Glucomannoglycan gum extracted from Blitilla striata was studied on the compatibility in the O/W Pericarpium zanithoxyli essential oil emulsifying system which contains Tween 60, Span 20 with glycerol monostearate as emulsifier and glucomannoglycan gum as emulsion stabilizer. The photomicrographs of different emulsions acquired by the phase contrast microscope were analyzed by pixels gradation. Based on the histograms and their standard deviation, central values and mean values,the emulsions particle dispersion was evaluated. Then, according to the results of stability tests, standard deviation of the histogram could be an evidence for excluding a type of emulsion prescription during screening period. The method can increase screening efficiency.

C-phycocyanin enrichment by salting-out and iso-electric precipitation was carried out. Effects of various parameters such as Spirulina powder-phosphate buffer ratio (m/V), salt concentration, pH and temperature on C-phycocyanin yield and separation coefficient were studied. The stability of C-phycocyanin was studied too. Results showed that the separation coefficient of C-phycocynain is as high as 1.38 with a yield of 60.0 mg/g isolated by salting-out precipitation with biomass-solvent ratio of 0.5 g/100 ml and 50% (W/V) (NH4)2SO4. C-phycocyanin is steady under 30 ℃, but it denatures in above 40 ℃ environment. C-phycocyanin is steady on condition of neutral pH value.

Acid-soluble collagen (ASC) and pepsin-soluble collagen (PSC) were extracted from deer bone with acid and enzyme methods respectively. The basic properties of the extracted collagen were characterized through UV, FT-IR, DSC, SDS-PAGE and amino acid analyzer. The results showed that the maximum absorption wavelength of ASC and PSC are 234 nm on ultraviolet spectrophotometry; The shrinkage temperatures of ASC and PSC are 55 ℃ and 58 ℃ respectively; The electrophoresis results exhibited collagen extract comprises three different chains, α1 ,α2 and β; And amino acid compositions analysis revealed that the amino acids of ASC and PSC are typically Ⅰ collagen.

The survival rates of four Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains inoculated into Trichiurus japonicus samples were measured during 60 days of storage at 4 ℃ and -20 ℃ and their survival curves were plotted respectively. The results showed that the survival cells decline by 6.55～8.22 lgCFU at 4 ℃ during 60-day storage period. And the survival curves showed that in initial 20 days, the mean inactivation speeds are slow, 0.06～0.1 lgCFU/d; In 25～35 days, rapid drop with 0.16～0.2 lgCFU/α occurs; and during the followed period of 25 days, the mean inactivation speeds are 0.11～0.12 lgCFU/d. There were some differences among inactivation speeds of different strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and the drop of Vp06001 is significantly faster than that of the other 3 strains (p<0.05). During storage period at -20 ℃, the survival cells decline rapidly by 0.39 lgCFU/α speed in initial 5 days, until the 60th day slow drop follows by 0.027 lgCFU/d. There were no significant differences among inactiviation speeds of different strains (p>0.05). Linear, Weibull and Log-logistic models were applied to fit survival rates data, and four evaluation parameters such as accurate factor (Af), bias factor (Bf), root mean square error (RMSE) and square correlation coefficient (R2) between predicted and observed values were analyzed. And the results showed Log-logistic model produces better fitness for data than Linear and Weibull model at 4 ℃ storage. However, at -20 ℃, Weibull model is better than other two models for describing inactivation kinetics of four Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains.

Maillard reaction products (MRPs) were prepared by heating casein, soy protein isolate and reducing sugars (glucose and lactose). The reducing power, inhibition against autooxidation of lecithin liposome system, radical (·OH and DPPH·) scavenging effect of the MRPs were investigated by the spectrometer. The results indicated that the MRPs of casein and reducing sugar possess higher reducing power, DPPH· radical scavenging activity, inhibition against autooxidation of lecithin liposome system than those of MRPs prepared from soy protein and reducing sugar. The antioxidant capacities are related to concentrations of MRPs and reaction time. The reducing power, ·OH and DPPH· radical scavenging activities of MRPs of casein and reducing sugar increase with reaction time prolonging. Whereas the inhibition rate against autooxidation of lecithin liposome system inereases at first and then decreases. At the same reactant concentration the antioxidant capacities of MRPs increase with heating time prolonging.

Physical and nutritional qualities of 19 different cultivars mung beans were studied.Results indicated that they have significant differences in physical qualities and nutritional qualities except grain diameter width. Extreme difference of hardness reaches 79%, which shows great difference in hydrating and swelling abilities when mung beans were soaked in water for 1 h. Protein contents of 5 kinds of mung beans’ are above 27%, and carbohydrate contents of 6 kinds of mung beans’ are above 57%. The correlation analysis indicated that the protein content is negatively correlated to carbohydrate content.

The filtering paper method and cup-plate method were adopted to study antimicrobial activity in vitro of the ethanol extracts from Elaeagnus angustifolia L.fruit against a series of bacteria and fungi. The results indicated that the extract with a certain concentration could effectively inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi. The extract has obvious antimicrobial effects on various foods such as mutton, eggplant and strawberry.

The height of bubble and the carbonyl value of three kinds of deep frying oils at different temperature with different frying materials were studied in this study. The results indicated that the height of bubble on different conditions changes little and is very steady. And there is good relation between the height of bubble and the carbonyl value. The relation can be showed by y=-0.1243x6+14.02x5-656.75x4+16357x3-228469x2+2000000x-5000000, (R2=0.9973), where y means the carbonyl value, and x means the height of bubble.

Objective: To supply people with scientific dietary instructions by investigating the change of the content of adenine, guanine, xanthine and hypoxanthine in five meats during boil processing. Method:HPLC method was accepted. The pork, chiken, beef, rabbit meat and duck meat were boiled with distilled water and were sampled at 10,20,30,50,80 min.The samples were hydrolyzed with mixture of trifluoroacetic acid:formid acid:water(5:5:1) at 90 ℃for 12 min.After concentration chromatogra-phy separation was achieved by 0.02 mol/L KH2PO4 (pH3.8) with the flow rate 1 mL/min at 30 ℃ under DAD detector with 254 nm, injection volume was 10μl. Results: The content of purines in meat decrease sharply during 10 min, decrease slowly during 10 min to 30 min, is stable during 30 min to 80 min.The content of purines in soup increase sharply during 10 min, increase slowly during 10 min to 50 min, was stable during 50 min to 80 min. The total content of purines in raw meat of 200 g decrease sharply by 30% during 10 min of boiling process,decreased slowly during 10 min to 80 min. Conclusions: The content of purines in meat decrease during boil processing and is stable during the prolonged time.

This study was designed to identify the microbial contamination source during slaughter by exploring the microbial diversity in the produce of chilled pork using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). In stage of slaughter, the contamination microorganism was sampled from original pork carcasses, chilled pork carcasses and segmental pork carcasses respectively, and also sampled from microbial contamination sources, such as chopping board, knife and water of washing knife respectively. In stage of storage, the contamination microorganism was sampled from pork longissi-mus muscles of 24 h postmortem pork carcasses, which were tray-packaged at 4 ℃ and 10 ℃ for 4 days respectively. The results indicated that the microbial diversities of contamination sources and sample from tray-packaged chilled pork decrease. The similarity index between microbial contamination sources (i.e. surface of knife and water of washing knife) and sample from tray-packaged chilled pork is up to 86%, as 95% between contamination microorganism from surface of knife and that from water of washing knife. The surface of knife and water of washing knife were the major microbial contamination source, and they have a strong cross-contaminated effect on microbial contamination during slaughter.

The protective effects of variant concentrations of low molecular weight chitosan (LMWC) (5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/L) on cadmium-induced oxygen free radicals and the possible mechanisms were investigated in freshwater crab Sinopotamon yangtsekiense. The oxygen free radicals included superoxide anion radical (O·2), hydroxyl radical (· OH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in hepatopancreas, gill and heart. The crabs were exposed to cadmium (Cd2+) (58 mg/L) and LMWC together for 96 hours. The results showed that Cd2+ could increase the production of oxygen free radicals and decrease the oxidative damage obviously. LMWC at the high dose (40 mg/L and 80 mg/L) could remarkably inhibit the production of oxygen free radicals and improve the state of oxidative stress. Furthermore, the dose-effect relationship is significant. According to these results, it is concluded that LMWC has certain scavenging effects on the oxygen free radicals induced by cadmium.

Based on grain storage ecology, the degradation behavior of grain protectant, malathion was studied in climate chambers simulating three typical storage environments of grain, namely 75% relative humidity at 30 ℃(adverse conditions), 60% relative humidity at 20 ℃(mild conditions) and cold (4～10 ℃) (low-temperature conditions) . And test grains were wheat, corn and paddy rice. The results showed that half-lifes of malathion in grains tested are 24.8 , 14.5 and 14.7 w respectively in mild conditions, 17.4 , 8.2 and 6.6 w respectively in adverse conditions, and 62.4 , 25.7 and 43.9 w respectively in low-temperature conditions. And the persistence of malathion is observably influenced by storage conditions such as moisture and temperature and type of grain stored. It is noted that especially for low-temperature conditions, the amounts of malathion residue are high in test grains , and degradation rate is slow.

Semitendinous muscles (n = 8) obtained from Chinese Yellow Cattle were irradiated at 0, 1.13, 2.09, or 3.17 kGy using a 60Co irradiation source and then stored at 7 ℃ for 10 days to estimate beef fatty acid composition and quality changes with different gamma irradiation doses and storage time. Contents of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), n-3 PUFA and n-6 PUFA, as well as P/S decrease after irradiation, without abvious changes during 10 days of storage. Purge loss and TBARS increase with irradiation dose increasing from 0 to 3.17 kGy just after irradiation for 0 day. However, after 10 days of storage, purge loss and TBARS value decrease with irradiation dose increasing, and samples have the lowest purge loss and TBARS value at the dose of 3.17 kGy. Total bacterial counts decrease significantly after irradiation, and the reduction of total bacterial counts is propor-tional with irradiation dose increasing. It can be concluded that beef fatty acid percentages and compositions, change for irradiation .However, no great changes occur with irradiation dose increasing from 1.13 to 3.17 kGy within 10 days of storage. Low dose of 3 kGy gamma irradiation is recommended to apply in fresh beef before storage.

Nano-TiO2 was modified on its surface by chemical liquid deposition with SiO2 and the dispersion properties were studied. Its inhibitory capacity against mould during storage of citrus was studied by the method of Oxford-cup test and the antibacterial mechanism was discussed. The results showed that attached silicon dioxide can reduce the product size and improve stability and dispersity of nano-TiO2 in water. The composite material doped with SiO2 has outstanding antibacterial activities and has less influence on antibacterial activity.

The contents of flavonoids and vitamin C in 5 kinds of pummelo juices were detected by HPLC method. And their antioxidant capacities were evaluated by methods of FRAP, DPPH and ABTS. Comparison results indicated that the contents of naringin, vitamin C and total phenolics in Foyou juice are the highest. Hesperidin and neohesperidin are not detected in pummelo juices except Huyou juice. The antioxidant capacity of Foyou juice is the highest. The most important antioxidant compounds are phenolics and vitamin C.

With meat samples of longissimus dorsi and psoas major from 10 cross-bred pigs (Wanbai Ⅲ) as study objects, the correlation of meat color stability with metmyoglobin content and metmyoglobin reductase activity was studied during cold storage of 9 days. The results showed that L* value of psoas major is very significantly lower than that of longissimus dorsi (p <0.01), while redness (a* value) of longissimus dorsi is significantly higher than that of psoas major (p<0.05). As storage prolonging, a* value is tending to decrease with L* and b* value increasing, that is to say that meat color is becoming dark. a* value is weakly negatively correlated with metmyoglobin content, but middlely positively correlated with reductase activity. On the 3rd, 5th and 7th day, the correlation of a* value with metmyoglobin content and metmyoglobin reductase activity is up to significant level (p<0.05). It is suggested that pork should be coldly stored for less than 5 days.

The effects of pH, temperature and oxidizing and reducing agents on color and stability of anthocyanin from red radish (Raphanus sativus L.) was investigated. The results showed that with the increase of pH value, the color of anthocyanin is changed from red to brown and the characteristic absorption peak at 510 nm disappear. The stability of anthocyanin from red radish is significantly affected by pH value, and its degradation rate is the fastest at pH 3.0. Low temperature is effective in maintain the stability of anthocyanin from red radish. H2O2 significantly promotes degradation of the anthocyanin, while ascobic acid (AsA) and dithiothreitol (DTT) delay degradation and discoloration of the anthocyanin.

According to risk assessment theory, nitrite hazard and its pathogenesis in different kinds of cooks meat products in market, were studied by animal experiments.The ammpling survey on potential risk generated by nitrite was made and a risk assessment model of nitrite in meat products was built up. By the model, probabillty of over standard of nitrite in cooked meat products can be inferred.This will promote food security, protect health of customers and provide guide to the deparments who are in charge of risk assessment.

The effects of tempetrature and concentration on the solubility of soy protein isolates (SPI) were studied, and then the subunit compositions and form of aggregation of soluble fractions obtained from treated SPI were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The results showed that the totally denatured SPI after thermal treatment at low concentration have good solubility due to formation of heat-induced soluble protein aggregates.

The regularity of sterilization to Staphylococcus Aureus, Escherichia Coli O157:H7, Listeria Monocytogenes and saprophytic yeast on apple surface with chlorine dioxide gas were studied. Result showed that under the conditions of 25 ℃, sterilization time 5 min and the 99.99% bactericidal rate to Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes and saprophytic yeast can be achieved at the concentration of chlorine dioxide gas 23, 21, 6 and 11 mg/L, respectively. Under the conditions of 25 ℃ and concentration of chlorine dioxide gas 10 mg/L, all bactericidal rates to the mentioned above four bacteria are over 99.99% at 7, 8, 2 and 6.5 min, respectively. In the experimental range, the effect of bactericidal temperature is weak.

The microcapsule was prepared using yeast extract-sodium alginate-chitosan as wall and self-made fish oil as core by layer-by-layer(LBL) assembling technique. With surface structure, oil content, yield, effciency and release property as evaluating guidelines, the preparation conditions were optimized. Results showed that yeast extract-sodium alginate-chitosan as wall superior to is sodium alginate -chitosan on the above indexes, and it can save $5000 per ton.

The separating conditions of bovine colostrums whey by hollow fiber ultra-filtration were confirmed on the basis of single factor tests as the result of ultra-filtrating temperature 25 ℃ and pressure 0.10 MPa. The purity of IgG extracted by caprylic acid-ammonium sulphate method is higher than that of IgG extracted by saturated ammonium sulphate solution method, reaching 85%. But saturated ammonium sulphate solution method is more feasible for industrial mass production.

The optimum conditions for the extraction of the water-soluble polysaccharides from Pteridium aquilinum were determined using response surface methodology (RSM). A central-composite experimental design (CCD) was used to investi-gate the interaction effects of three independent variables, namely liquid-solid ratio, extraction temperature and extraction time. Also, the antioxidant activity of the crude polysaccharides obtained from Pteridium aquilinum was investigated in this study. The optimum conditions are as follows: liquid-solid ratio 18.8:1 (V/W), extraction temperature 62.5 ℃ and extraction time 5.9 h. The crude polysaccharide shows excellent antioxidant activity according to FARP antioxidative assay.

Apple juice was fermented by calcium alginate-immobilized dried active yeast power to produce dry cider and clarification technology of the cider was studied. Results showed that the optimal fermentation conditions are as follows: inoculation amount of the calcium alginate-immobilized dried active yeast power 0.5%, fermentation temperature 20～25 ℃, and potential alcohol content reaching 10% (V/V) by adding sugars at the stationary phase. Then raw cider is obtained after the second fermentation. After being clarified by 0.2 g/L gelatin, 0.2 g/L bentonite and 0.1 g/L chitosan, the cider product is obtained with the characteristics of light yellow color, transparence, pleasant odor and pure flavor.

The effects of scalding temperature, scalding time and hardener on VC content, enzyme activity and hardness were studied to solve the issue of browning and softening in the processing of candied apple. The optimum processing conditions were obtained as following: the scalding temperature 100 ℃, scalding time 4 min and dipping for 3 hours, with CaCl2 (0.5%) as the hardener.

Combined treatment with pulsed electric fields (PEF) and ultrasound was used to extract protein and nucleic acid from waste brewer yeast cell. Experiment was carried out with PEF (667 pps at 25 kV/cm, 1584μs) treatment followed by ultrasound (400 W, 15 min) treatment. The results showed that the highest extraction rate of protein and nucleic acid reaches 45.86% and 53.75%, respectively, almost 1.5 times of extraction rate of protein and nucleic acid only by PEF, and 2 times only by ultrasound.

The dimethyl fumaricate microcapsule was prepared by complex coacervation based on gelatin -acacia as wall material in this study. The optimum processing conditions were determined by orthogenesis tests. It was confirmed that most of dimethyl fumaricate is encapsulated by IR spectroscopy and electron microscopy. The results showed that the effect of antimould of dimethyl fumaricate microcapsule is consistent with original dimethyl fumarisate but possible allergic reaction on human body is avoided. The dimethyl fumaricate microcapsule is potent and promising preservative agent.

The embedding, adsorption, organic solvent extraction, chemical covering and fermentation method for deodorizing the freshwater fish surimi were optimized respectively by orthogonal tests, with sensory evaluation and secaline content as analysis indexes. The combination of chemical covering and fermentation method shows the optimal deodorizing effect. And the optimal conditions are as follows: adding yeast 2.00%, 1% citric acid and 0.2% CaCl 2 at the same time, and then fermenting for 30 min at pH value 6.65 and temperature 35 ℃. The quality evaluation results of the surimi product deodorized accord with China national standard.

 The extract of Ginkgo biloba L leaves. was hydrolyzed by hydrochloric acid and β-Glycosidase respectively to prepare the flavone aglycone. The orthogonal design test was adopted to find out the optimal processing conditions of both methods. Results showed that the optimal acidic hydrolysis conditions are as follows: 80% methanol as medium in which hydrochloric acid concentration 4 mol/L, ratio of GBE weight to solvent volume (mg/ml) 2:1, and hydrolyzing for 4 h at 70 ℃; The optimal enzymatic hydrolysis conditions are as follows: pH 5.0, enzyme concentration 5×10-3 mg/ml, and hydrolyzing for 6 h at 40 ℃. Through comparing their HPLC spectra of the hydrolysates, it was known that there are only flavonoid aglycones in the acidic hydrolysate, while in the enzymatic hydrolysate there are still many other functional ingre-dients such as ginkgolides. So the method of enzymatic hydrolysis is helpful to retain the comprehensive bio-function of the extract.

A savory beer-like beverage called milk beer was developed with malt, milk and hop as raw materials. Factors affecting stability of the milk beer such as emulsifier, stabilizer, salt, and homogenization condition, were analyzed, and the best technologcial conditions were obtained.

 Polysaccharides were prepared from the leaves of Phyllostachys pubescens. The crude polysaccharides were extracted from the dried leaves by ultrasonic method and fractionated precipitation by 95% ethanol while the protein was removed with Savag’s method. After being further lyophilized, these polysaccharides were purified by DEAE-52 cellulose column chromatog-raphy and Sephadex glucan gel column chromatography, respectively. The results showed that Savag’s deprotein method can get rid of 97.2% protein with the yield of polysaccharide as high as 37.6% with 50% ethanol precipitation. The yield of polysaccharides is the highest by DEAE-52 cellulose column chromatography which can be 46.4% and the polysaccharides extracted by DEAE-52 cellulose column chromatography with twice water elution can be changed into neutral polysaccharides of white powder by G-75 column chromatography and G-100 column chromatography. Water and NaCl as elution solvent can lead to good purifying efficiency on polysaccharides.

The extraction technology of polyphenol from Chinese pistache meal was studied by response surface methodology. The optimized extraction conditions are as follows: pH 1.7, extraction temperature 50 ℃, ratio of solution to material 11.7 ml/g, and extraction time 69.60 min. By verification experiment, the maximum extraction rate of polyphenol from Chinese pistache meal is up to 27.6 mg/g.

The method of preparation and Isolation and purification of bovine lactoferricin(LfcinB) was studied. Hydrolysate of lactoferrin by pepsin was separated and purified by different medium, and the purity of lactofrricin was detected by capillary electrophoresis method. The amino acid compose of lactoferricin was analyzed by automatic amino acid analyzer, and the amino acid sequence was confirmed by the method of goodness of fit test. The results showed that preparation purity of lactoferrcin by Butyl-Toyopearl 650M is 95.6%. The amino acid compose and sequnce of the purification production there is no significant difference comparison for known LfcinB.

The extraction technology of natural pigment from the fruit shell of Berberis heteropoda was studied. The results showed that ratio of material to solvent (50% ethanol) 1:6, extraction temperature 60℃, extraction time 2 h and pH value 1 are the optimum extraction conditions.

The present study results indicate that electrodialysis has differents effects on ingredients of orange juice, and their change tendencies are related to pH. pH is regarded as controlling index of deacidification. Voltage, flow rate and temperature have effects on isolation efficiency of electrodialysis, and the optimum parameters are voltage of 60 V, flow rate 550 L/h and temperature 15 ℃.

With removal rate of cholesterol as detective index, the optimum conditions of cholesterol removal from supercritical CO2 extract of antler velvet were confirmed using saturated water solution of β-cyclodextrin, and the retention rates of three effective components were determined. The experimental results indicated that the content of cholesterol reduces from 47622.37 μg/g to 3981.23 μg/g, and removal rate of cholesterol is up to 91.64%, while the retention rates of three biological bases are 77.31%,82.58%, and 85.19%, respectively on the conditions of ratio of β-CD to the extract 1:2 (ml/mg), inclusion temperature 50 ℃, inclusion time 30 min, and diluted concentration of the extract with water 0.8% (W/V). This process can offer safe and health products by most of cholesterol removal from the extract of antler velvet.

Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBP) were extracted by water, ultrasonic wave and micro wave respectively. The qualitative and quantitative analyses of the polysaccharides were performed with the phenol-sulphate acid method. The extraction rates of the polysaccharides by the three methods were compared. The results indicated that the content of LBP extracted by water is the lowest, and the extraction rate is 16.90%. The content of LBP extracted by micro wave is the highest, and the extraction rate is 22.62%. The antioxidant activities of VC and LBP solution to free radical and superoxide anion in vitro were compared at the same concentrations. The results showed that LBP have antioxidant activity, but lower than that of VC.

In order to obtain optimal formulation of Puerarin lobata chewing tablet, the effects of different mixtures of six components in Puerarin lobata chewing tablet on sensory evaluation value of the chewing tablet were studied using mixture design. Regression model on ratio of components and sensory evaluation score was established. The results suggested that the optimal formulation of Puerarin lobata chewing tablet is Puerarin lobata powder 46.44%, material 25.28%, isomalto-oligosaccharide 19.02%, sorbitol 8.57%, citric acid 0.27% and microcrystalline cellulose 0.42%.

By the method of cooling crystallization and with hexane as extraction solvent, crude phytosterol was separated from the sterol-enriched solution, which was byproduct of methyl esters of soy oil deodorizer distillate after extraction of vitamin E by ion exchange, and then purified by recrystallation using acetone as solvent. The optimum extraction conditions are determined by single factor and orthogonal test as follows: extraction time 18 h, crystallization temperature 2 ℃, and ratio of raw material to hexane 1:2 (g/ml). The purity of crude product is 84.39%, and up to 94.87% by recrystallation.

The optimum ultrasonic extraction technology of gardenia yellow was obtained, and the mathematical model of correlation among temperature, time, ratio of material to liquid and concentration of solvent was established by means of quadratic general rotary unitized design. The results indicated that the optimum extraction conditions are as follows: ratio between gardenia and solvent 1:13, extraction time 35 min, extraction temperature 50 ℃ and concentration of solvent 70%. Through Data Processing System, the mathematics model was set up. Under the above conditions, the absorbance of gardenia yellow is 0.994.

The fiber was separated from bean dregs by enzyme method, dried, and then mixed with Chinese yam, dextrin, sucrose and carrageenan in certain proportion. The edible wrapping paper was produced by process method of conventional paper. The results showed that when ratio of Chinese yam to dextrin to sucrose to carrageenan is 2:4:1:4, the quality of the paper is the best, its stress of is 11.6×105 Pa , burst strength is 138 g/cm2, and its deliquescent speed 7.97 mg/s at 37 ℃. The softness of the edible wrapping paper is similar to that of conventional paper, but the quality on unit area, tightness and brittleness are respectively bigger than those of conventional paper. Its water absorption and solubility are superior to those of ordinary wrapping paper.

The proper categories of supplement and their amounts were optimized to prepare compound tablet with the extracts of Cynomorium songaria and Spirulina as main materials by orthogonal test and ANOVA method. The product has the characteristics of less than 9% water, more than 50% protein, more than 14 mg/g total polysaccharides, less than 1.0 mg/kg Se, less than 0.3 mg/kg Hg, and less than 2.0 mg/kg Pb.

In this study, backward extraction procedure was explored for wheat germ protein. After recovery of isooctane and dissolution of residual solid with a small amount of KCl buffer solution, the wheat germ protein was precipitated by acetone, while AOT remained in the acetone phase. The effects of KCl concentration, pH value and the amount of buffer solution on the backward extraction rate were investigated. On the basis of single-factor tests, the optimum backward extraction conditions were achieved by response surface methodology, namely KCl concentration 0.61 mol/L, pH value 9.47 and the amount of buffer solution 1.0 ml. Under these technical conditions, the backward extraction rate of protein reaches 80.07%.

A microwave method was used to synthesize phytosteryl esters of α-linolenic acid, and the influencing factors were studied, such as mol ratio, catalyzer quantity, microwave power, and reaction time. Through orthogonal test, the optimal synthetic conditions are confirmed as follows: α-linolenic acid to phytosterol mol ratio 3.5:1, miacrowave power 660 W, heating time 30 min (heating 8 times, 4 min/times), and the quantity of sodium methylate added 0.75%. On the conditions the yield of the phytosterol esters is up to 60.8%. The purity of product is about 90.2% through recrystallization treatment.

Glycoprtein from Chinese yam purified by DEAE-cellulose 52. It was successful to obtain one fraction GLP by the step gradient elution. GLP was further purified by Sephadex G-75. TLC was applied to identify the purity of the GLP. The molecular weight of GLP measured by Sephadex G-75 is 89381 D. The experimental result of TLC revealed that the monosac-charide components of GLP are L-galactose, D-glucose and D-mannose. GLP is confirmed by its characteristic absorption peak of infrared spectrum.

In this study, the optimal conditions of cellulase reaction for destroying cell wall of jujube peel were determined by response surface analysis (RSA), and extraction conditions of pigment with alkaline solution were optimized by orthogonal test. The optimal parameters of cellulase reaction are quality of cellulase 1.26%, enzyme reaction temperature 51.90 ℃, pH value 5.19, and enzyme reaction time 60 min. And the optimal parameters of extraction with alkaline solution are alkaline solution concentration 1.0%, extraction temperature 80 ℃, extraction time 35 min. Under these conditions, the extraction rate of red pigment is up to 1.326μg/g.

The garlic organic sulfides were prepared from garlic by ethanol solvent extraction. The effects of factors such as alcohol concentration, enzymatic time, extraction time, ratio of solid to liquid, extraction times on extraction ratio of garlic organic sulfide were examined. The optimum conditions were determined by orthogonal test, and its components were determinated by GC-MS. The optimum conditions are as follows: alcohol concentration 70%, enzymolysis time 2 h, ratio of solid to liquid 1:7(W/V), extraction temperature 50 ℃ and extracting for 3 times. The major components of the extract are acid, alcohol, ester, ketone, alkyl and alkene. The relative content of 2-vinyl-[4H]-1,3-dithiene is 30.42%, and the relative content of 3-vinyl-[4H]-1,2-dithiene is 25.38%.

Tannase was immobilized on chitosan sponge using glutaraldehyde as cross-linking reagent. The immobilization conditions were optimized as following: 6 mg tannase immobilized on 1 g chitosan sponge under pH 5.0 and 4 ℃ for 8 hours. On the optimal conditions the enzyme activities and stability are both the highest. The Km value of the immobilized tannase is 3.83 mmol/L, while that of the free tannase is 33 mmol/L. As far as the stabilities to pH and heat changing are concerned, the immobilized tannase is also superior to free tannase, and the stable pH range is wider, especially on the low side.

In this study, a real-time PCR method was developed to identify Staphylococcus aureus harboring sea gene using a PCR master mix containing DNA-binding dye SYBR Green I. The detection procedure can be achieved for milk samples artificially contaminated by Staphylococcus aureus within 8 h, and the limit of detection is 83 CFU/ml milk.

Three di-mon mating strains (NN22,QS29 and QQ6) of Lentinula edodes were calcium-enriched in PDY medium with Ca2+ concentration range from 0 to 10 mg/ml. The optimization of cultivation conditions of strain NN22 was performed and analyzed by gel electrophoresis of esterase isoenzyme. The results showed that the highest Ca2+ intake of strain NN22 is obtained within 20 days at 25 ℃ and initial pH 7.0 in adding 4 mg/ml Ca2+ PDY. Under the optimized cultivation conditions, Ca2+ content and polysaccharide content of the strain NN22 reach 9.57 mg/g and 3.36 mg/g, respectively. The results also showed that along with the Ca2+ concentration enhancement, the esterase isozymes activities of strain NN22 of Lentinula edodes reduce obviously.

The lionleic acid ismerase from Lactobacillus acidophilus was extracted to study its enzymological properties. The results indicated that the optimum temperature and pH value of lionleic acid ismerase are 40 ℃ and 4 respectively, and the ismerase exhibits strong stability to temperture (20 ～50 ℃) and pH value (4.0～6.0) for 1 h. Various metal ions and their respective concentrations have various effects on activity of the ismerase, and organic solvent as well. The Km of the ismerase is 33.33 mmol/L, and the Vmax is 15.6 mmol/L·h.

The information on GC-MS spectra of three strains of high arachidonic acid-producing Mortierella alpine was analysed by principal component analysis, using 18 common metabolites as the original variables. Two principal components are got and the three strains with different characters are distinguished. At the same time, principal component 1 is found to be corresponded with arachidonic acid accumulation and principal component 2 is corresponded with biomass yield.

Effects of different extraction conditions for 95% ethanol extract of star anise were investigated on bacteriostasis of the extract against putrefying bacteria, which were isolated form low-temperature meat product. The optimal extraction conditions for antimicrobial substance from star anise are as follows: extracting for 3 h at 60 ℃ with raw material to 95% ethanol ratio 1:12 (m/V), which were obtained by single factor test and orthogonal rotational regression design. In virtue of artificial neural networks, the model describing the effects of extraction conditions on antimicrobial capacity against the putrefying bacteria was established. The results showed that the artificial neural networks method is more reliable than regressive analysis method.

The antagonistic effects, the growth speed of hypha and mycelial biomass as well as polysaccharide content of three different Pleutotus nerbrodensis strains were tested in this study. The results showed that the genetic diversity exists in three strains. The hypha growth speed of strain pL03-7 is the fastest, 7.35 mm per day. And strain pL03-7 has the highest mycelial biomass, 1.0612 g/150 ml. The polysaccharide contents of strains pL03-7, PN-1 and PN-9 are 63.80, 73.93 and 72.29μg/mg respectively.

The antimicrobial activities of Russula vinosa Lindbl mycelium and its submerged culcure fermentation broth were determined by primary-explant and filter paper disk test methods. The results indicated that the mycelium of Russula vinosa Lindbl has the strongest antimictrobial effect against bacteria, but weak inhibiting effect on yeast and mould. The results also showed that the antimicrobial activities of the submerged culture fermentation broth of Russula vinosa Lindbl against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are the strongest, but the activities angainst Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae are weak. The antimicrobial activity of the submerged 4-day culture fermentation broth of Russula vinosa Lindbl, is up to maximum.

Several complete antigens were prepared to produce the antibodies for leucomalachite green. Three haptens (4-MGC, 3-MGN and 4-MGN) with different active groups and linker substitution patterns were synthesized facilely with N, N-dimethylaniline and benzaldehyde derivatives as raw materials. The 4-MGC, 3-MGN and 4-MGN were conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) with active ester and diazotization method respectively to form three complete antigens. The ratios of 4-MGC, 3-MGN, and 4-MGN to BSA are proved as 40:1, 15:1 and 13:1 respectively by UV spectra analysis and trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) method. Frontier molecular orbital (FMO) distribution of conjugate mimics was analyzed successfully by molecular modeling. The research lays a foundation for further discovering the structure-activity relations (SAR) of small molecule haptens and developing antibody and immunoassay method.

The coding sequence of rice preferable codon optimized cry2A* gene was amplified via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from recombinant plasmid pUC18-3Z/Cry2A*. Then the PCR products of cry2A* gene were inserted into expression vector pET-28a(+) using restriction endonucleases Nde I and BamH I, resulting in the recombinant expression plasmid pET-28a(+)/ Cry2A* expressing Cry2A* proteins with only 6 His-tags attached to its N-terminus. Subsequently, the expression vector pET-28a(+)/Cry2A* was introduced into E. coli BL21 (DE3). The Cry2A* protein was expressed mainly in soluble form in the presence of isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) with final concentration 0.05 mmol/L by inducing for 3 h at 20 ℃. The recombinant protein was purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography, and the purity is up to 95% according to thin layer scanning analysis.

Two expression vectors, pET-15bcrtEIB in which crtE, crtB, crtI of Erwinia uredovora were cloned and pACYC-184crtY in which crtY was cloned, were transformed into E.coli BL21(DE3) simultaneously to construct engineering bacterium. The engineering bacterium could accumulate β-carotene when induced by IPTG. Effects of different culture conditions such as carbon sources, nitrogen sources, metal ions, culture temperature, light, medium pH and induction time on bacterial growth and β-carotene accumulation were investigated. The optimal culturing conditions obtained are as follows: Modified LB broth (trypton 10 g/L, yeast extract 10 g/L, soluble starch 5 g/L, MgCl2 0.04 g/L, FeCl3 0.01 g/L and NaCl 10 g/L as well as pH 5.8) as medium and in light, the engineering bacterium firstly is shake-cultured at 37 ℃ to OD600 0.6 of culture liquid, subsequently IPTG added to final concentration 0.5 mmol/L, and then further cultured for 14 h at 28 ℃. The engineering bacterium could grow to 7.32 g dw/ L in LB medium and accumulate β-carotene to 5.11 mg/g dw under optimal culture conditions.

To screen high ε-polylysine-producing mutants of Streptomyces albulus, the methods of protoplast preparation, regeneration and mutagenesis were established. Thereafter, the protoplasts of the original strain were treated by pulsed-ligh and He-Ne laser. The double layer culture medium test proved that the H/C value of mutation is 0.28～0.45 cm, bigger than that of the original strain. The fermentation result showed its ε-polylysine productivity is higher 40% than that of the original strain.

Experiments were undertaken to determine the growth of E. sakazakii under different temperatures by microplate luminometer. 16 Strains of 17 E. sakazakii strains (including ATCC 29544) used in this study were isolated from dried infant milk formula powder on China retail market. The results showed that the E. sakazakii counts determined by microplate luminometer are perfectly correlated with those determined by conventional plate counting method (r=0.92). E. sakazakii in brain heart infusion broth can be quickly monitored with much shorter time (no more than 10 h) than that of conventional plating method (at least 24 h). Although at the end of incubation the amounts of E. sakazakii strains are close under 36 ℃, but the growth curves are different. And the further research results of 17 E. sakazakii strains being incubated at 42 ℃ indicated that the microplate luminometer method provides a convenient, rapid and real-time way to monitor the growth of E. sakazakii. The results suggested that this microorganism can be divided into different phenotypes according to their different growth characters, which are consistent with phenotypes divided into according to their different biochemistry reactions.

Casein degradation in the presence of two Lactobacillus helveticus strains (strain 6 and strain 9) was investigated based on the formation of transparent zone from hydrolyzed protein, the degree of hydrolysis and the concentration of peptides produced. Strain 9 enzyme has a significant higher activity to degrade casein than that of strain 6. The degree of casein hydrolysis by strain 9 grows gradually as fermentation time delaying from 0 h to 48 h, reaches to 17.3%. The concentration of peptides from casein derived by strain 9 cells is 0.62 mg/ml following 48 h incubation at 37 ℃ SDS-PAGE analysis and profiles of Sephadex G-25 gel filtration also proved that L. helveticus stain 9 is able to release more peptides from casein as co-culture time delaying. The present study indicated that utilization of L. helveticus strain 9 with high proteolytic activity can provide a promising technology to produce potential bio-activity peptides from casein.

Coprinus atramentarius was cultivated with submerged fermentation method. Various nutritional factors including carbon sources, nitrogen sources and inorganic salt affecting the yield of extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) and mycelium growth were studied by single factor test. The key influential factors were further investigated by response surface methodology. By solving the quadratic regression model equation with appropriate statistic methods, the optimum concentrations for the sub-merged fermentation medium are determined that glucose, corn powder, wheat bran, KH2PO4 and MgSO·47H2O are 13.51, 17.07, 7.62, 2.29 and 2 g/L, respectively, and the predicted yield of the extracellular polysaccharide is 293.73 mg/L. When the above values are 10.07, 18.02, 11.63, 1.58 and 4 g/L respectively, the maximum biomass is 6.24 g/L.

Objective:To construct Kluyvermyces lactis secreted expression vector and express recombinant prochymosin. Methods :The prochymosin gene encoding mature peptide was amplified by polymerase chain reaction, and then inserted into the downstream of the alpha-mating factor signal of the Kluyvermyces lactis expression vector pKLAC1. Recombinant plasmid pKLAC1-prochymosin was linearized by SacⅡand transformed into Kluyvermyces lactis strain GG799 with lithium chloride. Positive clones were chosen by YCB plates containing 5 mmol/L acetamide and the presence of insert was identified using PCR. Multi-copy integration can be detected using specifical integration primers. The positive transformants were fermented in flask and the proteins in the culture supernatant were deposited with TCA and assayed with Tricine SDS-PAGE. Results: It was proved that the fragment amplified is inserted into the Kluyvermyces lactis expression vector pKLAC1 correctly by PCR and gene sequencing. After lithium chloride transformation, the recombinant plasmid is integrated into the regions of homology within yeast genome. Chymosin activity of the medium is 83 U/ml after acid treatment. Tricine SDS-PAGE analysis proved that the molecular weight of chymosin is about 36 kD. Conclusion: Prochymosin Kluyvermyces lactis expression vector is successfully constructed and recombinant prochymosin is expressed.

In this study, the biocontorl efficacies for postharvest diseases of grapes and growth adaptabilities on the grapes surface were contrasted among 5 strains of antagonism yeasts. Results showed that Candida guilliermondi and Ctyptocccus laurentii can effectively inhibit postharvest diseases of grapes. Candida guilliermondi is the optimum antagonism yeast to produce biocontrol preparation.

The solubility and purification of antimicrobial substances produced by Streptomyces sp. GB-2 were studied. By determination, it was deduced that the antibacterial substances in GB-2 broth has water solubility property with polarity. They can pass through the ultrafiltration membrane with cut off molecular weight (COMW) 1 kD. By separation on the Sephadex LH-20, two peaks with antibacterial activity appear, in which the first peak displays the strongest inhibition activity against Bacillus cereus and E.coli. In order to further purify the fraction, a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation was performed. The results showed that the fraction comprises two peaks and the second peak was found to be of antibacterial activity.

The total RNA of human liver was extracted and human Mn-SOD gene was amplified by RT-PCR. Manganese SOD gene was expressed in P. pastoris after construction of expression vector. The optimized gene codon, which is based on yeast major preference codons was also expressed in P. pastoris. Meanwhile, enzyme-producing ablilities of the two genetic engineering strains were compared. Results showed that the optimized strain have advantage on ability of producing enzyme over the control. It can be concluded that optimization of gene sequence plays an important role in its expression.

A new method was developed for direct determination of biphenol A residue by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometer. Sample was concentrated by solid phase extraction column. Selection reaction monitoring technique via negative electrospray ionization was used, and quantitative ion pairs were m/z 227 > m/z 132 and m/z 114. Mobile phase was methanol and water mixture (3:7), with flow rate 500μl/min. The linear range is 18.0～1800.0 ng/ml with a detection limit of 1.8 ng/ml, and the recovery is 91%. Cornparison resuts of UV and LC-MS2 showed that this method is simple, rapid, sensitive and accurate.

Using the uniform test designs method, with the initial concentration of CH3 OH in the linear gradient and the slope of linear gradient as optimization parameters, the separation conditions for eight kinds of water-soluble vitamins were optimized, which are VC, VB1, VB2, VB6, folic acid, VB12, nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. Based on genetic algorithm and annealing artificial neural network, the predication model of efficient separation was established. Verification experiments were carried out with optimized separation conditions predicted by the model and the results are satisfying. Combination of the genetic algorithm and annealing neural network is available for the optimization of separation conditions of HPLC.

Aloin was extracted from dry aloe powder with methanol, further purified by solid phase extraction column, and then determined by high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC). The HPLC operation conditions were as follows: C18 column (4.6 mm×150 mm, 5μm), methnaol-1% acetic acid water (1:1, V/V) as mobile phase, and UV detector wavelength 359 nm. The quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed with external standard method. The results of determination showed that there is a good linear calibration curve in the range from 0 to 100 mg/L (r=0.9999) with relative standard deviations of 2.5% to 3.2% (n=6). The recovery rates of spiked aloin range from 98.1% to 101%, and the detection limit is 0.02 mg/kg. This method is rapid, sensitive, simple, accurate and repeatable.

The monacolin K in sufu was separated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with Nova-Pak C18 column(150×3.9 mm, 4μm) at 50 ℃.The mixed solution of water (containing 0.3% phosphatic acid) and ethanol was used as mobile phase for gradient elution at a rate 0.50 ml/min. And the absorbance was measured at 237 nm. The results showed that when the contents of acid form and lactone form monacolin k are in 0.2～14 mg/L, there are good linear relationships between absorbance and content respectively. The average recoveries are 89.7%, and 94.8%, and relative standard deviations range between 1.5% to 2.9%, respectively.

This study aimed to establish the determination method of four paraben preservatives including methylparaben (MP), ethylparaben (EP), propylparaben (PP) and butylparaben (BP) in dairy products by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) with a column of C18 and a mobile phase consisting of methanol -water by gradient elution. The samples were solved by methanol and purified with SPE-C18. These preservatives were detected with diode array detector at 254 nm. Separation of the four components was achieved within 12 min. Under these conditions, the correlation coefficients are larger than 0.9994 for four parabens. The average recoveries are in the range from 97.4 % to 106.4%. Further affirmation was achieved using electrospray ionization (ESI) mass specturometry by negative mode. This method is quick, simple and accurate, and could be applied to determine parabens in dairy products.

 A method was developed for determining soluble protein by flow injection-spectrophotometric analysis with bromocresol green as color developing reagent and 630 nm as detecting wavelengh. Under the optimum conditions, working curve with good linear was obtained. The linear range of BSA is 1.0 ～280 mg/L, the detection limit is 0.52 mg/L, and relative standard deviation (RSD) is 2.26%. The range of recovery rates for different spiked samples is between 96.1% and 104.2%. The characteristics of this method are simple, rapid, and high sensitive and also can be used on-line.

Microwave-assisted extraction, integrated with column chromatography and gas chromatography with a nitrogen-phosphorus detector, was presented for residual determination of atrazine in corn. The recoveries of the method range from 92% to 104%. The relative standard deviation is between 1.47% and 4.35%. Compared with the method in China National Standards (GB/T 5009.132-2003), this is a rapid method with less solvent consumption and better precision and accuracy.

Various kinds of primers were designed to detect the genetypes of Staphylococcal enterotoxins(SEs) by bioinformatics analysis of enterotoxin genes. Lysozyme was added in the process of DNA extraction to enrich the DNA, encoding SEs. The detection rate and specificity were improved by anneal temperature gradient PCR method. 14 Kinds of enterotoxins were detected from the 28 isolates which indicate that their corresponding primers can effectively amplify the target genes while having high specificities. The three most common types of enterotoxins (sek, seq and sea ) in this research are approximately 15. 50%, 14.30% and 10.70% respectively. Whereas none of the isolates possesses the sem or sej genes. Different genotypes of SEs in stains have different degrees of correlation, and the genotypes of sek and seq, seb and sed, sec, sei, sen and seu display intimate positive correlations. Moreover, the results also suggested that the distribution of SEs has a close relationship with the source, which the Staphylococcus aureus is isolated from. The developed PCR method is useful in differentiating the genetypes and the distribution of S.aureus isolates.

A method was developed for quantitative dtermination of arecoline and arecaidine in areca nut and its products by reversed-phase ion-pair high performance liquid chromatography (RP-IP-HPLC). Chromatographic separation was performed on Hypersil BDS C18 (250×4.6 mm, 5μm) column using a mixture (water: methanol: phosphoric acid: SDS=55 ml : 45 ml : 0.1 ml :1 g) as mobile phase with flow rate 1.0 ml/min and using SPD-20A ultraviolet detection at 215 nm. Arecoline and arecaidine are eluted within 25 min with satisfactory separation. Relative standard deviation of 0.84%～1.56% and average recovery of 96.77%～100.23% for the method are achieved. The contents of alkaloids in different areca nuts and their products were determinded by this method.

A rapid detection method for chlortetracycline (CTC) was developed by dot immunogold filtration assay (DIGFA). The anti-CTC antibody was coated onto nitrocellulose membrane to capture gold-labeled CTC-BSA conjugate and CTC in samples. Positive or negative can be identified by shade of a visible red dot. Results showed that the detection limit is 0.4μg/ml. Quantitative analysis of CTC can be achieved between 0.6μg/ml and 1μg/ml. There is a good correlation of detection results between the method and ELISA with correlation coefficient of 0.970. DIGFA can be applied to detect the CTC residue in meat rapidly.

A new high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was established to determine the contents of nitrite and nitrate in vegetable. The results showed that the determination linear ranges of both nitrate and nitrite in vegetable are 0～80 mg/kg (by calculating the mass of nitrogen),and the coefficients between concentrations and peak areas for nitrate and nitrite are 0.9999. The detection limits of nitrite and nitrate are 0.04 mg/kg and 0.01 mg/kg, respectively. The recovery rate of nitrite is 99.2%～102.4% and that of nitrate 98.7%～99.3%, and the RSD of nitrite and nitrate are 0.79% and 0.25 %, respectively. In comparison with China GB-method,the present method is simple in operation, more sensitive, and rapid, and can therefore be used widely.

A simple,rapid and environment-friendly method was developed for determination of trace chlorpyrifos in pesticide solution formulations by near infrared (NIR). Two samples with different liquid backgrounds, namely simple background and complex background were designed to measure trace chlorpyrifos by the method. By pre-processing methods of the second derivative +17 point smooth and the first derivative +21 point smooth and partial least square regression (PLS), quantitative analyses of samples were carried out in effective wavelength ranges. The results proved that NIR is appropriate to analyze the mixing solutions containing 3 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg chlorpyrifos.

Various pretreatment techniques were compared because of complex ground substance in aquatic products. Then a method was developed for the determination of residues of sixteen congeners trace polychlorinated biphenyls based on the selected pretreatment technique. Samples were extracted with n-hexane, defatted with sulfuric acid, purified by silica column, and determined by gas chromatography and electron capture detection with external standard method for quantitative analysis. Results showed that the recoveries of standard addition levels are 71.0%～104.9%, the relative standard deviations are all below 6.86%, and the limits of detection are 0.08～0.21 ng/g.

A capillary gas chromatographic method with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) for the detection of five phthalates dimethyl phthalate (DMP), di-ethyl phthalate (DEP), di-butyl phthalate (DBP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and dioctyl phthalate (DnOP) in 14 kinds of foods was developed. The samples were extracted with hexane by ultrasonically assisted procedure. The extracts were cleaned up with SPE and determined by GC. Retention time of the peaks was applied for qualitative analysis, and external standard method was used for quantitative analysis. Results showed that the recoveries of the five phthalates are between 72.3% and 101.5% with relative standard deviations of 2.69%～5.84%. Consequently, this method is accurate and credible. In Europe, the total tolerable daily intake (TTDI) of total phthalate esters per person has been estimated to be 0.3 mg/kg body weight. The contents of about 69% of the phthalates detected in foods are more than 0.3 mg/kg, over the Europe standard. This indicates that there is quite high concentration of the phthalates migrating into foods.

A rapid determination method of volatile compounds in litchi juice was developed by headspace solid phase micro-extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME and GC-MS). The optimal operating conditions for headspace solid phase micro-extraction and GC-MS are as follws: extracting for 40 min at 50℃ and desorbing for 5 min at 250 ℃. The RSD of this method is 4.27%～9.33%. It is suitable for the quality control of litchi. 41 aroma compounds in" Feizixiao" litchi are determined, which are alcohols, terpenic hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, esters and fatty acids.

A new method was established considering odor threshold of the corresponding compounds. As volatile compounds of Rugao Ham were analyzed by HS-SPME-GC-MS, this method was used to evaluate their contributions to the whole odor perception. The results showed that 3-methylbutanal, dimethyl trisulfide, 1-octen-3-one, dimethyl disulfide, 1-octen-3-ol and hexanal are the key odor compounds of Rugao Ham, and octanal, heptanal and nonanal are also essential.

The concentrations of nickel, copper, tin, lead, cadmium and mercury elements i"nFenghuang Dancong"oolong tea from high, medium, low altitude district were studied. The nickel, copper, tin, lead, cadmium and mercury ions were pre-column derived by tetra-(amidogenphenyl)-porphine (T4-APP), then determined by solid phase extraction and high perfor-mance liquid chromatography. The results showed that non-pollution processing decreases lead proportion from 2.87 to 1.17μg/g and copper proportion from 12.69 to 8.89μg/g in made oolong tea, as well as lead proportion from 1.80 to 0.60μg/g and copper proportion from 5.43 to 3.62μg/g in oolong tea infusion. The oolong tea produced from high altitude district has optimal sensory quality with sound food safety risk.

A method was established for capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin determination by high performance liquid chromatog-raphy (HPLC). Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin were extracted by ultrasonic with methanol-tetrahydrofuran (1+1) as solvent, and then detected by HPLC with FLD (Ex=229 nm, and Em=320 nm). A good linear relationship between peak area and concentration of capsaicin (in the range of 0.13～160 mg/L) or dihydrocapsaicin (in the range of 0.04～160 mg/L) exists. The relative standard deviations are between 1.36% and 4.79%, and the recovery rates are in the range of 70.50%～100.07%.

A pair of outer primers and a pair of inner primers were specially designed for recognizing six distinct sequences on target tlh gene by loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA (LAMP) method. The sensitivities of LAMP method and PCR were conpared for specific detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The results showed that target DNA was amplified and visualized ladder-like pattern of bands on agarose gel by the detection system within 60 min at isothermal temperature 65 ℃; White precipitate allows easy and rapid detection of target DNA by naked eyes; The resulting amplicons are visualized by adding SYBR Green I to the reaction tube; The LAMP assay has a detection limit of 10 CFU/ml, while that of PCR is 103 CFU/ml, that is to say that the sensitivity of LAMP is 100 times of that of PCR. So the LAMP method reported here demonstrates a potential and valuable means for detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus especially for its rapidity, simplicity and low cost. The only equipment needed for the amplification reaction is a regular laboratory water bath or heat block that furnishes a constant temperature. The LAMP assay is particularly suitable for rapid clinical diagnosis.

A method was founded for determination of thallium and other heavy metal elements in rice by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and the safety of rice contaminated by thallium was evaluated. The working condition for ICP-MS and the interference effects of method were investigated. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the detection limit of thallium is 0.006μg/L, and for other elements their detction limits are in range of 0.008～0.30μg/L. The spiked recoveries for Tl, Co, Ni, Cu, Mo, Cd, and Pb are between 94.2% and 103.7%. Using this method,the distribution of thallium and the absorption of many other heavy metal elements in rice growing in thallium contaminated soil were analyzed. The results showed that thallium content in the stem and leaf is higher than that in the seed. Thallium can stimulate the stem and leaf of rice to absorb some other heavy metals, but restrain the rice seed to do so.

The essential oils of the Eupatorium fortunei Turcz. were extracted by simultaneous distillation extraction. The chemical components were separated and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The content of essential oils extracted from Eupatorium fortunei Turcz. was 2.73%. The identification of the volatile compounds was confirmed by comparing the retention indices with standard values of authentic samples. The relative content was calculated from the peak area normal-ization method. The results indicated that there are thirty-three volatile compounds identified in Eupatorium fortunei Turcz. The major chemical components from Eupatorium fortunei Turcz. are: 2H-1-benzopyran-2-one(12.58%), thymol (4.38%),2,4,5,6,7, 8-hexahydro-1,4,9,9-tetramathyl-3H-3a,7-methanoazulene(4.50%), caryophlleneoxidase(5.27%), 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-phenol(3.97%) and 1,1a,4,5,6,7,7b-octahydro-1,1,7, 7a-tetramethyl-2H-cyclopropa[a]naphtha (3.62%).

Effects of chemical compositions including concentration of skim milk, protein, fat, lactose, Ca2+ and PO43-, as well as standard lipase and proteinase on lipase detection in raw milk (12%) were studied in the experiment. Thus the ultimate results can be conversed according to different contents of chemical compositions in raw milk. The results of samples with different contents of chemical compositions divided by corresponding calibration values just correspond to the results of endogenous lipase detection (control). The method can play a basal role on providing relatively stable and accurate results of rapid detection for lipase in raw milk.

sing gallic acid as the standard, the optimized conditions for determining content of kiwifruit phenol by Folin method are as follows: volume ratio between Folin reagent and 10% Na2CO3 1:2 (V/V), volume of Folin 4 ml, reaction temperature 25 ℃,and reaction time 120 min. There is a good linearity between content of phenol and absorbance in the range of 1～6μg/ml. The average recovery rate of spiked phenol is 98.8%, and the RSD is 0.81%.

bjective: To study hypoglycemic effects of astaxanthin on various animal models. Method: There are three models, including the diabetic animal model induced by alloxan, the hyperglycemic models induced by epinephrine and glucose, and the normal mice. After being given the drugs orally, the blood glucose level of every model mouse was determined. Results: Astaxanthin has better therapeutical action on diabetes mice induced by alloxan, and can significantly make the blood glucose levels of hyperglycemic mice induced by epinephrine and glucose fall. Conclusion: Astaxanthin has good hypoglycemic action on many kinds of diabetic mice models.

To determine the fermented oral liquid production procedure of Agaricus blazei and to evaluate its immunomodulating activity. Methods: Concentrated submerged cultural broth of Agaricus blazei was blended with extract of the mecylium. And the Agaricus blazei oral liquid (AbOL) was prepared through the processes of fine filtration, preperation, bottling, sterilization, and cooling. Kunming mice were used to detect the effects of the oral liquid on immune activities (i.p.) with different polysaccharide dosages (5 mg/kg·d, 10 mg/kg·d and 30 mg/kg·d). The measured items included immune organ weight, chicken red blood cell phagocytic index of macrophage cell of abdominal cavity, hemoglobin amount analysis with chicken red blood cell as immune source, ELISA of lymphocyte in mice peripheral blood and DNFB-induced DTH. Results: Agaricus blazei oral liquid has the function to increase spleen and thymus index, phagocytic function of macrophage cell and hemoglobin amount. And it can enhance DNFB-induced delayed allergy of mice. The optimal dosage of polysaccharide is 10 mg/kg·d. Conclusion: Agaricus blazei oral liquid has the funtion of promoting unspecific immunity, specific immunity and cellular immunity of mice.

Objective: This study aimed at the observation of carotenoid accumulation in rat serum after single feed of the extract. Method: 80 SD male rats were selected and divided randomly into 8 groups (10 rats/group). The mixture (1 ml, 5.25 mg total carotenoid/ml) of soybean oil and the extract was administrated by gavage. Blood was collected at fixed time from a group. The total carotenoids were extracted from the serum by methanol and hexane successively. The extracts were analyzed by C18-HPLC-PDA. Results: Serum lycopene is detected after 0.5 h, and its content reaches the maximum after 3 h. After 12 h, serum lycopene content dropps down to the same level as that at the 0.5th h. The ratio of lycopene content by gastric administration to maximum lycopene content (at the 3th h) in serum is 15441 : 1. The accumulation of β-carotene in serum shows a similar variation.

Objective: To study the immunemodulatory effect of Indian ginseng root extract (IGRE) growing in Chongqing. Methods: Mice were fed with IGRE at dose of 5, 2.5, 0.85 g/kg bw for 30 days, then their immune function were studied. Results: IRRE could stimulate response of delayed hypersensitivity. The proliferation of ConA-induced mitogenic reponse for spleen lymphocyte are also increased. Only in the high dose group and medium dose group the amount of hemolytic antibody in mice serum increases and the percentage as well as index of phagocytosis of celiac macrophage enhances compared with those of the control group mice. Further, marrow DNA content and serum NO content in all dose groups are higher than those of mice in the control group, while the activities of acid phosphatase and alkalinity phosphatase of mice serum only in the high dose group are higher than those of mice serum in the control group. Conclusion: Indian ginseng root extract can enhance immunce function of mice.

The in vitro cytotoxicities of different degrees of substitution and different concentrations of carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan (CMKGM) were tested by MTT assay. In this study, L929 mouse fibroblasts were used as the target cells. The OD values of cultured cells were measured on the first day. The cell relative growth rates of each group were calculated. The cytotoxicitie grades of each group were determined according to six-grade. Results showed that the cytotoxicity gradation of each group is at the first grade. The tested groups have no significant difference to the negative group (p>0.05), while have significant difference to the positive group (p<0.01). The concentration of carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan has significant influence on cell activity.

Objective: To observe the effects of liquid mixture of Monascus and grape seed procyanidins extract (GSPE) on levels of cholesterol and ox-LDL of atherosclerosis rats. Method: The models were developed by administering vitamin D3 and feeding high cholesterol diet. Serial assays of blood cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-c, LDL-c, ox-LDL of the rats were performed and antioxidant statuses such as SOD, MDA, GSH-Px, and T-AOC were also detected. Results: Compared with those of rats in control group, serum TC, TG, HDL-c, LDL-c and ox-LDL levels of model rats significantly increase. Increases of TC, TG, LDL-c and ox-LDL levels of the rats are inhabited in three experimental group, and the antioxidant statuses are inproved significantly (p< 0.05). But there is no significant difference among HDL-c levels in these groups. Conclusions: The liquid mixture of Monascus and GSPE can delay the progress of the formation and development of atherosclerosis by various pathways.

To exploit the rich resources, sweet potato vines of Xushu 18 were selected as raw materials to extract polysaccharides (PSPV) by comprehensive pilot-extracting technologies since this kind is cultivated in China widely. By isolation and purification, PSPV powder was obtained with 93.5% purity. The physical and chemical properties and antioxidant effects of PSPV were studied. The results showed that the scavenging capabilities on O·2and ·OH of PSPV are obviously, and the values of EC50 are 4.8μg/ml and 4.4μg/ml respectively. Moreover, PSPV have strong antioxidant activities on linoleic acid. 0.20% PSPV and 0.10% BHT have equivalent effects. Since it can efficiently remove O·2and ·OH and shows marked effect on scavenging R· or ROO· with dose-effect relationship, it can be exploited as natural antioxidant.

Objective: To explore and evaluate the effects of Pu’er tea on the levels of IL-6,IFN-γ,IL-1β,TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-4 in serum of mice,and then study the regulative effect of Pu’er tea on immune system. Methods: Pu’er tea was adminis-trated to mice by oral administration, intraperitoneal injection and intravenous injection, which was conserved for 1 year and 30 years respectively. For oral administration group, serum was separated from eyeball at 4 h after administration, for intraperitoneal injection and intravenous injection groups at 3 h after administration. The contents of IL-6,IFN-γ,IL-1β,TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-4 were examined by ELISA assay. Results: The contents of IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-4 in mice serum of experiment group significantly increase compared with contents of those in mice serum of corresponding control group, but the contents of TNF-α and IL-1β significantly decrease. Among the three routes of administration, the effect of intraperitoneal injection on cytokines is most obvious. Conclusion: The effects of Pu’er tea stored for different years on cytokines are discrepant. The immunomolating function of PU’er tea may be exerted through the cytokine which is secreted by immunocyte in gut mucosal system.

Objective: To study on anti-fatigue effect of Eucommia ulmoides male flower tea on mice. Method: Mice were randomly assigned to control group, low dose, middle dose and high dose experimental groups according to their body weights. Eucommia ulmoides male flower tea was administered in experimental groups with doses of 130, 260, 520 mg/kg respectively, and the control mice were given water. After 30 days, the swimming test were carried out and the death time was observed and recorded, after the mice swimming for a period blood was taken for determining serum lactic-acid, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and glycogen. The liver was taken for determining glycogen. Results: Eucommia ulmoides male flower tea can significantly prolong swimming time, reduce BUN level, increase liver glycogen storage and accelerate lactic-acid clearance after swimming. Conclusion: Eucommia ulmoides male flower tea can alleviate physical fatigue of mice.

Objective: To observe effects of different extracts of Pachyrrhizus erosus Urban (planted in Guilin region) seed on KB cell in vitro and acute toxic reaction in mice after intragastric administrate with the different extracts. Methods: The effects of the extracts on KB cell in vitro were tested by MTT. LD50 and 95% confidence limit were detected after intragastric administration with the different extracts to mice. Results: LD50 and 95% confidence limit of petroleun benzin extract are 7.314 g/kg (6.328～ 8.455 g/kg) respectively, and those of n-butanol extract are 4.223 g/kg (3.586 ～ 4.973 g/kg) respectively. The maximum tolerance of water extract is 8 g/kg. The inhibition rates to KB cell are 32.6% (p<0.01) and 16.4% (p<0.05) after 72 hours of the administration with the concentration of 80μg/ml and 40μg/ml of acetoacetate extract respectively. Conclusion: The n-butanol extract and acetoacetate extract show inhibition effect on KB cell, and the toxicity of the n-butanol extract to mice is higher whereas the toxicity of the water extract is lower compared with different groups.

Objective: To detect TLR4 expression on protein and gene levels synchronously, investigate the effects of DVL (Daohuaxiang vigor liquor) and DCL (Daohuaxiang common liquor) on TLR4 expression in hepatic tissue of rat for differentiat-ing of differences of their toxicity, and probe into the mechanism of toxicity and liver injury induced by alcohol. Methods: 28 SD rats were randomly divided into DVL group, DCL group and normal control group. The rat model of acute liver injury was established by administration with high dose of above liquors. The expression of TLR4 on protein and gene levels in hepatic tissue was measured by immunohistochemistry and real-time RT-PCR methods. Results: The results of immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR both demonstrated that TLR4 expression of hepatic tissue is obviously increased in DCL group. However, the expression amount of TLR4 in DVL group is significantly lower than that in DCL group. Conclusion:DVL can obviously decline the TLR4 expression level in hepatic tissue so as to relieve the liver injury compared with DCL.

In order to provide foundation for application of rape pollen in control of alcoholic liver injury, effects of rape pollen and its extracts on pathohistology of rat with alcoholic liver injury were studied. The rats were administered orally distillate spirit to induce alcoholic liver injury. Control group could take food and water freely. After therapy with rape pollen and its extracts, livers of rats were isolated. The liver slices were dyed by routine HE and observed by light microscopy. In model group, normal structure of liver of model group rat disappears, hepatic cell shows obvious hydopic and fatty change and focus necrosis, and lymphocyte and lymphomonocyte infiltrate. In therapy group, damage of liver shows extenuation at different degrees. The liver damage treated by acetoacetate, n-butanol or distilled water extracts shows significant extenuation with clear structure of liver tissue without obvious pathological change. These experimental results indicated that rape pollen and its extracts have protective effects on alcoholic liver injury of rat. The effects of its acetoacetate, n-butanol and distilled water extracts are obvious.

The effects of controlled-release preservation treatment on southern China Kyoho grape during storage at low temperature were studied. The results showed that controlled-release preservation treatment significantly inhibits the respiration, enhances the SOD activity, delays the membrane lipid peroxidation, reduces the total acid consumption, declines the rotting rate and SO2 residues,and avoids the bleaching injure.

To improve the quality of fresh-preserving mushroom, effects of conventional browning inhibitors on the fresh-preserving were studied. Orthogonal tests were carried out to investigate the effects of browning inhibitors on sensory valuation and content of 1-octene-3-o. The results showed that the optimal addition dosage of Cys, VC and citric acid is respectively 1, 0.8 and 20 g per liter water, and the soaking time is 20 min with comprehesive consideration of sensory evaluation and content of 1-octene-3-ol. The major aroma components of fresh mushrooms are benazldehyde, 1-octene-3-ol, 3-ocenone and 3-octenol. The content of 1-octene-3-ol is the highest in these aroma components, and the content of 1-octene-3-ol decreases with the time extension. The contents of 3-octenol and benzyl alcohol are the lowest, while the contents of benazldehyde and 3-octenone change little during storage. The content of 1-octene-3-ol of mushroom treated with browning inhibitors is higher than that of original mushroom, while other volatile aromas contents are reverse.

Physiological indexes and preservation effects of fresh-cut cabbage treated with ozone werw studied. Results showed that respiratory rate of the cabbage increases significantly with cutting intensity rising. 0.1～0.3μg/L ozone is found to significantly inhibit respiration of cabbage and to reduce its cell membrane permeability. The optimized preservation conditions by L16(45) orthogonal test are as follows: treating fresh-cut cabbage with 0.3μg/L ozone at 1 ℃ for 120 s, and then open-pocket bagging it. The total bacterial count can be decreased by 15 orders of magnitude, and sensory quality can be enbanced by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude by ozone treatment.

Using Lonicera edulis as experimental material, the property and affecting factors of coating antistaling agent and its application on preservation of Lonicera edulis were investigated.The formula of chitosany edible coating antistaling agent is 1% acetic acid used as dissolvent, 1%～2% chitosan and 0.35% sodium chloride used as form aid, and coating temperature is 40～ 60 ℃. The optimum technology parameters of preservation were obtained through single factor and orthogonal tests, which are as follows: 1.5% chitosan used as staling agent, 4% lactic acid calcium added as coalescing aid and peservation temperature 4 ℃.

Effects of Chinese herbal medicine extracts with different concentrations on the fruit quality and antioxidant enzyme activities of seedless"Shatang"mandarin were evaluated in this study. Results indicated that the treatments with Chinese herbal medicine extracts decrease rate of rot and fruit weight loss and retard the decreases of content of total soluble solids (TSS),titratable acidity (TA) and ascorbic acid. The"Shatang"mandarin treated with the 50-times diluted natural extract has the best fresh-keeping quality with good fruit rate 98% during storage of 40 days at room temperature, 10% higher than that of control, and the water loss rate only 1.88%. It is also showed that the activities of peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) in peel are increased by Chinese herbal medicine extract during the initial 20 days, and the activity of superoxide (SOD) is reduced during later storage.

Tomato fruits treated by different concentrations ethephon and 1-MCP were measured to reveal cold tolerance of tomato fruits induced by ethylene. The results indicated that when exogenous ethephon concentration is 0.04%, free proline content and cell water-holding capacity increase, but MDA content, relative ratio of electrolyte leakage and cell membrane lipid peroxidation decrease. 1-MCP treatment shows different effects. It is concluded that ethylene can improve cold tolerance, but 1-MCP can accelerate development of chilling injury. Endogenous ethephon can improve cold tolerance of tomato, which can be intensified by exogenous ethylene with suitable concentration.

Firstly, this paper put forward the definition of cold chain, analyzed the condition of cold chain logistics, and studied the characteristic of Olympic food cold chain logistics. On this basis, the demand for cold-chain logistics of Olympic Games was forcasted, and the Olympic food cold chain logistics subsystem content was expounded. Finally two important parts of the system were studied deeply: the cold chain distribution and logistics information platform construction.

The present paper reviews various sample preparation methods and quantitative methods for determination of volatile N-nitroso compounds. The methods of sample preparation include distillation, heating digestion and adsorption for separation, and thin layer chromatography, column chromatography and supercritical fluid extraction for purification of volatile N-nitroso compounds. And a simple sample preparation method, namely solid micro-extraction, is also reviewed. Quantitative and qualitative methods including spectrophotometry, thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography and micellar electrokinetc capillary chromatography are introduced.

As β-lactam antibiotics has strong anti-microbial activities without severe adverse effects, it has common application in animal breeding process. With its application in clinical research and in-depth toxicological studies, food safety issues caused by its residues have been widely concerned by management department of food safety and international organizations. This paper will make a comprehensive review on the detection methods of β-lactam antibiotics drug residue.

β-lactam antibiotic is a kind of antibiotics withβ-lactam ring in chemical structure, including penicillins and cephalosporins. Because of its abuse, the residues in food have caused serious hazards to people’s health. This paper introduced the present residue detection methods ofβ-lactam antibiotic and the research thinking of multi-residues detection including producing taget antibody and the selection of detection technology.