Texture profile analysis results indicated that the addition of ice structuring protein(ISP) prolongs proofing time with cold storage time continuing and decreases specific volume of the frozen dough bread dough stored at -18 ℃ for 0,35,70 and 105 d,respectively. When 0.5% ISP was added to the dough after 105 d cold storage,the proofing time decreases from 153 min to 130 min and the specific volume increases from 4.05 ml/g to 4.71 ml/g. The ISP also has positive impact on firmness of bread. Scanning electron microscope(SEM) observation results showed that gluten network still can be observed in the dough added with ISP at 0.5% level after 105 d cold storage,which indicates that ISP can protect the microstructure of frozen dough effectively.

To extend application of ultrafine klep powder,its physical and chemical properties were studied. The results showed that the 300-mesh ultrafine klep powder is uniform in size,which distributes from 7μm to 25μm mainly. Compared with common kelp powder,its specific area and water absorbing coefficient are enhanced,and dissolution rate of polysaccharides is greatly increased.

The rheological properties of wheat flour No.1 and No.2 dough were determined respectively,which was added with different finenesses Rhizoma polygonti powder(100 < φ < 180 mesh and φ > 180 mesh) on different amount levels. Results showed that with the increase of addition amount of Rhizoma polygonti powder,stability time and extensibility of wheat flour No.1 dough shorten gradually,water absorption descends as well,but resistance and weakness of 12 min increase. However all this indexes do not show obvious changes when the addition amount is below 3.0%. As adding rhizoma polygonti powder of φ > 180 mesh into wheat flour No.2 dough,with increase of amount,stability time of the dough extends,resistance enhances,but water absorption descends gradually and weakness of 12 min keep steady,and thus qualities of wheat flour dough are improved. When the addition amount is 3.0%,stability time prolongs by 24.4%,weakness of 12 min decreases slightly,and extensibility remains stable. Addition of 3.0% Rhizoma polygonti powder of φ > 180 mesh is optimal for No.2 dough.

In order to study the effect of high pressure on amounts of microbes in cloudy pear juice,the cloudy pear juice was treated by 200～600 MPa pressure combined with heating,and amounts of microbes in the cloudy pear juice stored for 35 d at 4 ℃,22 ℃ and 37 ℃ respectively after being treated by 320 MPa pressure combined with 50 ℃ heating were assayed. Results showed that yeast and mold are not found in the juice treated by 300 MPa pressure,and bacteria are not found as pressure increasing to 400 MPa. Microbes are not found in the juice treated by 400 MPa or 600 MPa pressure combined with 50 ℃ heating. The treatment of 320 MPa pressure(keeping for 10 minutes) combined with 50 ℃ heating can kill or inactivate all the microbes in cloudy pear juice,and their amounts keep stable during the whole storage period. Storage conditions do not obviously affect amounts of microbes in cloudy pear juice treated by ultra-high pressure.

This study mainly aimed at investigating effects of compound anti-staling additives containing xanthan gum,β-cyclodextrin,β-amylase and CSL on staling of frozen waxy rice flour dough stored at -18℃ for 6 weeks. The possible reason of staling of waxy rice flour dough during frozen storage was also investigated by measurement of glass transition temperature(Tg ) using differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) . Results showed that the additives have some effects on anti-staling of the frozen waxy rice flour dough. They can slow down the decrease of degree of gelatinization and the increase of hardness and enthalpy,improve the integrity of frozen dough product during storage and also increase Tg of waxy rice flour dough by about 6.294℃ from -32.405 ℃ to -26.111 ℃. However,as the Tg was less than -18 ℃,the staling process of the frozen dough product still happens during its frozen storage.

In this study wall-broken corn pollen and raw milk were taken as the materials to produce pollen yoghourt. The yoghourt product was evaluated by sensory indexes such as color,taste,flavor and texture state to study effects of active components in corn pollen on its fermentation process and sensory qualities. The results showed that increasing rate of acidity in pollen yoghourt is slower than that of acidity in control yoghourt,but without obvious difference. Pollen components are beneficial to increase of water holding capacity and viscosity and improvement of texture state of yoghourt. The yoghourt added with 1% pollen has better color,taste,flavor and texture state in comparison with the control yoghourt. Although the yoghourt added with 2% or 3% pollen is significantly superior to the control in water holding capacity and viscosity,its total score of sensory evaluation is unsatisfactory. Suitable addition amount of pollen could not only increase nutritional and healthy functions of yoghourt but also improve its qualities.

Selecting 12 healthy Yanbian cattle(bulls) with weight close as study objects,effects of different levels of vitamin E appended in diet on color properties of beef and activities of antioxidant enzymes during maturation were studied. The cattle were divided into control group and experimental groups,in which the levels of vitamin E appended in diet of the cattle were 500,1000 and 2000 IU respectively. The results showed that on curing 7thd,red chromaticity(CIE a) of the experimental groups is higher than that of the control(p<0.05) ,and the vitamin E content and antioxidase(GPx and CTA) activity are enhanced obviously. Among the experimental groups,the effect of 1000 IU vitamin E group is the best.

With the trash stem as raw material,which was remained in the production process of glycoside from Stevia rebaudiana transplanted in China from South America,three biological preparations,namely Sc1,Sc2 and Sc3 were obtained by different processes. Their antioxidant activities were assessed by the method of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl(DPPH) radical assay,oxygen radical absorbance capacity(ORAC) assay and POV value. The results indicated that they have some certain DPPH radical scavenging activities,and the activities rise with the increase of concentration. When the addition amount of the Sc3 is 0.015%,its scavenging activity to DPPH radical reaches 92.21%,as 1.1 times as that of synthetic antioxidant BHT and as 5.5 times as that of natural antioxidant vitamin E,and especially its stability of the DPPH radical scavenging activity is better than that of BHT,vitamin E or vitamin C. Furthermore,the antioxidant activities of the Sc3 and natural fish sauce were assessed by the ORAC assay. Its ORAC value is 326.28 trolox μmol/ml,as 6.7 times as that of the natural fish sauce. Besides,the storage results of Scomber japonicus floss indicated that the Sc3 has good antioxidant effect at 0.2% addition level. So it is a novel,natural,safe and highly effective antioxidant biological preparation with great development value.

Antibacterial characteristics of ethanol extracts from peanut,chestnut and sunflower hulls on the contamination bacteria of six common foods were studied by filter paper methods. Changing of antimicrobial activity,thermal stability of the extracts and their preservation effects on foods were also studied under different pH values. The results showed that there are observable antibacterial effects of the three extracts on six tested bacteria. The antibacterial effects are affected markedly by pH value. And there are exceedingly good thermal stability of antibacterial activities. Food preservation experiments showed that the antibacterial rates of the tested foods all are over 80%,and the maximum rate is 94.20%.

Three extracts of raw betel nut were extracted by chloroform,ethanol and water orderly,and their 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) radical scavenging abilities were studied in two solvents(ethanol and ethyl acetate) separately. Results showed that the extracts of raw betel nut have the DPPH free radical scavenging abilities in ethanol and ethyl acetate solvent,and the order of the abilities these extracts at the same concentration is:ethanol extract > aqueous extract > chloroforme xtract.

Water and lye were used for extracting the endopolysaccharide from young leaves of Brasenia schreberi respectively in this study,and the antioxidation functions in vitro of the two types of polysaccharides,namely water-soluble polysaccharide and alkali-soluble polysaccharide. The results indicated that both the two type of polysaccharides have strong reducing power and· OH scanvenging abilities,which are passively correlated with their concentrations. But both the two capabilities of water-soluble polysaccharide are stronger compared with alkali-soluble polysaccharide. The optimum concentration of watersoluble polysaccharide for scavening super-oxygenic anion is 2.0 mg/ml,but that of alkali-soluble polysaccharide is 5.0mg/ml.

Jussiaea repens L.(JRL) was extracted with chloroform-methanol(1:2,V/V) in a ultrasonator,and the extract was then partitioned with petroleum ether,EtOAc and BuOH successively. Antioxidant activities(AA) of the three corresponding extracts were evaluated by Schaal method,and compared with that of BHT. The ethyl acetate-soluble fraction(EAF) exhibits the highest AA among the three fractions,which is higher than that of BHT. Furthermore,bioactivity-guided chromatographic fractionation of the EAF was conducted by repeated column chromatography of silica gel,RP-18 and Sephadex LH-20,and three pure antioxidant compounds were obtained. Their structures were determined by interpretation of the 1D and 2D NMR,as well as mass spectral data. The results showed that rosmarinic acid,quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside are the major antioxidant constituents in JRL. The antioxidant activities of the compounds decrease in the following order:rosmarinic acid > quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosid > kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside > EAF> BHT. The antioxidant activities of phenolic compounds are closely correlated to their chemical structures. In general,the antioxidant activities of phenolics depend mainly on the number of hydrogen-donating hydroxyl groups on the aromatic ring of the phenolic molecules.

The scavenging effect of water extracts from lotus germ on oxygen radicals and its inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation(LPO) were studied. The results showed that the extracts can both scavenge hydroxyl free radical(·OH) produced by Fenton reaction and superoxide anion free radical(O2·) produced by oxidation of pyrogallol,and the inhibitory concentrations of 50%(IC50) are 0.218 g/ml and 0.245 g/ml respectively. They also have inhibitory effects on the spontaneous lipid peroxidation in liver and kidney homogenate,and the IC50 values are 3.038 mg/ml and 3.577 mg/ml respectively. The content of ascorbic acid in the extracts determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry is 1.132 mg/g,and the activity of SOD determined by NBT photoredction assay is 2062.7 U/g.

The nutritional components were extracted from selenium-enriched Auricularia auricula,and the selenium content in the components was analyzed. Results showed that total selenium content in Auricularia auricula is 5.148 mg/kg. The selenium in protein accounts for 52.03% of total selenium,the selenium in polysaccharide accounting for 22.64%. The addition amount of selenium is positively proportional to mass fraction of coarse fiber in Auricularia auricula,but no effect on coarse ash.

Phase balance of hexane-ethanol-water system and balance relation between water content in flaxseed and ethanol concentration for extraction were studied. Results showed that mutual solubility of hexane-ethanol-water system increases along with augmentation of temperature and ethanol concentration,which shows balance relation between water content of flaxseed and ethanol concentration of three fractions solvent system in the course of extraction. The corresponding balance relations are as follows:95 % ethanol concentration in solvents to 7 %～9 % water content in flaxseed,90% ethanol concentration in solvents to 9 %～11 % water content in flaxseed and 85 % ethanol concentration in solvents to 10 %～12 % water content in flaxseed.

The extraction conditions of salt-soluble protein from beef longissimous dorsi(BLD) muscle with the buffer at different pH values containing different concentration levels of MgCl2 and NaCl were optimized by orthogonal design L9(34) .The results showed that the optimal conditions are MgCl2 0.01 mol/L,NaCl 0.6 mol/L and pH 7.0. Under the conditions,the water holding capability(WHC) of product is 92.25%,and the breaking stress is 14.00 kPa. The effects of pH and NaCl concentraction on and strength of gel are significantly different(p<0.01) ,MgCl2 concentration only affects gel breaking stress. The scanning electromicroscopy showed that the gels with different WHCs have quite different ultrastructures.

Different proteins were extract from selenium-enriched radish leaves by pH 8.5 or 6.0 KH2PO4-Na2HPO4 buffer,distilled water,diluted salt solution,ethanol and diluted alkali in turn,and polysaccharides were extracted with hot water. The selenium contents in proteins,polysaccharides and dried radish leaves were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometric method respectively. The results indicated that in radish leaves,the main components containing selenium are protein and polysaccharide,accounting for total selenium 54.48 % and 17.31 % respectively. In the proteins containing selenium,watersoluble protein has the highest selenium content,accounting for total selenium 26.78 %.

In this study,a model of particulate packing was established to predict pressure and friction force of spherical particulate food in cylindrical container. The model assumed that equal-sized spherical particles of food are parked in a quasihexagonal structure and divied into many layers. Force equilibrium and transfer equations were derived for each layer and solved consecutively to determine normal pressures and friction forces between two particles and between particle and container. The numerical results showed that as depth of particulate food increases the normal pressures and friction forces between two particles and between particle and container increase. As internal friction angle of particulate food increases,normal pressures between two particles and between particle and container wall decrease,but friction forces between two particles and normal pressures between particules and bottom of container increase. As diameter of container increases,normal pressures between particles and between particle and container increase in the same height. As coefficient of friction of container wall increases,normal pressures between two particles and between particle and container decrease. As apparent density of particulate food decreases,normal pressures between two particles and between particle and container wall decrease,but friction forces between two particles and normal pressures between particules and bottom of container increase. Normal pressures between two particles and between particle and container are 2.66 to 26.33 times of friction forces between two particles,and normal pressures between particules and bottom of container are 1.74 to 1.89 times of normal pressures between two particules and between particules and wall of container in the layer above bottom.

The reology of mixture of Crotalaria mucronata bean bum and xanthan gum was studied by measuring the viscosity of the system. The results showed that there is a strong synergy of Crotalaria mucronata bean gum with xanthan gum,and the best mixture ratio is 6:4. The viscosity of the mixed gum increases with the increase of concentration,when the concentration is 0.4%,the gelatin begins forming,up to 0.8% concentration,firm gelatin forms,and the the viscosity at 0.7% concentration is 5367 mPa·s. The mixed gum is" non-Newtonian fluid",and the solution i"splastic-fluid". The best heating temperature is 80 ℃,and heating time is 1 h. pH 5 to 9,freezing-thawing,ultrasound and microwave have little effects on the mixed gum,which has better salt-tolerance.

Sesame meal protein(SMP) was prepared by alkaline extraction and precipitation at pH 4.5,and its emulsifying ability(EA) ,foamability,water-holding property,viscosity and thermoagglutination were studied. The results showed that sesame meal protein has good emulsifying ability,foamability and water-holding capacity,and thermoagglutination is significantly affected by pH.

Chemometric amylose modeling for global calibration,using whole grain near infrared transmittance spectra and sample selection,was used in an artificial neural network(ANN) ,to assess the global and local models generated,based on samples of newly bred Indica,Japonica and rice. Global sample sets had a wide range of sample variation for amylose content(0 to 25.9%) . The local sample set,Japonica sample,had relatively low amylose content and a narrow sample variation(amylose;12.3% to 21.0%) . For sample selection the CENTER algorithm was applied to generate calibration,validation and stop sample sets. Spectral preprocessing was found to reduce the optimum number of partial least squares(PLS) components for amylose content and thus enhance the robustness of the local calibration. The best model was found to be an ANN global calibration with spectral preprocessing;the next was a PLS global calibration using standard spectra. These results pose the question whether an ANN algorithm with spectral preprocessing could be developed for global and local calibration models or whether PLS without spectral preprocessing should be developed for global calibration models. We suggest that global calibration models incorporating an ANN may be used as a universal calibration model.

The antioxidant activities of the petroleum ether,EtOAc,BuOH and H2O extracts of Yunnanopilia longistaminata(W.Z.Li) C.Y.Wu & D.Z.Li,which is used as a wild edible vegetable in folk,were studied by the DPPH radical scavenging activity method. All the extracts exhibit weak scavenging activities on DPPH radical. The EtOAc extract and the BuOH extract exhibit relative good scavenging actions than the others,but their actions are much lower than that of BHA and VC,respectiveiy.

Both molecular structure and electron action influence the antimicrobial activities of preservatives. For improving the research and development efficiency,the relationships between molecular structure of preservatives and activities including minimum inhibition concentration(MIC) and half life(t0.5) of inhibiting Escherichia coli were studied after some parameters including 8 molecular connectivity indexes and 5 quantum chemistry parameters of 19 preservatives containing α,β-unsaturated carbonyl group were calculated and optimizationally selected by genetic algorithm. Then,the equations of quantitative structure activity relationship were obtained by SPSS software. The equation of MIC showed that MIC is significantly correlated with the third order cluster index 3χvpc,the fourth order path-cluster index 4χvpc,the energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital EHOMO as well as the energy difference ΔE of the highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital. The intension of anti-microbial actions of preservatives increase with increases of 4χvpc and EHOMO,but decrease with increases of 3χvc and ΔE. The equation of half life showed that t0.5 is significantly correlated with the fourth order path-cluster index 4χvpc,the fifth order path index 5χvp,energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital ELUMO,as well as the energy difference Δ E of the highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital. The anti-metabolic capabilities of preservatives increase with increases of 4χvpc,5χvp,and ΔE,but decrease with increase of ELUMO.

For the purpose of stable transmission,lightening self-weight,shock absorption,noise reduction,corrosion resistant,wear resistance,self-repair,and cost reduction,the gear is made of composite materials in stead of metal ones. By designing formulation and using optimized production technology,performance test and research were made on the properties of composite materials. The results showed that the main properties of composite materials used in these gears meet the state requirements. This study showed that the technology is feasible.

In this study,the physical and mechanical performance of castor capsule shell was measured. By being simplified into a homogeneous thin-shell,its internal force and movement were analyzed by theory of thin-shell. The results proveed that two pairs of perpendicular foeces are benefical to even and complete cracking.

Objective:To optimize ultrasonic extraction conditions of aminopeptidase from Lactobacillus helveticus. Method:Effects of cell concentration,ultrasonic power and ultrasonic time were studied through single factor test and response surface methodology. Results:Cell concentration,ultrasonic power and ultrasonic time all have some effects on the extraction of aminopeptidase,and the most significant factor is ultrasonic time. The optimum conditons confirmed by response surface methodology are:cell concentration 0.0238 g/ml,ultrasonic power 300 W and ultrasonic time 26 min(ultrasonic treatment for 3 s with interval of 5 s) . On these conditions,the activity of aminopeptidase is 72.99 U. Conclusion:Aminopeptidase can be extracted from Lactobacillus helveticus cells treated by ultrasonic,and it is feasible to optimize ultrasonic extraction conditions using response surface methodology.

Jinhua ham was processed by modern technology and effects of green ham type on changes of weight loss during processing were studied. The results showed that weight loss of the ham displays regular ascending along processing. Weight loss drops quickly in earlier period,and the drop tendency slows down in later period during all processing stages. The thick subcutaneous fat layer of green ham easily dehydrates,while weight loss of heavy weight green ham is low. During the first aging stage,weight losses of all the green hams reach 24%,which is the critical point of weight loss. The formation of flavor should be taken into account without consideration of effects of weight loss on ham during the later aging stage.

In the study,apigenin-zinc complex was synthesized. The best reaction conditions are determined as follows:pH value 9.5,reaction temperature 30 ℃ and reaction time 70 min. Under these conditions,the yield of the complex is 82.62%. The solubility of the complex in water is 1.6 mg/ml,nearly 80 times of solubility of original apigenin. The complex ratio of apigenin to zinc is 2:1.

The preparation conditions of dietary fiber from citrus by microwave chemical method and its characteristics were studied. The optimal conditions of microwave-NaOH method are microwave output power 750 W,NaOH concentration 0.06 mol/L,bioling time 150 s and ratio of material to liquid 1:60. Results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of concentration of NaOH is the most marked,and ratio of material to liquid takes the second place,but the effects of microwave output power and time are not significant.

Ultrasonic wave was applied for extraction of polysaccharides from peanut meal with alkali solution. Effects of ultrasonic temperature,ultrasonic power,ultrasonic time,alkali concentration and material-liquid ratio on extraction yield of polysaccharides were investigated,and the extraction process conditions were optimized by respond surface design. Yield of peanut polysaccharides by ultrasonic wave-assisted alkali extraction was compared with that by hot alkali extraction. And by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) observation,difference of dissolution way of polysaccharides from cells by hot water extraction,ultrasonic wave-assisted alkali extraction and ultrasonic wave-assisted water extraction were analyzed. Results showed that the optimum technological conditions are ultrasonic temperature 73 ℃,power 70 W,time 18.65 min,alkali concentration 2.12 mol/L and material-liquid ratio 1:20. Under these conditions,the yield of polysaccharides is 13.78%,increased by 4% compared with hot alkali extraction.

Sodium acetylide was used as carrier and glutaraldehyde was used as cross-linking agent for immobilization of trypsion. The immobilized conditions of trypsin and stability of immobilized trypsin as well as its application in hydrolyzing peanut protein were studied. The results showed that the optimal conditions for immobilizing trypsin are sodium acetylide concentration 3%,quantity of trypsin 4%,glutaraldehyde concentration 3% and CaCl2 concentration 0.2 mol/L. Under these conditions,the recovery rate of trypsin activity is 50.34%. The optimal conditions for hydrolyzing peanut protein are ratio of solid to liquid(W/V) 1:20,pH 7.5,temperature 60 ℃ and quantity of immobilized trypsin 5%. Under these conditions,the highest amount of amino nitrogen is 1.57 mg/ml. After being used for 7 times repeatedly,more than 50% activity of immobilized trypsin remains.

Effects of extraction pressure,temperature,flow rate and time on yield of melon seed oil extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide were studied,and components of the oil were analysis by GC-MS. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions are as follow:extraction pressure 30 MPa,temperature 40 ℃,carbon dioxide flow rate 12 kg/h and extraction time 120 min. The fatty acid components in melon seed oil are oleic acid,linolic acid,linolenic acid,octadecoic acid,palmic acid and arachic acid.

To optimize extraction process of water-soluble polysaccharides from seeds of Pistacia chinensis Bung on the base of single factor investigation,effects of extraction temperature,extraction time and ratio of water to material as well as their interactions on yield of the polysaccharides were studied by central composite design. The predictive polynomial quadratic equations model was developed by response surface analysis. The optimal extraction conditions of the polysaccharides from seeds of Pistacia chinensis Bung are concluded as follows:extraction time 3 hours,temperature 90 ℃ and ratio of water to material 34:1. Under these conditions,the yield of the polysaccharides is up to 4.27%.

Superoxide anion radical scavenging capacities of enzymatic hydrolysates from crucian meat pretreated by different conditions were measured,which was hydrolyzed by papain,nutrase,alcalase and pepsin respectively. The experimental results showed that the nutrase hydrolysate from undefatted and undenatured material has the strongest scavenging superoxide anion radical capacity. And its excellent antioxidant activity was confirmed by the experimental results of scavenging DPPH· radical capacity,reducing power,and antioxidation effects on lipid.

By spectrophotometric method,effects of some factors on extraction rate of flavaoids from water chestnut were studied. The orthogonal design of L9(34) was used to confirm the optimal technological parameters. The results showed that the content of total flavonoids in water chestnut is 0.8621%,and the optimum conditions of ethanol extraction are obtained as follows:extracting material with 50-times 60% ethalnol at 70℃ for 3 h.

The polysaccharides from Phyllostachys pubescens leaves were purified by DEAE-52 cellulose column chromatography and Sephadex G-75 glucan gel column chromatography successively,and a kind of polysaccharide named as BPS11 was obtained. In order to study the physicochemical characteristics of the polysaccharide,ultra violet spectroscopy（UV） ,thin-layer chromatography（TLC） and gas chromatography（GC） were employed. Results showed that the components of the polysaccharide include an unknown monosacchride,rhamnose,arabinose,xylose,mannose,glucose and galatose with contents of 0.50%,4.42%,13.90%,6.63%,11.49%,46.06% and 17.00%,respectively. These are remarkably different from data reported in the past literatures.

Effects of riboflavin-phosphorus oxychloride-water ratio,phosphorylation reaction time,and reaction temperature on preparation of riboflavin sodium phosphate were investigated. The results showed that reaction product of riboflavin and 4-times moles of phosphorus oxychloride reacting for 2 h at about 35 ℃ in the mixture of pyridine and acetonitrile as a solvent is hydrolyzed and then neutralized with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution,and then more than 75% riboflavin sodium phosphate is obtained.

The purification of chlorogenic acid(CA) from sunflower seed meal with four kinds of commercial macroporous resins was studied.Results showed that HPD400 is the optimal resin owing to its bigger adsorption ratio and bigger desorption ratio. The adsorption characteristics of HPD400 resin were studied. It was found that the best conditions are adjusting CA concentration 2 mg/ml in sample at pH 3.0 and taking 40% ethanol at pH 6 as eluent.

This study aimed at preparation of cross-linked corn starch with sodium trimetaphosophate as cross-linking agent. Effects of sodium trimetaphosophatethe amount,pH,reaction temperature and time on degree of cross-linking were studied. Results showed that the optimal conditions for preparing cross-linked corn starch are sodium trimetaphosophate amount 1.5%,pH 10.25,reaction time 1.5 h and temperature 50 ℃.

Objective:To study the extraction process of effective components for scavenging free radical from Polygonum multiglorum Thunb. Methods:Response surface methodology(RSM) was applied to study effects of extraction temperature,ethanol concentration,extraction time and solid to liquid ratio on extraction yield of anthraquinone and stilbene glycoside as well as clearance rate of the extracts to DPPH radical. Results:The optimal extraction conditions are:temperature 62 ℃,ethanol concentration 81%,extraction time 60 min and solid to liquid ratio 10:1. Under these conditions,the yields of anthraquinone and stilbene glycoside are 1.06% and 5.03% respectively,and the clearance rate to DPPH is 58.7%.

This study aimed to establish the process route of zero-discharge of distiller grains in liquor. Through the investigations of extraction parameters of distiller grains with alcohol,recovery process parameters of phytin and enrichment conditions of nutritional components,the zero-discharge route of distiller grains in liquor is determined as follows:firstly,extracting distiller grains with edible alcohol and filtrating the deposit for obtaining the nutrients;secondly,extracting distiller grains with acid solution and then adjusting pH value to collect the phytin deposit and purified rice husk as well;and lastly,distilling the extracted alcohol to produce the distiller grains liquor. By this way,the spent grains are made the best use,and zero-discharge is achieved.

A red pigment was extracted from Rhododendron delavayi Franch by resins method,and its characteristics were studied. The results showed that HPD-200 resin has the best performance of absorbing the red pigment. 75% Ethanol solution is optimal for desorbing the adsorbed pigment. After being used for 20 times repeatedly,the adsorption rate of HPD-200 resin is only at a loss of 1.4%. The pigment is stable to acidity,light,heating and common food additives. As a natural plant pigment from Rhododendron delavayi Franch,it has high value of development and utilization for the characteristics of low cost and easy availability,safety and reliability as well as convenience to use.

Garlic powder was prepared by microwave-vacuum and vacuum drying,and then was microencapsulated in order to protect alliinase activity throughout human stomach and improve ratio of alliin transforming into allicin. Studies on the release kinetics of microencapsulated garlic granulates in vitro in simulated intestinal fluid indicated that release of garlic powder can be controlled in intestine by the human stomach condition,which it passes through scanning electron microscope revealed that wall materisals are of good integrity,and core materials are well embedded in the microcapsules. Storage stability of microencapsulated garlic powder was compared with common garlic powder. The glass-transition temperatures of common garlic powder and microencapsulated garlic powder measured by DSC are -2.9 ℃ and 112 ℃ separately. So microencapsulated garlic powder has good storage stability. The thiosulfinates retention of microencapsulated garlic powder remains above 95% after 10 month storage.

This study aimed to improve lingering bitterness of steviosides by enzymatically modifying steviosides with α-amylase and cyclodextrin glucanotransferase(CGTase) and to optimize the parameters of enzymatic modification process. The obtained process flow is starch hydrolysis → enzymatic modification → decoloration → purification with resin → spraydrying,where the enzymatic modification is the key step. The parameters in the above flow were investigated respectively,including concentration of starch,temperature,pH,enzymes amounts and ratio of starch to steviosides.

The dried products of spinach,pot herb mustard and carrot were obtained by hot air drying,vacuum drying and freeze-drying respectively,and the effects of the three drying methods on their qualities,such as rehydration properties,color and nutrition indexes,were studied. The results showed that the qualities of freeze-drying products are the best with puffed texture,the highest rehydration ratio and the better color. But the hot air drying products have poor quality properties,such as the lowest VC,caroteniods and chlorophylls contents and the biggest density. The quality of carrot product is better than that of spinach or pot herb mustard.

In the present research,hot water was applied as solvent to extract the polysaccharide from Xinjiang black mulberry fruit,and the technological parameters were optimized by the means of orthogonal test design. The effect on the extraction rate of the polysaccharides from high to low is processing time,solid-liquid-ratio,extractive temperature and extractive times. The optimal extraction conditions are temperature 70 ℃,time 2 hours,extraction times 3 and solid-liquid-ratio 1:30. Under these conditions,the extraction rate of the polysaccharides from Xinjiang black mulberry fruit is 3.24%.

On the basis of single-factor test,the ultrasound-assisted extraction process parameters of flavonoids from Eucommia ulmoides staminate flower were optimized by the quadratic general spinning design on ethanol concentration,extraction time and ultrasonic power. The results showed that the optimal parameters are as follows:the ethanol concentration 60%,the extraction time 34 min and the ultrasonic power 320 W. Under these conditions,the actual extraction rate of the flavonoids is 13.13 mg/g,consistent with the prediction value. Among the three factors,the alcohol concentration most significantly affects on the extraction rate,followed by the ultrasonic power and the extraction time,and no interaction exists among them.

The process parameters for preparing liposomal propolis flavone extract were preliminarily optimized using uniform design with mean diameter of liposome,encapsulation efficiency,and storage stability of liposome as major indexes. Based on in vitro controlled release characteristics of liposomal propolis flavone extract,its optimum preparation conditions are determined as follows:egg lecithin 500 mg,cholesterol 80 mg,propolis 100 mg,rotary evaporating temperature 45 ℃,phosphate buffer solution(pH 7.4) 25 ml and ultrasonic treatment time 25 min. The resultant liposomal propolis flavone extract shows an encapsulation efficiency of 86.6% with a mean diameter of 104.78 nm and a percentage encapsulation efficiency retention rate of 77.0%.

Four extraction technologies were compared for extracting capsaicin from dried capsicums powder. The results showed that the optimal extraction process is extracting the raw material with 70% ethanol,and then extracting with ethyl acetate after vacuum concentration .The colour value of capsaicin extract is 28.65,its yield is 0.163%,and the purity is 6.279%. The residue of 70% ethanol extraction was further extracted by ethyl acetate. Almost no capsaicin is found in vacuum concentrate of the residue. Its colour value is the highest,up to 146.25. So capsaicin is extracted fully.

The extraction technology of flavonoids from Robinia persudoscacia seeds was studied using quadratic general spinning design. The results showed that the extraction rate of flavonoids is mostly influenced by ethanol concentration,followed by microwave power,time and material to liquid ratio. The ethanol concentration and microwave power and the interaction between them have most significant effects on the extraction rate of flavonoids,and the effect of the microwave time takes second place,but the material to liquid ratio has no significant effect. The optimum process parameters are ethanol concentration 60%,microwave power 800 W,extraction time 40 s and material to liquid ratio 1:30. Under these conditions,the theory extraction rate of flavonoids from Robinia persudoscacia seeds is 31.99 mg/g. The result of verification experiment is 31.47 mg/g,close to that.

This study aimed at the chelation technology of sodium selenite and compound L-amino acid from soybean meal by enzymatic hydrolysis. The results showed that optimum enzymatic hydrolysis condition for compound L-amino acid are as follows:ratio of material to liquid 1:25(W/V) ,pH 8.5 and hydrolysis time 4 h of 10%(addition amount) trypsin and 8%(addition amount) papain respectively. Under these conditions the hydrolysis rate is 39.61%. The optimum chelation conditions for compound L-amino acid and sodium selenite are determined through orthogonal test as follows:chelation temperature 80 ℃,pH 9.0 and molar ratio between them 2:1. The chelation ratio is 43.28% under these conditions. Finally the chelation of complex L-amino acid and sodium selenite is confirmed by infrared spectroscopy.

On the basis of single factor test,the extraction process of polyphenol from filamentous fungi Lachnum singerianum YM-82 was researched by orthogonal test through the absorbance determined at the typical peak. The results showed that the optimal conditions are as follows:concentration of ethanol 80%,ratio of liquid to solid 50:1 and time 4 h. The antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of polyphenol from L. singerianum YM-82 were evaluated using hydroxyal radical,superoxide anion radical and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) in vitro model systems. The results showed that the polyphenol has strong antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. The reducing power of the polyphenol of 21 μg/ml is stronger than that of 25 mg/ml VC. The clearance rate to DPPH· of the polyphenol is 33.08% at 24.7 μg/ml concentration,1.18 times of that of 30 mg/ml VC,and the clearance rate to hydroxyal radical of the polyphenol is 63.8% at 22 μg/ml concentration,significantly higher than that of 50 mg/ml VC system.

Objective:Comparing the different ways of enriching selenium(Se) for barley seedling and mensurating the Se content in the Se-enriched barley seedlings. Methods:Barley se-edlings were cutivated with water and enriched Se by soaking seeds with Se,cultivating after sprouting with Se and cultivating in the whole process with Se. The Se enriched in barley seedling was assayed by atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Results:The barley seedlings cultivated with Se-after sprouting grow well when Na2SeO3 concentration is below 50 mg/L. The Se content is the highest when adding Na2SeO3 after sprouting. The organic Se content and the total Se content of the barley seedling are as 8.05 times and 4.97 times as that of control respectively when Na2SeO3 concentration is 30 mg/L. The barley seedlings grow slowly when Se is added in the whole process. Conclusion:Eriching Se with 30 mg/L Na2SeO3 after sprouting is the best way.

Objective:To optimize the microvave-extraction procedure of antibacterial components from Aspergillus niger xj. Methods:Extraction procedure was screened by orthogonal test according to the inhibiting zones diameter,which was measured through filter paper method using Agrobacterium tumefaciens T-37 as indicator. Results:The optimized extraction conditions are as follows:distilled water 20 ml,solid-liquid ratio 1:200,and treating for 3 min with middle fire power of micro -wave. Conclusion :The inhibiting zone diameter reaches 40.86 mm. The procedure is very simple and feasible,which can be used as reference of production.

Using hazelnut which is one of the northeast specialties as raw material,the technical conditions for aqueous enzymatic extraction of hazelunt oil were studied. Based on single factor test,the best conditions of aqueous enzymatic extraction of hazelunt oil by orthogonal test are determined as follows:pH 7.5,temperature of enzymatic hydrolysis 45 ℃,dosage of enzyme added 2%,and the ratio of material to water 1:5. Under these conditions,the extraction rate is 85.2%. The hazelnut oil obtained by aqueous enzymatic method is yellow,limpid and transparent.

The experiment was designed to study the extraction conditions of water soluble polysaccharides from fresh Flammulina velutipes. The experimental results showed that the optimum technological conditions are solid-liquid ratio 1:30,temperature 90 ℃,extraction time 4 h,times of extraction 2 and pH 7. Under these conditions,the extraction yield is up to 1.63%.

The technology of enzymatic extraction of concentrated protein from corn gluten meal(CGM) was optimized by mono-factor test and response surface methodology.The results showed that the optimum conditions are as follows:ratio of solid to liquid 1:4,enzyme amount 36 U α-amylase/g CGM,temperature 40 ℃,pH 6.2 and enzymatic hydrolysis time 90 min. Under these conditions,the purity of CGM concentrated protein reaches 78.96%,and its yield is 80.13%.

Protein was extracted from mung bean by water. The effects on protein extraction rate by the factors,such as pH,temperature and addition amount of water,were studied. By the orthogonal test,the optimal conditions are determined as follows:pH 12,temperature 30 ℃ and addition amount of water 10 ml /g mung bean. The protein yield is 108.4824 mg/g dried mung bean under the optimal conditions.

The extraction technolgy of insoluble dietary fiber from pear pomace by alkali solution was investigated. The effects of ratio between material,and solution,concentration of alkali,temperature and time on the extraction ratio were studied. The optimal extractions conditions were obtained by L9(34) orthogonal methodology. The water holding capability and hydration capability of finished product are 10.23 gram water and 6.67 ml per gram product,respectively.

To prepare the azithromycin liposome with the granule soybean lecithin,the reversed-evaporation combined with freeze-thawing method was adopted. The entrapment efficiency of azithromycin liposome was determined by reverse dialysis method with HPLC for analyzing its amount. The effects of proportion of components in azithromycin liposome and hydration medium on the entrapment efficiency were studied. The optimum preparation conditions of the azithromycin liposome are:temperature 38 ℃,ratio of azithromycin to lecithin 1:20,ratio of azithromycin to the cholesterol 1:2.5 and 20 ml phosphate buffer solution as hydration medium. Under these conditions,the entrapment efficiency of azithromycin liposome is72.86% . This method is accurate and applicable for the preparation of azithromycin liposome with good stability.

Change law of ascorbic acid(AA) and dehydroascorbic acid(DHA) in Chinese date juice during processing were studied through determinming their retention rates in the operating steps of microwave softening,soaking and sterilizing. The results showed that retention rates of AA and DHA are higher in microwave softening. In soaking step,the retention effect of 0.03%(NaPO3) 6 on AA and DHA is the best,followed by 0.07% tea polyphenol. 10-min Sterilization is available for retention of AA and DHA.

The approach,water immersion extraction,was used to extract flavonoids compounds from Pteris multifida Poir. The content of total flavonoids in Pteris multifida Poir was determined by spectrophotometric methods.

The optimal process of extracting polysaccharides from Flammuling velutipes(Cart.) Sing was studied by single factor test and orthogonal test. The results showed that the optimum conditions for extracting the polysaccharides assisted by ultrasonic wave are as follow:material-liquid ratio 1:100,ultrasonic power 80 W,pH 8.0 and extraction time 10 minutes. The ultrasonic extraction method is better than the hot water extraction method,owing to higher extraction rate.

Based on single factor tests,the optimum extraction conditions of red pigment from Zingiber strioatum were determined by orthogonal test. The results of orthogonal test showed that the optimum extracting conditions are as follows:extraction temperature 60 ℃,time 30 minutes and proportion of material to 70% ethanol at pH 1 1:150. The effects of different conditions such as light,carbohydrates,preservatives,oxidant and metallic ions on the stability of the pigment were also discussed. This red pigment is less stable to sodium benzoate,potassium sorbate,H2O2 and Fe3+,but has good stability under the other conditions.

The effects of temperature and addition amounts of glucose,glucono-delta-lactone(GDL) and salt on growth of latic acid bacteria in fermented sauage were studied,and the optimal ripening technology was investigated by sensory analysis. The optimal parameters are fermentation temperature 32℃,glucose 0.92%,salt 2.16% and GDL 1.04%,as well as ripening temperature 12 ℃. The residual of nitrite is 8.4 mg/kg in finished product,according with China national standard for sausage.

Dietary fibre was extracted from wheat bran in order to hydrolyze starch and protein using α-amylase and alkaline protease,respectively. By orthogonal tests,the optimal enzymatic reaction conditions for α-amylase are as following:α-amylase addition 3%([E]/[S]) ,90 ℃,and hydrolysis time 2 h. Alkaline protease was selected as the optimal commerical protease to hydrolyze the wheat bran protein. The optimal reaction conditions of alkaline protease are as following enzyme addition 1.4%([E]/[S]) ,60 ℃ and hydrolysis time 1.5 h. The extraction rate of dietary fibre from wheat bran reaches 77.6% under the above optimal enzymatic conditions.

The adsorption rates and desorption effects of different resins on Vaccinium corymbosum fruit pigment,as well as the elution effects of different eluents were studied,and then the extraction technology of pigment with resin from Vaccinium corymbosum fruit was determined. The properties of the pigment were analyzed as well.The results showed that D101-A resin has better adsorption and desorption effects on the pigment.100-min Elution with 60% ethanol is optimal for the pigment. The colority E(1% and 537 nm) of the product is 42,and its yield is 0.256%. After using D101-A resin for 20 times repeatedly,the absorption rate is only at a loss of 1.24%. The pigment has good water solubility and stability to acid solution(pH ≤4) ,light,hear(lower that 80℃) and low concentration food additives.

Objective:To optimize the technical parameters of separation and purification of total phenolic acid from Phragmites communis Trin. by macroporous resin. Methods:Based on desorption effect on total phenolic acid,the adsorption capability and desorption parameter were studied. Results:The optimum macroporous resin is HPD500,which has good regeneration ability and adsorption process according with Langmuir equation. 80% Ethanol at pH 8 was taken as desorption solution,and 9.8% purity forulic acid sample is obtained. Conclusion:HPD500 macroporous resins is feasible to separate and purify total phenolic acid from Phragmites communis Trin.

The objective of this study was to obtain the best preparation process of octenyl succinic anhydride modified starch,(OSA starch) ,taking slightly hydrolyzed starch as raw material and degree of substitution(DS) as evaluation index. Five parameters in the process,namely initial starch slurry concentration,pH,reaction temperature,reaction time and anhydrides concentration were investigated. Single-factor and orthogonal test results showed that the optimal parameters are initial starch slurry concentration 50%,pH 8.5,reaction temperature 35 ℃and reaction time 4 h,respectively. The DS of octenyl succinic anhydride modified starch under these conditions is 0.0495. The structures of the octenyl succinic anhydride modified starch are verified by infrared spectrum analysis. Using it as emulsifier for the microencapsulation of docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) spirulina oil,good results are obtained.

In the alkali extraction and acid precipitation process of protein from hazelnut,effects of concentration and temperature on the functional properties of the protein were investigated,and its isoelectric point was determined. The optimal preparation conditions of the protein are as follows:solid-liquid ratio 1:6,40 ℃ alkali extraction at pH 8.0 for 0.5 h and acid precipitation at pH 4.5. Its foamability is the highest at the concentration of 4%,with the highest foam stability and emulsibility at the concentration of 2%. The emulsion stability is hardly affected by standing temperature. The oil adsorption ability is 3.72 ml/g. The protein dispersibility index(PDI) is the highest at 50 ℃,while the PDI value decreases above 50 ℃,keeping stable above 70 ℃. The water holding capacity attains the highest on the conditions of 1% concentration,60 ℃ and 1.5 hours. Its isoelectric point is measured to be 4.52.

The best process for extracting protein from rice residue with enzyme was determined by orthogonal test. The protein content of obtained protein powder is 80.1%,and the yield rate is 55.6%. Its solubility is good. Then the obtained protein powder was used as microcapsule wall material to prepare powdered oil with high rice protein content. The product was detected,scanned by electron microscope and evaluated. The results showed that the protein content of prepared microcapsule is 26.5%,the fat content 26.7%,the surface oil content 2.5% and the embedded rate 95.1%. The surface of the microcapsule is smooth,no layer phenomenon,as well as no particles being linked to the wall. The indexes meet the qualification of powdered milk for feeding.

The polysaccharides were extracted from Morinda officinalis How by pretreatment of cellulose,and were further purified by ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. The optimal conditions for pretreatment of cellulose are determined by orthogonal test as follows:amount of cellulase 8 mg/g,pH 5.0,hydrolysis temperature 40 ℃ and hydrolysis time 2 h. Three fractions,namely MOPI-1,MOPI-2 and MOPI-3 are obtained using the step gradient elution manner on DEAE-Sephrose CL-6B column,and then the MOPI-2 and MOPI-3 fractions were purified by the gel filtration chromatography with Sephadex G-50. An uniform fraction named as MOPI-3a is obtained from MOPI-3,while two fractions named as MOPI-2a and MOPI-2b are obtained from MOPI-2.

Combined with central composite experimental design principle,response surface methodology was used to optimize the technical parameters for keeping Paphia undulata alive at low temperature on the basis of single factor test. Results showed that the optimum parameters are as follows:temperature-1 ℃,relative humidity 100% and seawater density 1.012×103 kg/m3. The livability is 99.125% under these conditions,and the actual livability is 97.8%±0.4472% by verification experiment.

The crude polysaccharides of wild Natural Boletus were extracted by hot water and deposited by ethanol. DEAE Cellulose column chromatography was used for polysaccharides purification after the protein was removed by Seveg method,and four kinds of polysaccharides named as Nb-I,Nb-II,Nb-III and Nb-Ⅳ were separated. Infrared spectrum analysis showed that Nb-Ⅰis β-D-glucopyranose containing glucuronic acid,and Sepharose CL-4B method showed that molecular weight of NbI is 4.0×104. Both crude polysaccharides and Nb-Ⅰhave total antioxidation activity(T-AOC) ,and that of Nb-Ⅰis higher.

The optimum size of wheat germ is 40 mesh for extracting oil from it,and 90-second microwave heating for wheat germ is beneficial to the oil extraction. The optimum production conditions of wheat germ oil with immobilized cellulase and immobilized proteinase are as follows:ratio of immobilized celluase to immobilized proteinase 6:1,hydrolysis time 6 hours to 8 hours,pH 6.0 and 60 ℃. Under these conditions,the yield of wheat germ oil is about 71.6%.

Objective:To study the supercritical CO2 fluid extraction conditions of 10-deacetyl baccatin Ⅲ(10-DBA Ⅲ) from Taxus chinensis with ethanol as entrainer . Methods:Effects of extraction time,pressure,temperature and entrainer amount on extraction quantity of 10-DBA Ⅲ,and they were optimized by orthogonal test. Results:The optimal extraction conditions of 10-DAB Ⅲ are as follows:extract temperature 50 ℃,pressure 20 MPa,time 150 minutes and amount of ethanol 20 ml/200 g material. The maximum extraction rate of 10-DBA Ⅲ is 443.342μg/g.

Under different characteristics of orange juice and variable conditions of equipment,effects of ultrasound on total number of colonies in orange juice were investigated. The results of orthogonal test showed that the optimum conditions of sterilization are sterilization time 13 minutes,amplitude 70%,pulse on time 30 seconds,pulse off time 25 seconds and orange juice volume 50 ml. The results of analysis of variance showed that the effects of sterilization time,amplitude,pulse time and orange juice volume on sterilization rate are significant(p<0.01) . Compared with heat sterilization,the time of ultrasound sterilizationi ss horter.

Refining process of peony seed oil and changes of its physicochemical characteristics during the process were analyzed in this study. The results showed that the gum content and acid value are reduced obviously after hydration degumming and alkali refining deacidification,and the lecithoid content in degummed oil and acid value are 0.017 g/100g and 0.33 mg KOH/g respectively in deacidified oil. Decoloring rate is high under double-decoloring process of activated clay. The deacidified oil is clear and yellowy. The peroxid was reduced during the decoloring process,and lecithoid is cut down to lower level at the same time. Iodine value,saponification value and refraction index are not changed ultimately in refining process,and the components and contents of fatty acid suffer little effects.

Using five-factor and four-level orthogonal test,the characteristics of HPD300 macroporous resin for purifying flavonoids of Fortunella margarita were studied. The results showed the HPD300 macroporous resin has better purifying ability for the flavonoids. On the conditions of crude flavonoids solution pH 4.5,adsorption time 4 h,ratio of 80 % ethanol(desorption solution) volume to the resin weight 25:1 and desorption time 2 h,the recovery rate of the flavonoids is 75.6 %,and the purity is 38.2%.

The study aimed at the technology development of extration and purification of balsam pear total saponins by means of pressurized column chromatography. Four parameters including extraction temperature,extraction time,concentration of alcohol(extraction solvent) and ratio of solid weight to liquid volum were researched by orthogonal test design. Their optimized results are as follows:concentration of alcohol 80%(V/V) ,extraction temperature 80 ℃,extraction time 2 h and ratio of solid to liquid 1:20. Their effect order on extraction is,concentration of alcohol > ratio of solid to liquid > extraction time > extraction temperature. Then,the pressurized column filled with AB-8 resin was used to purify crude extracts balsam pear total saponins. Under the conditions of adsorption time 20 h,the solution flow 2 ml/min,elution time 60 min,ethanol concentration of eluant 80 % and eluant flow 2 ml/min,the purity of the total saponins is 48%.

The effects of main processing parameters(drying temperature,wind velocity and material density) on drying rate,unit energy consumption as well as the main nutrient components of cooked sweet potatoes during hot-air drying were studied,adopting central composite rotatable design and respond surface methodology. The correlative statistical mathematical models were established,and then the air-drying process parameters of cooked sweet potatoes were optimized. The optimal process parameters are as follows:drying temperature 73.89 ℃,wind velocity 4.91 m/s and material density 2.54 kg/m2. Under these drying conditions,the drying rate is 1046.333 g/min,and the unit energy consumption is 0.583 W/g. The contents of starch,reducing sugar,protein,fiber and VC in obtained sample are 50.435 %,29.428 %,6.288 %,6.271% and 2.509 mg/100 g respectively,and the comprehensive index is 5.026863.

The optimal extraction conditions of ginger polysaccharide were studied using cellulase,papain and pactic enzyme simultaneously. The results indicated that by 1.0% cellulase,0.5% pectic enzyme plus 2.0% papin,under the conditions of extraction temperature 50 ℃,extraction time 60 min and pH 4.5,the extraction rate of ginger polysaccharide is the highest,272.69mg/g,and its purity is 69.8%.

With alliinase activity determined by pyruvic acid method as index,the deodorization effects of different techniques were investigated,which were ultra high pressure and traditional technologies. With the deodoried garlic by ultra high pressure as material,garlic catsup was developed. The results showed that the treatment of above 500 MPa for 10 minutes has significant inactivation effect on alliinase with little effect of pressure-holding time. The optimal compositions of garlic catsup are citric acid 0.05 %,lactic acid 0.02 %,acetic acid 0.8 %,malic acid 0.08 %,salt 6 %,monosodium glutamate 0.8 % and pimiento 8%.

Jujube dates were extracted with water,and then 95% ethanol was used to remove proteins and polysaccharides from the extraction in order to separate and purify oligosaccharide. By sephadex-G15 column chromatography,fractionⅠand Ⅱ were obtained from the extracts. According to HPLC analysis,the average molecular weight of oligosaccharide is estimated to be 3951. The result of IR spectrometry showed that it is a pyranose.

Microencapsulation technology of pig bone oil was studied. The bone oil powder was made into soup seasoning and the optimum formula was investgated. With encapsulation efficiency as the main evaluating index,the optimum compositions of wall for microencapsulation of bone oil are determined as followed:proportion of soybean protein isolate to malt dextrin 0. 76:1,xanthan concentration 0.5%(W/V) ,ratio of wall-material to core-material 1:1. The optimum formula of seasoning powder is bone oil powder 25%,dextrin 45%,salt 23.5%,onion powder 6%,ginger powder 2.5% and pepper powder 0.02%.

The ultrasonic extraction method was used for extracting yellow pigment from Phellodendron chinense Schneid. bark. The yellow pigment has the maximum absorption at 335-nm wavelength. The optimum extraction solvent is alcohol. The optimum extraction conditions are as follows:concentration of solvent 60%,pH 3 to 7 and extraction temperature 0 ℃. The pigment is quite stable,lightfast,heatproof and hardly affected by common food additives as well as Na+,Cu2+,Mg2+ and Ca2+.

Based on single factor tests,extraction conditions of protein from Phaseolus vulgaris were discussed and the optimum extraction conditions were determined by orthogonal test. The results of orthogonal test showed that the optimum extraction conditions are as follows:temperature 40 ℃,extraction time 60 minutes and proportion of materials to 0.067 mol/L PBS at pH 10.0 1:20. The application of ultra filtration technology in purification of protein was also discussed. On the conditions of pressure 0.3 MPa,pump power 20% and solution at pH 10.0,concentration 4% after four times ultra filtration,the protein purity is up to 85%.

Spray-drying was employed for microencapsulation of Hovenia dulcis Thunb. seed oil in this study. The results showed that the best material compositions for the microencapsulation are as follows:mass ratio of gelatin to β-cyclodextrin 1:6,wall material to water 15:85 and core material to wall material 1:3.5 as well as complex additive amount 10%. The optimum processing parameters for the microencapsulation are as follows:ultrasonic emulsification time 10 min,homogeneous pressure 30 MPa,outlet temperature 160 ℃ and inlet temperature 80 ℃. Under the optimal conditions,the embedding rate is 88.89%,and microencapsulation efficiency is 90.83%. The microcapsule particles of Hovenia dulcis Thunb. seed oil are spherical,smooth,evenly distributed and orderly arranged,with sizes between 8μ m and 10μ m.

Peanut meal was hydrolyzed with acid protease and papain,and the removal effects of limewater,polyvinyrrolidone,chlorine dioxide,sodium hypochlorite,sodium sulfite and ammonia water on aflatoxin B1 in the hydrolysate were investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method respectively. The results showed that the six chemicals all have certain removal effects on aflatoxin B1. The treatment of 1% limewater for 8 h has the best detoxication effect,with detoxication rate 95.76%. Therefore,limewater is the best detoxifier of aflatoxin B1 in peanut meal among the six chemicals.

Objective:To optimize enzymolysis technology of codfish protein to obtain active peptide and determine antioxidant abilities of the hydrolysate. Methods:Effects of temperature,pH,hydrolysis time and concentration ratio of enzyme to substrate([E]/[S]) on content of peptides from protein hydrolyzed with Alcalase 2.4L were studied. And the optimization of the hydrolysis conditions was made by quadratic rotation design. The antioxidant abilities of the hydrolysate were evaluated by measuring free radicals scavenging ability.Results:The results showed that the optimum conditions of hydrolysis with Alcalase 2.4L are pH 8,ratio of fish flesh to water 1:8(m/V) ,hydrolysis time 3 h and temperature 65 ℃ and [E]/[S] 0.3%. The scavenging rates to hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical of the hydrolysate with degree of hydrolysis 38.46% are 56.34% and 41.56% respectively. Conclusion:The results establish the theory basis for the application of codfish.

In order to improve enzyme activity of inulinase produced by Kluyveromyces marxianus by solid-state fermentation,using full factorial design(FFD) and central composite design(CCD) ,the factors affecting fermentation were optimized on the basis of single factor tests. The predictive polynomial quadratic equations model was developed by response surface analysis. The optimal conditions for fermentation are original Jerusalem artichoke root powder 3.62%,corn syrup powder 2.40% and temperature 28.13 ℃. The maximum response value of model prediction is 314.71 U/g ds. The average inulinase activity of triplicate experiments is 316.35 U/g ds under the optimal conditions. They are basically identical.

Main factors affecting exo-polysaccharides(EPS) synthesis by Lactobacillus bulgaricus,such as culture temperature,pH,inoculation amount and carbon sources,were discussed. Higher yield of EPS can be achieved under the conditions of culture temperature 40 ℃,pH 6,inoculation amount 2% and glucose used as carbon source. The EPS has some biological functions,can endow mice with strong stamina and resistance to anoxia by gavage,and also can promote growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus.

The mixed culture system of Staphyloccus auricularis C131,Dabaryomyces hansenii Y163 and Lactobacillus sake L04 was construct for production of Rugao sausage. As the amount of C131 increases,the interaction between L04 and C131 weakens. When mixture of L04,C131 and Y163 with their ratio of 1:2:1 or 1:4:1 is incubated in simulative broth medium with 0.1 g/L NaNO2 at 30 ℃ for 24 hours and 12 hours respectively,and pH values of the mixed culture liquid are 4.8 and 5.6 respectively,the total amount of bacteria reaches maximum. When the two kinds of mixtures were used for Rugao sausage,the obtained products are of excellent quality with moderate acidity.

In this study,the effects of millet extracts and several dietary constituents individually(reducing sugars,free amino nitrogen) on the viability of L. plantarum,L.casei and L. acidophilus strains during exposure to 0.3% bile for 4 h in a phosphate-saline buffer at pH 7 were investigated to identify the physicochemical factors that can generally improve the viability of Lactobacillus under bile condition. The results indicated that millet extracts exhibit significant protective effects on the viability of L.plantarum,L.casei and L.acidophilus under bile condition,which is mainly attributed to soluble sugars presence in the millet extracts. The presence of free amino nitrogen in the millet extracts also increases Lactobacillus resistance to bile but to a lesser extent of glucose .

Objective:To investigate the effects of benzo [a] pyrene(BaP) on expression of XPA and XPC genes involved in DNA repair of A549 cells. Methods:A549 cells were exposed to different concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene(1,5,10,50 and 100μmol/L BaP) for 24 h. Cell survival was measured using MTT assay,and mRNA expression levels of XPA and XPC genes of the cells were detected using real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Results:A549 cells growth rates significantly decrease growth rate compared with the group not exposed to BaP. And the mRNA expression levels of XPA and XPC genes significanty decreased compared with the group not exposed to BaP. Conclusion:Benzo[a]pyrene could repress mRNA expressions of XPA and XPC genes in DNA repair of A549 cells.

In this study,the shake flask fermentation condition for producingβ-glycosidase by fusion strains of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae were optimized by orthogonal test. The results showed that the optimum conditions are rotational rate 180 r/min,fermentation temperature 27 ℃,inoculation amount 12%,medium volume 20 ml/250-ml shake flask and fermentation period 7 days. By these,the activity of β-glucosidase reaches 5.312 U/ml.

Based on single-factor test,the central composite design was performed on three levels of the factors including incubation time,incubation temperature and pH,and the quadric regression model for activity conditions(the above three factors) of the acetylcholinesterase(AChE) was established,which was extracted from crucian brain,liver or muscle. The model was fitted well and the optimum combination was obtained by response surface analysis. Results indicated that incubation time,incubation temperature and pH significantly affect the activity of AChE. For brain AChE,they are 35 min,32 ℃ and 7.6 respectively. For live AChE,they are 28 min,30 ℃ and 7.6 respectively. For brain AChE,they are 31 min,31 ℃ and 7.6 respectively.

Activities variations of four extracellular enzymes from Lentinula edodes by submerged fermentation were studied. And the relationship between mycelium growth of Lentinula edodes and activities of the enzymes was investigated. The results showed that changing trends of activities of the enzymes degrading carbohydrate are similar basically. Activities of all the enzymes show two peak values during the whole fermentation,and the second peak value is higher than the first one. The obvious relationship between mycelium growth and enzyme activity exists. The maximum mycelium growth appears on the 14th day and the maximum activities of the enzyme degrading carbohydrate appear on the 13th to 14th day.

Choosing soluble starch,glucose,sucrose,maltose,lactose and β-cyclodextrin as carbon sources of A. niger to produce glucoamulase,their effects on the activity of glucoamulase were studied. The results showed that the glucoamylase activity is the highest,reaching 350.34±14.06 U/ml,when soluble starch was used as carbon source,followed by glucose,sucrose and maltose in turn(no significant difference at 0.05 probability level among them) . The glucoamylase activity by lactose is less than that by sucrose or maltose. Almost no glucoamylase is produced when β-cyclodextrin is used as carbon source. The results of mycelia biomass of A. niger showed that A. niger can assimilate starch,glucose,sucrose and maltose apart from β-cyclodextrin.

Cultivation characteristics of two Cordyceps sinensis vegetatives including Cordyceps kyushuensis and Cordyceps militaris were compared with each other by solid culture method. The results showed that both of them vary obviously in colony diameter in different media and are more selective to carbon than nitrogen. The suitable temperatures for their growth are both between 20℃ to 28℃.

The production conditions for astaxanthin by Phaffia rhodozyma CS0217 were investigated. The results showed that the optimal medium compositions are glucose 2.5 %,fructose 2 % and yeast extract 0.5 %,and the optimal conditions for producing astaxanthin are initial pH 8.0,inoculum size 20 % and rotational speed 160 r/min. After 168 h fermentation,the productivity of astaxanthin is 9414μg/L.

A suitable liquid medium for shaking culture of Kunyu Mountain Pholiota adipose(wild-type) was screened using single test statistics. Composition of the medium includs of 5.0 % corn meal,2.0 % wheat bran,0.1% KH2PO4,0.05 % MgSO·4 7 H2O and 100μg VB1/L;Under the conditions of pH 6.0～7.5,10 % inoculation,26 ℃ to 27 ℃,160 r/min and 150 ml medium in 500 ml flask,the recovered dried mycelium is 45 g/L.

Rapeseed meal was used to produce peptide with Bacillus subtilis by solid-state fermentation. Taking rapeseed peptide yield as well as indexes soluble nitrogen and amino acid nitrogen,the medium conditions,such as initial pH,solid-liquid ratio,glucose concentration and KH2PO4 concentration were investigated by single factor test,and then the regression equation on rapeseed peptide yield versus the above mentioned factors was established to optimize the medium conditions. Results showed that the optimal conditions are as follows:solid-liquid ratio 1:2.35,initial pH 6.5 and concentrations of both glucose and KH2PO4 2.6 %. Under these conditions,rapeseed peptide yield reaches 11.43 % in theory .The measurement results of molecular weight distribution of rapeseed protein peptide in fermentation liquor showed that some new low molecular weight rapeseed peptides are produced during solid-state fermentation.

The plate cultivation method was adopted to observe the effects of fatty acids with different saturations on the mycelial growth of activated strains 1012 of Pleurotu sostreatus in the present study. Results showed that saturated fatty acid and emulsifier(stearic monoglyceride plus stearic sucrose ester) can shorten the intermission of inoculum bourgeon,and the growth velocity of mycelium and their colonial morphologies are remarkably different in media containing fatty acid with different saturations. Unsaturated fatty acid can increase the amounts of branches of the mycelium to make the colony denser,namely promoting the mycelium growth vertically. The colony density decreases in the order of PUFA(polyunsaturated fatty acid) > MUFA(monounsaturated fatty acid) > SFA(saturated fatty acid) > CK(basal medium) . Polyunsaturated fatty acid also can accelerate the mycelium growth horizontally in compare with the other fatty acids,but no difference to the basal culture. The results confirmed that the components of fatty acid have great effects on the mycelium growth of edible fungi.

The Box-Benhnken’s central composite design and response surface methodology were applied to optimize the medium composition of the mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae for producing glutathione in this study. The results showed that the glutathione yield and biomass are 120 mg/L and 11.02 g/L respectively,increasing by 71.36% and 39.67%,under the conditions of 38 g/L glucose,6.3 g/L(NH4) 2SO4 and 1.9 g/L L-Cys·HCl being added to 10°Be′ malt extract .

The cellulase-chitosanase bifunctional enzyme(CCBE) was modified with diethylpyrocarbonate(DEPC) and 1-ethyl-3-carbodiimide(EDC) respectively. The kinetic analysis of the CCBE modification by DEPC revealed that about one mole histidine(His) residue is essential for both cellulase activity and chitosanase activity of one mole CCBE. Treatment of inactivated enzyme with hydroxylamine results in nearly complete restoration of original activity,which confirms the abovementioned conclusion. The result of the modification of CCBE by EDC showed that the number of reactive carboxylate for both its cellulase activity and chitosanase activity center is one.

By determining viscosity average molecular weights of degradation products of chitosan by α-amylase,cellulose and lipase,the degradation conditions of the three enzymes were optimized respectively. The results showed that the optimal conditions of α-amylase degradation are 120 min,temperature 45 ℃ and enzyme amount 1400 U/g,the optimal conditions of cellulose degradation are time 75 min,temperature 45 ℃ and enzyme amount 400 U/g,and the optimal conditions of lipase degradation are time 90 min,temperature 45 ℃ and enzyme amount 800 U/g. The molecular weight below 2000 chitosan is obtained,which can be used for the further study on complex between chitosan oligosaccharide and metal ion.

Wet brewer’s spent grain was dried to the water content around 10%,and then smashed with the undersized machine. After 20 to 40 mesh screening,grains were soaked with 0.80% H2SO4 for 10 h at the ratio of solid to liguid 1:11,and then were prehydrolyzed for 90 min at 121 ℃. The pre-hydrolysates were hydrolyzed with 0.20% cellulase(W/V) for 5 h at 50 ℃ after adjusting pH to around 4.0 with 2.0 % NaOH,and the hydrolysate with 8.82 % reducing sugar content was obtain. After adjusting pH to around 6.0,the hydrolysate added with 5.0 % CaCO3 was fermented at 55 ℃ by batch feeding,and the yield of L-lactic acid in the fermentation broth is 80.75 g/L.

The results of single factor test showed that volume percentages of CO2 and H2 as well as biotin concentration in basic medium have obvious effects on fermentation of crop straw hydrolysate for producing succinic acid. The neural network analysis showed that 75.80 g/L yield of succinic acid is gained under the conditions of 62% CO2,5.4% H2 and 7.8 mmol/L biotin. The neural network has the considerable simulation and prediction abilities.

Using ursolic acid as reference substance,content of total triterpenic acid in Crataegus pinatigide Bge was determined by colorimetric method. Results showed that the content of triterpenic acid is over 80%. The average recovery rate is 97.70% with RSD 1.06%. Meanwhile using rutin as reference substance,content of total flavonoids in Crataegus pinatigide Bge was also determined by colorimetric method of aluminium nitrate. Results showed there is good linearity between content of total flavonoids and absorbance. The average recovery rate is 97.12% with RSD 2.91%.

Fatty acids compositions in milk of four kinds of crossbred yaks,such as Simmental × Tibetan cattle × yak,Holstein cows × Tibetan cattle × yak,Holstein cows ×yak,Juanshan cattle × yak were analyzed. After being extracted from milk samples,methyl esterification of fatty acids was carried out,and then their compositions were analyzed using GC-MS. Results demonstrated that 18 varieties fatty acids show significant difference with different yak varieties except hendecanoic acid lauric acid(p<0.05). There is great difference among contents of unsaturated fatty acids in milk of different varieties yaks,ranging from 42.20% to 50.22%. The content of unsaturated fatty acid in milk of Simmental × Tibetan cattle × yak(50.22%) is obviously higher than that of unsaturated fatty acid in milk of Juanshan cattle × yak(42.20%). Significant difference among contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids exists with different yak varieties,and the highest is in milk of Holstein cows ×yak(30.53%) with ratio of MUFA/PUFA 0.61:1. The results indicated that milk of Holstein cows × yak has high nutritional value,which has the important meaning to dairy products development of yak and breeding of cattle.

A new spectrophotometric method for determining magnesium content in foodstuffs with EBT-1,2-propanediol as color reagent was developed. After being digested with HNO3-HClO4,samples were added with sodium tungstate to eliminate interference of ca2+ and added with triethanolamine-tetraethylenepentamine to mask Al3+ and Fe3+ etc. In ammonia buffer solution at pH 10.5,Mg2+ and EBT form a claret-red complex,which can be dissolved in water and has a maximum absorbance at 520 nm wavelength. The method is successfully applied for determination of magnesium in different foodstuffs with relative standard deviations of less than 1.0%,relative deviation of less than 2.0% and recoveries of spiked standard of 95.4%～102.4%. The results are consistent with those by China national standard method. The improved method is easily operated with the characteristics of fast determination,high accuracy and little disturbance.

Using glucose as standard and DNS as color developing reagent,the content of total reducing saccharide in banana root solid bulb was determined by spectrophotometry. The results showed that the maximum absorption wavelength of sample extract is 500 nm. The method has the characteristics of good repeatability,high recovery rate and low relative error.

Aroma components were extracted from feijoa by solid phase microextraction. The aromatic compounds were analyzed by GC-MS and identified by library search for mass spectrum. There are 32 compounds identified and the percent of total peak area is 90.29%. The major constituents are esters 50.64%,aldehydes 26.04%,alcohols 5.84%,hydrocarbons 3.85%,ketones 3.14% and phenol 0.77%. Methyl benzoate is of the highest content 36.56%,followed by(Z)-3-hexenal 17.44%,hexanal 5.07%,ethyl butanoate 4.21%,ethanol 3.60%,(E)-2-hexenal 3.53%,ethyl benzoate 1.50%,3-octanone 1.44%,linalool 1.40%,(Z)-3-hexenyl butanoate 1.30%,ethyl acetate 1.21%,and caryophyllene 1.04%.

The model of discrimination analysis was established by PLS-Mahalanobis distance for differentiating raw milk and adulterated milk which was added with vegetable cream. Three principal components were compressed from original data by PLS. The whole wave numbers regions were selected without any pretreatment methods,and all the accuracy rates of this model are 100%. Meanwhile,10 unknown samples were used to predict the results by the model,and all the prediction accuracy rates are 100%. PLS model for detecting the content of vegetable cream added with raw milk was set up with good veracity. Reliability of the model was verified by cross-validation and external-validation. Predictive correlation coefficient of the content of vegetable cream by PLS model is 0.9963. Root mean square error of calibration(RMSEC) is 0.11,while root mean square error of cross validation(RMSECV) is 0.142. By paired samples test,the results of prediction are compared with real values with no significantd ifference.

Objective:To establish a HPLC method for determining of seven kinds of polyphenol compounds in ninetypes of propolis extracts simultaneously. Method:RP-HPLC was used. The polyphenol compounds was analyzed on Zorbax SB-C18 column(150 mm×4.6 mm,5.0μm) and by gradient elution program performed with methanol and 1% formyl acid aqueous as a mobile phase. The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min. The detection was done at 280 nm and column temperature was 30℃. Results:Seven kinds of polyphenol compounds are separated satisfactorily with good linear relationship. Conclusion:A rapid,sensitive and accurate method for the determination of seven kinds of polyphenol compounds is founded. This study can provide a scientific basis for the quality control of propolis.

Objective:To determine the contents of rutin,and isoquercetin in mulberry leaves by HPLC. Methods:An external standard method was adopped by HPLC with Agilent TC-C18 column(250mm×4.6mm,5μm) as fixed phase,and CH3CN-CH3OH-H2O-H3PO4(100:10:340:0.3,V/V) as mobile phase. The detection wavelength was 365 nm and the flow rate was 1.0ml/ min. Results:Rutin and isoquercetin were well separated by this method. Linearities of rutin and isoquercetin were good in concentration ranges of 7.5～150μg/ml(R2=0.9995) and 7.1～142μg/ml(R2=0.9998) respectively. The average spiked recoveries are 98.79%(RSD 3.37%) and 99.01%(RSD 2.43%) and RSDs of repeatability experiments are 0.0133% and 0.0214% respectively. Conclusion:The method validation data indicate that the method is reliable and it can be used for quality control of crude drug mulberry leave and its preparation.

A multi-residue method was developed for the confirmation and quantitation of nineteen kinds of quinolones in animal food by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The samples were extracted with acetonitrile. The analytes were separated using 0.1% fomic acidmethanol system as the mobile phase with a linear gradient elution program,and determined by tandem mass detector. Results showed that their linear ranges are 0.3μg/kg to 50 μg/kg with correlation coefficients(r) more than 0.9956,and the limits of detection are 0.3 μg/kg. The mean recoveries for each analyte in chicken and fish range from 75.3%～96.3% and 79.7%～94.2% with relative standard deviations below 10%. The method is convenient,fast,safe,sensitive and accurate,and can be used to simultaneously analyze residual quinolones in actual samples.

A RP-HPLC method for quantitative determination of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid in Rhododendron simsii Planch leaves was established. Kromasil C18 column(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm) was used as the chromatographic column,and methanol-0.2% aqueous solution of phosphoric acid(87:13) was used as the mobile phase running with a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The detection wavelength was 210 nm and the temperature of the column was 28 ℃. The linear rangers for oleanolic acid and ursolic acid are 0.458～9.16 μg(r=0.9996) and 0.516～10.32μg(r=0.9995),respectively. The average recoveries of the procedure are 99.45% for oleanolic acid and 98.49% for ursolic acid. Oleanolic acid is discovered for the first time in Rhododendron simsii Planch leaves. The determination results of the three batches of samples showed that the method is easy and accurate,which can be used for determination of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid in Rhododendron simsii Planch leaves.

A method was developed for the determination of urinary 7-aminonitrazepam(7-ANZP),the major metabolite of nitrazepam,by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. After being added 7-aminoclonazepam(7-ACZP,internal standard),hydrolyzed with β-glucuronidase,liquid-liquid extracted at pH 10.8,and filtrated with 0. 45 μm membrane,the samples were analyzed. Mass spectral acquisition was performed with selective reaction monitoring of two diagnostic transition reactions. The qualitative analysis was based on the retention time,and the quantification was carried out with intension of the internal standard. The recoveries of 7-ANZP in spiked blank samples at different concentration levels are in the range of 89.0%～95.2% with relative standard deviations(RSD) no more than 6.4%. The limit of detection in urine(LOD) is 0.07 μg/L,and the limit of quantification(LOQ) is 0.5μg/L. The linear range is from 1μg/L to 50μg/L. This method is suitable for analysis of 7-ANZP with characteristics of easy operating,high sensitivity and repeatability.

HPLC with fluorescence detector method for the determination of malachite green(MG) and leucomalachite green in aquatic water was established. By orthogonal test the optimal extraction technology was establish. Reduction effect of KBH4 and limit of detection(LOD) of the method were studied. The optimal extraction conditions are extraction time 5 min,volume ratio of sample to dichloromethane 1:1 and extraction times two. MG can be completely reduced by 0.002 g KBH4. Good linear relationship ranges from 0.5 ng/ml to 800 ng/ml with correlation coefficient 0.99977. And the LOD is 0.2 μg/L. The recovery rates range from 86.8% to 93.3% with the relative standard deviations(RSD) of 3.15% to 8.12%. The method is suitable for the trace analysis of MG in aquatic water owing to its high efficiency and convenience.

Volatile oil was isolated Coriandrum sativum leaves and stem with steam distillation,and then its components were identified by capillary GC-MS method. Results showed that there are 79 volatile components in the oil accounting for 97.63% of the total area of the peaks. The relative contents of the constituents were determined by area normalization method.The main volatile compounds in the oil are cyclohexanone,2-tridecenal(E),dodecanal,á-linalool,menthofuran,1,5-diphenyl-3-(2-phenylethyl) -2-pentene,tetradecanal,sarcostin ketone,3-phenyl-2-butanol,decanal,2-dodecenal,cinnamyl-á-phenylpropionate,3-hexen-1-ol,acetate,2-dodecenal,4-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl-1,1-diphenyl-2-pentyne-1,4-diol,hexadecanoic acid,ethylbenzene,cis-3-hexenyl lactate,3-hexen-1-ol,formate,mandelonitrile benzoate and 3-hexenyl formate.

Objective:To establish a systemic analysis method for rapidly determining content of aspartame in fruit jelly. Methods:The solid and semisolid foods were pretreated by special method,and then separated on C18 column with 0.1% tetrahydrofuran-acetonitrile as mobile phase and 210 nm detection wavelength. Result:The minimum detection limit is 2 mg/kg,and the average recoveries range from 97.0% to 99.2% with the relative standard deviations of 3.1%～5.3%. Conclusion:This method is simple and rapid. The aspartame in foods with complex components can be precisely analyzed with qualitative assay and quantitative assay.

A derivative(CSD Ⅰ) of Sdan I was synthesized following the diazonium coupling reaction of 2-naphthol with 4-carboxybenzenediazonium ion obtained from 4-aminobenzoic acid. CSD Ⅰ was conjugated to bovine serum albumin(BSA) or ovalbumin(OVA) as immunogen or coating antigen,respectively. Hybridomas were obtained by fusing mice myeloma cells SP2/0 with splenocytes from the mice immunized with CSD Ⅰ-BSA. Hybridoma 5H3 secreting antibodies against CSD Ⅰ was obtained. The competitive ELISA was developed based on CSD Ⅰ-OVA and the antibodies against CSD Ⅰ. The sensitivity of ELISA to sudan Ⅰ,Ⅲ and para red was approximately 0.1 ng/ml,and their IC50 values are 1.03,1.13,0.89 ng/ml,respectively. The ELISA is high specific for Sudan Ⅰ,Ⅲ and para red and low cross reaction with other Sudan red and related dyes. The ELISA method is sensitive and specific which can be used for fast screening of illegal Sudan Ⅰ,Ⅲ and para red.

In the use of China national standard Determination of malachite green and gentian violet residues in fishery products-high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector(GB/T20361-2006),the problems concerning pretreatment,purification and detection were analyzed. The reduction effect of KBH4 was studied. Centrifugation was adopted for separation instead of separatory funnel in liquid-liquid extraction process. Meanwhile some corresponding operations were simplified. The determination results of tilapia,shrimp and eel by the improved method showed that the recoveries range from 80.7% to 109.8% with the relative standard deviations(RSD) from 0.967% to 9.169%.

The present work aimed to evaluate the ability of near infrared spectroscopy(NIRS) in predicting the springiness of fish-balls. For the purpose of this study once-compression method was used by texture analyzer and the maximum value was recorded to describe the springiness. The calibration model was set up. Correlation of calibration(Rc) and validation(Rv),standard error of calibration(SEC) and error of prediction(SEP) were used to evaluate the quality of the model. The calibration models between original value and NIR spectra were developed using partial least squares(PLS) regression. In addition,a high correlation between original value and predicted value as well as low standard error was found. Rc and Rv are 0.9709 and 0.9697 respectively And SEC and SEP are 0.0203 and 0.0206,respectively. It is confirmed that NIR is feasible to predict the springiness off ish-balls.

Two kinds of 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid(DNS) agents were respectively used for determination of reducing sugar content,and effects on determination results by the factors,such as amount of DNS reagent developing time,wavelength and storage time were discussed. The results showed that on the conditions of reagent amount around 1.5 ml,boiling bath time not less than 5 minutes,and standing for 30 minutes after developing,at the wavelength of 540 nm and 550 nm for reagent one and two respectively,the accurate results can be acquired.

The study aimed to establish a rapid method,rocket electrophoresis(RE) to detect content and activity of IgG from bovine serum. The results showed that the optimal conditions of RE are as follows:3.0%(V/V) antibody,adopting barbital sodium-HCl buffer(pH 8.6),hydroformylation with glutaraldehyde-barbital sodium(5%) at the proportion 1:4(V:V),and elution of non-specific protein with 0.01 mol/L PBST(at pH 7.4). RE is an effective way with good linearity results,correlation coefficient 0.9947,and also a simple and low-cost method,which can be used for detecting IgG during practical industrial product process.

To determine fatty acids in chestnut,chestnut oil was extracted by soxhlet extraction,the fatty acids in the oil were esterified by sodium hydroxide-methanol,and then analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS). Eight fatty acids are identified in the chestnut,and the main components are unsaturated fatty acids.

The study aimed to set up a method of GC-ECD(electron capture detector) and DB-Dioxin capillary chromatographic column for the detection of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in fish meat. Sample was purified by Bio-beads S-X3 GPC,separated in DB-Dioxin capillary column and detected by GC-ECD. The results showed that the detecion of 2,3,7,8-TCDD has better linearity in the range of 1.5 to 100 pg(R2=0.9999). The average standard recovery rate is 103.2%±3.04% with variation coefficient 2.95%. The detection limit is 1pg. It was demonstrated that 2,3,7,8-TCDD is well separated from sample.

In order to establish a new rapid determination method for trace chromium(Cr) in wheat flour,Nanyang color wheat was selected as sample. After the sample was treated by microwave program digestion,Crion with high valence state was deoxidized to be Cr3+ by sulfurous acid. Based on Cr3+ linear catalysis to Luminol-H2O2 chemiluminescence system,the total content of Cr in wheat was determined. The contents of Cr in the color wheat samples are between 2.211 mg/kg and 6.088 mg/kg. The linear correlation coefficient is 0.9988. The RSD of 5.0×10-8 mol/L Cr3+ is 4.5%(n=11). The lowest detection limit of Cr3+ is 3.75×10-11 mol/L. The recoveries in grey wheat are in the range of 93.66% to 99.09%. This method is fast and sensitive with good selectivity. So it can be used to determine the trace in wheat with satisfactory analytical results.

Direct distillation extraction method(DDE) and simultaneous distillation extraction method(SDE) were used for extracting the volatile substances of dark green tea. The average oil yields obtained by DDE method and SDE method are 2.02% and 2.34 % respectively. 28 chemical components and 17 chemical components are identified by gas chromatographymassspectrometry(GC-MS ) method respectively. The contents of the identified compounds account for 86.16 % and 90.59 % of the total volatile substances detected respectively.

A simple procedure was developed to determine contents of heavy metals in transgenic rapeseeds. After wet digestion of samples,five heavy metals,Such as Pb,Cd,Cu,Cr and Fe were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry(FAAS) or graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry(GFAAS) with regard to their concentrations,respectively. The experiments of standard addition were carried out to validate the proposed method,and good recoveries are present. According to the obtained concentrations of Pb,Cd,Cu,Cr and Fe in the transgenic rapeseeds and the non-transgenic rapeseeds,a conclusion can be made that there is no obvious difference in the contents of heavy metals between the two types of tested samples.

The aroma components in fresh litchi fruit and litchi fruit after frozen for 60 days were extracted by head space solidphase microextraction. The aroma compounds were analyzed and identified by GC-MS. The results indicated that the differences of aroma compound conpositions and relative contents in fresh litchi and frozen litchi are significant. The aroma compounds varieties identified in fresh litchi fruit and frozen litchi fruit are 36 and 29,respectively,including 8 mutual components,with the relative percents of the total peak area 96.97% and 99.98%,respectively. The main aroma components of litchi fruit are alkenes. After freezing treatment,the relative contents of alcohols and alkanes are increase distinctly,but the relative content of esters decreases. Besides,one kind of aether,aldehyde or carboxylic acid is determined in frozen litchi fruit respectively.

Disulfide bonds make major contributions to the native conformation stabilities and activities of proteins. They also have a great impact on the surface activity of proteins. In order to study the relationship between the structures and activities of proteins,especially the relationship between the structure and surface activity of proteins,a spectrophotometry method was set up to determine the disulfide bonds in the different food proteins with a good results.

In this study,rape bee pollen protein was hydrolyzed by alcalase,then the hydrolysates were fractionated by ultrafiltration and nanofiltration,and finally the scavenging hydroxyl radical abilities of the fractions were determined by Fenton system. The results indicated that the hydrolysates have higher scavenging hydroxyl radical activities compared with their origin. The fractions with molecular weight between 200 D and 10 kD show the highest scavenging activity,especially the fractions with 5 kD to10 kD molecular weight. These results suggested that the hydrolysis and deep fractionation of rape bee pollen protein can enhance its scavenging hydroxyl radical activity.

Objective:To study the toxicity of wheat bran peptide. Methods:The Ames test,bone marrow polychromatic erythrocyte micronucleus test,spermatogonial chromosomal aberrations test and comet assay were used to detect the toxicity of wheat bran peptide. Results:The LD50 of wheat bran peptide by i.g. to mice is more than 20 g/kg,no toxicity existing. If S9 activation or not,there are all negative results of the TA97,TA98,TA100 and TA102 strains in Ames test. In bone marrow polychromatic erythrocyte micronucleus test,spermatogonial chromosomal aberrations test and comet assay,there are not significant differences between the negative control and the treated groups(p>0.05) in dose of 2.5,5.0,10.0 g/kg bw respectively. The results of genetic toxicity tests are all negative in Ames test,bone marrow polychromatic erythrocyte micronucleus test,spermatogonial chromosomal aberrations test and comet assay. Conclusion:Wheat bran peptide has no toxicity.

The experimental results showed that black rice powder can promote growth of young rats,increase contents of serum trace elements of mice,such as calcium,iron,magnesium and zinc,as well as contents of their hemoglobin(Hb) and red blood cell(RBC),but no obvious effect on white blood cell(WBS),and also elevate their lymphocyte transformation rate,celiac macrophage phagecytic rate and phagecytic index. So it can be concluded that black rice powder have the functions of promoting growth,improving nutritional status,preventing anemia and enhancing immunity.

Objective:In this study,a cell model of releasing histamine by sensitized mast cells in vitro was established to analysis the irritability of different allergens in food. Methods:The mice were sensitized by milk and shrimp,respectively. Peritoneal mast cells(PMC) were collected and then were induced to release histamine with various kinds of allergens. Histamine was detected using fluorescence. Results:The primary allergens in milk can induce histamine release from sensitized-mast cells,while casein has the strongest sensitization effect andα-La the weakest. Casein plays a pivotal role in milk. The 80 kD protein has the strongest sensitization effect,followed by 36 kD and 21 kD. The mixture of shrimp allergens can induce stronger histamine release from the mast cells than shrimp allergen alone,implying that there may be some synergistically effects among those different allergens. The 80 kD protein plays a pivotal role in shrimp-induced sensitization. Conclusion:The quantity of histamine release from ensitized-mast cells is assosiation with kinds and quantity of allergens.

In order to study effects of chewable tablets of royal jelly on immunity functions of mice,the mice were administered with the chewable tablets at the doses of 0.167,0333 and 0.999 g/kg bw for 30 days by intragastric infusion,respectively. The results showed that the dose of 0.333 g/kg bw and 0.999 g/kg bw can strengthen the delayed type hypersensitivity of mice,and increased the quantity of antibody forming cells of mice. The dose of 0.999 g/kg bw can strengthen mononuclear macrophage carbon clearance and NK cells activity of mice,and has no significant effects on body weight increase,ratio of spleen weight to body weight,ratio of thymus weight to body weight,HC50,tlymphocyte transformation ability of mice induced by ConA and ability of chicken-red cells phagocytosis. So it is concluded that the chewable tablets of royal jelly can strengthen immunity functions of mice.

To explore the effects and mechanism of Gynostemma pentaphyllum polysaccharides(GPP) on exhausted mice,a model of exhausted exercise on them was established. After being gavaged with different dosages GPP solution,the time of exhausted exercise,weight of immune organ and lymphocyte’s conversion degree were measured for the mice. The results showed that GPP can significantly prolong exhausted motion and enhance spleen function,and also can improve transformation ability of lymphocyte induced by conA with high dosage.

Different sulfate group contents of polysaccharides from Gracilaria lemaneiformis(PGL),namely refine polysaccharides(RPGL),purified polysaccharides(GL-1,GL-2 and GL-3),desthio-PGL,and sufation polysaccharides(S1,S2 and S3),their anti-influenza virus H1-364 activities and the effects on sulfate group content on antiviral activities of H1-364 were studied by MTT method. Results showed that different polysaccharides from Gracilaria lemaneiformis have anti-influenza virus H1-364 activities,and RPGL’s inhibiting effect is the best of them and its max virus inhibition ratio is 88.82%. The antiviral abilities of the polysaccharides are better when sulfate group content is higher within limits. While sulfate group content is near 13%,the polysaccharides samples get the best antiviral abilities,while sulfate group content is higher or lower than 13%,the antiviral abilities reduce.

Objective:Through the discussion of mutagenicity of mice born marrow polychromatic erythrocyte,born marrow cell chromosome and sperm shape abnormality induced by potassium bromate to expound its toxicity. Methods:50 Kunming mice( half of female and male ) were randomly divided into five groups:1/2 LD50,1/4 LD50 and1/8 LD50,the three dosage groups as well as negative control and positive control. The negative control group was given equal-volume distilled water,and the positive control group was conducted by abdominal cavity injection 40 mg cyclophosphamide /kg bw. The three dosage groups were conducted by gavage for four days to observe effects on frequency of mice born marrow polychromatic erythrocyte by potassium bromate. 40 Kunming mice(half of female and male) were randomly divided into five groups,and the negative control group and the positive control group were treated as the above method. Effects of potassium bromate on mice marrow cell chromosome distortion situation were observed by gastric administration to the three dosage groups for two days. To observe effect of potassium bromate on mice sperm,grouping of mice and establishment of model were the same as the experiments on mice marrow cell chromosome distortion situation basically,except gastric administration for five days. Results:Compared with negative control group,there are extremely significant differences on frequency of mice born marrow polychromatic erythrocyte,born marrow cell chromosome and sperm shape abnormality of the three dosage groups(p<0.01). Conclusions:Potassium bromate can induce obvious mutagenic action. It is a chromosome clastogen and can cause teratospermia. The results showed that potassium bromate has potential inherent toxicity.

Objective:To evaluate the cyotoxicity of diffirent doses ursolic acid and its inhilition effect on cytoxicity of acrylamide. Methods:Diffirent test matters were loaded on the culture plate.The viability of cells was evaluated by MTT assay to investigate cell proliferation. Optical density(OD) was measured by a spectrophotometer at 490 nm. Then the cytotoxicity grade was evaluated according to the means of cell proliferation and the statistical significance. Result:Ursolic acid is innoxious to the tested cells. It has great inhibition effect on cyotoxicity of acrylamide.

Taking Kunming male mice as study objectives,effects of apple polyphenols on weight losing and serum lipid lowing of the mice were evaluated in this study. The tested rats were administered by gavage continually with apple polyphenols for 35 days,and then the body weights,body lengths,Lee’s indexes,fat weights(around the kidneys and spermaries),and serum lipid levels of the mice were measured. The results showed that the treatment of apple polyphenols can significantly decrease body weights and fat tissue weights around the testicle and kidney of the mice. Moreover,the serum levels of total cholesterol(TC),total triglyceride(TG),high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C) are markedly decreased by apple polyphenols(p<0.05). Apple polyphenols have effective functions of losing weight and lowing lipid of mice.

In order to study effects on of propolis soft capsule on reducing blood lipid of rats,the rats were administered by oral with propolis soft capsule at the doses of 0.2,0.4,1.2 g/kg bw for 30 days respectively. Compared with the control group,the dose of 1.2 g/kg bw can significantly decrease the levels of TG and TC in serum of high fat diet rats(p<0.05). Each dose has no remarkable effect on HDL-C level in serum of rats(p>0.05). The results demonstrate propolis soft capsule’s effects of reducing blood lipid.

Fresh-keeping effects of four kinds of composite preservatives such as nisin,glycine,lysozyme and ascorbic acid on raw milk were studied. Results showed that the storage period of raw milk reaches 9 d at 4 ℃,which is added with nisin 300 mg/kg,Glycin 1g/kg,lysozyme 900 U/ml and ascorbic acid 150 mg/kg. The storage period is more than two times of that of raw milk added with single preservative,and the related indexes accord with national standard.

In this study,effects of high concentration ozonated water on total surface bacterial count,contents of protein and vitamin C,weight loss rate,respiration intensity and surface quality of fresh-cut cauliflower were investigated. Results indicated that high concentration ozonated water(8.12,9.16 and 9.72 mg/L) has prominent effect of eliminating surface bacteria of fresh-cut cauliflower. The higher the concentration of ozonated water. The more effective for eliminating surface bacteria. The presence of ozone delays the metabolism of the fresh-cut cauliflower,therefore,losses of its protein and vitamin C,respiration intensity and weight loss rate can be controlled effectively. The visual evaluation of the fresh-cut cauliflower treated with ozonated water is superior to that of the control. However,when the concentration of ozonated water is too high(over 9.72 mg/L),the nutrients loss occurs,and thus,the prolongation of soaking time at intermediate level of dissolved ozone concentration(9.16 mg/L) is a better measurement for preservation of fresh-cut cauliflower. Based on the above results,it is concluded that ozonated water treatment is an effective and useful method and should be adopted to preserve the quality and assure the safety of fresh-cut cauliflower.

The study was carried out to investigate the effects of technique of low temperature combined with modified atmosphere packaging(MAP) on extending the fresh-keeping quality and shelf-life of the minimally processed Stachys floridana Schuttl.ex Benth. The results showed that compared with control(samples kept at room temperature condition),treatment of low temperature combined with MAP can significantly inhibit the increasing rate of weight loss and indexes of wilting and browning significantly(p < 0.01),reduce the loss of ascorbic acid and slow down the increases of relative permeability of cell membrane and malondialdehyde(MDA) content. Thus the technique is effective in maintenance of good quality and long shelflife of minimally processed Stachys floridana Schuttl.ex Benth.

Spiced beef was treated with two-stage sterilization of low temperature water bath and microwave respectively after being vacuum packaged. The results indicated that low temperature water bathing sterilization is more effective than microwave sterilization. There are obvious decreases of total bacterial counts,TVB-N value,TBA value and lipid oxidation of the spiced beef with low temperature water bathing sterilization during storage. And thus its shelf life is extended. In terms of comprehen-sive consideration,low temperature water bathing sterilization(at 90 ～95 ℃ for 30 min)is more suitable for prolonging shelf life of spiced beef in practice.

The effects of different store conditions(i.e. ice preservation,cold storage,seawater and the comparison at room temperature) on survival rate and sensory quality of Mactra veneriformis was discussed in the study. And variations of nutrition compositions during the ice storage time were analyzed. The results showed that Mactra veneriformis stored by ice preservation presents the highest survival rate,which reaches 100% after storage of 11 days. Moreover,this storage condition results in better sensory characteristics such as good appearance,bright white color,fresh smell,and meat quality with a close texture after storage of 6 days. And with prolonging sstorage time,the contents of water,protein and fat reduce gradually,but the content of ash increases. Obviously ice storage is the optimal way for keeping Mactra veneriformis alive.

The preservative effects of compound four additives,sorbic acid,sodium lactate,nisin and EDTA,on the emulsion-type sausage were studied. Moreover,the possibility of these additives used for antisepticising to replace sodium nitrite was confirmed. The factors and levels were designed by L9(34) orthogonal test,and the characteristics of senses,pH and the total plate colony of sausage were measured regularly. Results showed that the compound preservative has better antiseptic action than nitrite,with the formula of sorbic acid 0.001%,sodium lactate 3%,nisin 0.045% and EDTA 0.02%. Both of nisin and sodium lactate have significant effects on expanding the shelf life,and their antiseptic actions are in turn,nisin > sodium lactate>EDTA> sorbic acid. There is distinct interaction between nisin and sodium lactate,but none of others.

Four preservatives with better preservation effects on Lentinus edodes were chosen from six natural and safe preservatives,namely L-cysteine,NaCl,citric acid(CA),vitamin C(VC),chitosan and phytic acid by single-factor test. Their optimal proportions are L-Cys 2.5 g/L,CA 8.0 g/L,VC 0.5 g/L and NaCl 6% by L9(34) orthogonal test. The complex preservative can extend the shelf life of L. edodes for 15 to 16 d at 10 ℃. This treatment can efficiently decrease the respiration rate,weight lose rate and cell membrane permeability of Lentinus edodes. Compared with the treatment of single-factor preservative or distilled water,the complex preservative has the best preservation effect on Lentinus edodes.

The quadratic orthogonal rotation design with three factors was used to study the effects of sodium hypochlorite,potassium sorbate and calcium propionate solutions on the storage of chestnut,and the function model of good fruit rate of chestnut versus three factors(the three solutions) was established. The analysis on this model showed that the effect order of the three factors is as follows:calcium propionate > potassium sorbate > sodium hypochlorite. Under the combination of 11.4% to 19.5% concentration sodium hypochlorite,2.67% to 39.9% concentration potassium sorbate and 1.09% to 2.71% concentration calcium propionate,over 55% good-fruit rate can be achieved.

2-Keto-D-gluconic acid(2KGA),usually prepared by fermentative oxidation of D-glucose,is the precursor used in the manufacture of sodium erythorbate or erythorbic acid as a food antioxidant. The paper summarizes the biosynthesis pathway of 2KGA,breeding of 2KGA producing strains,fermentation conditions of the strains producing 2KGA,technology of 2KGA fermentation,isolation and purification of the fermentation product,the main problems and corresponding solutions of the domestic 2KGA fermentation production.

Development of brown rice food is of signality for increasing food supply of China and improving national nutrition and health status. Intensive research works revealed that the biotechnologies including genomic engineering and enzymatic technology are playing more and more important role in the process of brown rice food production. Great progresses have been made in fortifying the bioavailability of bioactive compounds,eliminating anti-nutritional factors and improving acceptable sensory quality.

Androgen had arosed a lot of attention for its wide physiological activity recently,but the determination is a problem due to its low cmtent. This article discussed the physiological effects of common androgens and the types of their metabolites in vivo. Meanwhile,their typical detection methods were introduced briefly.

Erythorbic acid is a stereoisomer of vitamin C acting as a food antioxidant. The paper summarizes the research progress on the production technologies of erythorbic acid and its sodium salt,the main problems and corresponding solutions of the domestic erythorbic acid and its sodium salt production.

Many detection methods of deep frying oil were summarized and compared in this paper. Sense evaluation is the most simple and straightforward,but it is not exact and difficult to quantify the degree of change of oil because frying foods are intricacy . The sensor array fingerprint technology is speedy and exact,while the apparatus are expensive and not befitting in the small and medium-sized food industry. The detection of viscosity and the height of bubble are not only simple,but also cheap. It is suitable in the small and medium-sized food industries.

The meaning and the significance of deep processing of farm produce were introduced,and the status of farm products processing of domestic and overseas were analyzeds. Several method of deep processing of farm products were introduced emphatically. The development was also involved.

This study aimed to analyze the effects on aeration by the difference in temperature between grain and air,airflow rate and opportunity of operation.The results showed that the change of aeration time is relative to the difference in temperature in a pattern of hyperbolic curve. When the difference in temperature is smaller than 8℃,the aeration time increases rapidly;The axle power and the total energy consumption change in a form of positive exponent curve in which the exponents are k2.3 and k1.3 respectively when the difference in temperature altesr;The rational selection for opportunity of operation can remarkably raise the effect of aeration.

It is a heavy work to screen the anti-cancer function factors of agricultural products. The tradional animal methods can not meet the present demands due to their low efficiency and expensive cost. So establishment of simple,rapid and accrute methods has always been the hot focus discussed. Recently,cell line technique has been widely used in selecting anti-cancer factors of argicultural products.This paper is involved in the application of cell line technique in the anti-cancer factors of agricultural products.

This paper introduced the principle and examples of glass transition temperature(Tg) measured by nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR),and also the concept of the NMR state diagram and its applications in studying glass transition and the changes of the physicochemical properties of food before and after glass transition were introduced.

The article was involved in several efficient processing methods of high quality dietary fiber with high concentration of soluble dietary fiber from soybean dregs,including enzyme treatment,microbial fermentation,ultra-high pressure heterogeneous processing and their cooperation in the last two decades. A big concern was paid on the mechanism of the processing methods.

In this article,the varieties,characters,production conditions,fermentation modes and some study advances in molecular biology about synthase of fructooligosaccharides from microoganism were summarized.

Being one of the most potential materials for whole grain food production,brown rice has got more and more attention. The nutritional value and healthy functions of brown rice has been widely acknowledged. The advantages and disadvantages of brown rice was reviewed briefly in this paper,and also processing method and it’s principle,nutritional value and market forecasting for current staple food and snack food made from brown rice were summarized in more detail.

Alkylresorcinols(ARs) are phenolic lipids which are abundant in the brans of rye and wheat. Owing to their numerous physiological effects and great potential as biomarkers of whole-grain intake,as well as near-unique presence in rye and wheatcontaining foods,many chromatographic methods for the analysis of ARs have been developed in recent years,and many sdudies about ARs have come forth constantly. This article summarized the biologic and chemical properties of ARs,their extraction and analysis methods,and their development as biomarkers of whole-grain wheat and rye intake.

Basically,the quality and safety standard system of agricultural product has been established,owing to the efforts made during all these years. But there are still some problems in the system. It should to be more scientific,more concerted and more practical. After the Law of the People’s Republlc of China on Quality and Safety of Agricultural Product and ather related regulations were enacted,the concertedness between the quality and safety standard system of agricultural product and relevant law system has to be paid more attention. In this paper,according to the laws,how to establish and perfect the quality and safety standard system of agricultural product is discussed on the basis of the fundamental of standardization. And some suggestions are put forward in order to perfect the system.

In this paper,the interaction between small molecules and DNA was summarized and the methods of immobilizing DNA for detection of small molecules were introduced. In addition,the applications of electrochemical DNA biosensor in detecting environmental pollutants,drugs and foods in recent years were summarized.

Phenolic compound is one of the unique biological active materials in bee pollen. This paper summarized systematically its preparation,separation,purification and identification methods. It also discussed the bioactivity of polyphenolic compound in the pollen,including antioxidation and immunity. Some suggestions on the future exploration of bee products were proposed in the paper.

In order to improve food safety insurance for the 2008 Olympic Games,China has demanded and established related traceability system of livestock products. Especially,it has positive significance that the traceability system of livestock products system of the 2008 Olympic Games and the RFID(radio frequency identification technology) used by the system further improve and enhance the overall level of livestock products safety insurance. Taking pig as an example,which is the largest consumption of livestock products in China,the application of RFID in breeding,slaughter-process,storage and transportation was analyzed,and the difficulties and suggestions in popularizing traceability system of livestock products for the 2008 Olympic Games were propounded,based on the analysis of the traceability system and its technical characteristics.

In this paper,the methods of separation and purification of Lactobacillus exopolysaccharides were analyzed and researched. The merit and demerit of these methods were investigated to prepare high purity product for the identification of chemical structure and functions test. Only with pure product,the further research of molecular structure,physiological functions and molecular mechanism can be achieved.

The tenderization treatment and late maturity of postmortem animal skeletal muscle are the key steps to improve the quality of meat(especially tenderness). This paper expounded the influence factors of tenderization(pH,collagen and calcium-activated enzyme) and the mechanisms of postmortem animal skeletal muscle by organic acids,electrical stimulation,salts,exogenous and endogenous enzymes.

The process conditions of carrot koumiss fermented by Lactobacillus acidophilus were optimized through range and variance analysis of orthogonal test. The optimum fermentation conditions at 37 ℃ are as follows:fermentation time 4 h,inoculation amount 8%(V/V),proportion of carrot juice to milk 4:6(V/V),sugar amount added 9%(W/V) and addition amount of sweet rice wine 10%(V/V). The final product of carrot koumiss has good quality,such as smooth taste,well coagulation state,no fat or whey release occurring,mild acidity and specific alcohol aroma(alcohol content 0.6%,V/V). Besides,40% carrot juice could accelerate fermentation of Lactobacillus acidophilus. After fermentation time of 3 h,the acidity is up to 92 oT and living bacterium number(LBN) is above 109 CFU/ml. During storage(below 4 ℃) after fermentation,the acidity increases slightly,but the LBN is above 108 CFU/ml after 3-d storage,and still above 107 CFU/ml after 15-d storage.

The amount production process of tomato tea drink was studied. The results show that the best clarification conditions are pectinase 0.1 %,pH 4.0,45 ℃ and 50 min. The best formula compositions of tomoto tea drink are tomato juice 20 ml,tea 20 ml,white sugar 5 g,and citric acid 0.125 g.

Shrimp sauce is a kind of traditional salted food in Southeast Region of Guizhou. It tastes very delicious,which sets sweet,sour,spicy and incense for a one. In this paper,the formation mechanism of flavors and characteristics of nutritional components were described,by analyzing the microbial diversity and chemical constituents of the shrimp sauce. In addition,the storage characteristic and utilization value were also discussed.

Mixed colostrum milk was defatted by centrifugation,and then was added with different doses of Na2HPO4,CMC and lactose to improve its thermalstability. Based on single factor,the optimal processing conditions of colostrum milk by L9(33) orthogonal test are determined as follows:Na2HPO4 0.0027 g/ml,CMC 0.0023 g/ml and lactose 0.0027 g/ml,as well as sterilization temperature 60 ℃ and sterilization time 20 min. A certain amount of immunoglobulin remaining in the processed colostrum milk can improve human immunity to a certain extent. So the colostrum milk is a better functional milk drink.

The processing technology of clarifed Chinese dwarf cherry juice was studied by using Chinese dwarf cherry fruit as raw material. The main results of the study were as follow:The rate of extractraction and the tolal chroma was improved by proper blanching and apt blanching time was 3 min. Higher rate of extraction was obtained under rotating speed 3000 r/min for 30 s. To some extent,browning degree of juice was refreined when adding proper content of VC before extracting,it was reduced when adding more than 0.06 % VC. The content of total sugar,tannin,calcium and iron of the extracted juice was higher through the extracting technology adding pectinase than others,furthermore,higher rate of extraction and higher total chroma was obtained by this extracting technology. Transparence of juice might excel 90 %,tolal chroma of juice was higher than 2.50 through clarification by 0.02 % glutin,casein or PVPP. The treatment clarifying with casein could preserve higher content of calcium,iron,total sugar and total acid of clarified juice.