An immersion solution for quick freezing of foods was created using betaine, propanediol and sodium chloride as well as small amounts of glycine, xylooligosaccharides and mannitol. On the basis of one-factor-at-a-time experiments, a Box-Behnken experimental design was used to explore optimal immersion solution formulation. A freezing point of -38.10℃ was observed for an aqueous immersion solution containing, on a total dipping solution weight basis, 21% betaine, 15% propanediol, 10% sodium chloride, 1% glycine, 1% xylooligosaccharides and 1% mannitol. Thus, this immersion solution can used for quick freezing of fi sh, shrimp and convenience foods.

This work reports the use of one-factor-at-a-time combined with linear orthogonal regression design to optimize process parameters including alkali (KOH) dosage (X1), anhydrous alcohol dosage (X2) and solid-to-solvent ratio (X3) for the extraction of humulone and lupulone from hop extract by acid-alkali precipitation. The optimal conditions for separating lupulone from hop extract were determined as 6.5% (m/m) of KOH dosage, 1 mL/g of anhydrous alcohol dosage and 1:60 g/mL of solid-to-solvent ratio. KOH dosage was the most important process condition followed by solid-to-solvent ratio and anhydrous alcohol dosage. The following multiple regression model that describes fi nal lupulone content ( ) of the lupulone extract (i.e., purity) as a function of the process conditions was established by complete regression analysis: = 84.375－2.843X1－1.995X2 + 2.360X3. The optimal conditions for separating humulone from hop extract were determined as 8.5% (m/m) of KOH dosage, 1 mL/g of anhydrous alcohol dosage and 1:60 (g/mL) of solid-to-solvent ratio. Anhydrous alcohol dosage was the most important process condition, solid-to-solvent ratio was in the middle and KOH dosage was the least important one. The following multiple regression model that describes fi nal lupulone content ( ) of fi nal humulone content ( ) of the humulone extract (i.e., purity) as a function of the process conditions was established by complete regression analysis: = 82.667 + 1.515X1－2.950X2 + 2.037X3. The purities of humulone and lupulone in both extracts were as high as 86.43% and 87.12%, respectively as shown by HPLC analysis.

In this study, an orthogonal array design was applied to establish optimum conditions for arsenic removal from kelp based on the removal rates of total and inorganic arsenic. The optimal conditions for removing arsenic from kelp were found to be treatment with 3% citric acid at 40 ℃ for 40 min with a kelp-to-citric acid ratio of 1:15 (g/mL). Under these conditions, the removal rates of total and inorganic arsenic were 65.71% and 74.39%, respectively. The contents of crude protein, crude fat, amino acids and total sugar in kelp showed a notable increase, while the contents of ash an mineral elements declined and other nutrients did not reveal any changes after arsenic removal.

The present study aimed to optimize juice production and fruit wine fermentation from Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruits wildly grown in western Hunan by one-factor-at-a-time and orthogonal array design. The optimum conditions for juice color protection were found to be immersion in a solution containing 0.1% VC and 0.2% citric acid for 20 min, and the optimum conditions for the ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction of fruit juice were found to be enzymatic hydrolysis with pectinase and cellulase (1:2) at a total level of 0.15% at 50 ℃ and pH 4.5 for 40 min. The optimum fermentation conditions for fruit wine were found to be fermentation with 0.3% active dry yeast at 28 ℃ and initial pH 4.5 for 10 d with an initial sugar degree of 18 °Bx. The produced fruit wine had a delicate fragrance, a full-bodied taste, a transparent brownish red color and an outstanding style.

An orthogonal array design was used to optimize conditions for the acidic extraction of red pigment from Myrica rubra pomace and optimum conditions for refi ning the crude pigment extract by ion exchange resin adsorption were studied.The optimum conditions for extracting red pigment from Myrica rubra pomace were found to be extraction at 60 ℃ for 4 h with acidic water at pH 1.5. D002 ion exchange resin showed the best refi ning effi ciency for the crude pigment extract among 5 types of ion exchange resin investigated. Static adsorption and desorption and dynamic adsorption experiments were carried out to determine the optimum refi ning conditions as follows: sample concentration adjustment to an absorbance value (at 509.5 nm) varying from 0.5 to 1, pH adjustment to a value between 2 and 3, adsorption at around 25 ℃ for 1.5 h,and sample loading at a fl ow rate of 3 BV/h.

Response surface methodology was employed to optimize conditions for the ultrasonic-assisted extraction of procyanidins from sorghum episperm. The optimal extraction conditions were found to be extraction at 56 ℃ for 65 min with an ultrasonic power of 60 W. Under these conditions, the theoretical value of maximum procyanidin yield was 1.789%, and the actual value was (1.764±0.006)%, which was 98.6% of the theoretical value and increased nearly 2-fold compared with that obtained without ultrasonic treatment ((0.906 ± 0.033)%).

Response surface methodology was used to optimize the microwave-assisted extraction of pectin from fresh citrus pomace. Pectin yield was investigated with respect to four process conditions including microwave power, solid-to-solvent ratio, microwave treatment time and pH. An analysis of variance showed that pectin yield was affected significantly by the linear terms X1 (pH), X2 (microwave treatment time) and X3 (microwave power) and the interactive terms X1X3 in the fitted regression model had sigificant effects on pectin yield, neither of the quadratic terms X1X2 and X2X3 had significant effects, while the quadratic terms X12 and X32 had highly signifinant effects. These demonstrate that the effects of the factors (process conditions) on pectin yield were not simply linear. In view of practical feasibility, efficiency and other comprehensive factors, the optimal conditions for the microwave-assisted extraction of pectin from fresh citrus pomace were determined as 626 W of microwave power, 5.6 min of microwave treatment time, solvent pH 1.5, and 1:30 (g/mL) of solid-to-solvent ratio. The predicted maximum pectin yield under the optimized conditions was 7.1%, whereas the average actual value of 7.05% (n = 3).

Objective: To optimize reaction conditions for pectinase produced by Penicillium oxalicum Currie et Thom, isolated from goose caecum, to enhance apple juice yield. Methods: Apple juice was prepared from Fuji apples from Yantai using the enzyme. A mathematical model that describes juice yield (Y) as a function of hydrolysis conditions including temperature (X1), time (X2), enzyme dosage (X3) and initial pH (X4) was established based on a Box-Behnken experimental design and subjected to response surface analysis using the Design Expert software. Results: The optimum conditions for hydrolyzing apple pulp with the microbial enzyme were found to be hydrolysis at 32.91 ℃ and initial pH 3.96 for 90.02 min with an enzyme dosage of 0.197 mL/kg. The developed mathematical model was Y = 91.72－0.4X1＋0.58X2＋0.60X3－0.32X4＋0.42X2X3＋0.50X2X4－1.75X12－0.85X22－1.17X32－1.50X42. Conclusion: This enzyme can considerably enhance apple juice yield. This regression model has an excellent degree of fitting and can provide guidelines for practical production.

After drying by different methods, sweet orange peels were ultrafi ne ground. Atmospheric drying was found to be better than vacuum drying and freeze drying in terms of particle size distribution, water-holding and oil-holding capacities and color parameters of sweet orange peel power. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the ultrafi ne grinding of sweet orange peels. The specifi c surface area of orange peel powder was investigated with respect to material particle size, rotation speed and grinding number. The optimum conditions for the ultrafi ne grinding of sweet orange peels were determined as 60–80 mesh of material particle size, 1600 r/min of rotation speed, and 3 grinding cycles. The specifi c surface area of orange peel powder obtained under the optimized conditions was 0.246 m2/g.

In this study, an orthogonal array design was used to optimize the supercritical CO2 extraction of volatile oil from amomum tsaoko fruits. The optimal extraction conditions were found to be extraction at 55 ℃ and 25 MPa for 60 min with a CO2 fl ow rate of 25 L/h. The oil yield under the optimized conditions was 2.86%. Moreover, the composition and structure of chemical compound found in the volatile oil obtained were analyzed by GC-MS.

Functional peptides were prepared from high temperature soybean meal (HTSM) as a rich and cheap resource and their hypolipidemic effect was evaluated. Based on one-factor-at-a-time experiments, an orthogonal array design was used to establish optimum conditions for HTSM hydrolysis by alcalase. The hypolipidemic effect of HTSM-derived peptides in hyperlipidemic mice was evaluated by measuring changes in body weight and serum lipid indices. The optimum conditions for HTSM hydrolysis by alcalase were found to be hydrolysis at 55 ℃ and pH 9.0 for 4 h with a substrate concentration of 5 g/100 mL and an enzyme dosage of 14400 U/g. The degree of hydrolysis of HTSM under the optimized conditions was 37.5%. The hydrolysate obtained had hypolipidemic effect in hyperlipidemic mice mainly by remarkably lowering serum TC level and increasing serum HDL-C levels.

Objective: To optimize process conditions for the extraction of total flavonoids from the whole plant of Epimedium brevicornum Maxim and for further extraction of polysaccharides from the remaining residue. Methods: A two-step sequential extraction procedure was proposed for the extraction of total flavonoids by ultrasonic-assisted extraction and polysaccharides by hot water extraction. Results: The optimum conditions for the extraction of total flavonoids were found to be two extraction cycles at 60 ℃ and a microwave power of 150 W for 5 min each cycle with 70% ethanol at a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1:10 (g/mL), resulting in an extraction efficiency of 4.72%. The optimum conditions for the extraction of polysaccharides were found to be two extraction cycles at 90 ℃ for 30 min each cycle with a residue-to-water ratio of 1:10 g/mL, resulting in an extraction efficiency of 1.89%. The optimized procedure for sequential extraction of total flavonoids and polysaccharides was characterized by easy operation, low energy consumption, high extraction efficiency, low polysaccharide loss and enhanced comprehensive utilization of Epimedium brevicornum Maxim.

Hydrogen peroxide was used to decolorize insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) from apple pomace to improve its color and quality. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize decolorization conditions. Moreover, decolorized IDF was measured for functional properties. The best decolorization results were observed when IDF was treated with 5% hydrogen peroxide at 80 ℃ and pH 12 for 180 min with a liquid-to-solid ratio of 4:1 (mL/g). After decolorization under the optimized conditions, the CIE L*, a* and b* and whiteness were 62.65, －1.47, 12.48 and 60.59, respectively, and the water-holding capacity and swelling capacity increased to 1802.96% and 13.73 mL/g, respectively.

Response surface methodology was used to optimize the simultaneous alkaline extraction of proteins and polysaccharides from Undaria pinnatifi da based on extraction effi ciency. All four operating parameters including alkaline concentration, extraction time, extraction temperature and solvent-to-solid ratio on had a signifi cant effect on the extraction yields of proteins and polysaccharides. The optimum process conditions for simultaneously increasing the yields of proteins and polysaccharides were found to be extraction at 55 ℃ for 5 h with an alkaline concentration of 2.2% and a solvent-tosolid ratio of 23:1 (mL/g). The actual yields of proteins and polysaccharides under the optimized conditions were 63.21% and 29.11%, respectively. Good agreement with the predicted values was found. Therefore, response surface methodology is a feasible way to optimize the simultaneous alkaline extraction of proteins and polysaccharides from Undaria pinnatifi da.

In this study we investigated the ultrasonic-assisted extraction and antioxidant activity of fl avonoids from the aboveground part of Dracoephalum mololarie L. An orthogonal array design was used to optimize the extraction process. Flavonoid extract was determined spectrometrically for free radical scavenging activity and reducing power and compared with VC. The optimum conditions for extracting flavonoids from the above-ground part of Dracoephalum mololarie L. were determined as 60% ethanol as an extraction solvent at a solid-to-solvent of 1:40 (g/mL), 50 min of ultrasonic treatment time and 60 ℃ of extraction temperature. Under these conditions, the fl avonoid yield was 1.89%. The reducing power of the fl avoniod extract obtained was approximately 2-fold higher than that of VC, and its IC50 values in hydroxyl, DPPH and superoxide anion assays were 35.6, 9.6 μg/mL and 56.0 μg/mL, respectively. Moreover, this extract had potent antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner.

The ethyl esterification of soybean oil deodorization distillate (SODD) was optimized using an orthogonal array design. Esterification rate was investigated with respect to time, temperature, sulphuric acid concentration and weight ratio of ethanol to SODD. The optimum conditions for these factors were 60 min, 80 ℃, 2% and 1:1, respectively. Under these conditions, the esterification rate was 90.86%.

A supercritical fluid chromatographic method to separate eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (EPA-EE) and docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester (DHA-EE) from fish oil was established. Hedera ODS-BP was found to be the most effective column for separating EPA-EE and DHA-EE from fish oil as demonstrated by a comparison with Luna 5u Silica, Hypersil ODS2, ZORBAX SB-C8, and Hypersil C8. The effects of mobile phase modifier type, methanol percentage in mobile phase, back pressure and column temperature for the separation of both esters by Hedera ODS-BP on capacity factor, diastereoselectivity and resolution were investigated. The optimum conditions forthese factors were found to be separation on Hedera ODS-BP column at a column temperature of 40 ℃ an a back pressure of 100 bar using a mobile phase containing 10% methanol as a modifier at a total flow rate of 2 mL/min. Under these conditions, baseline separation of EPA-EE and DHA-EE was achieved. The developed method was simple, rapid, highly reproducible and suitable for the separation of EPA-EE and DHA-EE from fish oil.

In this study, sweet potato starch was reacted with citric acid to prepare modified starch with high degree of substitution (DS) by a dry heat method. Reaction conditions were optimized by response surface methodology to obtain maximum DS. The optimum reaction conditions were found to be reaction at 148.21 ℃ and pH 1.5 for 6.45 h with a citric acid-to-starch ratio of 0.59 (m/m), resulting in a DH as high as 0.30. Citric acid-modified sweet potato starch exhibited high resistance to enzymatic hydrolysis. Resistance starch content increased with increasing DS, reaching 92% at a DS of 0.13. The average degree of polymerization decreased and the whiteness initially increased and then decreased compared with the native starch.

Response surface methodology was used to optimize polysaccharide extraction from yeast to enhance polysaccharide yield. Polysaccharide yield was investigated with respect to high pressure treatment time, ultrasonic power and ultrasonic treatment time. A quadratic regression model was established based on a three-variable, three-level Box-Behnken design. The optimum conditions of high pressure treatment time, ultrasonic power and ultrasonic treatment time were found to be 35 min, 510 W and 26 min, respectively. Under these conditions, the predicted value of polysaccharide yield was 29.82%, whereas the actual value was 29.84%. Thus, the optimized extraction procedure is feasible for practical operation and experimental prediction.

In the present study, the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of seabuckthron seed oil was optimized using an orthogonal array design. Besides, thermosensitive substances in seabuckthron seed oil were analyzed. The optimum extraction conditions were determined as extraction at 40 ℃ at an extraction pressure of 25 MPa and a separation pressure of 8 MPa for 120 min with a CO2 flow rate of 18 kg/h. Under these conditions, the oil yield was 52%. The content of α-VE as a thermosensitive substance in seabuckthron seed oil was 2.6% as determined by HPLC and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction resulted in a 3.7% α-VE loss when compared with cold pressing. The content of carotene in seed oil obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction was 100850 μg/100 g.

The ultrasonic-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from pickled Undaria pinnatifida (PUP) was optimized using an orthogonal array design, and the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of PUP were investigated. The optimum conditions for PUP extraction were found to be two extraction cycles at 70 ℃ for 10 min each cycle with an ultrasonic power of 180 W and a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1:40 (g/mL). Under these conditions, the PUP yield was 2.00%. Crude PUP was purified by Sevag method for the removal of impurities such as protein and nuclei acid. UV and infrared spectroscopic characterization suggested that purified PUP was polysaccharide without containing protein or nuclei acid. The scavenging activity of purified PUP against hydroxyl and superoxide anion radicals was investigated and compared with VC as a control. It was found that purified PUP had strong scavenging activity against both species of free radicals, especially superoxide anion radical although its scavenging activity was weaker than that of VC. The IC50 values of PUP against superoxide anion and hydroxyl free radicals were 16.50 mg/mL and 23.31 mg/mL, respectively. Moreover, PUP had potent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis.

Immunoregulatory factors as bioactive small molecules were prepared from sika deer placenta homogenate using ultrasonic-assisted acetone extraction. Process conditions such as ultrasonic power, homogenate-to-normal saline ratio, utrasonic treatment time and homogenate-to-acetone ratio were optimized using an orthogonal array design to be 400 W, 1:1 (g/mL), 120 min and 1:3 (V/V), respectively. The polypeptide concentration of the extract obtained under these conditions was 30.35 mg/mL. The extract was further ultrafiltrated and a clear yellowish liquid containing immunoregulatory factors was obtained. The liquid contained mainly (3.7 ± 0.04) mg/mL peptides, (3.3 ± 0.07) μg/mL nucleic acid and (0.54 ± 0.002) mg/mL polysaccharides, whereas smaller amounts of polypeptides, nucleic acid and polysaccharides were found in the retentate of the extract after dialysis.

Polysaccharide was extracted from Spirulina platensis by cell freeze-thaw cooperated with hot water extraction. Operating parameters for hot water extraction and deproteinization by Sevag method of polysaccharide from cell debris after cell disruption were optimized using an orthogonal array design. The best results were obtained after extraction at 80 ℃ for 1.5 h at a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1:16 (g/mL). The extract obtained was pooled with the supernatant after cell disruption and a total total polysaccharide yield of 6.64% was obtained, which was approximately 14% higher than that obtained by hot water extraction alone. The optimal conditions for deprotenizing crude polysaccharide by Sevag’s method were found to be three treatment cycles with a mixture of chloroform and n-butyl alcohol (5:1, V/V) at a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1:3 (g/mL). Under these conditions, the deprotentinizaiton rate and the polysaccharide loss were 81.4% and 17.3%, respectively. The crude polysaccharide extract had a total sugar content of 85.3% and contained an 84700 u polysaccharide with a ploydispersity of 1.306, whereas a 54800 u polysaccharide with a ploydispersity of 2.007 was obtained by hot water extraction alone.

An orthogonal array design was used to determine optimum conditions for the ultrasonic-assisted extraction of anthocyanins from blackberry fruits, and the antioxidant activity of crude anthocyanin extract was investigated. We established the optimum conditions for the extraction of anthocyanins from blackberry fruits as follows: 75% ethanol as an extraction solvent at a solid-to-solvent of 1:20 (g/mL) and 35 min of ultrasonic treatment time. The extraction yield of anthocyanins under these conditions was 0.365 mg/g. The reducing power of the extract obtained was significantly higher than that of vitamin C at the same concentration. In addition, the extract had a potent inhibitory effect on Cu2+-induced oxidative LDL modification.

Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was prepared from soybean husks via cellulase hydrolysis. The effects of enzyme dosage, pH, time, temperature and solid-to-liquid ratio on the content of MCC in soybean husk hydrolysate were studied. The optimal conditions for MCC preparation were found to be hydrolysis at pH 4.8 and 47 ℃ for 1 h with an enzyme dosage of 1% and a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:20 (g/mL). The prepared MCC had similar physiochemical properties such as average degree of polymerization (DP), water-holding capacity and apparent viscosity as a commercial MCC product, and showed a loose structure and a large specific surface area as shown by SEM observation. Microstructure analysis showed that the MCC obtained from soybean husks had a large swelling volume after water absorption, resulting in a good filling effect in the intestinal tract. Based on this, we speculated that MCC derived from soybean husks is more effective in enhancing peristalsis and promoting defecation.

Ultrasonic emulsification was used to degrease Basa fish skin. In the degreasing process, the operating parameters degreasing agent type and concentration, ultrasonic treatment time and solid-to-liquid ratio were investigated. Surfactant NP-10 was found to be the most effective agent for degreasing fish skin. The optimum conditions for degreasing fish skin were established as follows: 1% NP-10 solution as a degreasing agent at a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1:5.5 (g/mL) and ultrasonic treatment at a power density of 2.22 × 104 W/m3 for 3 h. Under these conditions, the degreasing efficiency and collagen loss rate of fish skin were 2.59% and 5.32%, respectively.

The preparation of inclusion complexes of Perilla frutescens seed oil with β-cyclodextrin using a microfluidizer to increase the α-linolenic acid content in the oil was studied. Response surface methodology based on a Box-Behnken design was used to optimize Perilla frutescens seed oil-to-β-cyclodextrin ratio, pressure and inclusion reaction time. The maximum inclusion rate as high as 81.64% was obtained after 105 min of inclusion reaction between Perilla frutescens seed oil and  β-cyclodextrin at a ratio of 1:11 (mL/g) at 6000 psi. FT-NIR analysis and SEM observation showed that Perilla frutescens seed oil was well included by β-cyclodextrin in the inclusion complex obtained. The α-linolenic acid content increased from 53.50% to 77.42% after β-cyclodextrin inclusion as shown by HPLC analysis. Therefore, β-cyclodextrin inclusion is a feasible way to concentrate the α-linolenic acid content in Perilla frutescens seed oil.

Response surface methodology was employed to optimize the extraction of flavonoids from young leaves and stems of wild Gypsophila oldhamiana Miq. collected from Huaguo Mountain region in Lianyungang with the aim of developing a generalized approach for sample preparation for the determination of flavonoids in other botanical parts of this plant. A quadratic regression model that describes extraction efficiency as a function of temperature, time and solvent-to-solid ratio was established using a Box-Behnken experimental design. The optimum extraction conditions were obtained as follows: two extraction cycles at 65 ℃ for 112 min each cycle with a solvent-to-solid ratio of 27:1 (mL/g). Under these conditions, the predicted flavonoid yield was 2.652% as opposed to 2.649% of the actual value. There was a considerable difference in flavonoid content among different botanical parts of Gypsophila oldhamiana Miq.: 5.264%, 2.983%, 2.145% and 1.861% in leaves, flowers, stems and roots, respectively.

The enzymatic pretreatment of bovine nose cartilage as a deproteinization step in the preparation of chondroitin sulfate was studied. Pepsin was found to be the best enzyme for the hydrolysis of bovine nose cartilage. Using an orthogonal array design, the optimum hydrolysis conditions were obtained as hydrolysis at 35 ℃ and initial pH 2.5 for 8 h with an enzyme load and 0.2% and a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1:5 (g/mL). Under these conditions, the yields of cartilage and chondroitin sulfate were 85.12% and 28.98% , respectively and the deproteinization rate was 10.3%.

Orthogonal array design was used to optimize conditions for the extraction and de-colorization of mycelial polysaccharides from Gloeostereum incarnatum to obtain enhanced yield and purity. The optimum extraction conditions were found to be three extraction cycles at 95 ℃ for 8 h with a water-to-solid ratio of 40:1. Under these conditions, the polysaccharide yield was 8.60%. AB-8 resin was used to decolorize the crude polysaccharide extract, and the optimum decolorization conditions were found to be a solid-to-liquid ratio of 0.2 g/mL, pH 4.0 and 60 ℃.

The purpose of this study was to optimize conditions for the extraction of flavonoids from rose flower buds and to explore the DPPH radical scavenging capacity of flavonoids from rose flower buds using vitamin C and vitamin E as controls. We established the optimal extraction conditions as follows: 60% ethanol as an extraction solvent at a solvent-to-solid ratio of 15:1 (mL/g), 40 ℃ and an extraction duration of 1.5 h. The extraction yield of flavonoids under the optimized conditions was 40.87% and the obtained extract revealed a DPPH radical scavenging rate of 88.28%. Its DPPH radical scavenging activity was inferior to that of VC but superior to that of VE and the IC50 values of these three antioxidants were 12.50, 7.00 mg/L and 13.95 mg/L, respectively.

In this study, microwave-assisted hot water extraction was used to extract polysaccharides from ginseng roots and ginseng fibers. Using an orthogonal array design, the optimum microwave power, solid-to-liquid ratio, microwave time and extraction time were 400 W, 1:40 (g/mL), 2 min, 90 ℃ and 2 h for ginseng roots and 400 W, 1:30 (g/mL), 4 min, 70 ℃ and 2 h for ginseng fibers, respectively. Under the optimized conditions, the maximum yields of crude polysaccharide from ginseng roots and ginseng fibers were 19.86% and 17.58%, respectively, which were higher than those obtained by traditional hot water extraction.

In this study, we systematically investigated the effects of soybean slurry particle size, coagulant type and amount and coagulation conditions on the gel strength, hardness and springiness of white whole-soybean sufu pehtze. The best particle size was obtained through grinding whole soybeans using a colloid mill for three times. A mixture of brine and gypsum at a ratio of 5:5 was the best coagulant. The optimal coagulation conditions were established as follows: heating temperature 80 ℃, coagulant dosage 3.0% (on a dry soybean weight basis), and soluble solid content in soybean slurry 12%. Under these conditions, the sufu pehtze obtained had similar quality as traditional sufu pehtze.

In this study, zein was extracted from corn flour using ethanol extraction. Response surface methodology was employed to establish optimum conditions for zein extraction. The effects of extraction time, extraction temperature, solid-to-liquid ratio and ethanol concentration on extraction efficiency were explored. As a result, a mathematical model was established. The optimum conditions for zein extraction were found to be extraction at 55 ℃ for 2.5 h using 80% ethanol at a solvent-to-solid ratio of 9:1 (mL/g). Moreover, we investigated the pairwise interactions of the various extraction conditions.

This study aimed at establishing a physical adsorption method for removing cholesterol from butter. An orthogonal array design was used to determine optimum conditions for the adsorption of butter by neutral alumina. The results showed that 40% of the cholesterol in butter was removed when it was treated with 15% added neutral alumina at 65 ℃ for 1 h. Neutral alumina was found to be the best adsorbent for the removal of cholesterol from butter followed by acidic alumina, Si-Mg adsorbent, diatomite, arabic gum, xanthan gum, cyclodextrin and active alumina. Furthermore, neutral alumina had little impact on the quality of butter.

Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the ultrasonic extraction of polyphenols from chestnut shells. In order to establish a method for the separation of phenolic antioxidants from crude polyphenol extract, the static adsorption and desorption of phenolics on macro adsorption resin were kinetically studied and the optimum conditions for static adsorption and desorption were explored. Besides, polyphenols obtained from chestnut shells by different methods were tested for DPPH radical scavenging capacity and Fe3+ reducing power. Ethanol concentration and ultrasonic power were identified as main factors that influence extraction efficiency. The optimum conditions for the ultrasonic extraction of polyphenols from chestnut shells were found to be three extraction cycles with 43% ethanol at a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1:18.5 (g/mL) for 17.5 min with an ultrasonic power of 305 W. Under these conditions, the extraction efficiency of polyphenols was 2.86 g/100 g. LX-17 resin was found to be the best resin for the purification of phenolics from chestnut shells and the optimum purification conditions were determined as adsorption at 25 ℃ for 1.5 h followed by desorption with 50% ethanol at 20 ℃ for 4 h. Phenolics with stronger DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power from chestnut shells were obtained using ultrasonic extraction than reflux extraction. The antioxidant activity of crude polyphenol extract was improved after macroporous resin purification.