Based on the single factor tests, the effects of NaCl content, culture time and culture temperature on γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) accumulation during the germination of soybean (Glycine max L.) were explored by response surface methodology (RSM). The objective of this study was to optimize the culture conditions for GABA production in germinated soybeans under salt stress. The results showed that the optimal conditions with salt stress for GABA accumulation in germinated soybean were NaCl content of 133.5 mmol/L, culture time of 5.5 days and culture temperature of 33.3 ℃. Under the optimal conditions, the predicted highest GABA yield was up to 1205.24 μg/g. Analysis of variance and validation experiments for the regression model suggested that the model could accurately predict GABA accumulation in germinated soybean under salt stress.

Citric acid was used to extract chitin by decalcifying shrimp heads and shells of Penaeus vanmamei. The optimal extraction conditions were explored by single factor and response surface tests. The results showed that the ash content in chitin was 1.0 g/100g, which met the requirement of food grade. The optimal extraction process parameters were citric acid concentration of 12.00 g/L, material-liquid ratio of 1:2.00, and extraction time of 3.88 h. The utilization of citric acid for removing calcium salts from shrimp heads or shells could result in food grade of chitin and mild reaction conditions as well less pollution. In addition, the by-product of calcium citrate could be used as the calcium addition agent, thus enhancing the resource availability of shrimp heads or shells.

The extraction process of polyphenols from sweet tea was explored using compound enzyme-assisted extraction. The compound enzymes were composed of cellulose and pectinase at a mixture ratio of 3:4. Based on response surface methodology, the optimal extraction conditions of enzyme-assisted were enzyme dosage of 0.6%, hydrolysis temperature of 45 ℃, extraction pH of 4.95, extraction time of 47.76 min, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:23.58. The ethanol extraction conditions were ethanol concentration of 40% (V/V), extraction time of 70 min, extraction temperature of 70 ℃ and solid-liquid radio of 1:28. Under the optimal extraction conditions, the yield of tea polyphenols was 133.2 mg/g.

The effects of hot-air drying, microwave drying and microwave-vacuum drying on the quality of silver carp slices were investigated in this paper. The TBARS as the indicator of lipid oxidation was determined to evaluate the sensory quality of sliver carp slices. Hot air dried sliver carp slices had the strongest flavor of toast meat due to severe lipid oxidation. During microwave drying, the drying rate revealed an increase with the increase of microwave power, while the degree of lipid oxidation revealed a decrease with the increase of microwave power. During microwave-vacuum drying, both drying rate and lipid oxidation exhibited an increase trend due to the increase of vacuum degree. Therefore, microwave drying was the optimal drying method for silver carp slices due to the reduced drying time and less lipid oxidation.

Major factors influencing the extraction of total flavonoids from Malus sieversii (Ldb.) Roem fruits were studied by single factor tests, and the optimal extraction process conditions of total flavonoids were explored by orthogonal tests. Results indicated that the optimal extraction conditions of total flavonoids were ethanol concentration of 55%, extraction temperature of 50 ℃, material-liquid ratio of 1:45 and extraction time of 2 h. Under the optimal extraction process conditions, the extraction rate of total flavonoids was 6.78%. In addition, the extraction rates of total flavonoids from freeze-drying Malus sieversii, freeze-drying red-marshal, erquzi and small apple were 13.61%, 2.01%, 1.45% and 6.69%, respectively.

There usually are some shortcoming such as low protein extraction ratio and dark color during the rice bran protein extraction. The factors which caused these problems include extraction temperature, pH, ratio of solvent to material, and auxiliary agent amount. The central composite experiments and response surface analysis were used to optimize these factors. The experiments results showed that 60.4% protein extraction ratio and extraction supernatant color (L value) 56.7 were obtain under the optimized condition of temperature 40.8℃, ratio of solvent to material 12, pH 10.5, and auxiliary agent amount 0.5%. The actual protein extraction ratio was 59.5%, and L value 58.1, which showed that the optimized conditions were accurate.

In this study, the lipase (from Thermomyces lanuginosa)-catalyzed acidolysis process of rapeseed oil with caprylic acid was investigated to prepare structural lipids using single factor and response surface tests. The results showed that the incorporation rate of caprylic acid reached up to 23.19% at the conditions of the molar ratio between rapeseed oil and caprylic acid of 1:3.57, immobilized lipase addition amount of 10.57%, water addition amount of 5.2%, reaction temperature of 48.6 ℃ and reaction time of 12 h. This investigation will be significance for improving the additional value of rapeseed oil and extending its industry chains.

Taking hydroxyl radical-scavenging capacity of hydrolysates as the index, the optimal hydrolysis process for the protein from Actinidia arguta Sieb. et Zucc by alkaline protease was explored by response surface methodology (RSM) to prepare antioxidant polypeptides. Meanwhile, the correlation between the degree of hydrolysis (DH) and the hydroxyl radical-scavenging capacity of polypeptides was examined. The results showed that the optimal hydrolysis parameters of alkaline protease enzyme were hydrolysis temperature of 50 ℃, hydrolysis pH of 9, enzyme addition amount of 4000 U/g, and hydrolysis time of 3 h. Under the optimal hydrolysis condition, the DH was up to 25.08%. In addition, the hydroxyl radical-scavenging rates of the hydrolysis products from the protein of Actinidia arguta subjected to hydrolysis for 1, 2, 3, 4 h and 5 h at the optimal hydrolysis conditions were 8.69%, 24.67%, 28.04%, 25.82% and 26.65%. The product achieved at 3 h hydrolysis revealed the strongest hydroxyl radical-scavenging rate.

The objective of the current study was aimed to improve gel strength of duck egg white by means of acylation modification. Based on the single factor test, the proportion of egg whites to succinic anhydride, reaction temperature, reaction time and reaction pH value were selected as independent variables, gel strength of protein as dependent variable, quadratic regression equation of gel strength of duck egg white was established through central composite test. The optimal condition was obtained by response surface methodology (RSM). Results showed that the optimum condition for the reaction was proportion of egg whites to succinic anhydride being 0.118, reaction temperature being 22.9 ℃, reaction time lasting for 35.2 min and reaction pH value being 8.1. Under this condition the gel strength of duck egg white protein achieved to 319.56 N, approaching to the predicted value, so the optimized result was reliable.

Lycopene microcapsulation was prepared by spray-drying method using a wall system consisting of soluble soybean polysaccharides (SSPS). The microencapsulation efficiency was optimized by single factor and orthogonal array design experiments. Factors such as wall material concentration, ratio of core and wall material, contents of emulsifier, inlet temperature and outlet temperature were thoroughly studied. Scanning electron microscope was also employed to observe the product appearance. The optimal condition was determined to be 0.28 g/mL, 1:7, 2%, inlet temperature at 160 ℃, and outlet temperature at 88 ℃, respectively. The microencapsulation efficiency of products obtained under these conditions was 91.8%. The structure of the microencapsulated lycopene product is compact and complete. Microencapsulating by spray-drying of lycopene using SSPS is feasible.

On the basis of single factor tests, response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken design principle was used to optimize the process parameters of refluxing extraction for saponins and flavonoids from Aralia continentalis, respectively. Results showed that the optimal extraction conditions for saponins were ethanol concentration of 80%, material-liquid ratio of 1:65 (g/mL), extraction time of 2 h and extraction temperature of 94.1 ℃; the optimal extraction conditions for flavonoids were ethanol concentration of 60%, material-liquid ratio of 1:60, extraction time of 4 h and extraction temperature of 100 ℃. The yields of saponins and flavonoids were 74.65 mg/g and 19.86 mg/g, respectively, which were consistent with the predicted values of 70.25 mg/g and 20.56 mg/g.

In order to establish an appropriate ultrasonic treatment method for the recovery of recombinant protein from Pichia pastoris, the activity of human-adiponectin recombinant protein was evaluated by Western Blotting analysis. A L9(33) orthogonal array design based on single-factor tests was employed to optimize the conditions for ultrasonic treatment. The results showed that the optimal ultrasonic treatment conditions were ultrasonic power of 450 W, ultrasonic treatment time of 25 min and ultrasonic treatment interval of 10 s. Under the optimal ultrasonic treatment conditions, the breaking rate of cell walls was (67.8 ± 2.1)%. The activity of human-adiponectin recombinant protein could be significantly improved by adding 1 mmol/L of PMSF although the addition of PMSF had no effect on breaking rate of cell walls.

The mussel protein from Mytilus eduli was hydrolyzed by neutral protease, alkaline protease, acidic protease, protamex, papain, trypsin and flavourzyme. According to the degree of hydrolysis and sensory evaluation, neutral protease, protamex, papain and flavourzyme were the appropriate exogenous enzymes for the hydrolysis of mussel protein. Meanwhile, the compound enzyme for the hydrolysis of mussel protein was the mixture of protamex and neutral protease at the ratio of 1:1. The optimum hydrolysis conditions of compound enzyme were explored by response surface methodology. The results showed that the optimal hydrolysis conditions were hydrolysis time of 2 h, hydrolysis pH of 7, hydrolysis temperature of 50 ℃, and enzyme addition amount of 0.4%. Under the optimal hydrolysis conditions, the degree of hydrolysis was up to 70.25%. Moreover, the free amino acids in the hydrolysates revealed an increase by 388.46%.

Velvet antlers were selected as raw materials to extract collagen using enzyme pepsin. Collagen contents at different growth stages were also compared. Results showed that content and the yield of collagen in two branched antler were 65.8 mg/g and 4.53%, respectively, which were significantly higher than three branched antler (P＜0.05). Factors of extraction time, enzyme addition and liquid-solid ratio were chosen to research the effects on yield of collagen and Box-Behnken experiment was designed to optimize the extraction conditions. The results showed that extraction time for 52 h, enzyme addition with 5%, liquid-solid ratio at 23:1 (mL/g) were the optimal conditions, the yield of collagen in two-branched antler was 5.92%.

Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to optimize extraction parameters (including material/liquid ratio, extraction time and concentration of extracting agents) so as to achieve the maximum extraction yield of total phenolic compounds. Studies were carried out on the respective independent variables (material/liquid ratio, extraction time and concentration of extracting agents) and the interactive effects of these three factors on the total phenolic compounds according to Box-Benhnken design. A mathematical quadratic polynomial regression equation reflecting the relationship between the total phenolic compounds and the above extraction parameters was established. The optimal extraction parameters were obtained as: material/liquid ratio 1:14 (g/mL) , extraction time 31 min, and 80% acidification methanol as extracting agent. Under the optimal condition, the total phenolic content was 0.67 mg GAE/g, and the model prediction deviation was 6.9%. Meanwhile, the antioxidant activity was determined with five different methods, and the results showed that garlic had good antioxidant activity.

In this study, the separation methods of anthocyanins from wild bilberry were investigated. The results showed that the macroporous resin HPD-7 was the optimal absorption material. The optimum conditions of adsorption and desorption were pH 2.0, anthocyanins concentration of 0.75 mg/mL, sample loading volume of 22 BV (resin bed volume) the adsorption speed of 0.5 mL/min, the 60% ethanol volume as the eluent of 5 BV, and the desorption speed of 1.5 mL/min. Under the optimal separation and purification conditions, a purplish dark powder with color value of 62.40 was achieved at the recovery rate of 86.20%.

To obtain high purity nisin product through simple process with low cost, nisin was precipitated from fermentation broth concentrated with organic solvents dichloromethane and n-butanol. Under 1:1 (V/V) conditions with butanol employed, the nisin purity was 63.32%, and the precipitation yield was 24.3%. While the purity and yield for dichloromethane was 39.96% and 36.04%, respectively. When a mixture of dichloromethane and butanol at a volume ratio of 1:1 was used, the nisin purity and the precipitation yield was 45.94% and 59.3%, respectively. This new method overcame many disadvantages of the existing method, such as low purity and high salt content. So it shows great potential for industrial applications.

Microwave-assisted extraction technology for oil from Dunaliella salina was investigated. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the extraction parameters on the basis of the extraction rate of the oil. Three independent factors such as material-liquid ratio, extraction time and extraction temperature were evaluated. The optimal extraction conditions were material-liquid ratio of 1:10 (g/mL), extraction temperature of 54 ℃ and extraction time of 9.7 min. Under the optimal extraction conditions, the extraction rate of oil from Dunaliella salina was (15.79 ± 0.97)%. The major components in Dunaliella salina oil were palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid with the contents of 13.85%, 5.30%, 8.60% and 23.75%, respectively.

The extraction process for pitaya seeds oil via supercritical carbon dioxide was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM), the test data were analyzed by software Design Expert and the chemical compositions of pitaya seed oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that supercritical CO2 extraction process were impacted significantly by extraction time, pressure, and temperature; the optimum extraction parameters were extraction pressure at 25 MPa, extraction temperature at 40 ℃, and extraction time for 3.5 h the oil extraction yield was 30.21%. The main fatty acids of pitaya seed oil were unsaturated fatty acids, which accounted for 74.64% of total fatty acids, and linoleic acid and its isomer were 46.91%, oleic acid and its isomer were 25.36%; saturated fatty acids were dominated by palmitic acid, and palmitic acid and its isomer consisted of 21.10%. Pitaya seed oil can be used as healthy oil for development.

In order to optimize the synthesis process of soluble soybean polysaccharide-iron (Ⅱ) complex, based on the single factor tests, a dual quadratic rotary combination design was used to analyze the effects of mass ratio between soluble soybean polysaccharide and catalyst sodium citrate, pH, reaction time and reaction temperature on iron content of SSPS-Fe (Ⅱ). A prediction model was established. The analysis of variance revealed that mass ratio and pH could significantly affect iron content of SSPS-Fe (Ⅱ). The optimal synthesis conditions were mass ratio between soluble soybean polysaccharide and catalyst sodium citrate of 1.89:1, pH 3.89, reaction time of 1.56 h and reaction temperature of 60.6 ℃. The iron content predicted by the model was 23.08%, which was consistent with the experimental value.

In this study, the optimal extraction process for flavonoids from eggplants was explored and the contents of flavonoids in eggplants from different cultivars were compared. Single-factor tests were adopted to investigate the effects of ethanol concentration, extraction temperature, extraction time and material-liquid ratio on the extraction rate of flavonoids. Based on the single-factor tests, orthogonal tests were used to explore the optimal extraction process. The results showed that the best extraction conditions for flavonoids from eggplants were ethanol concentration of 80%, extraction temperature of 40 ℃, extraction time of 80 min and material-liquid ratio of 1:20. Under the optimal extraction conditions, the extraction rate of flavonoids was up to 2.2%. The contents of flavonoids in 8 eggplant cultivars cultivated in Liaoning province were determined. Flavonoids revealed the highest content after fruit setting for 14 days. As for green eggplant cultivars, the highest flavonoid content was determined in LiaoQie 5 with the content of 56.3 mg/g. Similarly, as for purple eggplant cultivars, the highest flavonoid content was determined in LiYuan purple eggplants with the content of 25.7 mg/g. Therefore, the development and utilization of flavonoids in eggplants were feasible.

The red pigment was extracted from Millettia reticulata Benth and the physical and chemical properties of red pigment from Millettia reticulata Benth were investigated, the effects of light, temperature, pH value, oxide-reducing medium on pigment stability were studied. The results showed that the procedure of acid-alcohol extraction gave rather satisfactory results. The pigment does not belong to anthocyanins, and is stable below 20－60 ℃, but its resistance to oxide and reductant is not good.

The extraction process of capsaicin from spicy chicken oil, as an industrial salted chicken by-product, was explored in this paper. The results showed that the optimal extraction process conditions were ethanol concentration of 95%, extraction temperature of 70 ℃, extraction time of 3 h and material-liquid ratio of 1:3 (g/mL). Under the optimal extraction process, the extraction rate of capsaicin could reach up to 51.44%. Through the analysis of variance, the factors for extraction rate from strong to weak order were ethanol concentration, extraction temperature, extraction time and material-liquid ratio.

Actinidia arguta was used as the experimental material to explore the optimal extraction conditions and enzymatic activity analysis conditions of polygalacturonase (PG). The optimal extraction process parameters were explored by orthogonal tests through evaluating the effects of pH, ion concentration and DTT addition amount on extraction rate PG. The results indicated that the optimal extraction process condtions for PG were extraction pH of 5.5, acetate buffer concentration of 0.05 mol/L, NaCl concentration of 0.1 mol/L and DTT concentration of 1 mmol/L. The optimal enzymatic activity analysis conditions were reaction temperature of 40 ℃ and reaction time of 90 min.

Two proteases including Bacillus subtilis neutral protease and papain are used to hydrolyze bovine bone protein by five hydrolysis methods. The optimal dual-enzyme hydrolysis conditions of bone protein were explored for maximizing hydrolysis efficiency. The results indicated that synchronous hydrolysis of bone protein exhibited a higher hydrolysis efficiency when compared with the sequential hydrolysis by papain first and then Bacillus protease or Bacillus protease first and then papain. The optimal hydrolysis conditions were total enzyme amount of 7000 U/g at papain-neutral protease ratio of 1:1, oscillation hydrolysis time of 6 h, oscillation speed of 150 r/min, hydrolysis temperature of 51 ℃, hydrolysis pH of 7.05 and substrate concentration of 10%. Under the optimal hydrolysis conditions, the degree of hydrolysis was up to 27.54%.

The synthetic conditions of super absorbent resin from Canna edulis Ker starch and acrylic acid under microwave irradiation were studied. Based on single factor test, response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to investigate the effects of ratios of acrylic acid to starch, dose of initiator, neutralization ratio of acrylic acid by NaOH on the water-absorbent rate. The structure of co-polymers have been analyzed. The optimum preparation conditions were mass ratio of monomer to starch at 8.2:1, 2.8% initiator (accounts for the proportion of starch quality), neutralization ratio of acrylic acid at 80.1%. In this case, the water absorbency was 769 g/g. Infrared scanning spectra indicated that co-polymer had characteristic hydrophilic group such as carboxyl group, amide group.

Copper ion adsorption conditions by asparagus lettuce leaf residue were optimized through quadratic regression orthogonal design. A quadratic regression orthogonal model was established to express relationship between adsorption rate (Y) and five factors including addition amount (X1), concentration (X2), time (X3), pH (X4), and temperature (X5). The relationship was shown in the following equation: Y ＝85.45862＋11.80098X1－6.85546X2＋0.24918X3＋2.14203X4＋1.12124X5－4.75315X12－2.40953X22－2.23141X32－1.49228X42－3.40533X52＋3.84570X1X2＋0.61717X1X3－3.15888X1X4－0.26948X1X5－0.29760X2X3＋0.77899X2X4－0.01867X2X5－0.23965X3X4－1.45840X3X5＋0.94533X4X5. The factor order on Cu2＋ adsorption rate from strong to weak was addition amount, concentration, pH, temperature and time. According to this model, conditions under 0.9 g addition amount of asparagus lettuce leaf residue in 30 mg/L for 5 h using pH 3 and 40 ℃ revealed the highest adsorption, which was 98.40%. The experiment result was consistent with the theoretical result of 97.96%. The best solid to liquid radio of Cu2＋ adsorption by asparagus lettuce leaf residue is 12 g/L. In the low concentration of Cu2＋ solution, the adsorption of asparagus lettuce leaf residue is better than activated carbon.

Grape seed oil (GSO) is a kind of vegetable oil with lots of nutrients, the content of linoleic acid reaches over 75% of total fatty acids. GSO has special medical and nutritional values in prevention of cardiovascular disease and aging. This article was aimed at optimizing extraction process conditions of grape seed oil assisted by ultrasonic wave through response surface methodology (RSM), and to analyze the influence of different factors on extraction effects. Antioxidative capacity of GSO was determined by DPPH method. The result showed that: (1) The order of influence of extraction factors on extraction content of grape seed oil at temperature＞time＞power＞material liquid ratio. (2) Optimum technological conditions were as follows: the extraction temperature at 54.2℃, extraction time for 37.8 min, ultrasonic power at 456.8 W, and the grape seed oil content was 0.13 g/g and extraction rate was 13.3% under the optimized conditions. (3) The concentration of the grape seed oil were controlled as 1－25 mg, and showed a positive relationship with antioxidant activity, the scavenging rate reached 80.7% at 25 mg. The scavenging rate of DPPH free radical did not increase with the increase of concentration of grape seed oil.

In order to explore the optimal process parameters and the coating formula of fried lotus root slices, single factor and orthogonal tests were conducted. The results showed that the best coating formula was composed of 40 g wheat flour, 12 g corn flour and 6 g rice flour in 100 mL of water. The optimal process parameters for fried lotus root slices were slice thickness of 8 mm, frying temperature of 170 ℃ and frying time of 6 min. The excellent sensory quality and higher texture properties of fried lotus root slices were achieved under the optimal processing conditions.

Objective: To research the optimal extraction conditions of polysaccharide from Angelica sinensis. Methods: Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the best extraction conditions, and then verified the optimal conditions. Results: The optimal conditions were as follows: the time for 2.15 h, solid-liquid ratio at 1:8.27, and extraction times for 3 times. Conclusion: It is feasible to optimize the extraction processing of polysaccharide from Angelica sinensis by RSM.

A method to determine aspartame in diet coke by high performance liquid chromatography on a titania column was described in this paper. The samples were separated on a titania Sachtopore-RP column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm at 70 ℃ using 15 mmol/L ammonium phosphate buffer ((NH4)2HPO4:NH4H2PO4=6:4) added with 10 mmol/L ammonium fluoride and methanol in the ratio of 70 to 30 as mobile phase. The flow rate was 1 mL/min and the detection wavelength was 217 nm. The linear range of the method was 10－2500 μg/mL with a Detection limit of 0.08 μg/mL. The recoveries of the method were between 92.5% and 97.4%. The relative standard deviation of the method was less than 0.72%. The method is simple, fast, accurate and precise and may be used in the determination of aspartame in drinks.

Using the actual process of spiking standard recovery experiments and computing model, the total uncertainty of lead measurement using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry pig,s liver was evaluated. The results shows that the repeatable uncertainty of an average recovery rate composes only 16% of the total uncertainty; standard stock solution composes only 38% of the uncertainty of the spiked dilution process, which is 0.5% of the average recovery rate, whereas the uncertainty of plus scalar observations composes major part of the total uncertainty, accounting for 81%, mainly from the curve fitting the concentration uncertainty. There are higher rigor and relevance if the assessment of recovery rate bases on actual process and computing models.

In this paper, the concentrations of Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cu and Zn in the full dry soft part of the adult clam Moerella iridescens from three geographical populations, Lianyungang population from Hangzhou bay, Zhapu and Cixi population from Haizhou bay were determined by atomic absorption spectrometer. The results indicated that the concentrations of Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni and Cu in the clam from Cixi and Zhapu were significant higher than that in Lianyungang, but a reversed trend was found for Cr. The major contaminant for the three populations M. iridescens was Zn among the six heavy metals and the concentration amounted to 548.589－732.201 μg/g. Overall the heavy metal contamination for M. iridescen was better in Lianyungang population while it was worse in Zhapu population. The results of cluster analysis based on the six heavy metals indicated that the contamination character was similar between Cixi and Zhapu (Euclidean distance 89.79), but that was quite different from Lianyungang (Euclidean distance 139.19 and 204.56 respectively). Therefore, the cluster results based heavy metals was consistent with geographical distance among the three populations of M. iridescens.

Major non-volatile taste active compounds in oyster (Crassostrea rivularis), clam (Meretrix meretrix) and paphia (Paphia undulata) were determined, which included free amino acids, nucleotides and so on. Taste impact of the main non-volatile taste compounds were evaluated by taste active value (TAVs) methods; umami intensity of bivalve mollusks were evaluated by equivalent umami concentration (EUC) methods. The EUC were oyster (3.2 g MSG/100 g meat), clam (1.9 g MSG/100 g meat) and paphia (2.7 g MSG/100 g meat), respectively. TAVs of all EUC were great than one, which meant they contributed to the strong umami taste of oyster, clam and paphia.

The contents of Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn in different parts of 21 species of purple flowering stalks were determined by inductive coupled plasma emission spectrometer (ICP), and compared with seven cruciferous vegetables. The results showed that there were significant differences on Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn in different varieties of purple flowering stalks; their concentrations were also higher in leaf and bud than that in stem, which shows that the leaf and bud are of high nutritional values. Comparing with other cruciferous vegetables, purple flowering stalks had higher concentrations on Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn, which shows that purple flowering stalks are of high edible value.

A gas chromatographic method using pre-column derivatization was described for the quantitative analysis of fructose, glucose, sucrose, chiro-, scyllo- and myo-inositol in different citrus juices. Juices from different fresh citrus (loose-skin mandarin, sweet orange, pummelo, lemon and kumquat) were prepared in the laboratory. Inositols and carbohydrates were analyzed by GC as their oximes derivatives and their identities were confirmed by retention of pure standards. The method was evaluated for precision and recovery using methyl-α-D-glucoside as an internal standard. The recoveries of the method evaluated at two spiked levels were in the range of 98.1%－106.9% with RSDs from 0.6%－6.1%. The limits of detection (LODs) were from 0.29×10-3－0.41×10-3 μg/L (RSN＝3). The results support the suitability of the method. The method is simple, quick and reproducible, and applicable to confirm inositols and carbohydrates in different kinds of citrus juice.

To better understand the effect of artificial inoculation on the flavor characteristics of fermented chili, SPME-GC-MS was used to analyze the flavor composition of different types of fermented chili (natural fermentation and inoculated fermentation with 4 different Lactobacillus species). A total of 191 volatile flavor compounds were found belonging to 20 categories. Chili fermented by different strains contained very different types and amounts of volatile flavor compounds. Seventy-six flavor compounds (15 categories) were found in Lactobacillus fermentum fermented chili, 20 (8 categories) in Streptococcus lactis fermented chili, 84 (13 categories) in Lactobacillus plantarum, and 73 (11 categories) in Pediococcus acidilactici fermented chili. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the comprehensive scores for volatile flavor compounds in chilis fermented by inoculation of Lactobacillus fermentum, Pediococcus acidilactici, Lactobacillus plantarum or Streptococcus lactis or naturally fermented were 11.28, 3.65,－0.08, －11.30 and －3.56, respectively. Five kinds of chili could be ranked in decreasing order of comprehensive score for volatile flavor compounds as follows: Lactobacillus fermentum > Pediococcus acidilactici＞Lactobacillus plantarum ＞natural fermentation＞Streptococcus lactis. Fermented chili prepared by artificial inoculation had more outstanding flavor quality than naturally fermented chili.

Fenjiu, which was a reprehensive of fragrant liquor, was taken as the research object. The pH values, electrical conductivities and the contents of flavor components analyzed by GC-MS were systematically analyzed with the age of liquor. Based on this, with the help of multiple linear regression (MLR) and partial least square regression (PLSR), a model of liquor property and its age was established. The estimation stability and generalization ability of the models were strictly analyzed by both internal and external validation. The correlation coefficient R of established models, leave-one-out (LOO) cross-validation (CV), Qext of MLR were 0.9990, 0.9980, 0.9984; the result of PLSR was the following: R and RLOO were 0.9949, 0.9840. The results showed that the model is of great robustness and good predictive abilities. The method may play an important role in identifying the Fen-flavor liquor age in the theoretical and application.

Objective: To develop a loop-mediated indirect PCR method for rapid detection of L.monocytogene in meat products. Methods: Chelex-100 resin was used to directly extract template DNAs from meat products. Two probes targeted the conserved region of hly A gene of L.monocytogene were designed according to the published sequences and used to label the Lectin gene fragment of soybean (reporter gene). After hybridization with target genes, gap filling and cyclization, the reporter gene was amplified by PCR for detecting the target genes. Results: The developed detection system showed a detection limit of lower than 100 CFU/g (mL) and had no obvious cross-reactivity with other foodborne pathogenic bacteria. The positive rate of 200 meat product samples was detected to be 2.5%, which was consistent with the result obtained by traditional bacterial separation. Conclusion: The loop-mediated indirect PCR method allows the rapid, sensitive and specific detection of L.monocytogene contamination in meat products.

The physiochemical, microbial, and toxicological characteristics of honey from Cinnamomum obtusifolium (Roxb.) flowers grown in Jiangxi province was analyzed according to the relevant national and occupation standards. Meanwhile, the aroma composition. was separated, analyzed by GC-MS, and compared with that of organic acacia honey and rape honey. The results showed that all indexes of honey from Cinnamomum obtusifolium (Roxb.) flowers grown in Jiangxi province met the requirements of the first grade honey. In addition, alcohols showed the highest relative content in it, which contributed greatly to its aroma. Moreover, linalool compounds, heptanal, terpane-1,8-diol, 8-hydroxycarvotanacetone, 2-copaene-4-one were also responsible for its characteristic aroma.

A molecular distillation method was developed to enrich characteristic aroma compounds including octanal, linalool, decanal and valencene in sweet orange oil, while gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for detection. The optimum parameters of molecular distillation were: temperature of 30 ℃; pressure of 150 Pa; rotation speed of 200 r/min and flow rate of 8 mL/min. Under such an optimum condition, the enrichment results were: octanal (0.46%→ 1.55%), linalool (0.71%→5.84%), decanal (0.59%→9.11%) and valencene (0.24%→7.96%). Finding here reveals that molecular distillation technique is promising in the fast and effective enrichment of the characteristic aroma compounds in citrus oil.

Purpose: A reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method with PDA was used for the residue analysis of triabendazole in Peruvian ground cherry. Methods: The HPLC conditions were as follows: the column was Shim-pack VP-ODS 150 mm × 4.6 mm. CH3CN:0.02mol/L H3PO4 (pH 6.8) = 70:30 (V/V) as mobile phase, flow rate 0.6 mL /min, injection volume 20 μL and detection wavelength 299 nm. Results: Good linearity of triabendazole was obtained over the range of 0.10-90.0 μg/mL (r = 0.9995). The detection limits were 0.05 μg/mL for triabendazole. The average recoveries ranged from 87.9% to 102.6% with relative standard deviation of 0.98%-2.79%. Conclusions: The method is fast and simple for the residue detection and analysis of triabendazole in Peruvian ground cherry.

An electronic nose (PEN3) was used to analyze Lactobacillus plantarum fermented grass carp. The volatile composition of fermented grass carp was dynamically sampled using a PEN3 system and then data analysis was conducted by using principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discrimination analysis (LDA).The results showed that the flavor of fermented changed slightly during the first 12 h of fermentation, but changed distinctly during the following 4 h, and changed little during the final 4 h. A high correlation between electronic nose output signal and sensory evaluation score was found. The flavor of fermented grass carp changed in a unidirectional manner during Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation as demonstrated by LDA, which allowed better identification of the flavor of fermented grass carp at different stages of fermentation. Meanwhile, it was found through loadings analysis that sensors W1S, W1C, W3C and W2S had similar effectiveness for identifying the flavor of fermented grass carp.

Treemoss concrete was extracted with molecular distillation (MD) and simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE), and the extracts were analyzed by GC/MS. About 85 and 61 chemical components were extracted by SDE method and molecular distillation method, respectively. The terpenoid by two methods were significantly different. The variety of terpenoid by SDE was more than MD, whereas the major chemical components extracted by the two methods were the same. Among these chemical components, some had the higher concentration (above 76%) and they were identified as 3-methoxy-5-methylphenol, divarinol monomethyl ether, ethyl everninate, methyl divaricatinate, benzoic acid,2,4-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethyl-, methyl ester, ethyl hematommate, ethyl 2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoate, ethyl divaricatinate, ethyl palmitate, ethyl oleate, linolenic acid ethyl ester, linoleic acid ethyl ester and so on. These chemicals are the key components in the treemoss which can provide the special fragrance character of treemoss concrete. And these components are enriched well in the heavy fraction of the molecular distillation.

The geographical distribution and composition characteristics of 16 types of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 16 types of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in oysters from parts of Chinese coastal waters were analyzed by GC-MS and GC, respectively. In the summer and fall of 2010, 175 sampling sites were set up in Liaoning, Shandong, Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong provinces. The results indicated the average total content of 16 types PAHs in oysters across 175 sampling sites was 3.79 μg/kg, and the lowest total content of PAHs was found in oyster samples from Zhejiang province while oyster samples from Liaoning province contained slightly more PAHs. The average total content of 16 types of PCBs in oysters across 175 sampling sites was between 1.41 and 13.95 μg/kg. The geographical distribution of PCBs from north to south first increased and then decreased. PAHs with tricyclic structure were predominant in oyster, and the contents of five- and six-ring PAHs were very low. Only PCBs with three or five chlorine atoms were found in oyster. The overall PAHs and PCBs residues in oyster samples met the sanitary standards for shellfish of China and several developed countries.

A selective enrichment broth, SEL based real time PCR assay was established after treating a sublethal injured Salmonella cells by heat-shock. The results showed that 1－2 CFU of injured Salmonella cells in 5 mL SEL could be fully recovered and enriched to the level of 109 CFU/mL after a 20 h enrichment step even without the nonselective recovery process. The amplification efficiency of real time PCR was 95.41% and the detection limit was 4 CFU/reaction for Salmonella genomic DNA. The detection limit in artificially contaminated food sample was 3 CFU/10 g ground beef, and showed a high coincidence to the detection result by traditional culture-based assay. The overall recovery, selective enrichment and detection procedure of thermal injured Salmonella could be accomplished in 24 h, which showed a high potential of application in the effective detection of Salmonella in food.

The residues of chlorothalonil, carbendazim, mancozeb and imidacloprid in cucumber from South China and North China cultivars were analyzed at 2-day intervals 1 day after administration under various conditions. The results showed that pesticide residues decreased with prolonged time interval between administration and harvesting. Pesticide residues in South China cultivar was significantly lower than those in North China cultivar. When cucumber was protected against diseases by leaf spray, pesticide residues in cucumber fruits did not generally exceed the national maximum limits.

The volatile flavor compounds in Harbin Sausage was extracted by head space solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) technique and determined by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The types of SPME fibers, extraction time, and extraction temperature were optimized in this study. The optimum extraction conditions were obtained as follows: 50/30μm DVB/CAR/PDMS fiber, adsorption time was 50min at 50℃. Aldehydes, ketones, phenols, alcohols, terpenes, alkanes, sulfur compounds and heterocyclic compounds were the major flavor compounds of Harbin Sausage with relative content of 17.59%, 7.01%, 7.27%, 12.29%, 9.39%, 6.14%, 27.38%, 7.01%, respectively.

Heavy metals, including Cd, Cr, Fe, Pb, Cu and Zn, in muscles, viscus and gills from six commonly consumed fish grown in the West of Liaoning Province were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) after using microwave digestion techniques. Relative standard deviations (RSD) were 0.54%－2.03% and recovery were 94.0%－110.0%. The results indicated that Fe, Cu and Zn of fish accumulated the highest concentration in all tissues of the species, while Cd, Cr, Pb accumulated the lowest levels. The heavy metal concentration in viscus and gills were higher than those in muscles. The concentration of Cr, Zn and Cu were below the maximum levels of national regulation. The concentrations of Cd and Cr were excess the maximum levels of national regulation, but lower than provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI). Current investigation indicates that fish from the West of Liaoning Province are safe for consumption, but necessary to reduce amount of intake.

In this study, volatile components in Beijing chicken were determined by solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Totally 105 components were identified as aldehydes (21.11%), ketones (0.52%), alcohols (2.66%), hydrocarbons (66.29%), esters (7.55%), acids (1.39%), and other components (0.48%). Among these compounds, aldehydes containing sulfur and heterocyclic compounds were the major components for the flavor of Beijing chicken.

The contents of soluble sugars, catechins and free amino acids in tea flowers from Camellia sinensis were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that tea flowers contained 216.85 mg/g soluble free sugars. Meanwhile, the contents of soluble sugars in corolla, stamen and pistil (F-1) and receptacle, sepal and pedicel (F-2) were 250.945 mg/g and 112.65 mg/g, respectively. Tea flowers contained 37.03 mg/g catechins. In addition, the content of catechins in F-2 was 46.90 mg/g, which was higher than that in F-1 (30.88 mg/g). Tea flower contained 16 kinds of free amino acids, and the content of total free amino acids was 10.87 mg/g. Although only 13 kinds of free amino acids were detected in F-2, its content (16.47 mg/g) was notably higher than that in F-1 (10.59 mg/g).

A method was developed by solid phase extraction-gas chromatography for the simultaneous determination of dibutyl phthalate (DBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) in plastic food packing materials. The dissolution of phthalate esters from plastic packing materials into water, 65% alcohol, 4% acetic acid and n-hexane was studied. The enrichment of phthalate esters in extraction solution was conducted by solid phase extraction. The effect of gas chromatographic conditions on the separation of four phthalate esters was investigated. The results showed that the method had an excellent linear relationship with the correlation coefficient of 0.9986－0.9994. The recovery rates and detection limits of this method for DBP, BBP, DCHP and DEHP were 80.63%－95.50%, and 0.050, 0.010, 0.055 and 0.012 μg/mL, respectively. This developed method is easy, sensitive and reliable, which can be used to analyze phthalate esters in plastic food packing materials.

A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was established to determine boscalid and fenhexamid residues in fruits and vegetables. Analytes were extracted from samples using 1% acetic acid acetonitrile, and then purified by solid phase extraction cartridge packaged with sorbent primary secondary amine (PSA) and C18. The residues were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem MS (HPLC-MS/MS) using external standard method, and the interference of matrix was deducted by the matrix-matched calibration standards curve. A good linearity of calibration curve was exhibited over a concentration range of 1μg/L to 100μg/L for boscalid and fenhexamid with a correlation coefficient of 0.9996 and 0.9997, respectively. Average recoveries for boscalid and fenhexamid in 4 samples at spiked levels of 5－50μg/kg were between 77.7% and 93.8%, with a relative standard deviations between 2.1% and 6.3%. For boscalid and fenhexamid, the limit of quantification were 1.32, 1.20μg/kg and the limit of detection were 0.395, 0.361μg/kg, respectively.

Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy is an effective method to identify irradiated dried nuts. In this experiment, ESR spectral characteristics of pistachio, walnut and longan were determined and the effect of drying temperature of samples on ESR signal intensity was also explored. The results showed that ESR signal intensity of characteristic peak was positively correlated with irradiation dose, and the detection limit of irradiation was 0.5 kGy. However, during further drying, the optimal temperature was 40 ℃ for pistachio and walnut, and 55 ℃ for longan. ESR signal intensity of characteristic peak was also affected by microwave power. The optimal microwave power were 0.59, 0.37 mW and 0.24 mW for pistachio, walnut and longan, respectively. Therefore, ESR characteristic peak can qualitatively determine the irradiation of dried nuts, which can provide a theoretical basis for detecting the dried nuts by ESR.

Sample was digested by microwave. Potassium iodide is oxidized by Se (Ⅳ) in medium of 0.2 mol/L hydrochloric acid，the product I3－ reacts with rhodamine B to form ion complex. Potassium iodide of 1 mL at 10 g/100mL and rhodamine B of 3 mL at 0.005 g/100mL were used. The formed ion complex was extracted into the 0.5 mL ionic liquid phase (C4MIM)PF6. The quenched fluorescence was observed for rhodamine B in the presence of Se (Ⅳ). The linear determination range of Se (Ⅳ) was between 2 and 60μg/L. The limit of quantification of method (RSN＝10) for selenium was 20μg/kg, and the average recoveries were from 87.9% to 105%. The proposed method has the characteristics of easy operation, no pollution and high sensitivity, and it can be used for the analysis of trace selenium in zinc-selenium health food and fortified nutrient salt.

Propolis is a sticky dark-colored material. Its pharmacological activity and chemical compositions are highly variable, which depends on the plant sources. Solid phase microextraction coupled with GC-MS was used to analyze the volatile compounds in propolis from 4 types of plant sources. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) revealed the difference of volatile compounds in different plant sources. The same components included 3-methyl-3-butene-1-ol, isoprene, 4-pentene-acetate, prenyl acetate, 4-cymene, limonene, cineole, 3-carene, nonanal, α-cubaene, α-muurolene, β-eudesmol and α-eudesmol. This study will provide a theoretical reference for further investigation of fingerprints and distinguish diagram of propolis.

Square wave voltammetry was established to determine sodium iron EDTA (NaFeEDTA). In the square wave voltammetry, the phosphate buffer solution (pH 3.0) was set as the base solution, scan increment was set for 10 mV, square wave frequency was set at 2.5 kHz, and square wave amplitude was set at 100 mV. The linear range for the determination of NaFeEDTA was 10－200 mg/L with the correlation coefficient of 0.9997. The limit of detection of NaFeEDTA was 4 mg/L. In iron fortified soy sauce and salt samples, the recoveries were (93.5 ± 2.1)% and (96.8 ± 2.8)%.

This paper describes a method to determine benzo(a) pyrene in animal fats and vegetable and oils using gel permeation-high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD). In this method, gel permeation cleanup system was used to remove the interference such as triglyceride. Chromatographic separation was achieved by a reverse-phase column of Hypersil ODS2 with the mobile phase consisting of methanol-water (94:6, V/V) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. FLD were set at 365 nm excitation and 406 nm emission wavelengths, and the column temperature was kept at 30 ℃. The limit of detection was 0.1μg/kg, the calibration curve was linear between a concentration range of 0.1－50μg/kg, the recoveries were in the range of 92.0%－106.0%, and RSD (n ＝ 6) value was 1.86%. The method is simple, rapid, accurate and sensitive for directly determining benzo(a)pyrene in animal fats and vegetable oils without complicated and time-consuming separation process.

Objective: To study the fresh-keeping effect of ClO2 preservation treatment on Summer Black grapes. Methods: Fresh Summer Black grapes were treated by ClO2 at various concentrations of 2.5, 5 g/kg and 10 g/kg. Following the preservative treatments, the treated grapes were stored at (1 ± 1) ℃ and relative humidity of 80%-85%. The anthocyanin content and physiological-biochemical quality of treated grapes during the storage were studied. Results: ClO2 preservative treatment could effectively decrease the decay rate of grapes. The preservative concentration at 10 g/kg revealed the lowest decay rate of grapes. Meanwhile, the preservation treatment at the dosage of 2.5 g/kg and 5 g/kg could inhibit the increase of browning degree, MDA content and respiration rate and alleviate the decline of anthocyanin, total soluble solids and titratable acids. Conclusion: The fresh-keeping effect of ClO2 preservation treatment at the dosage of 5 g/kg is the best, which can obvious delay the maturation and senescence process of grapes.

The effects of chitosan, alginate, nisin and lysozyme on fresh-keeping of cherry tomatoes were compared by determining their sensory quality, weight loss, hardness, respiration rate, vitamin C content, soluble solids content and SOD activity during the storage. The results showed that chitosan coating gave the best preservation effect, determined 15 days after coating and storied at 4 ℃. The rot index was 0.231, weight loss rate was 7.34%, vitamin C content was 26.4 mg/100 g, soluble solids content was up to 8.9%, and respiration rate was significantly lower than cherry tomatoes treated by other reagents.

The nutrition compositions and properties of kamaboko gels prepared from grass carp and sliver carp were compared. Hardness, springiness, water-holding capacity, whiteness, aerobic bacterial count, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were determined during chilling storage at －2 ℃. Results indicated that there were no significant difference in contents of water, fat and ash between kamaboko gels from grass carp and sliver carp. However, total protein content in gel from sliver carp was significantly higher than that from grass carp. Water-holding capacity and springiness revealed a gradual decrease, but hardness and whiteness revealed an increase within 28－35 d and then a decline. Aerobic bacterial count, TVB-N and TBARS exhibited an increase during storage. The shelf life of kamaboko gels could be reached to 56 days under the conditions of vacuum packaging and chilling storage.

Fruit bodies of Lentinula edodes subjected to vacuum-infiltrated calcium chloride treatment were used as the materials to explore the effect of calcium treatment on lentinan content, β-1,3-glucanase activity, electrolyte leakage and MDA content. The results showed that the effect of 0.12 mol/L CaCl2 was the best solution. Under the treatment of 0.12 mol/L CaCl2, β-1,3-glucanase activity was 20.54 U/mg, lentinan content was 0.38%, electrolyte leakage was 85.11% and MDA content was 2.48 μmol/L. Calcium treatments could restrain β-1,3-glucanase activity, reduce the loss of lentinan during storage and maintain the integrity of cell membrane structure.

Anti-staling agents, chitosan and 1-MCP, were used on Mi Zao, jujube from Mianyang after harvesting then stored at (4±1) ℃ to observe the quality change of Mi Zao, jujube under different treatments. During the storage, the hardness, the rates of turn red, rot and weight loss were determined; the changes of vitamin C, soluble solids, titratable acid and soluble sugar were also analyzed. The results showed that the treatment groups could keep the hardness of Mi Zao, jujube in various degrees, delayed the maturation process and kept the quality of Mi Zao, jujube as compared with untreated group. After 30 days, storage, the group treated with the combined anti-staling agents were better than other groups, its hardness is 13.54 kg/cm2, the rates of turn red, rot and weight loss were 69%, 16.3% and 1.21%, respectively. The content of vitamin C was 270 mg/100 g. The content of soluble sugar, titratable acid and soluble solids were 14.1%, 0.2% and 20%, respectively.

Fresh duck eggs were used as the raw materials to prepare non-shell alkaline eggs through high-temperature-coagulation method. The effect of deployment agent formula on product quality and the optimal preparation conditions were explored. Results indicated that sodium chloride could promote protein coagulation and regulate taste. Sodium carbonate, tea juice and ferrous sulfate could promote gel strength and improve color. The optimal deployment agent formula was composed of 1.1% Na2CO3, 1.3% NaCl, 0.001% FeSO4, and 0.17% tea juice. The optimal preparation process conditions were pH 10, preparation temperature of 90 ℃ and heating time of 35 min. The products obtained under the optimal preparation conditions have the flavor of traditional preserved egg.

A new type of biosensor for detecting hydrogen peroxide in food residues was developed through modification of gold-palladium nano-alloys on the glassy carbon electrode. Due to large surface area, good biocompatibility and excellent catalytic properties of nano particles, the gold-palladium nano-alloy was used to immobilize horseradish peroxidase (HRP) on glassy carbon electrode. The electrochemical properties of electrode surface during each fabrication procedure were characterized by cyclic voltammetry and AC impedance method and the sensor performance of this sensor was evaluated by chronoamperometry. The results revealed that the hydrogen peroxide sensor had a good linear relationship in the range of 1× 10-7-5 × 10-3 mol/L for H2O2 and the limit of detection was 8.0×10-7 mol/L. It had better catalytic activity and good detection performance for detecting hydrogen peroxide. Moreover, this hydrogen peroxide sensor proved inexpensive, easy to use and strong repeatability, thus it is applicable for the hydrogen peroxide in food residues.