The leaves of Ilex kudincha C. J. Tseng were defatted with 95% EtOH,extracted with water and deproteined three times by Sevag method, and from them, crude polysaccharide noted as KPSⅡwas obtained. The crude polysaccharide KPSⅡ was purified by DEAE-cellulose column, and two refined polysaccharides noted as KPSⅢa and KPSⅢb were obtained. KPS Ⅲa and KPSⅢb were hydrolyzed by 2 mol/L H2SO4, reduced with NaBH4, and were then acetylated with Ac2O. The consequent alditol acetate derivatives were analyzed by GC. The results indicated that KPSⅢa and KPSⅢb are both composed of arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose and glucose with the molar ratio of 10.2 : 1.0 : 1.2 : 8.0 : 5.4 and 17.7 : 1.0 : 1.1 : 1.8 : 4.1, respectively. The scavenging effects of the polysaccharides of Ilex kudincha C. J. Tseng (KPSⅡ, KPSⅢa and KPSⅢb) on hydroxyl radicals were studied by UV-Visible spectroscopy. The hydroxyl radicals were produced by Fenton reaction. The results showed that KPSⅡ, KPSⅢa and KPSⅢb have the scavenging activity to hydroxyl radicals, in a concentration-dependent manner. The scavenging capacity of the crude polysaccharide of Ilex kudincha C. J. Tseng to hydroxyl radicals is higher than that of the refined polysaccharides.

Based on the sensory array and pattern recognition, a new method to differentiate the cheese by their different flavors was put forward. Five brands of different cheese flavors,such as Guangming, Sanyuan, Anchor, Pikifou and Suki, were sampled,and six features on the response curve filtered of every gas sensor were picked up. There were thirty features for every sample. And then the features were extracted with the principal component analysis (PCA). The feature database was built up. Two linear classifiers were established with Fisher Linear Discriminant Method. Being tested, the accuracy of discrimination with one method is 50%, and that of another one is 100%.

Objective: To observe the effect of carotenoid on gap junctional intercellular communication of human breast cancer cell of MDA-MB-435S and MCF-7. Methods: The breast cancer cell MDA-MB-435S and MCF-7 were cultured with carotenoids relatively in vitro, and the gap junctional intercellular communication of breast cancer cell was determined by scrape-loading and dye transfer assay. Results: β-carotene, astaxanthin and lycopene could enhance the gap junctional intercellular communication of breast cancer cell MDA-MB-435S, but canthaxanthin, zeaxanthin and zeaxanthin dipalmitate have little effects on it.β-carotene, astaxanthin and canthaxanthin could enhance the gap junctional intercellular communication of MCF-7, but lycopene, zeaxanthin and zeaxanthin dipalmitate have little effects on it.

The inhibiton effects and the mechanism of β-cyclodextrin against starch retrogradation were studied. The results indicated that β-cyclodextrin has significant inhibition against starch system, and combination of β-cyclodextrin and amylose forms a new complex to postpone ordered crystal to inhibit the retrogradation of amylose.

To exploit the rich resources, sweet potato vines (SPV) of Xushu 18 were selected as raw materials since this kind was cultivated in China widely. The remains of the SPV after extracting polysaccharides by hot water were used to extract flavanoid by ethanol in pilot instrument. Then flavonoid from sweet potato vines (FSPV) were purified and obtained by AB-8 resin. The kinds of flavonoid aglycones in FSPV were identified by the molecular weight information from HPLC-ESI-MS. Comparing the retention time of FSPV with those of standard samples, it was determined that there are six aglycones in FSPV. They are genistein, leteolin, quercetin, formononetin, apigenin and kaempferol respetively. This is the first time to report genistein and formononetin existing in SPV.

Bee pollen was treated with supercritical CO2. The cell wall of the pollen was broken by fast decreasing the pressure and the effect of pressure was investigated through SEM. The difference of fatty acid composition between cell wall-broken rape pollen oil and the control was investigated. The results demonstrated that the wall-broken rate increases when the pressure goes up. The fatty acid composition displays significant difference between cell wall-breaked rape pollen oil and the control. The procedure is under low temperature, with short wall-broken time. So the process is a promising and ideal method for breaking cell wall.

The effects of plasticizers (glycerol, sorbitol, polyethylene glycol 200 and glycerol/ polyethylene glycol 400 (3/1)) on the properties of whey protein-sericin edible films were studied in this research. The results indicated that the plasticizers could affect significantly the properties of the films. As the content of the plasticizers increases, the tensile strength and transparency of the film with the same plasticizer decrease, but the elongation rate, water vapor permeability, water content and solubility increase. The tensile strength and solubility of the film with sorbitol and the film with polyethylene glycol 200 are higher than those of the others, but their elongation rates are lower. The order on water vapor permeability and water content of the film are: the film with glycerol > the film with glycerol/polyethylene glycol 400 (3/1) >the film with polyethylene glycol 200 > the film with sorbitol. Compared the film with glycerol and the film with glycerol/polyethylene glycol 400 (3/1), the tensile properties and water barrier ability of the former, in a certain addition amount, are better than those of the former.

With standard ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and tea polyphenols as test objects, some methods for detecting commonly used natural antioxidant activity in vitro were evaluated in this study. An evaluation method system for natural antioxidant activity in vitro was optimized with practicable feasibility, good stability, high precision and excellent reproducibility. Then the antioxidant activities of pomegranate polyphenols were detected by this method system, and satisfying results are obtained.

The physico-chemical properties of the oat protein were researched by the machine of SEM and AR1000 dynamic rheometer analyzes and so on. The results showed that, the protein is material as glue wrapping the oat starch, with maximum molecular weight 66.2 kD, and the smallest molecular weight between14.4～20.0 kD; At pH 5, its foamability is the worst and the foam stability is the best. Meanwhile, the emulsibility is worst and the emulsion stability is the best; During the first temperature ascending step, G’ reduces firsty increases with the temperature raising,with the smallest 48.11 Pa at 62.1 ℃, and the highest 369 Pa at 90.8 ℃; G" has the same change tendency with G’with the tan(delta) > 1 between 20 ～28 ℃; The stickiness is bigger than the elasticity with tan(delta) < 1 between 28～100 ℃, and the stickiness is smaller than the elasticity.

In this study, the hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity, super oxygen-anion free radicals scavenging capacity and LDL oxidation inhibition ability of oat β-glucan extract and phenolics extract were studied. Results showed that Oat β-glucan has no antioxidant activity. However, oat phenolics has significant antioxidant activity and antiatherogenic potential.

The physico-chemical properties of different varieties of chiakpea starch were systematically studied. The amylose contents of Kabuli and Desi starch are 31.8 and 35.2, and blue values are 5.8 and 6.8 respectively. Most of the granules are oval olivary shape, while others are spherical. Obvious birefringence also were observed. The swelling power and solubility enhance with temperature riseing. The compound of chickpea starch with iodine has maximal absorbance at the 625 nm. Acid and enzyme hydrolysis courses of two starches are similar. The transparency, freeze-thaw stability and degree of retrogradation of Kabuli starch are better than Desi starch, but the sedimentation volume is less.

Gelling of chicken bone gelatin was studied by methods of different scanning calorimeter (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), circular dichroism (CD), fluorescent spectrum and atom force microscopy (AFM) in this paper. With molecule numbers increasing in gelatin solution, protein molecules assemble to form a three-dimensional network which was observed by AFM. It was showed that the junction zone was triple-helix structure by CD spectrum. The fluorescent intensity and flex vibrancy intensity of H-O and C=O in FT-IR increased when gelatin solution was cooled. It was deduced gelatin gel was formed by hydrogen bone and hydrophobic reaction. The Junction zone was triple-helix structure as collagen.

This study proposes a method for the separation of flavonoids from mulberry leaves by microemulsion thin layer chromatography. By using 10% formic acid for the pH adjustment, as well as with SDS/n-C4H9OH/n-C7H16/H2O micromulsion containing 70% water as the eluant, on the polyamide spots, the flavonoids are separated by the proposed method. The results indicated that twelve spots can be obtained from ethanol extracts of mulberry leaves. It is also indicated that, compared with the common chromatography method with C4H9OH/CH3COOH/H2O as the eluant, the proposed microemulsion chromatography is of greater sensitivity of detection with better separation effect.

Pressure increasing process should be considered because of the different increasing rates of different high-hydrostatic pressures of different equipments and compression heating with the pressure-transmitting fluid. For two strains of Bacillus spores (Bacillus coagulan, Bacillus stearothermophilus ATCC 12980) which are heat-resisted usually in low-acid food, the effects of pressure increasing process on their inactivation, germination, and injury were studied. The results showed that the low target pressure (≤300 MPa) and low initial temperature (≤60 ℃) have more effects on germination of the two Bacillus spores; The percentage of the numbers of germinant and active spores is high accounting for the total numbers of pressure-induced germinant spores after depressurization (the maximum is about 90%); The inactivation rates are both about-1.5 log of the two Bacillus spores, and inactivation rate and injury rate are similar at low target pressure (≥500 MPa) and low initial temperature (≥80 ℃). Furthermore, the different effects on spores at the atmospheric pressure (0.1 MPa) and pressure-assisted thermal processing were compared. The effects on the inactivation and germination of spores by the pressure-assisted thermal processing are more obvious than the thermal processing at the atmospheric pressure, but heat still is an important factor which damnifies the spores.

The experimental results of treating Penicillium by pulsed light showed that as flashing 48 times, lethality rate is 99.9%, and as input voltage 3000 V, lethality rate of is 99.3%. The sequence influencing on lethality rate is flash frequency > input voltage > bacterium liquid transparency > bacterium liquid depth, and their optimum designs are 48 times, 3000 V, 32% and 3.4 mm respectively. The lethality rate of Penicillium is 99.99% on these conditions. After being treated by pulsed light, Penicillium liquid conduction rate changes positively but temperature does not have obvious any changes.

The pH-shifting process is a new method for extracting fish protein of surimi, and the new method can increase the protein recovery rate, but the extreme pH (2.3 and 11.8) conditions in the pH-shifting process affect the thermal properties of myofibril. Understanding this kind of effect can provide theory support to the new process. Extreme pH treatment causes the part denaturation of myofibril, after the acid treatment the myosin denatures entirely, and the denaturation temperature of actin decreases from 81 ℃ to 77.6 ℃; Alkali treatment decreases the denaturation temperature of myosin and actin. Both acid and alkali treatments cause aggregation of myofibril, but the acid treatment more obviously. Correspondingly, the thermal gelling behavior changes, and gel strength decreases markedly. Myofibril treated by acid has the lowest gel strength. Therefore, alkali treatment is more suitable than acid treatment in the pH-shifting process.

The interaction between persimmon tannin and bovine serum albumin (BSA) and the mechanism of fluorescence quench were studied by fluorescence spectroscopy and ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy. The results showed that the fluorescence of BSA is quenched regularly by persimmon tannin. The binding constants and thermodynamic parameters of persimmon tannin with BSA are obtained at different temperatures. The hydrophobic interaction force and electrostatic force play a main role in the binding of persimmon tannin with BSA. The distances of binding site between persimmon tannin and BSA are also obtained according to the theory of Forster’s non-radiative energy transfer.

The distribution orderliness of zinc in biomacromolecules in degummed young leaves of water shield (Brasenia schrebei) was studied by microwave digesting-flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results indicated that the rank of zinc concentration in biomacromolecules in degummed young leaves of water shield is protein>polysaccharide >other organic matters; The rank of zinc concentration in polysaccharide is water-soluble polysaccharide > alkali-soluble polysaccharide > acid-soluble polysaccharide; For three constituents of water-solubility polysaccharide, the distribution ratio rank of zinc is WSPⅠ > WSP Ⅲ> WSPⅡ; For protein, the distribution ratio rank of zinc is weak alkali-soluble protein > water-soluble protein> salt-soluble protein> weak acid-soluble protein; For five constituents of water-soluble protein, the distribution ratio rank of zinc is WP Ⅳ>WP Ⅴ>WP Ⅱ>WP Ⅲ>WP Ⅰ.

This study was designed to compare the changes of the chemical compositions and edible qualities of venison longissimus dorsi (LD) of hybrid F1 deer crossed Xifeng sika deer with Tiansan wapiti and Northeast sika deer during postmortem aging. The results showed that the species aspect has marked effets on the chemical composition and edible quality of venison during postmortem aging, and LD of hybrid F1 deer has higher edible quality compared with sika deer. LD of hybrid F1 deer has higher moisture content, crud fat content, and collagen content before 7 days of aging (p<0.05), but lower Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), drip loss and cooking loss (p<0.05). The collagen solubility has no difference (p>0.05).

The variations and mutual relationships of bio-impedance value, pH value and water loss rate of bovine muscles near freezing point were investigated. The results revealed that bio-impedance value, pH value and water loss rate of bovine muscles change obviously after 10 days of slaughter, and the corresponding trendlines of the three indexs were plotted; Correlativities between bio-impedance value and value pH, value pH and water loss rate, water loss rate and bio-impedance are significant (α =0.05).

Objective: To probe the suitable time and temperature for keeping alive of Ruditapes philippinarum in daily life, and to make clear the mechanism of cell apoptosis during keepind-alive. Methods: Freshness and DNA damage were measured by K-value assay and single-cell gel electrophoresis after different time away from water at 4 ℃ and 25 ℃ respectively. Moreover, the expression of Bax were observed by means of immunohistochemical assay. Results: K-values are 64.71% and 65.18% away from water for 24 h at 4 ℃ and for 6 h at 25 ℃ respectively. Serious DNA damage is already observed. The trailing rates, tail length, and percentage content of tail DNA at 4 ℃ away from water for 24 h are 90.55%, 420.61±207.62μm and 56.07% ± 22.46% respectively. Those at 25 ℃ away from water for 6 h are 91.66%, 315.07±159.84μm and 38.19%±15.25% respectively. The expression of Bcl-2 in pelecypedium away from water at 25 ℃ for 2 h, 4 h, 6 h decreases significantly (p< 0.01). And that in visceral mass for 4 h, 6 h at 25 ℃ and 12 h, 24 h at 4 ℃ decreases significantly (p<0.05).

Albedo was chopped up to the diameter of 0.5～1 mm, which was separated from citrus fruits. The thin albedo was soaked in 0.2 mol/L sodium phosphate buffer at pH 6.0 for about 24 hours. Then, the resultant suspension for studying the POD characteristics was filtered through a four-fold layer of muslin. The results showed that POD activities among severl species of citrus are different relatively, and the optimum pH and temperature for the POD are 5.0 and 40～60 ℃, respectively. The POD activity increases with the increase of substrate concentration (H2O2) concentration, and reaches saturaed point at 0.07% H2O2. Moreover, both 0.1% VC and 0.5% Na2SO3 are strong inhibitors for POD activity in Tahiti albedo.

The stability of carotenoids in citrus peel was analysed with HPLC under the conditions of sunlight, high temperature, acid and oxidants. The carotenoids in citrus peel are easy degenerated by sunlight, high temperature, acid and oxidants. The main degradation mode is to oxidize and break the C=C double bonds of carotenoid. Different isomerization of carotenoids in citrus peel is elicited by sunlight, high temperature and acid.

In the present study, the optimized extraction conditions of usnic acid in Cladonia furcata are as follows: proportion of sample to solvent 1:10, extraction time 4 h, temperature 60 ℃, and extraction times twice. The melting point scope of acicular yellow-green crystal and absorption peak are consistent with the characteristics of usnic acid reported. The results indicated that Cladonia furcata (Hudson) Schrade is a good extraction material for usnic acid. This will expand raw material for the future development and application of usnic acid, and lay certain research foundation.

Objective: Our research focused on the effects of additives on the short-term and long-term retrogradation of sweet potato starch (SPS) in order to provide a theory foundation on improving the quality of its starch noodles.Method:The variety trend of viscosity of a mixture of SPS and additives was assayed during heating and cooling by rapid viscosity analysis (RVA) in order to analyse the properties of gelatinization and short-term retrogradation of the mixture system. Its gel firmness by texture analysis and the To, Tp, Tc, ΔH of the mixture system after crystallization by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were also assayed in order to analyse the effect of additives on the property of long-term retrogradation of SPS. Finally the quality of sweet potato starch noodles (SPSN) after being added additives was evaluated. Result:The RVA parameters of sweet potato starch paste and texture quality indexes of its noodles increase with adding additives in a certain extent, especially alum, Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch (ASK), konjak glucomannan (KGM), and xanthan in terms of the increased extent. The DSC thermogram of retrogradated sweet potato starch with polysaccharide gums shows two peaks. One is melted amylopectin, and another one is an exothermic peak (87～105 ℃), which results from recombination of polysaccharide gums and SPS. Conclusion: The melting temperature of retrogradated SPS increases or decreases with adding polysaccharide gums, but the enthalpy increases. The exothermic peak occurs because polysaccharide gums re-melte and become free at this temperature, compete with a few lipids in SPS, preferentially recombine with amylose in SPS, and then form a firm system. The quality of SPSN added 1% (on the basis of total starch weight) of KGM and ASK (0.95:0.05) is similar to that of mung bean starch noodles and SPSN containing alum.

Object: To study extraction technics and variety trends of the total flavonoids in Lithocarpus polystachyus Rehd. Method: Using design of L9 (34), the extraction conditions of total flavonoids from Lithocarpus polystachyus Rehd. in Huaihua were optimized by ethanol solution extraction assisted with ultrasonic , and the variety trends of total flavonoids content were investigated with different natural storage time, different gathering seasons, differrent Lithocarpus polystachyus Rehd. leaves. Result: Extraction temperature had effect on total flavonoids yield, and ethanol concentration had more obvious effect than extraction temperature. The more natural storage time, the less total flavonoids content, and the average descent rate was 24.74% per year. The flavonoids content from Lithocarpus polystachyus Rehd. gathered between August and October was the highest. The total flavonoids content was higher in the new leaves of Lithocarpus polystachyus Rehd.in Huaihua than in the old leaves, and the content was the least in stem. Conclusion: The optimum conditions for extracting total flavonoids from Lithocarpus polystachyus Rehd. were material to 70% ethanol concentration ratio 1:35, ultrasonic power 540 W, and extraction time15 min.

Gluconacetobacter sp. A4 (G. sp. A4), which has strong ability to produce D-saccharic acid 1, 4 lactone (DSL), is the key functional bacteria isolated from the kombucha preserved. This studay investigated the effect of temperature, pH, folic acid,xylitol and fermentation time on the growth of A4 and DSL production. The results showed that the optimum conditions are as follows: black tea 0.5% (W/V), glucose 5% (W/V), and xylitol 1.5% (W/V); the inoculation quantity 10% (V/V); pH maintaining at 4.0 and fermenting at 30 ℃ for 8 d. At the end of fermentation, the rate of glucose consumption is 82%, and DSL concentration reaches 4.69 mg/ml.

The formula of cryprotectants for Lactobacillus plantarum was optimized by 2-Level factorial design and central composite design (CCD). The results indicated that the skim milk, trehalose , and MnSO4 are three key factors, which contribute to the survival of the cells after cryodesiccation. By CCD design and response surface analysis, the quadratic model for the three significant factors was established with cell survival rate as the target response. The optimal formula obtained is skim milk 3.34%, trehalose 1.85% and MnSO4 0.25%, and the cell survival rate reaches 96.8%±1.3%.

Bleached pulverized konjac flour was prepared by bleaching process with H2O2-citric acid on acid condition in the presence of 40% concentration of ethanol. The ranges of quantity of H2O2, pH, quantity of citric acid and reaction temperature were confirmed through single factor test, then response surface method was conducted to get the following optimal parameters: H2O2 1.5%, pH 4.3, citric acid 3.0 g/L and reaction temperature 40 ℃. Under the optimized parameters, the viscosity and whiteness respectively are 41.7 Pa·s and 87.6%.

In this study flavonoids content in Abutilon theophrasti Medic.was detected by spectrometric method with rutin as standard material. In the extracting process of total flavonoids,four main factors including concentration of extracting solution,solid-liquid ratio, time and temperature were studied by single factor analysis method. The results showed that the optimal extracting conditions obtained by orthogonal analysis are as follows: ethanol concentration 75%, solid-liquid ratio 1:40, refluxing temperature 60 ℃ and extracting duration 1.5 h. Total flavonoids yield from Abutilon theophrasti Medic. is 6.72% by the optimal process.

This research aimed to concentrate the porcine serum IgG solution by spire roll ultrafiltration membrane module, with all retention circulates crosscurrent flow mode. The optimal technological parameters of ultrafiltration concentration are determined as follows: sample solution pH 7, temperature 50 ℃, ultrafiltration pressure 0.1 MPa and concentration multiple 10. Total protein content in concentrated sample 2.08% (W/V). IgG content in concentrated sample is 1.42% (W/V), and the proportion of active IgG reduces from 91.3% (W/V) to 87.6% (W/V).

The conditions for extracting pigment from purple potato storage roots were studied. The results showed that the characteristics of this pigment are similar to those of the general anthocyan pigments. So, acid polar impregnant can be use to extract the pigment. The response surface methodology was used to evaluate the factors affecting extraction of pigment from purple potato based on single factor test. The optimum conditions are established as follows: material-to-solution ratio 1:30 (g/ml), HCl concentration 1.1% (V/V), exacting temperature 54.8 ℃ and exacting time 1 hour. Under these conditions, the twice-extracting rate of pigment reaches 93.78%.

Orthogonal test method L9 (34) and the sensory evaluation method were used to research the effects of dosages of NaCl injected and phosphate as well as added time of NaCl on pig liver quality.The results indicated that the best processing conditions for pig liver quality are adding 0.3% compound phosphate and 1% NaCl, and adding NaCl at the 10th min of cooking. The relationship between sensory evaluation appraisal and instrumental analysis is remarkable.

The preparation of anisaldehyde by ozonolysis reaction from star anise oil was studied. The single-factor extraction tests and Box-Behnken design were employed to determine the optimum technological condition. The optimal experiment parameters are: reaction time 21 min, reaction temperature 8.45 ℃, two solvents ratio 4.27:1 (g/g). Confirmatory experiment results showed that the yield is up to 73.6% under above-mentioned conditions.

On the basis of adsorption and desorption experiments on the ion-exchange resin column, natural tocopherol purification technology was studied. After the purification by the ion exchange resin, the yield of tocopherol is between 89.8%～ 91.6% and the purity of tocopherol is above 85%. By means of the displacement chromatography, separation of tocopherol homologen is achieved, and the purity of 90% β+γ-tocopherol and 80% δ-tocopherol are obtained.

In this study the technical extraction conditions and the physico-chemical properties of the pigment from the fruit of Nitraria. sibirica Pal1 were investigated. The red pigment has the maximum absorption wavelength at 346 nm. The red pigment can be extracted under the following conditions: drying Nitraria sibirica fruit at about 30 ℃, soaking in 75% and pH 3 ethanol solution at 40 ℃ for 2 hours, and the proportion of meterial to liquid 1:10. The pigment is stable to acid, alkali, light, heat, food additive and metal ion.

By orthogonal test the best technologies for producing resistant starch with autoclave method and acid hydrolysis method were determined using ordinary corn starch as raw material respectively. The effects of various processing parameters on resistant starch productivity were studied. The best autoclave method technology parameters are: 20% starch being heated for 75 min at 120 ℃, and the productivity is 23.5%; The best acid hydrolysis method technology parameters are: 30% starch being heated by boiling water bath for 1.5 h after 2% HCl hydrolysis for 1 h, and the productivity is 27.24%. The acid hydrolysis method is better in terms of cost and productivity.

Organic solvent extraction and D101 macroporous absorption resin chromatography were used to purify phenylethanoid glycosides (PEG) from Cistanche salsa, and the antioxidant activity of phenylethanoid glycosides was assessed by reducing power, DPPH radical-scavenging capacity and ferric thiocyanate (FTC) method. The results indicated that D101 macroporous absorption resin chromatography is more suitable for the purification of phenylethanoid glycosides, and the obtained phenylethanoid glycosides exhibit stronger antioxidant capacity compared with the positive control vitamin E.

Peracid m-chloroperbenzoic acid as the oxidant, aflatoxin G1 was transformed into AFG1-8,9-epoxide,which was coupled to BSA in a two-phase system. The UV spectrum of the conjugate AFG1-BSA is different from BSA and Aflatoxin G1 obviously, and its fluorescence intensity is different from BSA. All these showed that the preparation of AFG1-BSA is successful. The molar ratio of AFG1 to BSA in adduct is 4.29:1. BALB/c mice were immunized with AFG1-BSA for 6 weeks, and the titer antiserum from those mice were testified by indirect ELISA, as 1:16000. The sensitivity of the antibody and its cross-reactivity with AFB1-OVA were also assayed.

In order to develop an efficient method for recombinant flounder growth hormone (r-fGH) production,a cDNA fragment coding for the flounder growth hormone (fgh) was amplified by PCR. Then fgh gene was cloned into the integrative plasmid pAO815 under the control of a methanol-inducible promoter. Clones containing a single fgh insert were used to construct cassettes bearing 2 and 3 copies of fgh tandem. The constructed plasmid was then transformed into Pichia pastoris cell line GS115 by lithium chloride transformation method. The transformants were screened, cultured and induced by 0.5% methanol. By these steps, the recombinant flounder growth hormone gene is expressed in Pichia pastoris.

The antioxidant and antithrombin properties of egg white protein hydrolysates were studied in this experiment. Four hydrolysates with different degrees of hydrolysis (DH) were obtained using Alcalase 2.4L and Protease N by pH-stat method. The antioxidant and antithrombin properties of hydrolysates were determined. Also, the amino acid composition and the molecular weight distribution of hydrolysates with the highest activities were analyzed. The results showed that the activities of Protease N hydrolysates are higher than those of Alcalase hydrolysates, with the hydrolysate (DH 15%) having the highest antithrombin activity. The amino acids analysis results showed that the contents of seven essential amino acids in two kinds of hydrolysates with DH 15% are 48.11% and 45.80%, respectively, much higher than the content 35.65% of native egg white proteins.Molecular weight distribution analysis results showed that the two hydrolysates with DH 15% have similar peptides compositions. The difference on activities is due to enzyme species used in the hydrolysis for producing peptides with different amino acid sequences.

β-fructofuranosidase (FRU) hydrolyzes sucrose and fructooligosaccharide (FOS). Therefore, the FRU enzymatic activity should be inhibited or eliminated for the production of FOS enzymatically. In this study, a β-fructofuranosidase gene was cloned with RT-PCR from Aspergillus oryzae GX0015 which is a key strain for FOS production industrially. This gene was sequenced and submitted to GenBank (accession number: EU130944). The sequence was analyzed bioinformatically. The results showed that FRU composing of 456 amino acids is a hydrophilic protein without transmembrane helices. The glycoside hydrolysis family 32 domain is present in the 52th to 456th amino acid of FRU and (N/G)DP(C/N)G and RDP conserved sequences are located in the active center of FRU. The phylogenetic tree shows that FRU of Aspergillus oryzae is between yeast invertase and bacterial sucrose-6-phosphate hydrolase.

The chitinase, chitin deaceylase, chitosanase and N-acetyl-glucosaminase were detected to explore sufu mucor hypha autolysis mechanism in the course of sufu fermentation. In the secondary sufu fermentation stage each kind of enzyme activity maintaince, as well as up to maturation later period mucor hypha sufficient autolysis were achieved to improve sufu quality. The results showed that the key enzyme is chitinase influencing sufu mucor hypha autolysis; The temperature is obvious factor influencing hypha autolysis. Analysis of orthogonal test showed that on the conditions of temperature 30 ℃, pH 6.5, initial alcoholicity of 10°, initial NaCl concentration 11%, and adding 0.2% chitin and spice, sufu fermentation achieves maturation after 70 d, and the hypha length is 6 mm less 4.1 fold than that of control.

In this study, a cellulolytic strain named as MC was screened from traditional fermentation soybean residue, and was identified by the methods of morphology and molecular biology. The results showed that the strain has the highest homology of 99% with Neurospora crassa. Besides, the optimization of fermentation conditions was conducted. The results showed that the optimal conditions are as follows: cultivation temperature 30 ℃, initial pH 4.8, and fermentation cycle 6 days.

The gene of dhaD encoding glycerol dehydrogenase was amplified by PCR from the genomic DNA of Klebsiella. pneumoniae As1.1736 and the expression vector pET-28a(+)/dhaKL-dhaD was constructed. Sequence analysis showed that dhaD gene is 1104 bp length and encodes 367 amino acid residues; SDS-PAGE showed that the dhaKL gene and dhaD are expressed, and the enzyme activities of glycerol dehydrogenase and dihydroxyacetone kinase are 23.2 U/ml 25.6 U/ml respectively in supernant.

Cholesterol-degrading strain was isolated from pickled vegetable and identified as Lactobacillus plantarum by VITEK-32 Automatic Microbe Analytic Systems. In MRS medium with cholesterol, LP1103 strain degrades 42.5% of cholesterol. The effects of LP1103 on the total serum cholesterol (TC), triglycerid (TG), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and totalbileacid (TBA) were investigated to artificially-induced mice. The results showed that the mean values of serum TC, TG, and TBA concentrations decrease significantly (p<0.05). According to the results, the risk index of hyperlipemia and athero-genic index of the mouse in test group lower than those of mouse in CK group. And the TC and TBA in faeces increase at the same time, while serum HDL-C concentration, body weight, and liver weight do not significantly increase after 4 w feeding.

Comparison of different kits and different methods indicates that DNA with high purity and high yield can be extracted from vermicelli by the modified CTAB method. After optimizing experimental parameters, a real time PCR assay for detecting the genetically modified ingredient in the vermicelli was developed with CaMV35S, FMV35S, nos, nptⅡ, pat and bar genes as detective genes. This method is proved to be sensitive and specific, which is helpful to the exportation of vermicelli and supervision of genetically modified (GM) food.

The PCR technology was used in the detection of plant ingredient in milk drink. Combined with pre-operation and phenol-chloroform extraction, a rapid and simple method of DNA extraction from milk drinks was found, and DNA extraction took only two hours. The quality of DNA is sufficient for PCR analysis. Moreover, 0.1% plant ingredient in milk drink can be detected by this method.

In order to investigate the cause of antimicrobial activity produced by Lactobacillus casei subsp. rhamnosus LCR 719, the inhibitory activity of LCR 719 culture supernatants in MRS was measured by means of the agar well diffusion system. The concentration of acetic acid increases and then decreases, but the concentration of lactic acid continues to increase during fermentation of LCR 719 in MRS. During the whole fermentation, the molecular ratio between lactic acid and acetic acid increases from 0.28 at 6 h to 2.63 at 60 h. The inhibitory activity is the highest at 37 ℃ for 42 h under initial pH 6.50 anaerobicly in MRS, containing 20.0 g/L glucose, 10 ml/L Tween 80. The inhibitory diameter is 42 mm under these optimal conditions against S. aureus. Also the culture supernatants show good inhibitory activity against B. subtilis, S. typhimurium and have weak inhibitory activity against E. coli and EHEC O157. No inhibitory activity of culture supernatants is observed against yeast. These results show that LCR 719 can be used as a potential protective strain in bio-protective.

This experiment studied the optimization of fermentation conditions of the genetically engineered Escherichia coli strain of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase γ-EGT for the biosynthesis of theanine. The significant effects of initial pH, cultivation time and IPTG induction temperature on the activity of γ-GGT were noted with Plackett-Burman design. It then revealed with the method of response surface methodology (RSM) that initial pH 7.32, cultivation time 6.67 h and IPTG induction temperature 31.51 ℃ are optimum for the activity of γ-GGT, with a predicted γ-GGT activity 4.60 U/ml, and the experimentalγ-GGT activity 4.64 U/ml. The yield of theanine from L-Gln and ethylamine is 35.18 g/L.

DNA was extracted from spores of Tremella fuciformis by phenol-chloroform method, CTAB (cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide) method, proteinase K method, benzyl chloride method and salting out method respectively. The purity and yield of the DNA were determined by A260/A280 respectively. The quality of the DNA were evaluated with RAPD (random amplified polymerphic DNA technology) and restrict endonuclease digestion. Results showed that there are some differences in purity and yield among those 5 methods. Both benzyl chloride method and proteinase K method have better yield, but the purity of the DNA by CTAB method is better than that of others. In a word, the CTAB method is most suitable for extracting genomic DNA from spores of Tremella fuciformis.

The detecting method of tube diffusion was confirmed with PCA medium as testing medium, Bacillus stearothermophilus c953 as indicative bacteria and bromocresol purple as indicator. In this study, six kinds of β-lactam antibiotics were detected by the two methods of tube diffusion and 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride test. On the foundation of efficient parameters and actual experiment, it is indicated that the method of tube diffusion is economic, quick, convenient and stable,and the limit of detection measures up. So it is a good method for detecting β-lactam antibiotic residues in raw milk in China.

Salmonella, Shigella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 are important food-borne pathogens in meat and its products, therefore it is very useful to establish rapid detection method for controlling the quality of meat and its products. Three sets of specific primers were designed according to the gene segment of invA of Salmonella, ipaH of Shigella and rfbE of Escherichia coli O157:H7, and then the reaction parameters were optimized to develop a PCR detection kit. The results showed that the multiplex PCR method is simple and rapid, the sensitivity achieved is as low as 1 CFU/g and the whole detection time is less than 24 hours. The capacity of the detection kit is rapid and accurate, so it could be wildly used in many fields such as food sanitation detection, clinical inspection and so on.

The effect of Botrytis cinerea spore inoculation on fermentation dynamics of wine were studied by inoculating Botrytis spores alone or together with commercial yeast D24 after different intervals, the sole inoculation of D24 as the control. The volatile compounds in the best sensory evaluated treatment (72 h interval between botrytis and yeast inoculation) were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and compared with the control. The results showed that B. cinerea spore inoculation has a negative effect on alcoholic fermentation; In the best treatment and the control sample, 47 and 43 kinds of volatile components are detected as 99.20% and 99.31% of the total peak area respectively, and the relative contents of volatile compounds have significant differences.

Three Lactobacillus strains were screened from the original culture fluid after certain time of vegetable fermentation. Characterization of morphology and physiochemical properties confirm that all of them are Lactobacillus. The study was conducted to identify the fermenting capacity of these strains. After fermentation for 24 hours the fermenting solution of the strain (No.NCU0101) contains the biomass of 1.25×109 CFU/ml, with the acidity of 0.63 g lactic acid /100 ml and pH 3.39.

Soybean phytoesterase (SPE) was used to immobilize on nitrocellulose membrane (NCM) in this study. Through the parameters optimization of enzyme dosage, glutaraldehyde (GA) concentration, bovine serum albumin (BSA) concentration, pH value and temperature, the method of NCM immobilizing SPE was established: adding 20μl enzyme, 2μl 0.05% GA and 15 μl 0.5% BSA into test tube, then supperadding 0.03 mol/L pH 7.0 PBS buffer to 100μl, immobilizing for 8 h at 4 ℃. Comparing the characteristics between immobilized enzyme and free enzyme, the results showed that the optimum reaction temperature of immobilized enzyme is 35 ℃, 5 ℃ higher than that of free enzyme. The optimum pH value is 8.0, 0.5 higher than that of free enzyme; The sensitivity of immobilized enzyme to four pesticides (dichlorvos, methomyl, omethoate and monocrotophos) is better than that of free enzyme. So, it can be conclude that the immobilized enzyme is more suitable for rapid detection of pesticide.

Effects of adenosine and Phytophthora sp. (YL) on the cordycepin production and biomass of Cordyceps millitaris 97-0706 were studied. The ruselts showed that 3.6 mg/ml adenosine added into shake flask culture before fermentation, after 7 d the content of cordycepin reaches to 8.55±0.09 mg/g (p<0.01), 2.2 times more than that of control; 2.0 mg/ml adnosine and 80μg/ml YL together added into shake flask at starting , the cordycepin production of 0706 reaches to 8.25±0.08 mg/g, which is no significant difference (p>0.05) to cordycepin production with only 2.0 mg/ml adenosine added (8.21±0.074 mg/g). But adenosine and YL could cooperate to enhance the mycelia biomass of 0706 (46.11±0.10 g/L), 1.9 times of that of control.

Botrytis cinerea is one of the most important limiting factors for tomato production. This work was to evaluate the possibility of exploiting antagonistic bacteria in the biological control of tomato grey mould. The antagonistic bacterium was isolated from rhizospheric soils around distinct tomato diseased (Botrytis cinerea) plants. Antagonistic bacteria B-1 is proved to be efficacious against Botrytis cinerea in both in vitro and in vivo experiments, and its inhibition rate is up to 83%. Through morphological observation, physiological and biochemical characteristics and analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence, It is initially identified as Bacillus subtilis. This work will lay foundation for the biological control of tomato Botrytis cinerea.

This study discussed the method for determination of fructose, glucose, sucrose and maltose content in honey by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatogram refractive index detector (HPLC-RID). Results indicated that not only the carbohydrate can be extracted from the honey effectively, but also the mobile phase relative coherence can be guaranteed by dissolving sample (2.5 g) with distilled water (30 ml) and then diluting to 50 ml with acetonitrile. Soluble mechanism was also presumed. The excellent stability and repeatability are obtained by the developed pretreatment method. The spiked recoveris is in the range of 97%～103% with relative standard deviation of 0.8%～1.6%. Eight different honey samples were detected and good results are obtained.

In this study, referring to published absorption coefficient (A1% =2500 at 450 nm) of all E-isomer, the absorption coefficients of 9-, and 13-isomers are deduced as 2018 and 1990, respectively, according to the ratio of their spectroscopic and mass responses (eg. peak areas ) on C30-HPLC-PDA-ELSD. According to their chromatographic peak areas, the geometrical isomer composition of β,β-carotene from Dunaliella salina can be actually assessed.

The objecive of this study is to develop a method of determination for acrylamide in fried potato chips by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The acrylamide in potato chips was extracted by 0.1 % formic acid in water and cleaned up by centrifugation, freezing and solid phase extraction, then analyzed by HPLC. The analysis conditions are as follows water acetonitrile-0.1 % acetic liquor (98.9:1:0.1, V/V/V) as mobile phase, flow rate 0.2 ml/min, injection volumn 20μl ,retention time 8.4 min, wavelength 202 nm and column oven temperature 26 ℃. The limit of detection of this method is below 10 ng/g, the recovery is higher than 70%, and the relative standard deviation is below 20%.

A catalytic spectrophotometry for the determination of trace selenium (IV) based on its catalytic effect on discoloring reaction of oxidation of with potassium bromate in weak acid solution and in the presence of microemulsion medium is described. The above reaction is followed spectrophotometrically by measuring the decrease in the absorbance at 450 nm for the catalytic reaction of 5-NO2-PADAP. Under optimum conditions, the calibration graph is linear in the range of 0.0～1.0 μg/L of Se (IV) at 450 nm. The detection limit achieved is 0.013μg/L. Combined with sulphydryl dextrane gel (SDG) separation and enrichment, the method has been successfully applied to the determination of Se (IV) in foodstuff and human hair samples with the relative standard deviation of 2.9 %～4.3 % and the recovery of 96.3 %～103.8 %, the results are in good agreement with those provided by ICP-AES method.

A highly sensitive, specific and credible method for the simultaneous determination of 20 sex hormones in muscle of swamp eel performed by GC-MS(Agilent 5975) was studied.Muscle tissues of swamp eel (5.0 g) were hydrolyzed by glucuronidase from Helix pomatia juice, extracted by tert-butyl methyl ether, defatted by iso-octane, and cleaned-up through dual columns of C18 and NH2. The extracts obtained were derivatized with heptafluorobutyric anhydride, following formation of the di-heptafluorobutyryl (di-HFB) derivative, and then identification and quantification were carried out by means of capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. For quantitation, the external standards were used and the method was validated with blank samples fortified at 1, 2.5 and 5 μg/kg with 5.0 g sample(trenbolone spiked 5 times as others). Results showed that the detection limits are 0.25～5μg/kg for all analytes. Average recovery (%) and coefficient of variance range from79.8% to 106.3%, and from 11.6% to 17.9%, respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) ranges from 9.3% to 22.1% at 1 mg/kg spiked level. The study results showed that the recovery and repeatability are good. Therefore, the method is very useful for the animal food quality surveillance at present.

Headspace solid-phase and micro-extraction combined with GC-MS (HS-SPME-GC-MS) were employed to detect main aroma components i’nJingyan’peach fruit. The results showed that the 67 main components i’nJingyan’peach fruit are alcohols, esters, lactones, aldehydes, ketones, hydrocarbon, etc. Among of them, the main aroma components of peach fruits are hexanal, thans-2-hexenal, γ-decalactone, δ-decalactone, β-ionone, γ-decalactone, benzaldehydein, dihydro-β-ionol, butylated hydroxytoluen, cineole, which account for 98.1 % of the total ions.

NaFeEDTA as a five-cycle chelating compound can be totally disassembled to produced Fe3+under acid condition (pH≤1.35). Fe3+ can react with ammonium thiocyanate and forms red color complex. This red color complex has special absorption at 483 nm and the absorption is linear with the concentration of the complex. To take advantage of this principle, the content of NaFeEDTA in fortified soy sauce could be accurately measured. The results showed that the absorption has good linear relationship with the concentration of NaFeEDTA between 2.028～24.336 μg/ml and the correlation coefficient is 0.99992. The method is a simple quick and accurate approach for the determination of the content of NaFeEDTA in iron fortified soy sauce.

A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) separation method with ultraviolet detection was developed for the simultaneous determination of lactic acid, fumaric acid, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) and patulin in apple juices. The chromatographic analysis of lactic acid, fumaric acid, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and patulin was carried out after their elution with phosphoric acid solution (pH 2.5) and acetonitrile from RP-C18 stationary phase, and the effects of temperature, pH value, flow rate and concentration of acetonitrile on retention time and peek height were studied. The mobile phase employed was phosphoric acid solution with 5% acetonitrile working at flow rate of 1.00 ml/min at 30 ℃ for the whole run. Two organic acid acids were eluted within 10 min and were detected at 210 nm .The other two compositions, including 5-HMF and patulin, were eluted within the following 10 min and were detected at 276 nm. The accuracy of the method is confirmed with an average recovery range between 89.96 and 102%. The method is successfully used to assay lactic acid, fumaric acid, 5-HMF and patulin simultaneously in apple juice.

A method for determanation of ethylmaltol in food was proposed based on the reaction of iron(Ⅲ) and ethyl maltol. The results confirmed that this method is convenient, fast and sensitive, so it can be used for fast detection of ethylmaltol in food ,such as coffee plum, candy and so on. The determination result is accordant to that of UV-spectrophotometry, the recovery rate reaches 94.9%.

Based on ursolic acid as reference standard and 5% vanillin-acetum and perchloric acid as color developer, the contents of tritepenoidic acid in Cornus officinalis and its health wine were determined by spectrophotometry at 538 nm. The results showed that in the range of 26.4 to 158.4μg for ursolic acid, the linear correlation equation is A=0.0071C-0.0941 (R2=0.9994) and the average recovery rate is 98.94%, with RSD2.31% (n=5); The contents of tritepenoidic acid in Cornus officinalis and its health wine are 2.511% and 2.091% respectively. This method is fast, accurate, reliable and suitable for determination of tritepenoidica cid.

High performance liquid chromatography with o-phthaldialdelhyde pre-colomn derivatization was used to determine the content of γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) in Lactobacillus brevis. After pre-colomn derivatization of concentrated fermentation supernatant, separation of GABA was carried out on Nova2pakC18 column with the gradient elution of 50 mmol/L acetate sodium (pH 6.8), methanol and THF (solution A 82:17:1; solution B 22:77:1, V/V). The results of accuracy and recovery rate showed that this menthod can be used to detect trace content of GABA.

High-performance anion-exchange chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detection was optimized for determination of sugars and sugar alcohols in sugar-free food by recovery rates (88%～106%) of spiked samples and comparison with other type columns of CarboPac family. Determination results of propylene glycol, inositol, glycerol, D,L-xylitol, D-sorbitol, D-mannitol, galactitol, D-glucose, D-fructose, sucrose and maltose in fourteen samples are in wide linear range 0.2×10-6～40 ×10-6 with coefficients 99.8%～99.9%.

The detecting results of fermented milk by pure Streptococcus thermophilus with SDE-GC-MS showed that 13 kinds of flavour compounds are identified as follows: 5 kinds of esters,1 kind of alcohol, 4 kinds belong to acids, 1 kind of aldehyde and 2 kinds of ketones. Among of them the contents of two kinds of main flavour compounds, 2,3-Butanedione and 2,3-pentanedione, are 0.241μg/ml and 0.223μg/ml respectively.

A HPLC method with refractive index detection (RID) was developed for determination of sugars in bee pollen. Sugars were extracted from samples with water by ultrasonic oscillation and isolated by solid phase extraction with SUPELCO ENVITM cartridge after protein precipitation by using K4Fe(CN)6 and Zn(CH3COO)2. Sugars were separated on a Waters high performance carbohydrate column with acetonitrile-water(79:21, V/V) as mobile phase. The relative standard deviations are 2.4%～4.3% and the recoveries are 90.4%～96.2%. The HPLC method was applied for the analysis of 80 bee pollen samples from 8 species. The average concentrations of fructose and glucose are 10.9%～12.6% and 6.8%～9.6%, respectively. The method is simple and suitable for routine quality control of bee pollen sugar composition.

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method was described for the simultaneous determination of saccharine benzoic acid, sorbic acid sodium, and sodium cyclamate in carbonic drink. The effects of operation conditions of HPLC such as the component of the mobile phase, the concentration of ammonium acetate, column and detector temperature, and detector sensitivity setting on determination were investigated. The optimal conditions are as follows: reversed-phase Novo pak-C18 column used for separation with refractive index detector(RID) for detection. Methanol-ammonium acetate (3:97, V/V) as the mobile phase with isocratic elution, column temperature 30 ℃. RID detector sensitivity 64. Under the best conditions, the calibration curve is linear between 2.0μg/ml and 200.0 μg/ml. The correlation coefficients ranges from 0.9995 to 0.9999. The detection limits are 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1.3μg/ml respectively. The recoveries of four compositions are 89.0%～104.5%. The relative standard deviations (RSD) are in the range from 2.1% to 3.5%.

A multivariate calibration method was used for the data analysis of trace elements determination, which is based on the combination of wavelet packet decomposition and neural network. Firstly,the differential pulse cathodic stripping voltammetry (DPCSV) signal was decomposed by wavelet packet, and the eigenvector was extracted based on the power features which are distributed in different frequency bands. Then a three layers BP network was used for training the features. The forecast results and calculated results of samples showed that the method has strong anti-jamming capability, high measure accuracy and practical values.

The extraction solvent and analysis conditions of gas chromatography (GC) for fish sauce flavor compounds were studied. The data showed that ethyl acetate is the most suitable solvent for the fish sauce flavor extraction. A capillary column CP-Sil -8cb-30 m-0.32 mm was selected to quantitatively detect the fish sauce flavor compounds. The optimal temperatures of sample receiver and FID detector are 200 ℃ and 250 ℃, respectively, with nitrogen (purity >99.999%) as the carrier at the speed of 3 ml/min, at the shunting ratio100:1. The starting temperature is 30 ℃ for 2 min and programmed to rise from 30 ℃ to 120 ℃ by 5 ℃/min, continually to 180℃ by 12 ℃/min, then hold for 4 min. Under these optimized conditions, total 44 compounds are separated, and 24 of them can be separated from the baseline.

Objective: To establish a sensitive RP-HPLC method for determining the content of the active ingredient-melatonin in the different species of aloes and their tissues. Method: To make Making use of Symmetry C18 150 mm×4.6 mm, 5.0 μm) as column, with the flow of carbinol: water in the ratio 1:1, at the flow rate 1.0 ml/min. The inspected wavelength is 223 nm with sensitivity degree 2.00 AUFS. Result: The linear range for melatonin is perfect within 2.0～200.0 pg/ml (r=0.9892) with the average recovery(n = 6) 98.8% and RSD 1.13%. The method is simple and easy for determinfim of the melatonin content in aloe. The melatonin content varies in different species of aloes and their different tissues, and the content in the flower is higher than that in the leaf of aloe. The content of melatonin in Aloe vera L. is the highest.

The surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based optical biosensor assay for detecting the ampicilllin residues in milk is developed. The assay is based on the bio-molecular interaction analysis (BIA) and the high sensitivity to the refractive index of the sensor. Combining with the monoclonal antibody anti-ampicillin binding on the sensor surface, the assay could be performed based on the capability of quantitative detection for ampicillin. The analysis system was equipped wih miniature integrated SPR sensor. The method of the preparation of the sensor surface was introduced, and the assay was designed to cover the ampicillin concentration range from 0 ng/ml to 100 ng/ml. With analyzing the detecting results, the sensorgrams of milk samples with different concentrations of ampicillin were obtained. The limit of detection for ampicillin can reach 50 ng/ml. It is sure that this assay based on the SPR technology can be applied to the detection of the antibiotics residues in milk.

An improved colorimetric method was developed for the determination of lactic acid in fermentation broth. Firstly, the fermentation broth was given a suitable treatment that the protein and glucose were removed, and then the traditional colorimetry method applied for the determination of lactic acid was optimized by orthogonal test. The results showed that the optimum absorbance wavelength is 565 nm. The optimal colorimetric conditions are: 0.05 g Ca(OH) 2, 0.8 ml 20% CuSO4, 6 ml concentrated H2SO4, 0.125 ml 0.5% p-hydroxydiphenyl,reaction time 15 minutes and heating time 5 minutes. Linear range is 15～50μg/ml (A=0.0189C-0.0808, r=0.9989). The average recovery is 102.4%. The color development for determination of lactic acid by colorimetric method is stable within more than two hours, and the RSD is 2.6% (n=12). The method established in this study is quick, accurate and stable.

In this study, the determination of lead in beverage was conducted by static electricanodic stripping voltammetry in a supporting electrolyte of HNO3 (pH2). The peak potential of lead appeares at 0.48 V(vs.Ag/AgCl, 3 mol/L KCl). The linear relationship between the stripping current and concentration of Pb2+ exists in the range of 0～24μg/L, the precision (%) of Pb ise 0.58%～2.50%, and the recovery rate of Pb is 90.0%～105.7%. This method is simple and rapid with few disturbances and high sesitivity, and it is suitable for determining lead in drink.

Objective: To determine the content of diethylstilbestrol and testosterone in HY-LINE Variety Brown chick embryo and egg. Methods: RP-HPLC method was used to determine the content of diethylstilbestrol and testosterone in chick embryo. The analysis was carried out on Waters XTerra C18 column (150 mm×4.6 mm, 5μm) with the mobile phase methanol-acetonitrile-water(2:2:1, V/V/V), flow rate 1.0 ml/min, temperature 40 ℃and wavelength 240 nm. Results and conclusion: The method is simple and has a good linear relationship in the range of 0.05～3.500 μg/ml. The linear equation of diethylstilbestrol is y = 21734x + 963.18 with correlation coefficient 0.9991, and the linear equation of testosterone is y = 28967x-475.62, with correlation coefficient 0.9995. The limit of detection of diethylstilbestrol is 0.25 ng, and that of testosterone is 0.33 ng. The average recovery ranges from 78.7% to 98.4%. The relative standard deviation is less than 2.1%.

A quick analytical method for determining arsenic, lead, mercury and cadmium element in vegetable through only one digestion process was discussed, and the effects of the temperature and remained solution of digestion were investigated too. The result showed that 120.0 ℃ is the highest temperature that four elements can not be damnified during wetted digestion. When remained solution of digestion is between 0.50～1.50 ml (volume of sample 10.00 ml), ideal recoveries (96.7%～103.3%) can be obtained. The limits of detection are 0.002 mg/L (As), 0.005 mg/L (Pb), 0.0002 mg/L (Hg) and 0.0002 mg/L (Cd), and the RSDs are all less than 5.4%.

In this work, the suitability of capillary chromatography for the quantitative analysis of melanin in foods was investigated. Various parameters affecting derivatization and separation were systematically studied. Under optimal conditions, the analytes could be separated within 15 min, and the relative standard deviations (RSD) of migration time and corrected peak areas were less than 4.7%. Compared with the conventional high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with electrochemical detection, the 100-fold improvements in sensitivity were achieved by applying LIF detection. As a preliminary application, this method has been successfully applied to the quantitative determination of melanin in four foods with the spiked recoveries in the range of 92%～97%.

Objective: To determine benzoic acid, sorbic acid and saccharin sodium in moon cake products by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Methods: The zinc acetate and potassium ferrocyanide solutions were used as precipitators. The separation of three compounds was performed on Symmetry C18 column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5μm) and mathanol-phosphoricacid salt buffer solution (9:1,V/V) as mobile phase. The respond was recorded by photodionde array detector. Results: The average spiked recoveries range from 92.4% to 103.0%. Their limits of detection are all 0.5 mg/kg. Conclusion: By analyzing actual sample, it is proved that this method is suitable for detecting benzoic acid, sorbic acid and saccharin sodium in moon cake products.

The fruit aroma components in three varieties of not from concentrated orange juice (NFCOJ) were analyzed by headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with GC-MS. The results showed that there are 45, 52 and 51 aroma components in the three varieties, representing 94.88%, 85.50% and 96.82% of the total peak area, respectively. Hydrocarbons, esters, alcohols, ketones and aldehydes are the major constituents. 29 common constituents are found in the three varieties, and 6, 6 and 9 unique components are found respectively.

Different scan manners for Nanguo pears by Purespect near infrared instrument were studied. The experimental results of scanning 6 times for one point did not show marked diversity in spectrum analysis. Calibration experiments for soluble solid content (SSC), effective acidity (pH) of 80 samples by different points scanning were carried out by the system. Calibration results indicated both correlation coefficient and RESEC achieve application level. The variance analysis for prediction values of 20 samples showed that marked diversity exists in models.The results showed that 180° running scan for 2 times is a credible, fast, easily operational manner.

Objective: To investigate the effect of Potentilla chinensis Ser on blood glucose , resistin and adiponectin of diabetic mice. Methods: A new model of diabetic mouse was founded by a high fat diet plus repeated small-dose STZ injection with nicotinamide protecting the islet cells. The mice were randomly divided into six groups of normal control, model control, positive control and then rough flavonoids component, rough alkaloid component, water extract were given to the mice. After 5 weeks, the fasting blood glucose , serum insulin, resistin and adiponectin were determined. Results: Compared with control group, the rough falconoids and alkaloid components can reduce the fasting blood glucose of the diabetic mice (p<0.01). The serum insulin is reduced by rough alkaloid component (p<0.01). The serum resistin is reduced by all the components of Potentilla chinensis Ser (p<0.01) and the serum adiponectin is increased by all the components of Potentilla chinensis Ser (p<0.01). Conclusion: The three components of Potentilla chinensis Ser are all can control blood glucose in diabetic mice through different channels.

Objective: To investigate effects of coarse polysaccharides from the ethanol-insoluble residue of Schisandra (CPES) on immunological activtiy of mouse. Method: CPES was extracted with hot-water. Cyclophosphamide (CTX) was uesed to set up the low immunity mice model, and the effects of CPES on phagocytic activity and the level of blood serum hemolysin were studied. Result: B-2 can increase abdominal cavity macrophage phagocytic activity significantly (p<0.001) B-1 can increase abdominal cavity macrophage phagocytic activity (high dose of B-1: p<0.01, low dose of B-1: p<0.05). Only high doses of S. sphenanthera coarse polysaccharides can increase phagocytic activity (phagocytic index p<0.05) and show dose-dependent augmentor effects. CPES can increase the level of mice blood serum hemolysin notably (p<0.01). Conclusion: CPES has potent immunological function.

The effects of capsaicin derivatives on blood rat’s lipid were studied. The experimental rats’ weight, Lee’s index and fat weight, the number of fat cells were calculated,and using automatic clinical chemistry analyzer, the experimental rats’ blood cholesterol (CHO), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and blood glucose (GLU) content were assayed. Results showed that capsaicin derivatives administered to the rat have some lowering effects on blood lipid.

ACE inhibitory activity of peanut oligopeptide was evaluated by chemical models in vitro. The results showed that ACE inhibitory activity of peanut oligopeptide below 1 kD is outstanding, and its IC50 value is 0.255 mg/ml. Peanut oligopeptides below 1 kD are found to belong to competitive innibitor to ACE and they can resist hydrolysis of digestive enzyme by mechanism research. The SBP of SHRs is reduced markedly by peanut oligopeptides below 1 kD and the heart rate of SHRs is not influenced. Peanut oligopeptides below 1 kD could steadily reduce SBP of SHRs and could be absorbed completely into blood circulation.

Objective: To investigate the subacute toxicity of riceflower -perfume energy liquor (RPES) to rat. Methods: Sixty wister rats were randomly divided into three experiment groups and one control group (8 females and 7 males in each group). The rats from experiment groups were orally administrated with RPEL at 9:00 AM every morning for 45 days, with a high dosage (3. 44 ml/kg), medium dosage (1.72ml/kg), low dosage (0.86 ml/kg) respectively; and those from the control group were orally administrated with distilled water(1.72ml/kg). Meanwhile, the changes of body weight were measured every week. Experiments for blood routine, liver function, liver organ index and pathological examinations of heart, lung, speen, kidney were carried out after the last use of the liquor. Results: Indexes of blood routine, liver function in the three experiment groups have no statistical difference compared with that of the control group.The changes of body weight show significant difference between the male rats and the female rats. No abnormal changes are found in pathological examinations of heart, lung, spleen, kidney, but the RPEL can induce liver damage. The severity of liver damage is dose-dependent. Conclusion: The RPEL has liver toxic effects on the rats.

Objective:To study the effect of betaine on serum lipid, hepatic lipid and antioxidation in rat of lipid metabolic disturbance induced by high-fat diet and its possible mechanism. Method: 32 SD rats were divided randomly into 4 groups based on serum TC level: high-fat diet group and 3 different doses of betaine groups. Betaine group rats were given by gavage once a day for 4 w with high-fat diet simultaneously.Serum lipid, hepatic lipid and antioxidative related indexes were determined. Results: Compared with high-fat diet group, serum TG, LDL-C, hepatic TG, TC and liver index decrease significantly. Serum SOD activity increases, while hepatic MDA content reduces. Conclusion: Betaine can regulate blood lipid level, improve hepatic lipid accumulation and hepatomegaly, and elevate antioxidative capacity. Thus it is able to prevent lipid metabolic disturbance.

Objective:The effects of proanthocyanidins on mice radiated by 60Co-γ was studied. Method:In this research, the materials were administered to the mice for the experiment, and then the mice were radiated with different doses at the 15th day. The number of peripheral white blood cell (WBC), the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in serum and hemoiysin were determined after 30 d. Results:Compared with the control group, the numbers of WBC of mice with middle and high dose increase evidently with a significant diversity (p<0.05, p<0.01). The SOD activities of mice with low, middle and high dose in 1% liver suspension enhance evidently with a significant diversity (p<0.01, p<0.01, p<0.01). The content of antibody of mice with high dose increase significantly with a significant diversity (p<0.05). Conclusion:It is indicated that proanthocyanidins has an assistant protective effect on radiation damage of mice.

Objective:The hepatoprotective effects of Ganoderma lucidum peptides (GLP) were researched on Bacille-Calmette-Gu’erin and lipopolysaccharide (BCG/LPS)-induced immunological liver injury in mice. Method:Mice were randomly divided into five groups, namely normal, model and three GLP-treated groups. The mice from model group and GLP-treated groups were treated with BCG from tail vein (iv) on the first day. GLP-treated groups were daily given (ig) the doses of 60, 120 and 180 mg GLP /kg bw respectively. Normal and model groups simultaneously were aiven the same amount of physiological saline for 15 days. Then the mice from model group and GLP-treated groups were treated with LPS (iv). The index of liver and spleen were calculated. AST/ALT activities in serum, MDA,GSH and NO levels and SOD/GSH-Px activity in liver were assayed by the detection kits according to the manufacturer’s protocols. Liver histopathological charactersistics were observed under light microscopy. Results: The index of liver and spleen in mice and ALT/AST activities in serum from the group at high dose are significantly lower than model group’s (p < 0.01). GLP at all of the doses significantly inhibits NO/MDA lever in liver and reduces of SOD/GSH-Px activity and GSH content in liver (p < 0.05～0.01). The liver histopathological characteristics gradually straighten up. At the dose of 180 mg/kg bw GLP, the hepatoprotective effect is the best and the index is close to normal group’s. Conclusion:GLP possesses potent hepatoprotective effects against BCG/LPS-induced liver damage in mice.

Tomato fruits were fumigated with a series of concentrations of nitric oxide (5, 10, 15, 20, 50, 100μl/L) to investigate the effects of NO on the weight loss, respiration, pulp hardness and soluble solids of postharvest tomato. The results showed that 5～20μl/L NO can effectively inhibit the weight loss and pulp hardness of tomato. Meanwhile, the respiration and the total soluble solids loss of postharvest tomato are also controlled, which suggests that the treatment of NO fumigation can postpone the progress of ripeness and senescence of postharvest tomato.

The study data showed that the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity and browning degree (BD) of purple sweet potatoes peel are higher than those of inner-tissue and intact sweet potato. The relativity between them is positive, and relativity coefficient is 0.9895. Browning degree of fresh-cut purple sweet potato slice during storage period is found to be correlated with PPO activity. The activity of PPO extracted from purple sweet potato increases initially and decreases afterwards, with the highest activity of PPO on the third day. And BD increases very quickly as time going by, especially in the first three days. The relativity between PPO activity and BD is negative, and relativity coefficient is -0.8747.These results showed that the browning of purple sweet potatoes is mainly due to polyphenol oxidase in it.

Biocontrol effects of benzothiazole (BTH) and Bacillas subtilis B1 tagether treatment or respective treatment on major postharvest diseases of muskmelon were studied. The results indicated that all treatments decrease the infection incidence of A. alternata, R.stolonifer, F. semitectum. B1 and BTH or only B1 treatment inhibits the lesion diameter of T.roseum signifcantly. For A.alternata, B1 and BTH or BTH treatment is optimal. B1 and BTH or B1 treatment inhibits the lesion diameter of R.stolonifer signifcantly. B1 and BTH treatment is optimal for F. semitectum. The results also showed that B1, BTH, B1 and BTH significantly induce the peroxidase (POD) activity and chitinase (CHT) activity of muskmelon compared with control. The activity sustaines for at least 8 days at room temperature.

The differences of physico-chemical indicators of five loquat cultivars in Fujian province were compared, and the relationship between fruit quality and storability was studied. The results showed that the storability of loquat fruit is related with content of loquat fruit water, protopectin, titratable acid and fruit firmness. The lower the water content, the higher the protopectin and titratable acid content. Meanwhile, the stronger the fruit firmness, the better the storability. The contents of sugar and vitamine C are not directly relative with storability. The total soluble solid, lignin and cellulose mainly affect the edible quality of loquat fruit. The ratio of sugar to acid and the soluble solids to total acid are the main indexes for scaling fruit quality.

To better understand the molecular mechanism of honeybee pollen at the protein level during storage, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis technology was used to investigate honeybee pollen of Camellia sinensis stored at room temperature and at -20 ℃ for 6 months respectively. Result showed that 261 protein spots are separated from honeybee pollen stored at room temperature, while 396 protein spots are detected from honeybee pollen stored at -20 ℃. The reducing number of total proteins in honeybee pollen stored at room temperature is less than that at -20 ℃. Moreover, results indicated that storage of honeybee pollen at room temperature might causes protein degradation. Simultaneously, the abundance of certain protein is different at different storage temperatures. 24 proteins abundances are higher in honeybee pollen stored at room temperature than that at -20 ℃. Furthermore, 112 protein spots show lower abundance in honeybee pollen stored at room temperature than that at -20 ℃. Results indicated that protein and protein abundance might be affected by storage temperature. honeybee pollen storing at -20 ℃ is probably a better storage method to maintain its quality.

The microwave-assised extraction of rice polysaccharide from defatted rice bran was studied.The effects of the ratio of water to material, microwave treatment time, temperature on the extractability of polysaccharide were examined.The results showed that as the ratio of water to material 20:1, microwave treatment time 90 s, temperature100 ℃, the extractability is 2.36%. Leek preservation with polysaccharide solution was studied. The changes of the weight loss rate, vitamin C and sense were determined. The results showed that after 4 days the weight loss rate of the control sample is 47.81%, vitamin C decreases 70.5%, the weight loss rate of sample disposed by water is 54.83%, vitamin C content decreases 74.5%, the weight loss rate of sample disposed by polysaccharide is 33.67%, and vitamin C content lessens 12% only.

Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa, Duchesne.FengXiang) fruit were harvested at eighty percent ripe (75% berry surface showing red color) or fully ripe (100% berry surface showing red color) stage and then treated with 1μmol/L MeJA for 24 h before stored at 20 ℃ for 4 d. The results indicated that methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment significantly reduced decay incidence of eighty percent ripe fruit, while it had little effect on that of fully ripe fruit. Treatment with 1μmol/L MeJA promoted the increase in total soluble solids (TSS) and the decrease in total titratable acid (TA) content and the development in surface red color of eighty percent ripe fruit. The quality parameters of MeJA-treated eighty percent ripe fruit such as surface color, TSS and vitamin C contents were similar to those of fully ripe fruit at the end of storage. These results showed that if strawberry fruit can not be sold in time after harvest or subjected to long distance transportation, the fruit could be harvested at lower ripe stage and treated with MeJA after harvest to reduce fruit decay and maintain quality.

Ribosomal RNA gene of mushroom, containing abundant of genetic variation information, exists in both the nucleus and mitochondria and comprises highly conserved and variable sections. In recent years, it becomes study focus on mushroom molecular systematics. In this paper, the composition and nature of mushroom ribosomal RNA gene and its applications in mushroom molecular systematic studies in recent years are summarized.

Ethyl carbamat (EC) in wine has some latent toxicities, and its main source is carbamide which is from arginine in wine. Solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry has been brought into the standard examination method of EC concentration in wine by some international authority organizations. As a general rule,red wines have higher EC concentration than white wines, as well as sweet red wines higher than dry red wines. But low pH of wine causes easy production of EC. Concentrations of EC and alcohol in wine show positive corelation. The EC formation rate is different with various types of wines. The methods for removing EC in wine should be combined with new technology for eliminating ester in wines, strictly according to standard management of grape planting,wine fermentation and wine store.

ATP bioluminescence is one kind of rapid detection method for microorganisms, since it is easy, highly sensitive and timely, etc. In this paper, principles, procedures, characteristics, influencing factors of ATP bioluminescence and its application in food industry are introduced. Meanwhile, its drawbacks are presented. To sum up, ATP bioluminescence is potential fora pplication.