypsin to obtain rice peptide. Multi-angle laser light scattering
combined with gel permeation chromatography (GPC/MALLS) was used to determine the absolute molecular weight of rice
peptide. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with post-column derivatization technique was used to analyze
rice peptide for amino acid composition. The antioxidant activity of rice peptide was evaluated based on oxygen radical
absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays and DPPH free radical-scavenging capacity and the angiotensin Ⅰ-converting enzyme
(ACE) inhibitory activity was determined by HPLC. The results showed that the absolute molecular weight of rice peptide
mainly distributed from 549 to 1158. Rice peptide contained a full range of amino acids , and essential amino acids and
hydrophobic amino acids accounted for 35.610% and 45.200% of the total amino acids, respectively. The most abundant
amino acid was glutamic acid, accounting for 16.100% of the total amino acids. Rice peptide could eliminate free radicals
effectively and the IC50 for DPPH free radical was 1.170 mg/mL with ORAC value of 1568.006 μmol Trolox/g. In addition,
it had strong ACE inhibitory activity with IC50 of 0.057 mg/mL. Therefore, rice peptide has excellent antioxidant activity and
ACE inhibitory activity and therefore deserves further comprehensive exploitation and application.

The aim of this work was to manufacture edible composite films by extrusion from xanthan gum and locust
bean galactomannan. Plasticizers and Chinese medicinal herbal extracts were added to improve the film flexibility.
The influence of the concentrations of rhubarb and Chinese gall extracts on mechanical properties, water resistance,
light transmittance, and color properties of edible composite films were investigated. The results indicated that with
increasing concentrations of both extracts, the tensile strength (TS) of films increased, whereas the elongation at break
(E), water vapor permeability and light transmittance decreased. Additionally, the films became darker and showed a
higher green value. In conclusion, composite films made from xanthan gum and locust bean galactomannan as well
as Chinese medicinal herbal extracts are edible, green and degradable and may have promising application prospects
in delaying the postharvest senescence and long-distance transportation during storage and extending the shelf life of
vegetables and fruits.

This study aimed to analyze the impact of different pasteurization temperatures and storage periods on fatty acid
composition of pasteurized milk. Raw milk was pasteurized at 65 ℃ for 30 min or at 85 ℃ for 15 s, sealed and then stored
at 4 ℃. The fatty acid composition of raw milk and pasteurized milk during storage was analyzed by gas chromatography.
The results indicated no significant difference in fatty acid composition was present among pasteurized milks treated at
different temperature (P ＞ 0.05). In addition, the fatty acid composition of pasteurized milk was quite stable during storage.
However, the content of fatty acid C4:0 in pasteurized milk treated at 65 ℃ for 30 min and stored for 8 d was significantly
higher than in raw milk. This might be due to the bacterial proliferation. The content of CLA declined following temperature
processing and storage whereas no significant difference was found (P ＞ 0.05). This study indicated that pasteurization had
no effect on the contents of characteristic fatty acids in the milk. Therefore pasteurization could be used as an effective way
to produce milk rich in CLA.

Objective: To investigate the changing patterns of antioxidant components and activity of pear jujube (Zizyphus jujube
Mill.cv. Lizao) leaf tea during different growth stages. Methods: The tender leaves of pear jujube trees were selected in five growth
stages from May to August followed by pan-firing to produce the tea, and the contents of total phenols, total flavonoids and vitamin C,
phenolic compositions, and antioxidant properties including the capability to scavenge DPPH and ABTS free radicals and reducing power
were investigated. Results: Antioxidant components and activity of pear jujube leaf tea in July and August were better than in May and
June. The contents of total phenols, total flavonoids and vitamin C significantly varied among the different stages (P ＜ 0.05), from
(29.94 ± 0.28) to (42.65 ± 0.56) mg galic acid eq./g FW (fresh weight), from (16.61 ± 0.39) to (25.21 ± 1.53) mg rutin eq./g FW and
from 136.5 to 324.6 mg/100 g, respectively. Gallic acid, catechin, rutin and quercetin were detected as major phenolics, and their
contents had significant differences among different stages (P ＜ 0.05); rutin was the most abundant among these phenolics, reaching
maximum content of 60.11 mg/100 g. Oxidation resistance were significantly correlated with total phenols (P ＜ 0.05) and total
flavonoids (P ＜ 0.01), but not correlated with vitamin C content. Conclusion: The antioxidant performance of pear jujube leaf tea
harvested in summer is better than that in spring, and rutin is the most dominant component of phenolic compounds.

Purpose: To investigate the adsorption capacity of hydroxyapatite prepared from clam shell for Pb2+. Methods:
Hydroxyapatite was prepared from clam shell by precipitation method under room temperature, and its crystal phase
composition, morphology and chemical composition were characterized by employing X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning
electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Adsorption of Pb2+ solution models by the
hydroxyapatite adsorbent was investigated with respect to various parameters such as adsorption time, pH, temperature and
initial Pb2+ concentration and the adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics were also explored. Results: The best adsorption
capacity was found at pH 3.0. An acidic environment favored Pb2+ adsorption, and the adsorption capacity of hydroxyapatite
was gradually reduced with increasing pH. The adsorption process reached equilibrium in 30 min. The adsorption capacity was
directly proportional to initial Pb2+ concentration. Higher temperatures were favorable for the adsorption reaction. Conclusion:
The hydroxyapatite prepared in this study has good adsorption capacity for Pb2+, and the adsorption process can be described by
the Langmuir model and follows pseudo-second-order kinetic equation as a spontaneous endothermic process.

Chicken breasts from eighteen white broilers were divided into lower drip loss group (drip loss ＜ 2%) and
higher drip loss group (drip loss ≥ 2%) through cluster analysis. The protein and structure of muscle fibers were compared,
and correlation analysis was conducted. The results showed that the higher drip loss group had lower pH, higher L* value,
shorter sarcomere and larger ratio of extra cellular space and poorer total protein solubility when compared with the lower
drip loss group. The denaturing temperature (T1) of the head of myosin protein and that (T2) of the tail of myosin protein and
sarcoplasmic protein in the lower drip loss group were lower that in the higher drip loss group as examined by differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC). These results indicated that more pronounced denaturation of myosin protein in meat from high
drip loss group happened than that from that low drip loss group. The reasons for unacceptable water-holding capacity were
attributed to the lower pH and the denaturation of protein as well as the change of muscle fibers.

This study investigated the effect of ozone water on color parameters, pigment protein and CO content in tilapia
fillets. The results showed that L* of dark muscle increased significantly, while a* and b* decreased following ozone water.
sterilization. Slight influence was observed on color of ordinary muscle. Extractable Mb content and CO binding decreased
in dark muscle after sterilization treatment, whereas met-Mb increased. A slight reduction of absorption peaks was also
observed between 400 nm and 700 nm. The influence was more significant at higher ozone concentrations due to the
decrease of Mb content and transformation of their derivatives.

The antioxidant activity of persimmon tannin fractions with mean degree of polymerization of 2.61, 23.37
and 33.60 were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo by reducing power measurement, hydroxyl free radical, DPPH
free radical, ABTS+· and TBARs (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) scavenging assays and lipid peroxidation
0.35 inhibition assay. The results showed that all the persimmon tannin fractions had high antioxidant potential in
all test systems. The IC50 values of fraction Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ were 19.60, 10.95 μg/mL and 7.74 μg/mL for DPPH free
radical, 11.33, 0.35 mg/mL and 0.24 mg/mL for hydroxyl radical, and 5.22, 1.91 μg/mL and 1.49 μg/mL for ABTS+·,
respectively. In addition, all the tannin fractions showed excellent lipid peroxidation inhibition. Furthermore, fraction Ⅲ
with the highest mean degree of polymerization prevented the bromobenzene-induced decrease in serum and liver
superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities, and decreased malondialdehyde levels in
the liver and serum of bromobenzene-treated mice. Its effects were no less strong than that of grape seed extract with
oligomer content above 70% in vivo. These results suggested that high-molecular-weight persimmon tannin may be a
very powerful antioxidant both in vitro and in vivo.

The effects of electron beam and gamma ray irradiation on microorganism inactivation and oxidation in steamed
tofu rolls were studied in order to investigate the difference between both irradiations, which might be helpful for guiding the
application of electron beam irradiation in food processing and preservation. Plate count method was used to measure irradiated
samples for the total number of colonies as D10 values. 2-Thiobarbituric acid (TBARs) value was determined to show
the inductive oxidation effects of irradiation. Results showed that D10 values of electron beam and gamma ray irradiation
were 0.48 kGy and 0.43 kGy, respectively. There was no significant (P ≥ 0.05) difference between two irradiation methods
according to ANOVA analysis. The TBARs values of irradiated steamed tofu rolls increased significantly during storage (P ＜
0.05). Gamma ray irradiation led to a significant increase in TBARs value during storage whereas electron beam irradiation did
not show any effect. Electron beam irradiation had poorer oxidation effect on steamed tofu rolls when applied at the same dose
as gamma ray irradiation. In conclusion, electron beam irradiation showed a similar efficacy of microorganism inactivation but
less powerful oxidation effect than gamma ray irradiation.

Freeze drying of banana slices can offer high quality banana products. The diffusion coefficient of water vapor
in the dry area influenced the setting of the shelf temperature or the radiant plate temperature, which was one of the key
factors affecting the lyophilization process. According to the weight changes of banana slices during freeze drying, the
effective diffusion coefficient of water vapor in the dried zone was obtained. The impacts of maturity degree, precooling
velocity and color fixative on the value of diffusion coefficient were examined. Results showed that the effective diffusion
coefficient of water vapor ranged between 1.0 × 10-4 m2/s and 3.5 × 10-4 m2/s. The impact of precooling velocity was
the largest while maturity degree had the least effect. Addition of color fixative caused a slight reduction of the diffusion
coefficient.

The accumulation and elimination of malachite green (MG ) was studied in Penaeus vannamei boone fingerlings
with the purpose to monitor its use in aquaculture. Penaeus vannamei boone fingerlings 0.9 cm long were exposed to MG
at a concentration of 0.15 μg/mL for 2 h under natural environment. Dynamic changes of MG in Penaeus vannamei boone
fingerlings were monitored by HPLC-MS. The result showed that MG was eliminated rapidly in body and reached below
LOD after 3 d, but leucomalachite green (LMG) was eliminated very slowly and reached below LOD after 9 d. So it can be
used as a target analyte in residue-monitoring programs.

This paper describes the development of a model for near-infrared spectral quantitative analysis of anthocyanins in
pomegranate. Pomegranate was tested with an InfraXact NIR analyzer. The effects of different pretreatment and calibration methods
on modeling were studied by orthogonal array design. A calibration model was developed and evaluated by objective function method
and the optimized model was validated with respect to applicability. Under optimal conditions, the coefficient of determination was
0.958, RSD 6.599%, and RPD 4.970. These results showed that NIRS could provide a feasible method for quantitative analysis of
anthocyanins in pomegranate and the model established in this study had good stability and prediction ability.

The hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of polysaccharides from Toddalia asiatica roots was investigated by flow
injection chemiluminescence method and the effects of polysaccharide concentration, time, light and heat treatment on this
antioxidant activity were studied. Vitamin C and tea polyphenol (TP) were used as positive controls. The results showed that
the hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of TP as a potent antioxidant was significantly higher than that of Toddalia asiatica
polysaccharides and VC. The hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of of Toddalia asiatica polysaccharides showed a positive
concentration dependence over the range of 0.1 to 500 μg/mL and the scavenging rate at 500 μg/mL was as high as 94%. The
scavenging activity of VC was reduced substantially when exposed to strong light while Toddalia asiatica polysaccharides had
good light stability. Our results indicate that Toddalia asiatica is a promising natural source of antioxidants.

Two pectin extracts from citrus peel were obtained with hydrochloric acid and ammonium oxalate, and then
their pectin composition, monosaccharide composition and infrared spectral characteristics were analyzed. Moreover, the
antioxidant activities of the two extracts were compared. The results indicated high DE (degree of esterification) in both
extracts. The pectin prepared with hydrochloric acid (PEH) contained more rhamnose (5.4%, molar ratio) and a trace of
mannose, and demonstrated a lower relative molecular mass than the pectin obtained with ammonium oxalate (PEA).
However, PEA contained more mannose (5.3%, molar ratio) and arabinose (24.4%, molar ratio). Both pectins displayed
absorption peaks at 1102, 1018 cm-1 and 1745 cm-1 indicating the existence of uronic acid and CH3O- groups. They were
effective at scavenging superoxide anion radical with scavenging rate of 77.0% and 68.0%, resepctively. In addition, DPPH
radical and hydroxide radicals could be scavenged by both.

An efficient method for isolation and preparation of two phenolic compounds, namely cyaniding 3 chlorogenic
acid (compound I) and isochlorogenic acid (compound II) from purple sweet potato was established by high-speed
counter-current chromatography (HSCCC). Two compounds were separated with two-phase solvent systems, ethyl
acetate-methanol-water (3:1:5, V/V) and n-hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (1:3:1:4, V/V), respectively, at a flow rate
of 1.5 mL/min and 2.0 mL/min, respectively. However, the same revolution speed of 850 r/min and the same injection
volume of 200 mg were used. The results from HPLC analysis showed 28 mg of compound Ⅰ with 98.5% purity and
42 mg compound Ⅱ with 97% purity were obtained. The chemical structures of the two compounds were identified
as 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (Ⅰ) and 3,5-O-dicaffeoyquinic acid (Ⅱ) by mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic
resonance imaging (NMR).

In this study, EGCG-phospholipid complex was prepared through the dissolution of EGCG and soybean
lecithin in ethanol, and its structure was characterized by UV spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffractometry
and differential scanning calorimetry. Meanwhile, the apparent water/n-octanol partition coefficient of this complex was
determined. The results showed that non-covalent bonding between EGCG and phospholipid under experimental conditions
generated the target complex. Furthermore, the solubility of EGCG was improved according to apparent partition coefficients
of EGCG and EGCG-phospholipid complex in n-octanol buffer solution system.

Dried litchi was prepared by heat pump drying (HPD) at six different combinations of temperature and time or
hot air drying (HAD). Ttitratable acidity, rehydration ratio, total sugar, browning index, total phenols and volatile flavor
compounds of dried litchi by the two methods were analyzed. The results showed that the chemical and physical indexes,
except total phenol, of dried litchi processed by HPD was better than those of dried litchi processed by HAD. HPD-dried
litchi also had higher levels of volatile flavor compounds, including linalool, geraniol, citronellol and limonene.

Bound aroma compounds from raspberry juice were separated by Amberlite XAD-2 column chromatography
and analyzed by GC-MS after acdic hydrolysis at four different conditions. The purpose of this study was to provide a useful
guidance for aroma enhancement of raspberry juice. A total of 30 bound aroma compounds were identified in four different
hydrolysates, mainly including fatty alcohols and terpenes. Benzoic acid was the most abundant compound. Significant
differences were found in the composition of bound aroma compounds among the different hydrolysates. The most abundant
bound compounds were obtained at the condition of pH 1.0 and 40 ℃ for 4 days, and 11 aroma compounds were detected
with total concentration of 198.5 μg/L.

The effect of hydrocolloid type and amount on bread quality, pasting properties of flour, and rheological
properties of dough were investigated. The results showed that tensile strength and elasticity of dough were improved by
addition of hydrocolloids, while dough extension was decreased. By addition of proper amount of hydrocolloids, bread
quality was improved effectively, showing higher specific volume and elasticity and lower hardness of bread core. The
best bread quality was obtained by addition of 0.1% xanthan gum, 0.5% CMC, 0.3% konjac gum, 0.15% guar gum and
0.5% gluten.

Morphology characteristics of eggshell, such as cuticle layer, prismatic crystal layer, column layer, cone
layer, and outer and inner eggshell membranes were investigated with scanning electron microscopy. In addtion,
some new ultrastructural features were also observed such as different crystallization direction of adjacent columnar
monocrystals on the outer surface of prismatic crystal layer, the immature cones, and the radial crystallization on the
cross-section of cones. These ultrastructural characteristics of eggshell could be adopted as a typical model of eggshell
ultrastructures for understanding of the eggshell formation process, egg authenticity determination and other related
research work.

Purpose: To explore the generation of nitrite and to develop ways to control it in ginger. Methods: Nitrite
accumulation in ginger processed in different ways and collected from differrent regions was analyzed periodically.
Dominant microflora was isolated from nitrite positive gingers. Nitrate reduction test for isolated bacteria was done. Results:
Nitrite content increased rapidly in some processed gingers. Nitrite content in minced ginger was the highest, followed
by shredded ginger and ginger slices. The highest content of nitrite was 40—260 mg/kg (for N calculated) in nine minced
gingers from different regions, which was observed after storage for 4 to 7 d. Nitrite content was relatively high when initial
nitrate content was high in gingers. Dominant strains in ginger were nitrate reducing bacteria when nitrite content peaked.
Conclusions: Nitrate reducing bacteria were apt to rapid propagation in processed ginger and dominant in numbers, leading
to high nitrite content in a short time. Maintaining ginger intact, shortening preservation time and controlling initial nitrate
content were beneficial to control and reduce nitrite content in ginger.

In the present study, the masking effect of β-cyclodextrin on the unpleasant taste of acesulfame K was
investigated. Sweetness measurement and sensory evaluation showed that the addition of appropriate amount of
β-cyclodextrin increased the sweetness of acesulfame K and reduced the lingering bitterness. UV and infrared analysis
demonstrated that inclusion of acesulfame K by β-cyclodextrin which played a positive role in improving the taste of
acesulfame K.

In this study, glutinous rice flour was added to mung bean starch in a certain proportion. Swelling, pasting,
gel textural and tensile properties of glutinous rice flour and mung bean starch as well as the textural properties of sheet
jelly were studied. The results showed that total amylose content, soluble amylose content and insoluble amylose content
of starch blends were significantly decreased in comparison with mung bean starch. The pasting properties such as peak
viscosity, trough viscosity and final viscosity were all decreased. When mung bean starch and glutinous rice flour were
mixed together in a ratio of 1:3, setback and break down were decreased by 35.35% and 69.13% compared with mung
bean starch alone, respectively. The hardness of mung bean starchglutinous rice flour blends at ratios of 3:1 and 1:1
revealed a decrease by 68.91% and 96.85%, respectively, when compared with mung bean starch. The tensile property
(15.03 kPa) of sheet jelly from starch blends was significantly lower that that of sheet jelly from mung bean starch alone
(68.35 kPa). Moreover, modest hardness, strong water-holding capacity and good mouth feel of sheet jelly were obtained
by addition of glutinous rice flour, and a mixting ratio of 1:1 for glutinous rice flour and mung bean starch provided the
best textural properties.

Objective: To study the antioxidant activity in vitro of polysaccharides with different molecular weights
from truffles. Methods: Three polysaccharide fractions were obtained from crude polysaccharides (TIP) from truffles by
ultrafiltration centrifugation, TIP-Ⅲ (greater than 100 ku),TIP-Ⅱ(between 100 ku and 50 ku) and TIP-Ⅰ(less than 50 ku).
The antioxidant activity of the polysaccharide fractions was evaluated by reducing power, DPPH, hydroxyl, superoxide anion
radical scavenging, and Fe2+-chelating assays. Results: TIP and these polysaccharide fractions were ranked in decreasing
order: TIP-Ⅲ, TIP-Ⅱ, TIP-Ⅰand TIP by reducing power, and TIP-Ⅰ, TIP-Ⅱ, TIP-Ⅲ and TIP by Fe2+-chelating ability
with IC50 values of 2.70, 3.06, 3.91 mg/mL and 19.55 mg/mL, respectively. TIP-Ⅲ had the strongest scavenging activity
against DPPH, hydroxyl and superoxide anion radicals with IC50 values of 2.83, 1.67 mg/mL and 4.71 mg/mL, respectively.
Conclusion: All the polysaccharides with different molecular weights from truffles have antioxidant potential, which might
be closely associated with their relative molecular weight.

This study investigated the effect of different polyphosphates on the tenderness and water-holding capacity of
beef tripe. An orthogonal array design involving 9 experiments of 4 variables at 3 levels was used to establish the optimal
combined treatment with three polyphosphates based on shear force, weight gain ratio and cooking loss for improved
tenderness and water-holding capacity of beef tripe. Results indicated that pyrophosphate had a significant effect on the
tenderness and weight gain ratio of beef tripe, and hexametaphosphate also had a significant effect on the tenderness and
cooking loss, but the effect of triphosphate and steeping time was not significant. The best results for tenderization of beef
tripe were achieved by 24 h steeping in an aqueous solution containing 0.4% pyrophosphate, 0.4% triphosphate and 0.3%
hexametaphosphate, while 36 h steeping in an aqueous solution containing 0.2% pyrophosphate, 0.2% triphosphate and 0.2%
hexametaphosphate provided the best water-holding capacity of beef tripe.

The effect of relative humidity on relative water loss rate and water evaporation strength of spinach, green
Chinese cabbage, cucumber and scallion under low temperature (5 ℃) conditions was studied. The results showed that the
water evaporation strength of vegetables was closely associated with the specific surface. Different relative humidities also
had a great effect on the relative water loss rate, and larger relative humidity resulted in a reduced relative water loss rate by
lowering transpiration in vegetables. Moreover, the relative water loss rate of leaf vegetables was more affected by relative
humidity. The water evaporation strength of different vegetables was influenced differently by relative humidity; almost no
effect on cucumber or spinach was found, while scallion and green Chinese cabbage were both affected by relative humidity.

In order to study the sublethal characteristic and regulation mechanism of Salmonella Typhimurium in response
to heat stress, its sublethal and growth curves under different high temperature were investigated. The cell membrane integrity
and changes of transcriptional sigma factors in sublethal Salmonella Typhimurium were analyzed using real-time PCR. Results
showed that significant injuries occurred on the outer and cytoplasmic membranes of Salmonella Typhimurium following heat
treatment at 60 ℃ and a significant damage in cell membrane integrity was also observed. The growth curve and damage in
cell membrane integrity following heat treatment at 42 ℃ was not significantly different from those of the control. This finding
might be associated with the transcriptional induction of sigma factors. The current preliminary study revealed that the sublethal
state of Salmonella Typhimurium exposed to heat stress might be the intermediate transition state in the process of inactivation,
which could be closely linked to the cell membrane integrity and key gene expression and regulation. The findings in this study
presented useful insights for the establishment of thermal processing techniques for microbiologically safe foods.

In order to increase the production of antimicrobial metabolites against Alternaria alternate by an antagonistic
endophytic strain L (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens), a novel experimental design and analysis approach, uniform design combined
with support vector regression (UD-SVR), was proposed to optimize culture medium components and fermenter conditions. Three
rounds of mixed level experiments of nine variables showed that the optimal culture medium consisted of starch 0.5%, glucose 2%,
yeast extract 0.4%, CaCl2 1.3% and KH2PO4 0.1% at pH 7.0, and the optimal fermentation conditions were 1% of inoculum amount,
30 ℃ and 36 h. The antimicrobial activity of a 10-fold dilution of the fermentation broth obtained under the optimized conditions was
57.39%, a 20.53% increase in comparison with the value from benchmark experiments. In conclusion, UD-SVR is more efficient than
the reference models and has more promising potential for wide applications in experimental design and optimization.

This study was to establish a growth probability model of Pseudomonas spp. in atmosphere modified
packaged chilled pork at (4 ± 1) ℃. Linear regression was used to establish TTD (time-to-detection) models of
Pseudomonas spp. in different atmosphere conditions. Disinfected pock was inoculated with Pseudomonas spp., a specific
spoilage organisms in chilled pock. The results showed that in the absence of CO2, the TTD decreased with increasing
O2 concentration, but increased as CO2 concentration increased. TTD reduced sharply as initial inoculation increased.
However, no apparent decrease in TTD was found when initial inoculation was over 102 CFU/mL. The TTD models
developed in this study showed a regression coefficient (r2) higher than 0.959 and the coefficients of determination (R2)
for the observed versus predicted data were higher than 0.986. In addition, the Bf and Af for the TTD models were 1.012
and 1.086, respectively. Both were close to 1.

Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize medium components and culture conditions
for the production of enzymes capable of β-carotene degradation. A response surface equation was developed indicating the
effects of the main variables identified by one-factor-at-a-time design on the β-carotene degradation activity of crude enzyme
solution. Results showed that the highest β-carotene dagradation activity of 750.72 U/L was achieved under the conditions:
36 h of culture at 36 ℃ with an inoculum concentration of 7% in a liquid nutrient medium containing sucrose 30 g/L and
yeast extract powder 4 g/L at pH 7.

A mathematical model of glutathione production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y518 in batch fermentation at
different pH was established with malt sprout extract as the fermentation medium. The results showed that Gaussian fitting
model was in good agreement with the experimental observations for glutathione production at different pH, with correlation
coefficient (R2) of 0.99235 (pH5.0) and 0.98842 (pH6.0), but not suitable for biomass and substrate consumption prediction.
Glutathione production reached the maximum of 72 mg/L at 32 h yielding a biomass of 4.59 g/L when pH was kept constant
at 5.0. In contrast, maximum glutathione production of 91 mg/L was also obtained at 32 h along with a biomass of 4.11 g/L
when pH was kept constant at 6.0.

The effects of carbon source and inorganic nitrogen source on the biosynthesis of polysaccharides by
Cordyceps militaris in shaking flask cultivation were investigated. The culture medium for polysaccharide production
from Cordyceps militaris was optimized by orthogonal array design. The results showed that glucose was beneficial
to the accumulation of intracellular polysaccharides (IPS) while galactose was propitious to the biosynthesis of
exopolysaccharides (EPS). Monosaccharides participated in the biosynthesis of Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides in the
lag phase or stationary phase of cell growth while oligosaccharides markedly improved the biosynthesis of EPS during the
early log phase. The presence of NH4
+ was beneficial to the accumulation of IPS. The optimal culture medium contained
80 g/L of glucose, 10 g/L of peptone and 10 mmol/L of (NH4)2HPO4. The maximal production of total polysaccharides
reached (1.197 ± 0.032) g/L with an EPS/IPS ratio of 1:3.4. The accumulation of EPS after optimization was doubled.

Protein hydrolysis of defatted corn gluten by neutrase was optimized using response surface methodology in this
study. Results showed that the best hydrolysis conditions were found to be 3.4 h, 1.25%, 6.95 and 1:23 (m/V) for hydrolysis
time, enzyme/substrate ratio, pH and material/liquid ratio, respectively. Under these conditions, the predicted and actual
values of degree of hydrolysis (DH) were 16.51% and (16.38 ± 0.11)%, respectively. The corn protein hydrolysate prepared
under the optimal conditions activated alcohol dehydrogenase by (21.23 ± 0.17)%. Amino acid analysis showed higher
contents of alanine and leucine in the hydrolysate.

Litchi water-soluble polysaccharide (LCWSP) was extracted from black leaf litchi through hot water extraction,
alcohol precipitation, centrifugation, and then bleached and deproteinized by Sevag’s method. After dialysis, LCWSP
was added to α-glucosidase solution and PNPG method was used to determine the activity of the enzyme. The results
showed that LCWSP had an obvious inhibition effect on α-glucosidase, which was 1.25 times as high as that of acarbose.
Optimal enzyme reaction parameters were determined by orthogonal array design based on single factor analysis. The
inhibitory effect of LCWSP was impacted by temperature, pH, time and polysaccharide concentration. The optimal
temperature, pH, reaction time and concentration for LCWSP inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase were 30 ℃, 6.8, 25 min and
80 mg/mL, respectively. LCWSP had an obvious inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase and could be used as an α-glucosidase
inhibitor. Meanwhile, LCWSP may have hypoglycemic effect, which provides a new direction for litchi processing and the
development of functional foods.

In recent years, xylose fermentation to ethanol has become a research hotspot, and genetic engineering is a
promising means to achieve this goal. In this study, multiple splicing PCR method was applied to transform xylose into
xylulose, and relevant genes such as xylose reductase gene (xyl1), xylitol off gene (xyl2), turning aldehyde enzyme gene (tal1)
were spliced and cloned into the expression vector pAUR123 to obtain the fusion expression vector pAUR123-X12A. In
order to overexpress downstream genes in metabolic pathways, xylulosekinase gene (xks1) and ketonethe gene (tkl1), which
are responsible for controlling the conversion of xylulose into ethanol, were spliced and cloned into the expression vector
pAUR123 to achieve the fusion expression vector pAUR123-SK. pAUR123-X12A and pAUR123-SK were transferred into S.
cerevisiae INVSc1 by the lithium acetate method to obtain the recombinants of S. cerevisiae INVSc1-X12A and S. cerevisiae
INVSc1-SK. The recombinants were expressed and then analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)
and enzyme activity to suggest successful expression of the target gene. Preliminary results from this study reveal that two
recombinant strains have been built successfully.

The production of endoinulinase by Aspergillus niger in submerged cultivation was studied. Burdock was used
as the only carbon source. Among 20 Aspergillus niger strains tested, strain 08013 exhibited the highest endoinulinase
activity of 3.27 U/mL in the fermentation supernatant. Preliminary results from this study showed that the optimal
fermentation time, metal ion, carbon source, organic nitrogen source and inorganic nitrogen source were 108 h, 0.5 g/100 mL of
sodium ion, burdock, 2 g/100 mL of yeast extract, 2 g/100 mL of (NH4)2HPO4, respectively. Response surface Box-
Behnken design was used to optimize burdock, yeast extract and (NH4)2HPO4 concentration. A mathematical model
was developed and analyzed indicating the effect of the studied variables on endoinulinase activity. The optimal culture
medium for producing endoinulinase contained 9.98% of burdock juice, 1.74 g/100 mL of yeast extract and 1.82 g/100 mL
of (NH4)2HPO4. The maximum predicted endoinulinase activity under the optimized conditions was 7.23 U/mL, which
was close to the experimental value of 7.26 U/mL. Thus the regression model developed in this study had good prediction
ability. This experimental value exhibited an increase of 122% compared with that obtained before optimization.

In this study, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium were compared for proliferation and acid-producing
properties in fresh goat’s milk as well as proteolytic activity and survival rate during cold storage of fermented goat’s milk.
The results showed that during the fermentation period, compared with Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus acidophilus revealed
better acid-producing characteristics and proteolytic activity (P ＜ 0.05), and consistent change trend in proliferation. During
the subsequent cold storage, the difference in acid-producing capacity between both probiotic strains became less or even
disappeared until the 11th day. The proteolytic activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus was significantly higher than that of
Bifidobacterium (P ＜ 0.05). The high-level activities of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus acidophilus were preserved with
no significance during 21 days of storage (P ＞ 0.05). Between the storage days 21 and 26, the activities exhibited a distinct
decrease of approximately 80.8% and 88.4% in survival rate (P ＜ 0.05). In a word, both probiotics have similar proliferation
and fermentation performance in goat’s milk. However, Lactobacillus acidophilus is better than Bifidobacterium in acidproducing
characteristics, survival rate and proteolytic activity.

Using classical microbiological methods and 16S rDNA gene phylogenetic analysis of the culturable bacterial
flora in the fermentation of high-temperature Daqu, we found that the number of bacteria at the first stirring (on the 4th d) was
rapidly increased to a maximum level of 4.0 × 108 CFU /g from the initial level of 1.0 × 107 CFU/g, and then was reduced
to 1.5 × 107 CFU/g finally. The cultivable bacterial populations were increased to 26 species in 9 genus from 9 species in
5 genus at the beginning, and then were reduced to 23 species in 7 genus at the first stirring (on the 4th d), and during the
following stages the bacterial diversity continued to reduce to 6 species in 1 genus finally. In addition, we also found Bacillus
existed throughout the fermentation process as the dominant genus.

The aim of this research was to isolate a strain of potential antagonistic yeast from soil samples collected from
unsprayed orchards, and to test the control efficacy against postharvest decay of strawberries. By molecular biological
identification and biochemical examination, the antagonistic strain was identified as Pichia caribbica. The antagonist showed
significant biological control efficacy against postharvest decay of strawberries caused by gray mold and Rhizopus which
was significantly affected by its concentration: the higher the concentration of the antagonist, the lower the disease incidence.
P. caribbica at 1× 109 cells /mL was able to inhibit completely gray mold decay and Rhizopus decay of strawberries after
3 d incubation at 20 ℃, while the control fruit showed 92.5% decay incidence when challenged with B.cinerea spores
suspension of 1 × 105 spores/mL, and 100% decay incidence when challenged with R. stolonifer spores suspension of 5 × 104
spores/mL, respectively. Rapid growth of the antagonist in wounds was observed during the first day at 20 ℃, and during the
first 5 d at 4 ℃. P. caribbica significantly reduced the natural development of decay and did not impair the fruit quality when
stored at 20 ℃ for 5 d.

The cell growth of acetoin accumulation and glucose consumption by Bacillus subtilis HB-32 throughout the
batch fermentation were investigated and corresponding kinetic models were proposed according to Logistic and Luedeking-
Piret equations. The results showed that the predicted values by the models were in good agreement with the measured
values, indicating that the models could provide a reasonable description for the acetoin bath fermentation.

A new strain, ZHL24, capable of producing broad-spectrum antimicrobial protein was isolated from soil.
The antibacterial protein produced by the strain showed a high inhibitory activity towards many pathogenic bacteria and
fungi such as Escherichia coli, Mirococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, Candida albicans and
Rhizopus stolonifer. This new strain was identified as Bacillus subtilis based on physiological characteristics, biochemical
characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence. The antimicrobial protein was purified to homogeneity through ammonium sulfate
precipitation, ion exchange chromatography (DEAE-Sepharose FF) and gel filtration (Sephadex G-15). SDS-PAGE revealed
a single band at the molecular mass of 26.2 kD. Amino acid composition analysis showed that the antibacterial protein
contained 14 kinds of amino acids.

The effect of ultra-high pressure (UHP) on Vibrio parahaemolyticus (main pathogenic bacteria of sea cucumber)
and total bacteria of sea cucumber were studied. Three main UHP parameters including pressure, time and temperature
were investigated. An orthogonal array design was applied to establish the optimal UHP conditions for killing Vibrio
parahaemolyticus in sea cucumber. Meanwhile, response surface methodology was employed to optimize the studied UHP
parameters for total inactivation of bacteria. Complete inactivation of 104, 105, 106, 107 CFU/mL and 108 CFU/mL of Vibrio
parahaemolyticus was achieved by UHP treatment under the conditions of 150 MPa for 3 min at 50 ℃ or 150 MPa
for 5 min at 45 ℃. Response surface analysis with Design-Expert illustrated that the optimal UHP conditions for total
inactivation of bacteria were 300.72 MPa, 30.7 min and 55.16 ℃. The predicted inactivation rate of Vibrio parahaemolyticus
under the optimized conditions was 98.111%, while the observed value was 100%.

This work aimed to investigate the effect of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) on accelerating vascular
endothelial cell injury under glucosamine treatment, and to study whether quercetin improves the cell damage and function via
regulating ERS related molecules. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were exposed to 15 mmol/L glucosamine
to induce cell injury. Different groups of HUVEC cells were created by the following treatments: 15 mmol/L mannitol as
isotonic control, 5 μg/mL tunicamycin as positive control group, 15 mmol/L glucosamine and varying doses of quercetin
(5, 10, 20, 50 μmol/L and 100 μmol/L). The cell survival rate, the concentrations of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and ET-1 in culture
supernatants, the expression of ERS and apoptosis related molecules were determined. Compared with the normal control
group, glucosamine significantly suppressed cell growth, and increased the concentrations of ICAM-1 and ET-1 (P ＜ 0.05).
In addition, it upregulated the expression levels of ERS and apoptosis related proteins in HUVEC cells. However, quercetin (especially
at the dose of 20 μmol/L) significantly reduced concentrations of ICAM-1 and ET-1 (P ＜ 0.05), downregualted the expression
levels of ERS and apoptosis related proteins and the cell proliferation was enhanced. Glucosamine might promote and aggravate
vascular endothelial cell injury by activating ERS while quercetin might improve vascular endothelial cell by inhibiting ERS
signal pathway which may reduce inflammation and apoptosis.

To investigate the preventive effect of procyanidins from lotus seedpod (LSPC) on hippocampal neuron injury induced
by extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF), primary cultured hippocampal neurons from rats were pretreated
with LSPC before exposure to ELF-EMF. Survival rates, the morphology of neurons and the level of reactive oxygen species
(ROS) were measured. The survival rates of hippocampal neurons pretreated with LSPC (2.5, 5 μg/mL and 10 μg/mL) were
81.23%, 90.18% and 93.45%, respectively, which were significantly higher than those from the model group (66.88%,
P ＜ 0.05). Electromagnetic radiation increased the ROS level in neurons (the fluorescence intensity was (228.19 ± 16.28), while
pretreatment with 2.5, 5, 10 μg/mL of LSPC reduced ROS level obviously (P ＜ 0.05). All these studies indicated
pretreatment with LSPC could significantly block hippocampal neuron injury induced by extremely low frequency
electromagnetic field.

The general nutrients and amino acids in muscles and the fatty acids in fat mass from male and female Chinese
soft-shelled turtles grown in greenhouse and imitative ecological farming conditions were determined. The results showed
that the ash contents of four types of turtle meat samples were relatively low (approximately 1%) and had no significant
difference. However, the fat contents were slightly different and significantly lower than that of wild turtle. The moisture
and protein contents of the eco-farmed turtle were significantly higher than those of the greenhouse turtle (P ＜ 0.05) of
the same gender and female turtle contained significantly higher levels of moisture and protein than male turtle (P ＜ 0.05)
under the same farming conditions. The same kinds but slightly different contents of amino acids were found in the four
turtle meat samples. The female turtle was observed to contain higher levels of total amino acids (TAA), essential amino
acids (EAA), delicious amino acids (DAA) and pharmacodynamic amino acids (PAA) than the male turtle under the same
farming conditions while the DAA and DAA/TAA of the eco-farmed turtle were significantly higher than those of the
greenhouse turtle of the same sex. No significant difference in EAA, PAA, EAA/TAA ratio or PAA/TAA ratio was found
between the turtles under different farming conditions. The greenhouse turtle showed the same fatty acid composition
except not containing C15:0, C17:0, C20:2 or C20:3 as the eco-farmed turtle. The amounts of total saturated fatty acids (ΣSFA)
and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexenoic acid (DHA)+ docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) of the male turtle were
significantly higher than those of the female one under the same farming conditions (P ＜ 0.05) while the female turtle contained more monounsaturated fatty acids (ΣMUFA) than the male one. However, the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (ΣPUFA)
of the female turtle was higher than that of the male one both grown in greenhouse conditions whereas the content ΣPUFA of the male
turtle were higher than those of the female one both in the imitative ecological farming conditions. The ΣSFA, ΣPUFA, and EPA +
DHA + DPA contents of the eco-farmed turtle were significantly higher than those of greenhouse turtle of the same sex.

This study was performed to investigae the antifatigue and antioxidant activities and monosaccharide composition
of a polysaccharide (PRK) extracted from roots of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa). SPF mice were divided into control group
and three experimental groups (high-dose, moderate-dose and low-dose groups, which were established by oral administration
at 150, 75 mg/(kg·d) and 37.5 mg/(kg·d), respectively) with 10 mice in each group. All the mice were administered by gavage
with 20 mL/(kg·d) of normal saline or PRK solutions continuously for 15 d. At 30 min after the last administration, the loadedswimming
time, the contents of serum lactic acid and urea nitrogen, the contents of glycogen and MDA and the activity of SOD
in the liver were tested, and at 2 h, the survival time in hypoxic conditions under normal pressure was recorded. Compared with
the control group, PRK could prolong significantly the survival time in hypoxic conditions under normal pressure (P ＜ 0.01) and
the loaded-swimming time in low-dose group (P ＜ 0.05), moderate-dose and high-dose group (P ＜ 0.01), increase the content of
liver glycogen in moderate-dose group (P ＜ 0.05) and high-dose group (P ＜ 0.01), and enhance the activity of liver SOD in highdose
group (P ＜ 0.05). Moreover, PRK could decrease the contents of lactic acid and urea nitrogen in the serum after swimming
in high-dose group (P ＜ 0.01), decrease liver MDA content the after swimming in moderate-dose group (P ＜ 0.05) and highdose
group (P ＜ 0.01). These results showed that PRK had anti-fatigue and anti-oxidant activiteis in mice. PRK was hydrolyzed
and acetylated into acetylated monosaccharides. The acetylated monosaccharides were isolated and identified by gas chromatographymass
spectrometry. The result indicated that PRK was heteropolysaccharide and composed of ribose, arabinose, glucose and galactose.

Purpose: The objective of this study is to evaluate the regulatory effect of Lactobacillus plantarum F1208 on
gastrointestinal functions in constipated rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into health group, constipation group,
senna group, and Lactobacillus plantarum high-, middle- and low-dosage groups. A rat model of loperamide hydrochloride-induced
constipation was established. Each group was treated with corresponding drugs at 2 mL/(kg•d) for 7 days. During the experiment, feed
intake, water intake, body quality increase, fecal number and water content, live bacterial count in feces and gastrointestinal transit
ratio were monitored. Results: The administration with Lactobacillus plantarum F1208 for 7 days in constipated rats significantly
improved the feed intake and water intake, promoted the growth and development of rats, increased the number and water content
of feces within 24 hours, restrained the growth of intestinal bowel enterobacter and enterbacteriaceae, and improved gastrointestinal
transit ratio. Conclusion: Lactobacillus plantarum F1208 has improved gastrointestinal functions in constipated rats.
Conclusion: Lactobacillus plantarum F1208 has improvement gastrointestinal function in constipation rats.

Local acetaldehyde exposure from alcohol drinking and smoking is a major factor behind different diseases including
cancers. Thus, decreasing the production or eliminating acetaldehyde locally might offer a preventive strategy against acetaldehydeinduced
cancers. In this study, the influence of acetaldehyde on the cell proliferation and intracellular antioxidants of non small cell
lung cancer A549 cells including the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutases (SOD) activity and nitric
oxide (NO) content was investigated. The protection effect of L-cysteine on A549 cells was also studied. Our results showed that
the cytotoxicity of acetaldehyde on A549 cell growth was dose-dependent. This acetaldehyde-induced cytotoxicity was inhibited
by L-cysteine within the concentration range of 0—160 μmol/L. In addition, the antioxidant status was enhanced. Increasing
L-cysteine concentration led to a reduction in LDH activity and NO content but an increase in SOD activity.

Objective: To explore the antitumor effect of cuttlefish ink peptidoglycan (PGN) on PC-3 and DU-145 cells and
its mechanism in vitro. Methods: After PC-3 and DU-145 cells were treated by cuttlefish ink PGN, HE staining was used
to observe cell growth condition and morphology, FCM was used to observe cell apoptosis, immunocytochemical staining
(SABC) was used to analyze the expression of COX-2 and VEGF proteins and in situ hybridization was used to analyze the
mRNA expression of Bcl-2 Caspase-3. The expression of COX-2, VEGF, Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 in the two human prostate
cancer cell lines were also examined using western blot. Results: Morphological features of apoptosis, and the early stage
of apoptosis in treated cells was observed in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, cuttlefish ink peptidoglycan exposure for
24 h could result in a decease in the expression of COX-2, VEGF and Bcl-2 and an increase in the expression of Caspase-3.
Conclusion: Cuttlefish ink peptidoglycan can induce the apoptosis of PC-3 and DU-145 cells possibly by down-regulating
the expression of COX-2 and VEGF proteins and Bcl-2 mRNA and up-regulating the expression of Caspase-3 mRNA.

Objective: To explore the protective effect of blackberry anthocyanins against H2O2-induced oxidative stress
in human vascular vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and the underlying mechanisms. Methods: Inverted phase contrast
microscope, MTT assay, kit assay and flow cytometry were used for measuring morphological endothelial features, cell
viability, antioxidant enzyme activity and apoptotic cells, respectively. The results showed that pre-treatment with blackberry
anthocyanins at various doses had protective effect on cell morphology when compared with the damage group. Cell
morphology in the treatment group was more complete than the damage group. The viability of HUVECs was increased from
106.5% to 157.0% after pretreated with blackberry anthocyanins at a concentration ranging from 50 to 200 μg/mL. Peroxidase
(POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities of HUVECs pretreated with blackberry anthocyanins were significantly
enhanced. POD activity was enhanced by 50% by 200 μg/mL blackberry anthocyanins under oxidative stress. In contrast, the
early apoptosis of HUVECs was decreased from 12.96% to 5.21%, while the late apoptosis was from 18.16% to 2.01%. These
results indicated that blackberry anthocyanins could protect endothelial cell damage from H2O2 through increasing cell viability
and improving antioxidant enzyme activity to maintain the cell system balance and inhibiting cell apoptosis.

Objective: To explore the effect of Bacillus subtilis JS01 on lipid metabolism in hyperlipidemic mice. Methods:
Ninety Kunmng mice were randomly divided into normal control group (Group Ⅰ), high-fat model group (Group Ⅱ) and highfat
+ Bacillus subtilis group (Group Ⅲ). Ten mice were selected from each group and killed on the 15th (D15), 30th (D30) and
45th (D45) days of the experiment, respectively. Triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
(LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in serum and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) activity level in liver
were detected. Results: 1) At the three time points, serum TC, LDL-C, HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio in Group Ⅱ were
higher than that in Group Ⅰ (P ＜ 0.05, P ＜ 0.01). 2) At D15 and D30, serum TG in Group Ⅱ was higher than that in Group
Ⅰ and Group Ⅲ. At D30 and D45, serum HDL-C in Group Ⅲ was higher than that in Group Ⅱ (P ＜ 0.05). 3) At D45, liver
HSL activity in Group Ⅲ was higher than that in Group Ⅰ and Group Ⅱ (P ＜ 0.01). Conclusion: Bacillus subtilis JS01 has
hypolipidemic effect to some extent by improving HDL-C in serum and HSL activity in liver, while reducing TG, TC and
LDL-C in serum of hyperlipidemic mice.

The nutrient composition of muscles of wild and farmed grass carp were analyzed by generic methods.
The results showed that the content of crude protein in muscle of wild grass carp was significantly higher than that
of farmed grass carp (P＜ 0.01) while the contents of crude fat and moisture in muscle of wild grass carp were
significantly lower than those of farmed grass carp (P ＜ 0.05). A total of 18 amino acids was detected in muscles
of grass carp, and the contents of total amino acids and essential amino acids in muscle of wild grass carp were
significantly higher than those of farmed grass carp (P ＜ 0.05). The essential amino index (EAAI) of wild grass carp
(67.4) was higher than that of farmed grass carp (66.1) whereas no significant difference was observed in the total
content of delicious amino acids between wild and farmed grass carp. The total contents of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA)
in muscles of wild and farmed grass carp were 89.45% and 96.70%, respectively, which were higher than those of
saturated fatty acids (SFA). However, there were significant differences in fatty acids composition of muscles between
wild and farmed grass carp. The total content of SFA in muscle of wild grass carp was significantly higher than that of
farmed grass carp (P ＜ 0.01) while the total content of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was significantly lower
than that of farmed grass carp (P ＜ 0.01). No significant difference was found in the total content of polyunsaturated
fatty acids (PUFA) between wild and farmed grass carp. The total content of n-3 PUFA in muscle of wild grass carp,
however, was significantly higher than that of farmed grass carp (P ＜ 0.01). The total content of n-6 PUFA in muscle
of wild grass carp was significantly lower than that of farmed grass carp (P ＜ 0.05). These results demonstrated
insufficient addition of n-3 PUFA in the diet of grass carp. In summary, the muscle of wild grass carp showed higher
nutritional value than that of farmed grass carp.

Objective: The preventive and protective effect of fermented Chaenomeles speciosa juice against liver injury was
studied at the morphological and molecular levels in a mouse model of acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride.
Methods: Kunming mice were randomly grouped. Mouse models of acute liver injury were established by intraperitoneal
injection of CCl4 in mice. Three different (high, medium and low) concentrations of fermented Chaenomeles speciosa
juice were used to treat the mice by intragastrical mode at a dose of 20 mL/(kg·d) body weight once a day for eight
consecutive days. Then the mice were killed and blood samples were collected and measured for the activities of alanine
aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in serum. Hepatic pathological changes were examined by
HE staining method. The mRNA expression of TGF-β, IL-1β and TLR4 in hepatic tissues were analyzed with RT-PCR.
Results: The activities of AST and ALT revealed an obvious increase in serum, and TGF-β, TLR4 and IL-1β were overexpressed
in the hepatic tissues of mouse models of liver injury. Compared with the model group, the activities of ALT
and AST in serum and mRNA expression of TGF-β, IL-1β and TLR4 in the treatment groups were decreased. HE staining
indicated that the hepatic pathological injury in the treatment groups was improved in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion:
Fermented Chaenomeles speciosa juice has a protective effect on acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride, and
promising potential to be developed into a new drug against liver injury.

Objective: To explore the proliferative effect and potential mechanisms of Rosa roxburghii Tratt triterpene (RRTT)
on human hepatoma SMMC-7721 cells. Methods: Morphological changes, growth curves and MTT assay were used to
evaluate the anti-proliferative effect of RRTT on SMMC-7721 cells. Detection of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level in cultured
medium supernatant and NBT reduction assay were carried out to evaluate the inducive effect of RRTT on the differentiation
of SMMC-7721 cells. Cell apoptosis and cell cycle were examined by AO/EB fluorescent staining and flow cytometry.
SMMC-7721 cells treated with RRTT were collected for Bad transcript analysis by real-time reverse transcriptase–polymerase
chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: The inhibitory effect of RRTT on the growth of SMMC-7721 cells tended to be in
RRTT dose-dependent and time-dependent manners. The ratio of NBT positive cells revealed an obvious increase and AFP
concentration of cultured medium exhibited a decline with increasing RTT dose when compared with the control. No obvious
difference in apoptosis or cell cycle distribution of SMMC-7721 cells was observed between the RRTT group and control
group. Relative mRNA level of Bad in SMMC-7721 cells was down-regulated by RRTT. Conclusion: RRTT has anticancer
effect on SMMC-7721 cells in vitro. Its possible mechanism is due to the cytoxicity and induction on cell differentiation via
Bad mRNA down-regulation, rather than the apoptosis and inhibition of cell proliferative cycle.

Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside (Cy-3-g)-rich foods have been reported to ameliorate the onset of insulin resistance,
but the underlying mechanism has remained unclear. PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome
10) plays a negative role in insulin signaling-PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase)/Akt (protein kinase B), and its
inhibition improves insulin sensitivity. In order to gain insight into the effect of Cy-3-g anthocyanin on insulin sensitivity
and the role of PTEN, KKAy mice were fed AIN-93G diet supplemented with or without Cy-3-g (1 g/kg diet) for 12
weeks. Our results demonstrated that Cy-3-g ameliorated insulin sensitivity, and inhibited the PTEN expression in liver,
muscle and viscera adipose tissues following the activation of Akt (Ser473) in mice. These findings provided evidence for
the role of PTEN in PI3K/Akt (Ser473) pathway, thus suggesting that the possible mechanism may be the contribution of
Cy-3-g to insulin signaling.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of potato pulp under different treatments on growth behavior, intestinal
mciroflora and intestinal microvilli of rats. Methods: Totally 30 male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were selected and divided
into control group, untreated group and hydrolysis group with 10 rats in each group. The experimental diets for the
untreated group and hydrolysis group were added with 5% potato pulp and cellulose-hydrolyzed potato pulp, and both of
which replaced part of wheat bran. Results: The hydrolysis group revealed more body weight gain than the control group
and untreated group. The hydrolysis group also had the lowest gain-to-feed ratio. Hydrolyzed potato pulp could promote
the proliferation of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, but inhibit the proliferation of Escherichia coli and Enterococci.
The hydrolysis group exhibited the highest villus height, unchanged crypt depth, and the highest ratio of villus-height
to crypt-depth. Conclusion: Cellulose-hydrolyzed potato pulp can promote the body growth of rats, regulate intestinal
microecological balance and improve the growth of intestinal microvilli.

Collagen hydrolysates prepared from the whole swine femur, femoral shaft and femoral head were tested for their
antihypertensive effects in spontaneous hypertension rats (SHRs). SHRs were fed adaptively for 7 days and then randomly
divided into 11 groups of 8 each: negative group was treated with distilled water; each hydrolysate had 3 dose groups (lowdose
group, middle-dose group and high-dose group), which were treated with 20.0, 40.0 mg/kg and 60.0 mg/kg.ig collagen
hydrolysates respectively; and positive group was treated with 10.0 mg/kg.ig captopril. The rats’ systolic pressure was
measured every 2 hours. The results indicated that hydrolysates from the whole swine femur and femoral shaft and the low
dose group of femoral head hydrolysate had no significant antihypertensive effect; the middle-dose and high-dose groups of
femoral head significantly lowered the blood pressure in SHRs. Spectrophotometry were used to detect the ACE inhibition
rate of the different hydrolysates. The hydrolysates of whole femur and femoral head had values of IC50 against ACE of 3.546 mg/mL
and 2.045 mg/mL, respectively. Thus these three hydrolysates have potent ACE inhibitory activity in vitro, but only a certain
concentration of femoral head hydrolysates can effectively reduce the systolic pressure in SHRs.

The effect of platycodin D (PD) on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were evaluated in vitro. OxLDL
at 50 mg/L was used to induce oxidative injury in HUVECs to establish a cell model of oxidative injury. The cells were pre-treated
with various concentrations of PD (0.5, 0.75 mg/mL and 1 mg/mL). The levels of nitric oxide (NO) and malonaldehyde (MAD)
in the culture medium were determined. The mRNA expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular
cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in endothelium cells were also analyzed as well as the adhesion of monocytes to endothelial
cells. The results showed that PD treatment significantly increased NO levels (P ＜ 0.01) but decreased (P ＜ 0.01) MDA levels in
the medium of endothelial cells. Moreover, PD significantly downregulated mRNA expression levels of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 in
endothelial cells (P ＜ 0.01) but also inhibited the monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells (P ＜ 0.01). These findings suggest that
PD can inhibit OxLDL-induced oxidative injury in endothelial cells.

β-Propeller phytase (BPPs), mainly derived from Bacillus, is capable of decomposing phytate
phosphorus, releasing phosphorus and metal ions associated with a class of enzymes. β-Propeller phytase exhibits
a unique Ca2+-dependent catalytic property and high substrate specificity toward phytic acid-Ca2+ complexes. In
this paper, the advances achieved in the investigation of the relationship of BPPs and metal ion, especially Ca2+, are
summarized in this paper.

In this paper, the recent research progress in diversity of lactic acid bacteria in traditional fermented meat
products of China is reviewed. The resources of LAB in fermented meat products in China, the predominant microorganisms
of LAB in sausage, cure meat and sour meat are comparatively analyzed. The current research techniques for microbial
diversity are summarized, and future prospects are put forward.

Through an extensive review of the literature, this article attempts to demonstrate the relationship between
carotenoids and cancer risk. These studies were conducted on the multiple levels such as molecular, cellular, animal,
clinical and epidemiological levels. Conclusions made from these studies can be outlined as: an increased amount of diets
rich in carotenoids was able to have an influence on biological and biochemical processes involved in the development of
cell growth dysregulation and carcinogenesis and reduced the risk of cancer. However, this conclusion was not analogous
between cancers. Anyway, it has a practical significance for dietary carotenoid-induced cancer risk reduction. Due to the
poor reliability of epidemiological study and difference between animal and clinical trails, this conclusion is going to be
questionable on a long way to conquer cancer.

Conformational epitope prediction of food allergens is one of the important aspects of allergen research.
Currently, there are four major kinds of prediction tools mainly including 1) Epitope prediction based on amino acid
properties of allergens. It was often used combined with other tools; 2) Epitope prediction based on protein primary structure
which is still being improved; 3) Epitope prediction based on using protein tertiary structure .It is easy to use and reliable,
but it can not predict an target epitope; 4) Epitope prediction based on combining phage display technology with various
biological information softwares. It can prediction the target epitope quickly and has a broad prospect. Thus, this method of
epitope prediction is easy, time-saving and economical. It plays a very important role in practical use.

In this article, the chemical components, extraction and separation, biological activities and utilization of volatile compounds
from Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim are reviewed. Meanwhile, the current problems and future work has also been proposed.
Therefore, the volatile components of Z. bungeanum Maxim have great potentials as the spice additives or food preservatives.

Based on the statistical analysis of relevant literature about glucan, the different effects on modified methods
affecting the conformation of β-glucan in aqueous solutions have been reviewed. The physical modified methods include
ultrasound, irradiation, microwave and other methods, which have less impact on the conformation of β-glucan in solution.
The chemical modified methods include carboxymethyl, sulfated and phosphoric esterification, which could increase the
flexibility and stiffness of β-glucan chain and cause the following conformations present in solution, extended flexible chain,
semi-stiff chain or triple helix chain. Biological modified methods mainly refer to enzymatic method. After β-glucanase
treatment, oat β-glucan exists as random coil in solution. Moreover, the existing problems in the research of modified β-glucan
conformation and its future development tendencies are proposed.

Anthocyanins are a group of naturally occurring flavonoid compounds, which is widely available in fruits
and vegetables in human diets. A lot of epidemiological and animal experiments have demonstrated that anthocyanins
may contribute to cancer chemoprevention. In this article, we summarize the anti-cancer effects and the mechanisms of
anthocyanins and cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) in berries and related food products on several key steps: antioxidant effects,
enzyme activation, anti-cell proliferation, apoptosis induction, anti-inflammation, anti-angiogenesis, anti-invasiveness,
and differentiation induction. This review provides a molecular view of cyanidin-3-glucoside contributing to cancer
chemoprevention.

Gelatin is one of the major characteristics of protein. In this paper, formation mechanism of protein gel is
introduced. Meanwhile, the effects of major factors as pressure, time, and protein type and protein concentration on protein
gelatin in foods under ultra-high pressure conditions are explored. In addition, an in-depth description has been made on
protein gel formation and its molecular conformation after ultra-pressure treatment, such as the changes of disulfide bonds
and hydrophobic interactions in tertiary structure and changes of α-helix, β-folding and non-random crispation content in the
secondary structure. Moreover, the directions for the future development are proposed.

This paper has briefly described the analytical steps, principles, current applications and research progress of
microbiological assay for nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin B6, folate and vitamin B12 in foods, which will
provide some references for the determination of water-soluble vitamins with microbiological methods.

The paper reviews the research progress on the postharvest storage physiology of snap bean such as appearance
quality, respiratory climacteric, cell membrane permeability and nutritional quality. The factors influencing the storage of
snap bean were introduced such as variety, ripeness, nutritional condition, storage condition, physico-chemical treatment and
packaging material. This review summarized the research advances in storage technology of room temperature storage, low
temperature storage, controlled atmosphere storage and coating film storage. The future research and development trends on
storage technology of snap bean were also discussed.

Based on collagen amino acid compositions and ACE inhibitory peptide structure-activity characteristics,
potential ACE inhibitory peptide sequence in collagen was analyzed, and the development of collagenic ACE inhibitory
peptide was summarized. In order to provide useful reference for collagen development and in-depth exploration of ACE
inhibitory peptides, we have further analyzed the current problems in the study of collagenic ACE inhibitory peptides and
put forward the outlook on the solution of these problems.

Fruit vinegar is a liquid functional food produced from fruits or by-products through microorganism
fermentation. The functions of preventing obesity and hyperlipidemia, alleviating sports fatigue, antioxidant activity and
antibacterial properties, and the underlying mechanisms of fruit vinegar are reviewed in this paper, which will provide a
reference for further study on fruit vinegar.

Quercetin is a natural metabolite with a wide range of applications which has a variety of biological activities in
nature. In the past years, quercetin has become a focus for intensive study and literature reported that chelating with metal
ions could improve the active structure and biological activity of quercetin, which could be used in the development of more
powerful quercetin products. Here we reviewed the type and structure, biological activity, application of the quercetin metal
chelates comprehensively, with the purpose to provide reference for their further development and utilization.

This paper introduces the main factors influencing the transport of live fish and shrimp such as the survival rate,
stress response to environment changes, the common methods and transporting equipments. The application and existing
problems related with long-distance live transport of fish and shrimp are also summarized.

As a high-tech and new processing technology, ultrasound-assisted freezing has been widely used in
the area of food frozen. It can effectively elevate the speed of freezing and improve the quality of frozen foods.
Based on an extensive review of the literature, the basic principle and characteristics of the ultrasound-assisted
freezing technology including its theory and application as well as current problems at home and abroad are
reviewed in this paper.

The establishment of the new Chinese Food and Drug Administration means the formation of an integrative
regulation mode for food safety supervision in China so that the law enforcement efficiency will be enhanced by integrating
supervisory functions. Meanwhile, the boundary of duties among all the food safety supervisory authorities will be clarified,
providing the fundamental conditions to implement the food safety supervision accountability system. This paper argues that
the food safety supervision accountability system should be implemented in a legal and scientific manner and start with legal
accountability. It is necessary for lawmakers to revise and improve the contents, principles of imputation and accountability
procedures of the administrative accountability system. Scientific impelmentation of the food safety supervision
accountability system needs increased investment in financial and talent resources and a culture of food safety accountability
in the whole society.