This study aimed to optimize the ethanol reflux extraction of flavonoids from banana flower to obtain maximum
extraction efficiency and evaluate the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and mechanism of the resulting ethanol extract. The
optimal extraction conditions that provided maximum extraction efficiency (26.25 mg/mL on average) were found to be 60%
ethanol as the extraction solvent with a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1:30 (g/mL) and temperature 65 ℃ for an extraction duration
of 1 h. The ethanol extract obtained under the optimized conditions had potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity providing an
inhibition rate of 88.56%. The inhibition mechanism was competitive and the Km 674.074 μg/mL.

Crude polysaccharides were obtained from Coprinus comatus mycelia using ultrasonication followed by cellulase
hydrolysis. The optimum extraction conditions that provided maximum extraction efficiency (3.48 ± 0.17) % were 500 W, 900
U/g (relative to the dry weight of Coprinus comatus mycelia), 2.5 h and 55 ℃ for microwave power, enzyme dose, extraction
time and temperature, respectively as determined by orthogonal array design. The crude polysaccharides were purified by
Sephadex G-200 and DEAE-32 column chromatography to obtain two major fractions. Both frations displayed a single
homogeneous band in cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Thus electrophoresis-pure polysaccharides were obtained.

Response surface methodology based on a quadratic central composite rotary design was used to optimize the
preparation of peptide-Ca2+ complex from scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) gonad. The influence of pH, time, temperature,
and peptide/calcium ratio on the yield of peptide-Ca2+ complex was investigated. The results showed that the optimum
reaction conditions for forming Ca2+ chelating peptides were pH 8.0, 22 min, 64.8 ℃, and peptide/calcium ratio 3.4:1. Under
these conditions, the predicted yield was 6.78% while the actual yield was 6.81%. The complex contained (6.67 ± 0.11)%
nitrogen and (9.75 ± 0.17)% calcium. Infrared spectroscopic study revealed that both amino and carboxyl groups were
involved in the complex. Calcium dialyzability of the complex after in vitro digestion was (41.86 ± 2.33)%, but showed
no significant difference from control (P ＞ 0.05). Therefore, scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) gonad hydrolysate-Ca2+
complex might have good calcium bioavailability.

An orthogonal array design was applied to optimize the ultrasonic-assisted extraction of potato starch to obtain
maximum extraction efficiency. The starch obtained in this study was investigated for chemical composition, granular
morphology, solubility, swelling power, transparency and paste viscosity. All the studied extraction conditions including
ultrasonic power, radiation time, raw material particle size and potato/water ratio had significant effects on extraction
efficiency. The extraction efficiency was as high as 94.22% under the conditions: 300 g of 60-mesh potato power, 4 min of
sonification at 500 W and a potato/water ratio of 1:1 (g/mL), a 6.88% increase compared with that obtained by the traditional
extraction procedure. The resulting sample contained 0.14% water and 35.62% amylose, and showed oval or round granules
with a mean particle size of 26.2 μm and its peak viscosity was 1292 BU. Compared with the starch obtained by the
traditional water extraction method, its transparency was lower but its solubility, swelling power and retrogradation property
were higher.

Different types of macroporous adsorption resin, including NKA-2, NKA-9, LS-600, HZ806, HZ906,
HPD100, HPD500 and S-8 were compared for their static adsorption and desorption capacities for chlorogenic acid in
60% ethanol extract of Eucommia ulmoidues leaves. NKA-2 was found to have a stronger ability to adsorb and desorb
chlorogenic acid and the optimal operating parameters for purifying chlorogenic acid from the ethanol extract using
NKA-2 were determined. The static adsorption quantity of chlorogenic acid on NKA-2 and desorption percentage were
86 mg/g and 93.23%, respectively. The optimal process conditions that provided maximum chlorogenic acid recovery
(83.14%; purity 28.91%) were determined as 4 mg/mL, 4 BV/h, 5 BV, 80%, 3 BV/h and 2 BV for sample concentration,
loading flow rate, loading volume, desorbent concentration, desorption flow rate, and desorbent volume, respectively,
and whereas those for maximum chlorogenic acid purity (39.38%; recovery 79.62% ) were 4 mg/mL, 4 BV/h, 5 BV,
80%, 3 BV/h and 1.5 BV, respectively.

Soybean peptides were prepared form enzymatic hydrolysis of soy protein isolate (SPI) by alcalase and then
made to react with sodium selenite to form Se-chelating peptides. A comparative analysis of antioxidant properties was
carried out on the soybean peptides and the Se-peptide complexes. The results of optimization using orthogonal array design
showed that the optimum chelating conditions were 1:2, 9.0, 80 ℃ and 2 h for 0.5 mol/mL sodium selenite/soybean peptides
ratio (V/V), pH, temperature and reaction time, respectively. Under these conditions, the chelating rate of selenite ion was
42.82%. The Se-peptide complexes possessed stronger scavenging activity against DPPH and hydroxyl radicals, iron (Ⅱ)
chelating ability and reducing power than the soybean peptides, which was increased in a concentration-dependent manner.

Chitosan-immobilized pectinase was applied to clarify maca juice in order to avoid turbidity caused by pectin,
water-soluble proteins and/or phenloics during storage. Three operating parameters including pectinase dosage, temperature
and time were optimized based on clarification efficiency by response surface methodology. A quadratic polynomial
regression model was developed indicating the effect of the three operating parameters on clarification efficiency. After
treatment with 43.50 g/L of the immobilized enzyme at 50 ℃ for 104 min, the clarity of maca juice was 95.78%. In
addition, the removal rates of pectin, water-soluble proteins and phenloics were 60.73%, 32.93% and 9.06%, respectively,
and glucosinolates, water soluble alkaloids, VC and total sugar, respectively, lost only 6.92%, 3.35%, 3.25% and 1.82% of
the original amounts, suggesting the major bioactive constituents in maca juice can be mostly retained under the optimized
clarification conditions. After ten cycles of repeated use, the immobilized pectinase provided a clarity of 75.49% when used
to treat a new maca juice, illustrating good repeated usability.

An orthogonal array design was applied to optimize the ultrasonic-assisted extraction of color pigments from chili
powder. Microwave showed a significant synergistic effect on the ultrasonic-assisted extraction of chili pigments. The optimum
conditions for ultrasonic/microwave-assisted of chili pigments were found to be ethyl acetate as the extraction solvent, 50 ℃,
1:8 (g/mL) of solid-to-solvent ratio, 30 min of ultrasonic treatment with an output power of 190 W followed by 10 min of
microwave treatment with an output power of 500 W. Under the optimized conditions, the yield of chili pigments was 4.78%.

In the present study, an alkali extraction procedure to extract protein from Zophobas morio pupae was proposed.
The effect of alkali concentration, solid/liquid ratio (g/mL), temperature and extraction time on the extraction efficiency of
protein was investigated by one-factor-at-a-time method and then the extraction parameters were optimized by orthogonal
array design. The optimum extraction conditions were determined as 1.0 g/100 mL, 1:10 (g/mL), 60 ℃ and 2 h for alkali
concentration, solid/liquid ratio (g/mL), temperature and extraction time, respectively. Three repeated extractions of
Zophobas morio pupae under the optimized conditions gave rise to an average crude protein content in final extracts of
82.13% and an average protein recovery of 81.54%.

An alkaline treatment process was described to remove pericarp oil from Dahongpao Sichuan pepper before
screw pressing. The oxidative stability of the pressed oil under different conditions of temperature, light, air and antioxidants
was evaluated in terms of peroxide value (POV). Under optimized conditions, 93.85% of the pericarp oil of Sichuan pepper
was removed, and the yield of pressed oil was 20.2%. Exposure to heat, light and air accelerated the oxidation of Sichuan
pepper oil, and heat was the most important factor followed by light and air. All TBHQ, VE and sesamol could markedly
improve the stability of the essential oil, and TBHQ was the best antioxidant at the same doses.

Pork-flavor essence was prepared by Maillard reaction using the soybean meal hydrolysate prepared in this
laboratory and the volatile compounds of the pork flavor essence was identified by GC-MS. The optimum Maillard
reaction conditions were as follow: 0.5 g of L-cysteine, 6 g of reducing sugar, 0.3 g of VB1 and 0.2 g of VC per 100 mL
of hydrolysate, 1:3 of glucose-to-xylose ratio, pH 8.0, 100 ℃ and 20 min. The resulting essence scored 4.68 in sensory
evaluation. A total of 29 volatile compounds were identified from this synthetic essence. Some identified compounds made
an important contribution to the pork flavor, such as 2-methyl-3-furanthiol, furfural, 1-(2-pyridinyl)-ethanone, 3-methylbutanal,
methyl-pyrazine, etc.

The efficiency of H2O2 for degrading residual dimethoate and pirimicarb in soybean protein isolate was
investigated. The effect of H2O2 dose, treatment time and pH on the degradation rates of both pesticides was explored using
quadratic multivariate D-saturation design. The results indicated that after 22.50 min of exposure to 2.50 mL/L of H2O2 at pH
6.5, the residues of dimethoate and pirimicarb in soybean protein isolate were degraded by an average of 79.7%, meeting the
national safety requirement and reaching a level close to 0.01 mg/kg in the Japanese Positive List System.

Polysaccharides from Enteromorpha prolifera were prepared in our laboratory and degraded with trifluoroacetic
acid (TFA) in smaller molecules. The antioxidant activity of the degradation products was evaluated in terms of hydroxyl
radical scavenging activity. Using orthogonal array design, we established the optimal degradation conditions to be treatment
with 1.0 mol/L TFA at 80 ℃ for 5 hours with a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:200 (g/mL). Under these conditions, the yield of
degradation products was 40.05%. The hydroxyl radical scavenging rate of the degraded polysaccharides reached 61.83%, with
an IC50 of 0.3521 mg/mL compared to 1.8940 mg/mL for the intact polysaccharides, suggesting these degradation products
have significantly higher antioxidant activity. Moreover, the intrinsic viscosity (60.618 mL/g) of the intact polysaccharides was
reduced to 22.789 mL/g after the degradation, and the average relative molecular weight (1.19 × 105) was lowered to 6.41 × 104.

Ginseng-corn pellets were made from corn meal and ginseng powder by repeating extrusion twice. The extrusion
process was optimized using a three-variable, three-level response surface design. Second extrusion temperature had the
greatest effect on cooking tolerance of extruded pellets followed by water addition and first extrusion temperature. The
optimum extrusion conditions the provided the best cooking tolerance (93.14%) were extrusion at 140 ℃ and re-extrusion at
105 ℃ with the addition of 22.5% water. Under these conditions, excellent texture properties were obtained.

The ultrasonic-assisted extraction of anthocyanins from the alcoholic fermentation broth of purple sweet
potato in vinegar production was optimized by response surface methodology. The influence of individual variables
such as material/solvent ratio, temperature, ultrasonic treatment time and output power as well as their interactions on
the extraction yield of anthocyanins was investigated. Moreover, the changes in the contents of major components in
the alcoholic fermentation broth after the extraction process were examined. It was found that the optimum extraction
conditions were as follows: material/solvent ratio 1:10 (g/mL), temperature 57.5 ℃ and ultrasonication for 25.7 min with
an output power of 300 W. Under these conditions, the extraction yield of anthocyanins was 87.16 mg/100 g dry matter.
After the extraction of anthocyanins, the contents of reducing sugar and amino nitrogen in the alcoholic fermentation
broth were increased by 70.04% and 17.00%, whereas the contents of total acid, lactic acid and alcohol were reduced by
9.5%, 16.1% and 8.1%, respectively.

A response surface experimental design of four variables at three levels each was used to optimize the
enzymatic hydrolysis of pig bone meal (PBM) to obtain maximum degree of hydrolysis (DH). Alkaline protease was
identified as the best protease for PBM hydrolysis. The optimal hydrolysis conditions were determined as 1:20 (g/mL),
5722.25 U/g, 59.12 ℃, 7.96 and 3.19 h for solid/liquid ratio, enzyme dose, temperature, initial pH and hydrolysis time,
respectively. The predicted DH under these conditions was 17.41%, which was consistent with the actual value of 17.13%.

Mung bean protein was modified by ultrasonic-assisted glycosylation for improved functional properties and
thus wider use. The effects of protein-to-glucose ratio, substrate concentration, pH, reaction temperature, ultrasonication
time and ultrasonic power on degree of grafting (DG) and degree of browning (DB, expressed as absorbance at 420 nm,
A420 nm) were analyzed. A Box-Behnken design combined with response surface analysis was employed to optimize the
reaction conditions. Ultrasonic power, reaction temperature and ultrasonication time had significant effects on DG, while the
effects of protein-to-glucose ratio, substrate concentration and pH were not significant. DB showed an upward trend with
an increase in all these reaction conditions. The optimum reaction conditions were determined as 53 min, 300 W and 80 ℃
for ultrasonication time, ultrasonic power and reaction temperature, respectively. Under these conditions, the theoretical DG
(52.28%) closely agreed with the experimental value (52.06%).

Macrosporous resin types D101, X-5, HD-101, D14, S-8, HC-D301, HD-8, D141, HPD100, HPD500, AB-8
and NKA-2 were compared for their adsorption and desorption capacities for the purification of puerarin from a crude
extract of Radix Puerariae. NKA-2 was found to have the strongest ability to adsorb puerarin with a static saturated
adsorption quantity of 184.9 mg/g and a desorption percentage of 90.86% by 50% ethanol. The optimal conditions for
purifying puerarin with NKA-2, as determined by orthogonal array design, were 18 mg/mL, 60% ethanol and 1 BV/h for
sample concentration, desorbent and desorption flow rate, respectively. Under the optimized conditions, the recovery
and purify of puerarin were 90.06% and 82.18%. The optimized process has potential practical applications for the
purification of puerarin.

This paper presents an optimized procedure for preparing VC nanoliposomes suspension by the ethanol injection
method. Two post-treatments were evaluated in terms of encapsulation efficiency. Using one-factor-at-a-time method
and orthogonal array design, the optimal conditions for preparing VC nanoliposomes suspension were determined as 40
mL of hydrated media, 400 mg of lecithin, 160 mg of VC, a cholesterol/lecithin ratio of 1:5 (m/m), a Tween-80/total lipid
ratio of 4:6 (m/m), hydration at 55 ℃, and three cycles of homogenization at 100 MPa. The encapsulation efficiency of
VC nanoliposomes suspension obtained under these conditions was 71.4%, average particle size 89.62 nm, polydispersity
index (PDI) 0.160, and surface potential (－20.1 ± 5.6) mV. The release in 0.05 mol/L PBS at pH 6.5 obeyed first-order
kinetics. Additionally, it was found that the stability of the VC nanoliposomes suspension decreased with increasing storage
temperature or time.

The best macroporous resin for purification of banana peel flavonoid (BPF) was selected from X-5, AB-8, H103 and
D-101 by static adsorption and desorption capacities. H103 was identified as the best resin for BPF purification. The adsorption
equilibrium was reached in about 3 h and the maximum adsorption quantity for BPF was 3.66 mg/g, while the time required to
reach desorption equilibrium was about 2.5 h, yielding a desorption percentage of 89.11%. The optimal conditions for purifying
BPF by dynamic adsorption and desorption on H103 were determined as 7.0, 2.0 mL/min, 3.0 mL/min and 75% ethanol for pH
sample loading flow rate, desorption flow rate and desorbent, respectively. Under these conditions, the recovery and purity of
BPF were 72.50% and 73%, respectively. BPF could inhibit the growth of Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis,
and purified BPF had better antimicrobial activity.

采用超声波辅助提取邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物(PAEs)，以提取溶剂、提取时间、料液比、提取功率及提取温度进行单因素试验，通过响应曲面法建立了邻苯二甲酸酯提取量与提取时间、料液比及提取功率之间的关系，得到最佳的提取条件为：提取时间31min、料液比1:42(g/mL)、提取功率90W。在此条件下，PAEs提取量为46.21mg/kg，与理论预测值基本吻合。

The purpose of this study was to investigate the optimum ultrasonic-assisted extraction process and antioxidant
activity of polysaccharides from lotus leaves. A comparison between the ultrasonic-assisted extraction and the traditional
water extraction was carried out. The key factors affecting extraction efficiency and their interactions were explored based on
a central composite design. The optimum conditions for ultrasonic-assisted extraction were determined as 200 W, 22:1, 39 min
and 76 ℃ for ultrasonic power, water-to-lotus leave ratio, extraction time and temperature, respectively. The extraction yield
of polysaccharides under these conditions was 4.25%, which was over 40% higher than that obtained with the traditional water
extraction method, while the extraction time was shortened by 56.7% using the ultrasonic-assisted extraction method. Moreover,
antioxidant polysaccharides with significantly higher activity were obtained from ultrasonic-assisted extraction.

The carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan (CMK) made from konjac glucomannan (KGM) from Amorphophallus
bulbifer was used as the film-forming material to formulate a thermosensitive edible film. The influence of CMK concentration,
CMK-to-KGM ratio, sodium alginate (as reinforcer) concentration, glycerol (as plasticizer) concentration, drying temperature
and time on tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (E), water vapor permeability (WVP) of edible films was investigated.
These film-forming components were optimized by four-variable quadratic general rotary combination design and validated by
experiments. The optimum film-forming conditions were found to be 1.60%－1.62% CMK, 0.08%－0.09% KGM, 0.31%－
0.33% sodium alginate, and drying at 70 ℃ for 5.0 h. The TS of the resulting edible film showed a 95% possibility at pressures
above 53.78 MPa. Moreover, the mathematical model developed in this study had good prediction ability.

Protein from konjac flying powder, the byproduct of konjac fine powder production, was extracted using
alkaline dissolution and acid precipitation and emulsifying properties of the isolate were investigated. The optimal
conditions for extracting protein from konjac flying powder were found to be extraction at 40 ℃ for 40 min with an
alkaline solution at pH 10 in a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1:30 followed by precipitation by adjusting the pH to 3.6. The
filtrated extract was dried to obtain a yield of 36.59% and a purity of 74.73%. The average emulsifying capacity and
average emulsion stability of the protein isolate were 47.88% and 43.55%, respectively. In this study we have obtained a
protein with high yield and emulsifying properties from konjac flying powder.

Crude powder containing 66.72% monoammonium glycyrrhizinate (MAG) and having a whiteness of 74.2
was purified using a procedure involving ethanol crystallization followed by activated carbon decolorization and ethanol
recrystallization to obtain a purity of 83.32% and a whiteness of 74.2. The effects of monoammonium glycyrrhizinate-to-activated
carbon ratio as well as adsorption time and temperature on decolorization efficiency were investigated by one-factor-at-a-time
method, and the optimum decolorization conditions were determined using orthogonal array design to be adsorption at 75 ℃ for
60 min with a monoammonium glycyrrhizinate-to-activated carbon ratio of 1:3. Repeated experiments under these conditions
indicated that the procedure was stable and effective at decolorizing monoammonium glycyrrhizinate with a recovery of 68.74%.

The uniform design method was applied to optimize the extraction of flavonoids from blackberry leaves and
the composition of flavonoids in blackberry leaf extracts was analyzed by HPLC. The optimum extraction conditions for
ethanol concentration, temperature, solid-to-solvent ratio and number of repeated extractions were 65%, 85 ℃, 1:30 and 3,
respectively. The extraction yield of flavonoids under the optimized conditions was 8.091%. The resulting blackberry leaf
extract contained 3.519 mg/g rutin, 17.342 mg/g scutellarin, 1.276 mg/g luteolin, 1.566 mg/g quercitrin, 0.928 mg/g apigenin
and 1.160 mg/g kaempferol. This study suggests that blackberry leaves contain a variety of abundant flavonoids and thus
deserves intensive research and development.

The extraction condition of protein from Zizyphi spinosi Semen by alkaline extraction and acid precipitation
was optimized by response surface methodology. The extraction efficiency of protein was investigated with respect to
four variables including solvent/solid ratio, pH, temperature and time. A mathematical model was fitted by means of Box-
Behnken design. The optimum conditions for extracting protein from Zizyphi spinosi Semen were determined as 24:1 (mL/g),
11, 57 ℃ and 46 min for solvent/solid ratio, pH, temperature and time, respectively. Under these conditions, the maximum
theoretical extraction yield of protein was 73.15%, which closely agreed with the actual value of 73.11%. Thus , the model
developed in this study has good prediction capability.

A fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) was presented to detect salbutamol. Fluorescence-labeled
salbutamol tracer (SAL-HDF) was synthesized via the reaction of salbutamol-succinate (SAL) with fluoresceinthiocarbamyl
ethylendiamine (HDF). Several parameters that might affect the performance of FPIA such as SAL-HDF and anti-salbutamol
antibody concentration were optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the limit of detection was 72.36 ng/mL, the IC50 was
975.18 ng/mL, and the linear range of the developed FPIA was 178.08–4871.15 ng/mL. This method can provide a useful
reference to develop a salbutamol FPIA test kit.

A method for simultaneous determination of 16 plasticizers and 7 antioxidants in vinegar was established
by GC-MS. Desired results were achieved in quantitative and qualitative analysis of the 23 food additives based on their
characteristic ions. All the established standard curves were characterized by a correlation coefficient above 0.99. The limits
of detection of the method were 0.38－21.0 μg/L, and the recoveries and precision (RSD) were 51.0%－123.6% and 0.4%－
28.3%, respectively. This method proved to be simple, fast and sensitive, and was successfully applied to determine 28
marketed vinegar samples.

An analytical method for detecting sugar content in alcoholic beverages by dielectric spectroscopy was
presented. Dielectric measurements of binary ethanol/water system and ternary glucose/ethanol/water system were carried
out over the frequency band of 1－20 GHz at 20 ℃. The dielectric parameters characterizing the dielectric behaviors of
the ternary system were obtained by fitting the dielectric spectral data with the Cole-Cole equation. A standard curve was
established with gradient glucose concentrations and validated for prediction of sugar content in alcoholic beverages. The
method allowed estimation of sugar content in samples based on known alcohol content and dielectric constant and alcohol
content could be inversely estimated from known sugar content and dielectric constant. Moreover, the reliability of this
method in detecting nine commercially available alcoholic beverages was validated. Therefore the method proposed in this
work is promising for the detection of sugar or alcohol content in alcoholic beverages and other liquid foods.

A method was proposed for the rapid determination of 20 phthalate acid esters (PAEs) in edible oil based
on automated online gel permeation chromatography coupled with gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GPC-GCMS).
Diluted oils were directly determined by GPC-GC-MS. Identification and detection were achieved using electron impact (EI)
ionization in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The calibration curves of 20 PAEs were linear in the range of 2.5–10000 μg/L
with good correlation coefficients more than 0.99. The recoveries for all these compounds from edible oil at the spiked levels
of 1LOQ, 2LOQ and 4LOQ were in the range of 83%–118%. The limits of quantitation (RSN ≥ 10) for the PAEs were in the
range of 0.11–4.59 mg/kg and RSD were 1.9%–6.7%. The established method was successfully used for the determination
of real samples (bean oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil and olive oil) from supermarkets. The method was simple, rapid
and reliable, and could meet the requirement for simultaneous determination and analysis of 20 PAEs in edible oil.

Based on competitive binding immunoassay, a colloidal gold lateral flow strip for the quantitative detection of
malachite green was developed by reading the absorbance of test (T) and control (C) lines with a test strip reader. Different
concentrations of malachite green standard were detected with the test strip reader at different times of reaction. Three different
detection models were proposed by plotting the absorbance of T line, T/C and T/(T ＋ C) against the concentration of standard,
respectively. At 10 min of reaction, the linear correlation coefficient (R2) between the concentration of standard and the
absorbance of T line was 0.9438 with coefficient of variation (CV, n = 3) of 1.6%–8.2%, whereas the r values for T/C and T/
(T ＋ C) were 0.9811 and 0.9916 and the CV values were 0.4%–3.7% and 0.3%–2.2%, respectively. The T/(T ＋ C) model
exhibited better linearity and smaller CV, and its sensitivity was 3 μg/L.

A method for simultaneous determination of 24 phthalate acid esters (PAEs) in cereals and root vegetables
was developed. Samples were extracted by n-hexane/distilled water or n-hexane/acetone/distilled water. The collected
supernatants were vacuum-concentrated to dryness and re-dissolved in n-hexane. PAEs were measured by gas
chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) using internal standard method. The correlation coefficients (r) of 24 PAEs
were over 0.999 with detection limits between 0.001 mg/kg and 0.1 mg/kg. The average recoveries of 24 PAEs in cereals
and root vegetables varied from 78.7% to 113.2%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) between 0.4% and 14.4%. The
migration amount of PAEs plasticizers in cereals and root vegetables was investigated by this method, diethyl phthalate,
di-n-butyl phthalate, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate and di-iso-nonyl phthalate were found in some commercial samples. This
method is well suitable for the analysis of PAEs in cereals and root vegetables.

A TaqMan duplex fluorescence quantitative PCR assay for detecting Listeria monocytogenes and
Staphylococcus aureus was presented. Specific primers and probes were designed according to the hlyA gene sequence of
Listeria monocytogenes and the nuc gene of Staphylococcus aureus published in GenBank. The developed assays detected
only the two pathogens, respectively, but not other bacteria, indicating the high specificity of the duplex PCR. When the
positive recombinant plasmids pMD18-hlyA and pMD18-nuc were simultaneously amplified, the sensitivity for them was
19.5 copy/μL and 18.7 copy/μL, respectively, and the limit of detection was 102 CFU/g for both Listeria monocytogenes and
Staphylococcus aureus in artificially inoculated meat.

In the present study, allergen amandin from Chinese sweet almond was prepared, and specific antibodies
against the amandin were produced. A double-antibody sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based
on rabbit polyclonal antibody and mouse polyclonal antibody was then established. The newly established ELISA could
detect amandin at levels as low as (6.36 ± 1.02) μg/L, showing no cross-reactivity with 14 common plant proteins. The
limit of detection for amandin was (12.11 ± 1.70) μg/L in Chinese bitter apricot kernel and (18.95 ± 1.52) μg/L in
almond (Amygdalus communis L.). The sandwich ELISA were used to detect the amandin in spiked samples of Frenchstyle
bread, biscuit and skim milk with recoveries ranging from 78.94% to 125.15%, and relative standard deviation (n = 3)
below 5.81%.

An F0F1-ATPase molecular motor biosensor was established for rapid detection of Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) in
foods. The biosensor was fabricated by connecting HIV specific probe to the ε subunit of F0F1-ATPase using an avidinbiotin
system. The detection of HAV in samples was based on the difference in fluorescence intensity 10 min after initiation
of ATP synthesis from HAV positive serum and negative control RNA when separately bound to the biosensor. The results
demonstrated that the F0F1-ATPase biosensor exhibited good specificity and high sensitivity to HAV in foods. The sensitivity
of the method was 0.01 ng/mL. The results obtained by this method agreed with those by reverse transcription PCR. The
process of HAV detection with the biosensor can be completed within 1 h. In conclusion, this study has developed a method
for the investigation and detection of HAV contamination in foods.

A method was established for the determination of nitrofuran metabolite residues in bee pollen by liquid
chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). After acidified, samples were purified through HLB solid phase
extraction columns, derivatized, and then extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracted residues were analyzed by mass
spectrometry. The recoveries of nitrofuran metabolites ranged from 89.5% to 100.9% at spiked concentrations of 1, 2 μg/kg.
and 5 μg/kg. The method showed good precisions for intra-day (RSD ＜ 10%) and inter-day assays (RSD ＜ 15%), and had
an excellent linearity in the range from 0.5 to 20 ng/mL (r ＞ 0.99). The detection limit and quantitation limit were 0.25 μg/kg.
and 1.0 μg/kg, respectively. This validated method is suitable for the determination and confirmation of nitrofuran metabolite
residues in bee pollen thanks to its excellent selectivity and strong anti-interference capability.

Objective: To establish a method for simultaneous detection of three species of foodborne pathogenic
bacteria using liquid gene chips. Method: Three sets of specific primers and probes were designed according to the
gene 23S rDNA of Staphylococcus aureus, the gene iap of Listeria monocytogenes and the gene ipaH of Shigella
spp. The multiple PCR reaction systems gave rise to target fragments of 246, 112 bp and 174 bp, respectively. The
target fragments were captured by microspheres coupled with the gene-specific probes, finally establishing liquid
gene chips. Results: The method was highly sensitive and specific. The sensitivity for Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria
monocytogenes and Shigella spp. were 38, 44 CFU/mL and 21 CFU/mL, respectively. Conclusion: We here report
a novel detection assay using liquid gene chips for three foodborne pathogenic bacteria, which provides a highthroughput
system for rapid detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria.

A corlometric method for the determination of metallothionein (MT) was established using 5,5’-dithio bis-
(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) as the derivatizing agent and measuring the absorbance of the colored product TNBA
at 412 nm. The results showed that a linear relationship of MT was obtained within the concentration range of 2–15 μg
and 10–150 μg. The corresponding equations were A412 nm = 0.0059C ＋ 0.0251 (R2 = 0.9942), and A412 nm = 0.0052C ＋
0.0201 (R2 = 0.9997). The average recovery was 99.94% (n = 6, RSD = 0.27%), with good precision (n = 6, RSD = 0. 7%).
The limit of detection of the method was 2 μg. In conclusion this study has developed a simple and rapid method to
determine MT.

A rapid detection and identification method for Alicyclobacillus was proposed by combined use of PCR and
automated ribotyping (RiboPrinter). A total of 59 pure strains were isolated and identified by the method. The results
showed that automated ribotyping allowed more rapid, accurate and reliable identification with maximum interference
avoidance, the further classification of identified species and enabled their traceability. The results of this study are
expected to provide useful data to establish a database for Alicyclobacillus typing. However, it remains unclear that
whether ribotyping can indicate regional distribution characteristics of Alicyclobacillus due to limited sources and number
of strains in this study.

A competitive ELISA kit for fast detection of streptomycin (SM) residues in royal Jelly was developed.
SM complete antigens were prepared and monoclonal antibodies against streptomycin were produced by
hybridoma technology and in vivo ascites induction method. Results showed that the kit’s Logit/Log calibration
curve was y = －2.1x ＋ 0.8(correlation coefficient, r = 0.9943), with linear range of 4 to 324 μg/kg. The half inhibitory
concentration (IC50) was 79 μg/kg, sensitivity was 0.1 μg/kg, and limit of detection was 4 μg/kg. The detection accuracy
was over 90%. The recoveries of SM from spiked positive samples were between 67.7% and 86.7% and the coefficients
of variation for replicate measurements ranged from 4.3% to 5.6%. The developed ELISA kit can be applied for the
quantitative detection of SM residues in royal jelly.

A new inhibitory kinetic spectrophotometric method for the determination of trace copper in tea was proposed.
The method was based on the fact that in HAc-NaAc buffer solution (pH 3.5), trace amounts of copper can inhibit the
oxidative fading of bromophenol blue induced by potassium iodate in the presence of ascorbic acid as an activator.
Important experimental conditions were optimized and interference from co-existing ions was investigated. Under optimized
conditions, the linear range of the method was 0–0.058 μg/mL, and the limit of detection was 9.04 × 10-10 g/mL. The
average recoveries of copper from spiked tea samples were in the range of 94.3%－102.6% with relative standard deviations
less than or equal to 4.8% (n = 6). The method proved to be simple, rapid, sensitive and has been used to determine trace
copper in tea leaves with satisfactory results.

An ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS-MS) with QuEChERS method
has been developed for the determination of 73 toxic and harmful substances in foods. Samples were extracted by DisQuE
extraction, cleaned up with DisQuE clean-up tube, and chromatographic separation was performed on a BEH C18 column
with gradient elution and the analytes were identified by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) and quantified by external standard
method. The results showed that the limits of quantification (LOQs) for 73 toxic and harmful substances were 0.1－50 μg/kg.
The recoveries at low, medium and high spiked levels and the relative standard deviations (RSD) were 62.05%－112.75%
and 3.11%－10.04%, respectively. This method proved to be rapid, simple, and suitable for the rapid screening of toxic and
harmful substances in foods.

An electrochemical immunosensor for the determination of melamine based on graphene-chitosan modified
electrode was constructed. Indirect competitive electrochemical immunoassay was performed to determine melamine in
aqueous solutions. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were carried out to monitor the
fabrication steps of immunoreaction system in solutions containing K3Fe(CN)6 as redox probe. The immunosensor demonstrated
excellent melamine detection features with a broad linear range of 5 to 1500 ng/mL and a detection limit of 0.2 ng/mL. A good
recovery of melamine in the range of 104%–106.2% was obtained in spiked milk samples.

Flavonoids in the leaves of Prunus pseudocerasus L. were analyzed and identified by HPLC-MS-MS method.
The mobile phase used for gradient elution was methanol/water containing 0.1% formic acid. Data acquirement was
performed in the ESI negative ion mode. By comparison with authentic standards and based on details of molecular
weight and mass spectral fragments, 9 flavonoid components were identified and their quantitative determination was
performed using external and internal standard methods, which were luteoloside (14.42 mg/g), vitexin (24.67 mg/g), rutin
(54.66 mg/g), hyperoside (56.74 mg/g), astragalin (44.20 mg/g), quinic acid (28.12 mg/g), chlorogrnic acid (10.12 mg/g),
quercetin-3-rutinose-glucoside (20.15 mg/g), kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (86.57 mg/g). The proposed method is rapid and
reproducible and is useful to analyze flavonoids in the leaves of P. pseudocerasus.

A method for the determination of glucose, fructose and sucrose in royal jelly using ion chromatography
coupled with online dialysis following protein precipitation with trichloroacetic acid has been developed. The optimal
chromatographic and dialysis conditions were investigated. The instrument consisted of a METROSEP CARB 1(150 mm ×
4.0 mm) anion exchange column and a pulsed amperometric detector. Elutions were performed using 100.0 mmol/L NaOH
at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Dialysis time and transfer time were 10 min and 33 s, respectively. The detection limits for
glucose, fructose and sucrose were 0.068, 0.085 mg/L and 0.081 mg/L, respectively. The recoveries were 85%–107%. This
method proved suitable for the simultaneous determination of glucose, fructose and sucrose in royal jelly.

Volatile aromatic compounds of fresh flowers from Cymbidium faberi, Cymbidium sinense and Cymbidium
goeringii were identified and quantified by headspace solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography coupled with mass
spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). The results indicated that the main aromatic constituents were cineole (14.49%) and (E)-4-
hexadecen-6-yne (8.97%) in Cymbidium faberi, methyl isoeugenol (17.70%), 6-oxo-heptanoic acid methyl ester (14.16%) in
Cymbidium sinense, and (-)-α-selinene (30.05%) and dodecane (14.75%) in Cymbidium goeringii. This study demonstrates that
Cymbidium flowers differ greatly in aromatic volatile composition depending on the species of the plant, which will provide
important theoretical references for flower appreciation, breeding and studies on aromatic volatile composition.

Molecularly imprinted microspheres (MIMs) were synthesized using florfenicol as template molecule,
methacrylic acid as functional monomer, ethylene glycoldimethacrylate as crosslinking agent, 2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile
as initiator by emulsion-suspension polymerization. An analytical method was established for the determination of
amphenicols residue milk using on-line solid-phase extraction with the microspheres coupled with high performance
liquid chromatography. Some extraction and detection conditions were investigated. Under the optimal conditions, the best
separation and cleanup were obtained. The average recoveries for spiked milk were in the range of 80.6%–96.7% and the
detection limits for thiamphenicol, florfenicol and chloramphenicol were 6.8, 10.9 μg/kg and 27.8 μg/kg, respectively.

The dynamics of flavor components including organic acid and amino acid contents as well as physical and
chemical parameters during the fermentation process of Yibin Yacai, a special kind of pickled mustard stems with soy sauce,
were investigated in this study. Results showed that throughout the fermentation process, the contents of salt, moisture and
amino nitrogen were kept constantly at about 44%, 8.5% and 0.1515%, respectively. Reducing sugar and pH decreased to
0.163% and 5.30 in finished products. The contents of oxalic acid and tartaric acid also decreased gradually, by about 22%
and 65%, respectively in 20-d fermented samples when compared with finished products. However, the contents of malic
acid, lactic acid and acetic acid increased gradually, by 40%, 61% and 129%, respectively at the end of fermentation in
comparison with those observed at 20 days of fermentation. In addition, there were only minor changes in the contents of
succinic acid and total acid. Except tyrosine the contents of all amino acids became higher. The contents of Glu and Asp as
the major amino acids responsible for umami reached 0.966% and 1.929%, respectively at the end of fermentation, which
were increased by 235% and 198%, respectively compared with the levels at 20 days of fermentation.

A rapid analytical method based on modified quick easy cheap effective rugged and safe (QuEChERS) sample
preparation and gas chromatography (GC) for the analysis of imazalil residue in fruits and vegetables has been developed.
Samples were extracted with acetonitrile containing 1% acetic acid and salted out by anhydrous MgSO4 and NaCl. Then,
after clean-up on N-propyl ethylenediamine (PSA) cartridge and octadecyl silica bonded phase (C18), the imazalil residue
in the supernatant was subjected to GC-ECD analysis. An excellent linearity was achieved for imazalil in the range of
0.2–5.0 mg/L (r = 0.9994). The detection limit was 0.02 mg/kg. The average spike recovery rates were in the range of
74.3%–86.7% with relative standard deviation less than 10%. The proposed method was simple, accurate, low-cost and
applicable for the determination of imazalil residue in fruits and vegetables.

In the towns of Akeli and Maori Jinchuan county, Sichuan province, we recently about 52% of the yak population
which have one more thoracic vertebra than the rest and correspondingly have one more rid, both reaching 15. Our survey
indicated that the group of yaks had better carcass performance and meat palatability and tenderness than ordinary ones of the
same age. The aim of this study is to investigate postmortem changes in muscle mineral elements, fatty acid composition and
color parameters in multi-vertebrate yaks. Thirty castrated male Jinchuan multi-vertebrate yaks and 30 castrated male Maiwa
yaks at 3.5 to 5.5 years of age were randomly chosen and slaughtered using a routine process and muscles were taken for
determination of mineral elements by ICP-OES, fatty acid composition by GC-MS and color parameters by colormeter. The
results showed that a significantly higher amount of Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn were present in muscles in Jinchuan multi-vertebrate
yaks compared to Maiwa yaks (P ＜ 0.05). A significant difference in fatty acid composition existed between muscles of both
breeds (P ＜ 0.05). The L* value of multi-vertebrate yak muscles at 3 h post-slaughter declined slower than that of Maiwa
yak muscles. Within 5 h post-slaughter, the C* value of muscles of both yak breeds evolved in quite different manners. In
conclusion, multi-vertebrate yak muscles are richer in particle minerals than Maiwa yak muscles and have unique fatty acid
composition and flavor. In addition, multi-vertebrate yak muscles remains tender for 3 h post-slaughter, and the color of meat
remains stable for 5 h post-slaughter. Therefore, multi-vertebrate yak muscles have excellent commercial traits.

An integrated analytical method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass
spectrometry (UPLC-MS-MS) has been developed for the simultaneous determination of clavulanic acid and sulbactam in
milk. Samples were deproteinized by acetonitrile. Mass spectral data were acquired in electrospray ion (ESI) mode using
multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) scan after chromatographic separation on Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18 (2.1 mm ×
150 mm , 3.5 μm) column. An excellent linear relationship in their respective concentration ranges was observed for the
two analytes with a correlation coefficient larger than 0.9990. The average recoveries from spiked blank samples ranged
from 77.9% to 93.1% with relative standard deviation (RSD) between 3.9% and 8.8%. The limits of detection (LOD) for
clavulanic acid and sulbactam were 2.0 μg/kg and 5.0 μg/kg, respectively. With the advantages of convenience, sensitivity,
good recovery and repeatability, the method was suitable for the detection of clavulanic acid and sulbactam in milk.

A new method to determine microamounts of selenium in the seeds of Lens culinaris and Vigna minima was
established using resonance scattering light quenching. In pH 3.500 B-R buffer solution, selenium (Ⅳ) reacted with a certain
amount of I－ to produce an equal molar amount of I3－, which further reacted with rhodamine 6G to form an ion association
complex causing linear quenching of resonance scattering light at 592.2 nm. The results showed good linear relationship
between resonance scattering light relative quenching intensity ΔI and Se(Ⅳ) concentration in the range of 0–60 μg/L under
optimized conditions. The detection limit of the method was 1.710 μg/L. The precision (RSD) for 7 replicate measurements
of selenium in the seeds of Lens culinaris and Vigna minima was 3.9% and 1.9%, respectively, and the average spiked
recovery was 95.56% and 96.80%, respectively. These results were satisfactory.

The acylation catalyzed by Candida antarctica lipase B of isoorientin and isovitexin in antioxidant of bamboo
leaves (AOB) in tert-amyl alcohol as reaction medium was studied. The reaction condition was as follows: 50 g/L
lipase,100 g/L molecular sieve 4 Å, a molar ratio of flavonoids in AOB to laurate acid of 1:4, 60 ℃, 150 r/min stirring and
a reaction duration of 48 h. After being analyzed and separated by high-performance liquid chromatography, two types of
acylated flavonoids were obtained. Confirmation of chemical structures was performed by ESI-MS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR
and the two types of acylated flavonoids were isoorientin-6″-laurate and isovitexin-6″-laurate.

Fatty acid composition of tea seed oil (n = 12), rape seed oil (n = 10), peanut oil (n = 8), soybean oil (n = 7),
cotton seed oil (n = 7), palm oil (n = 2) and sunflower seed oil (n = 2) was determined using gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry (GC-MS). Based on the results obtained and the national standards for fatty acid composition of pure edible
vegetable oils, some characteristic fatty acids in the seven types of vegetable oils were defined. A two-dimensional diagram
was drawn for cis-oleic acid methyl ester/cis-linoleic acid methyl ester and palmitic acid methyl ester/stearic acid methyl
ester ratios in tea seed oil adulterated with peanut oil, soybean oil, cotton seed oil, sunflower oil, respectively. Finally we
developed a method for identifying adulterated edible vegetable oils based on fatty acid profile.

Eight kinds of food grade spices were detected by electronic nose and analyzed by a variety of pattern recognition
algorithms. The results showed that principal component analysis could entirely distinguish among 8 different kinds of spices.
Linear discriminant analysis could not successfully distinguish these spices with 3 of them overlapping though shortened
intra-class distances were reported. A 100% recognition rate was acquired, when the spices were detected by the model based
on discriminant factor analysis. The regression model built by partial least squares analysis was used to estimate unknown
concentration of infusions of 4 spices showing errors between 4.0% and 8.7%. Therefore, electronic nose combined with proper
recognition algorithms is able to differentiate among and identify spices and estimate their concentration.

Fucoxanthin was extracted from Laminaria japonica with composite enzyme (cellulosase:pectinase = 1:1).
Single factor method and orthogonal array design were adopted to establish the optimum extraction conditions: enzyme
dosage 0.30%, pH 5.0, treatment time 80 min and temperature 50 ℃. Under these conditions, the yield of fucoxanthin was
18.30 mg/100 g (wet weight), an increase of 26.5% and 15%－20% compared with that observed with traditional organic
solvent extraction and enzymatic extraction with a single enzyme, respectively. The reducing power and superoxide anion
radical scavenging activity of the fucoxanthin from Laminaria japonica against increased with concentration within the
studied range, and the EC50 value against superoxide anion free radical was 1.27 mg/mL.

Diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (DR-FTIR) combined with soft independent modeling
of class analogy (SIMCA) was used to study pattern recognition of sticky rice, long-shaped rice and polished round-grained
rice, and the corresponding models were developed by leave-one-out cross-validation based on such pre-treatments as ninepoint
Savitzky-Golay smoothing, baseline correction and standard normal variate (SNV) normalization in the wavelength range
of 1000－1750 cm-1. The results showed that all the SIMCA models were valid, and the identification rates and rejection rates
of the prediction set samples were both 100% under the significance level of α = 0.05 indicating DR-FTIR combined with
SIMCA to be an effective strategy for pattern recognition of rice varieties for Chinese yellow wine making.

The common volatile oil components in three different cultivars of ginger, Zhugen, Hongya and Laiwu, collected
from Chongqing, Hunan and Shandong, respectively were analyzed by GC-MS. The overlapping chromatographic peaks
were resolved by chemometric resolution method to obtain separate peaks and identification was performed by comparison
of the mass spectra obtained with those of authentic samples or with data already available in the NIST library. A total of 101
volatile components were detected in Zhugen ginger, 102 in Hongya ginger, and 100 in Laiwu ginger, together accounting
for 91.44%, 93.75% and 90.01% of the volatile oils, respectively. Forty volatile compounds were common to the three
cultivars, accounting for 39.60%, 39.22% and 40.00% of the total number of identified compounds, respectively; together
accounting for 76.56%, 76.44% and 69.86% of the volatile oils, respectively. Among these 40 compounds, the predominant
ones were zingiberene (7.05%, 27.53% and 18.09%)；α-citral (19.20%, 7.07% and 6.77%), β-phellandrene (11.65%, 2.52%
and 1.73%), cyclohexene, 3-(1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-6-methylene- (3.28%, 9.54% and 8.99%), a-curcumene (1.74%,
1.66% and 6.65%), camphene (6.94%, 0.95% and 5.35%), etc. From this study we conclude that the chemical components of
volatile oil in Zingiber officinale Rose differ greatly depending on the cultivar.

Objective: To identify structurally the taxifolin from Larix olgensis Henry var. koreana Nakai and determinate
taxifolin content in the cross section of upper roots of Larix olgensis Henry var. koreana Nakai from Lijiang region of Jilin
province and in trees from 11 forest farms. Methods: Chromatographic separation was performed on a 15C18-AR waters column
(6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm) with methanol/water (40:60, V/V) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The column
temperature was 30 ℃. UV detection was performed at 288 nm. The injection volume was 20 μL. Results: The IR, UV, MS and
13C-NMR data obtained were consistent with those reported in the literature confirming the extract to be taxifolin. A good linear
relationship between peak area and taxifolin concentration in the range of 0.05 to 1.0 mg/mL was observed with correlation
coefficient r = 0. 9998. The average recovery of taxifolin was 99.3% with RSD of 2.6% (n = 9). In upper roots of Larix olgensis
Henry var. koreana Nakai, taxifolin was distributed in a gradually decreasing amount from pith to bark and also affected greatly
by growth conditions. Conclusion: The analytical method presented in this study proved simple, acurate, specific, repeatable
and applicable for quantitative analysis of taxifolin from Larix olgensis Henry var. koreana Nakai.

Cabernet Sauvignon grape seeds were picked out of grape pomace, the residue left after wine making, and
extracted by Soxhlet extraction method separately using different solvents, petroleum ether, n-hexane and ether, to obtain
grape seed oils. The seed oils were analyzed by GC-MS for fatty acid composition. The highest extraction efficiency (15.59%)
was achieved by using petroleum ether. A total of 22 fatty acids were detected simultaneously in all the solvent extracts,
among which linoleic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid were dominant showing a significant difference in their amounts.
The relative content of linoleic acid in the either extract was 80.83%, which was 3.75% higher than in the petroleum ether
extract. These data suggest that the fatty acid composition of grape seed oil varies depending on the extraction solvent and
the major fatty acids in seed oils extracted with different solvents are the same but in different amounts.

The effect of controlled freezing point storage combined with natamycin on preserving broccolis was explored.
Analytical determinations of physiochemical parameters and nutritional composition were made every 14 days during the
storage period of 70 days. Results showed that compared with single controlled freezing point storage, and cold storage
combined with natamycin, controlled freezing point storage combined with natamycin was more effective in inhibiting
the reduction of TSS and chlorophyll in broccolis. Moreover, controlled freezing point storage combined with natamycin
suppressed respiratory intensity and ethylene generation rate, increased SOD activity, lowered PPO activity and resulted in
a delayed increase in cell membrane permeability. These findings demonstrate the superiority of controlled freezing point
storage combined with natamycin over the two other treatments in preserving the quality of broccolis.

The effect of postharvest heat treatment on fruit quality and reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism in
strawberry was investigated by using multivariate analysis in this study. The results of one-way analysis of variance showed
that 60-min heat treatment significantly reduced fruit decay rate, TSS-Acid ratio and MDA content, but increased the
contents of total acid and protein on the 14th day of storage as well as the activities of CAT, PPO and POD on the 14th day
and SOD activity on the 7th day. In contrast, 30-min heat treatment effectively reduced b* and L* values on the 7th day of
storage but markedly increased the contents of total flavonoids and GSH on the 14th day. A remarkable increase of FRAP on
the 7th day and total phenol content on the 14th day was observed in the fruit with 45 min heat treatment before storage. The
results of principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that 60-min heat treatment had a greater impact on b* value, total
acid, CAT, APX, and respiration. The results of path coefficient analysis and partial least squares regression (PLSR) showed
that fruit decay rate was significantly positively correlated with H2O2 content, solid/acid ratio and a* value, but significantly
negatively correlated with total acid, anthocyanin, pH and b* value.

Sensory, microbial and physicochemical indicators, including pH, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N),
thiobarbituric acid (TBA), trimethylamine (TMA-N), and K values of Trichiurus haumela were analyzed under cold storage,
controlled freezing point storage and partial freezing storage, respectively. The results showed that the sensory score of
Trichiurus haumela decreased during storage, regardless of the storage temperature, decreasing at a slower rate at lower
storage temperatures. Moreover, aerobic plate count (APC), TVB-N, TBA, TMA-N and K values presented rising trends,
increasing at a slower rate at lower storage temperatures. According to the sensory, microbial and physicochemical
indicators, the shelf-life was 5 days at 4 ℃, was extended by 2 days at －0.6 ℃ reaching 7 days, and was up to 18 days at
－3 ℃, showing a 3.6-fold increase compared with that at 4 ℃.

After thermal treatment at 80 ℃ or high-pressure processing (HPP) with various intensity (200－600 MPa, 20 min),
the evolution of lipid oxidation in chicken breakfast sausage during chill storage was investigated. Results indicated that
during the storage period, unsaturated fatty acids ratio decreased gradually. In a certain pressure range, HPP effect on lipid
oxidation was not notable. When the pressure was above 400 MPa, lipid oxidation increased significantly after chill storage.
Alpha tocopherol, a natural antioxidant present in meat, could be reduced indirectly by high pressure or heat treatment, while
δ-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol were more stable, because their contents were relatively low.

Wheat germ were processed by heat drying or infrared roasting, and then stored at room temperature or 4 ℃ to
investigate the effect of infrared roasting treatment on storage stability of wheat germ. The changes in chroma, micro-structure,
protein properties, lipase activity and germ oil properties were analyzed after 90 days of storage. The results indicated that infrared
roasting treatment could significantly (P ＜ 0.05) reduce the deterioration rate of chroma, keep the natural structure, inhibit the
enzymatic hydrolysis of protein, reduce the protein content in the cytoplasm and increase the storage protein content in wheat
germ compared with heat drying at both storage temperatures. Meanwhile, infrared roasting treatment showed effective inhibition
influence on hydrolytic and oxidative rancidity of wheat germ oil, however, lipase and lipoxygenase could not be inactivated
completely. In conclusion, infrared baking can be effective in improving the storage stability of wheat germ.

In the present study, the effects of three different temperature treatments (T1: immediately transferred to
(0 ± 1) ℃ cold room for storage, T2: transferred to (0 ± 1) ℃ cold room for storage after 48 h at (13 ± 1) ℃ and
T3: transferred to (0 ± 1) ℃ cold room for storage after 48 h at (20 ± 1) ℃) on wound healing of ‘Red Fuji’ apple
with simulated mechanical injury were studied. Comparisons of various physiochemical indexes and visual observation
were made to identify the best temperature treatment for would healing of ‘Red Fuji’ apple. The results showed injured
fruits exhibited a significantly lower hardness than control fruits. All three cooling treatments resulted in an increase in
the activities of POD and PPO and lignin content in injured fruits. T2 and T3 could be considered capable of activating
POD but inhibiting PPO. The highest increase in lignin content was observed in T2 treated fruits. Meanwhile, the
lowest decay index and the best results of wound healing were observed.

Muscles of Chinese mitten-handed crab, Eriocheir sinensis, were stored at different temperatures, 4, 12 ℃ and
25 ℃, and changes in the content of 8 biogenic amines (BAs) including histamine (His), spermine (Spm), spermidine
(Spd), 2-phenylethylamine (2-Phe), putrescine (Put), cadaverine (Cad), tyramine (Tyr) and tryptamine (Trp) in the
muscle samples were analyzed by UPLC with UV detection. The results indicated that these eight BAs were separated
within 13 min. Linear relationship was obtained within the range of 0.5–20 μg/mL (r＞0.999). The average recoveries
ranged from 84.6% to 98.3%, with RSD less than 10%. Significantly slower changes in the content of the BAs were
observed during storage at a lower temperature (4 ℃). Moreover, Put, Cad, His and Tyr had a significant relation with
TVB-N (P ＜ 0.05).

Fatty acid composition in grass carp muscle and their content changes during chilled storage were studied using
gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to explore the effect of natural light on the amount and composition
of fatty acids in grass carp muscle. The results obtained showed that monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) such as
9-octadecenoic acid and 9-hexadecenoic acid as well as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as 9,12-octadecadienoic
acid and 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid were continuously degraded during chilled storage. Their relative contents
significantly declined (P ＜ 0.05) with prolonged storage time, resulting in a significant increase in the relative content of
saturated fatty acids (SFA) such as hexadecanoic acid and octadecanoic acid (P ＜ 0.05). Light had significant effects on
the degradation of 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid and the content of total PUFAs including ω-3
PUFAs (P ＜ 0.05) , resulting in significantly higher relative contents of hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid and total
SFAs in the light group than in the dark group. However, the contents of 9-octadecenoic acid, 9-hexadecenoic acid, total
MUFAs and ω-6 PUFAs were not significantly affected by light. PUFAs were oxidatively degraded earlier and the extent
of degradation was 6.30% higher than that of MUFAs after 10 d of chilled storage. ω-6 PUFAs were degraded fast and its
degradation extent was higher than that of ω-3 PUFA. Accordingly, the greater the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids, the
faster the degradation rate, and the greater the extent of degradation. The degradation of unsaturated fatty acids deteriorates
the nutritional value of grass carp muscle. Chilled storage in the dark is helpful to prevent lipid oxidation and thus ensure the
nutritional value and processing quality and prolong the shelf life.

This study attempted to reduce the water vapor permeability (WVP) of PVA-based composite coating
packaging films by adding nano-SiO2, nano-TiO2 and liquid paraffin. The individual and interactive effects of nano-
SiO2, nano-TiO2 and liquid paraffin on the water vapor transmission of PVA-based composite films were investigated by
response surface methodology. The results showed that the water vapor barrier performance of PVA-based composite
coating-packaging material could be effectively enhanced by addition of liquid paraffin and nano-materials. The water
vapor transmission rate, WVTR (14.578 g/(m2·h)) of composite films with optimized addition amounts of liquid paraffin
and nano-materials was decreased by 26.02% (P ＜ 0.05) compared with the control group (with liquid paraffin but
without nano-materials). There were significant interactions between nana-SiO2 and nano-TiO2 and between nano-SiO2
and liquid paraffin on the water vapor transmission of PVA-based composite films. The water vapor transmission rate of
PVA-based composite films with increasing addition amount of nano-SiO2 was reduced by increasing the proportion of
nano-TiO2 or deceasing liquid paraffin.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of three marination ingredients including salt, composite spices and cooking
wine on the sensory and microbial quality of modified atmosphere packaged (MAP) fresh pork meat during storage at 4 ℃. Results
showed that fresh pork exhibited a significant reduction in total bacterial count and pH after marination (P ＜ 0.05). During storage at
4 ℃, gradual increases were observed for these two indicators and on the 5th day, they met the national standards for level 2 of fresh
pork. Red value gradually decreased but it was still acceptable within the shelf life (5 days). There were significant interactions among
salt, compound spices and cooking wine concentration on total bacterial count (P ＜ 0.01). According to comprehensive regression
analysis of pH and total bacterial count, the optimal maridate consisted of salt 1.8%, composite spices 1.5% and cooking wine 8%.

Objectives: To develop a fluorescent microsphere immunochromatographic strip test for rapid and sensitive
detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Methods: Carboxyl-modified fluorescent microspheres were covalently coupled
with murine anti-E coli O157:H7 monoclonal antibody, and rabbit anti-E.coli O157:H7 polyclonal antibody and donkey
anti-mouse IgG were sprayed onto the nitrocellulose membrane as the test line and control line, respectively. The
fluorescent microsphere immunochromatographic strip for the detection of E.coli O157:H7 based on double antibody
sandwich ELISA (DAS-ELISA) was developed. Results: The coupling buffer used was 0.02 mol/L PB (pH 5.0). The
monoclonal antibody/microsphere ratio was 100 μg/mg. The procedure required only 5 min for detecting samples with the
test strip. The limit of naked eye detection was as low as 1.2 × 104 CFU/mL and could be increased to 6.1 × 103 CFU/mL
by the use of a fluorescence reader. No cross-reactivity with 30 laboratory strains was found despite marginal cross-reactivity
with Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusions: For E.coli O157:H7 detection, the fluorescent microsphere strip, which provided a
novel method, has the characteristics of user-friendly operation, rapidity, high sensitivity and ease of quantification.

An orthogonal array design was used to study the combined application of the water activity lowering agents
propylene glycol, glycerol and sodium chloride in cured Elopichthys bambusa for salt reduction and quality maintenance
purposes. Results showed that the salt content in cured E. bambusa could be lowered to 4.8% (m/m) when E. bambusa was
marinated in a solution containing 5% NaCl (m/m), 1 mL/100 g propylene glycol and 1 mL/100 g glycerol with 4 mL/100 g
vinegar as an acidity regulator and then dried to a moisture content of 40.91% by a three-stage drying method (85℃, 2 h; 2 h
of tempering; 65 ℃, 3 h). The quality of E. bambusa treated by this procedure had no difference from that obtained by high
salt curing method.