A hemicellulose polysaccharide coded as PAP4-II was isolated from pineapple pomace by alkaline-water extraction and purified by ion change chromatography and size exclusion chromatography, and its immunobiological activity was assayed. PAP4-II is an acidic compound containing 4.75% protein and 55.13% polysaccharide. Its structural characteristics were investigated by HPLC, UV and IR. Based on the data obtained, PAP4-II consists of xylose and arabinose, and their contents are 54.02 mg/g and 39.32 mg/g respectively. It contains uronic acid with a molecular weight of 1690 kDa. The immunobiological activity of PAP4-II was studied by T and B lymph cells experiment. Results showed that it has inhibiting effects on the increase of T and B lymph cells.

The effects of different proportions of sweet corn powder on the dough rheologic properties (fariograph property, extensograph property and gelatinization property), dough microstructure and hamburger baking characteristics were investigated by Brabender Farinograph, Brabender Extenograph, Brabender Amylograpy, scanning electron microscope and micro stable system texture analyser ect. The results indicated that with the increase of sweet corn powder added, the capacity of water absorption and softness of the complex flour increased, while dough developing time, stability time and valorimeter value declined. The R5 resistance to extension, maximum resistance to extension, extensibility and extension energy of the dough also decreased. Gelatinization temperature and temperature range increased, and gelatinization time prolonged and peak viscosity fell. The dough microstructure was destroyed as increasing amount of sweet corn powder. Specific volume of hamburger produced by complex flour descended, but the sense scores, hardness, springiness and chewiness of hamburger center did not significantly change. Some improvers were needed when incorporation level increased.

The effetcs of amylose on the rheological properties of wheat starch gelatins were studied, correlations between apparent amylose content(AM) and parameters of rheology was determined. Advanced rheology was used to study the gelatinisation and short term retrogradation of starches from 9 different wheat species. SPSS was used to correlate the rheological parameters and AM. With the significant difference of AM including the waxy species, amylose is very determinable to the rheological behaviors of heating, cooling, processing time and frequency scanning;but with much less difference of AM excluding the waxy one. Amylose has little to do with the rheological behaviors other than the cooling and the strength of the gelatins. During the short time retrogradation, AM is strong only to a certain degree, correlated with the rheological properties of wheat starch gelatin.

Extraction of protein isolates is one of main methods for further development and ultilization of wheat germ, while alcohol-maceration procedure is commonly adopted to improve the purity and colour of vegetable protein isolate products. Therefore the effects of alcohol-maceration procedure on the physicochemical, functional and structural properties of wheat germ protein isolates were studied in this study. The results of experiments showed that after alcohol-maceration procedure more than 80% of flavonoid compounds are removed, and the colour, purity and in vitro digestibility of wheat germ protein isolates are obviously improved. Furthermore, after alcohol-maceration procedure the solubility is sharply decreases, and water holding capacity, foaming capacity and emulsifying activity are also weakened, while fat holding capacity and emulsifying stability are slightly increase. In addition, after alcohol-maceration the secondary structure of protein isolates is changed, whereas α-helical and β-sheet structures are obviously increased, while β-turns and random coil structure decrease. So the secondary structure of wheat germ protein isolates becomes more tightly folded.

The somatic cell count (SCC) of goat milk is higher than that of cow and sheep milk due to its apocrine secretory system. Less research was conducted on the effects of somatic cell count on the properties of goat milk and cheese. In this study, three batches of goat milk with different SCC (<5×105 cells/ml, 5×105～1×106 cells/ml and 1×106～1.5× 106 cells/ml) were collected and the effects of SCC on goat milk composition and properties of semi-hard goat cheese were investigated. The results showed that SCC of goat milk has no effects on the goat milk composition and yield and composition of goat cheese. However, goat cheeses with highest SCC get highest ratios of water soluble nitrogen and 12% trichloroacetic acid soluble nitrogen to total nitrogen after 60 d and 120 d aging. At the same time, higher SCC results in the decreasing of hardness and chewiness and increasing of springiness, adhesiveness and cohesiveness of goat cheeses. These findings will provide more scientific information for the following research on forming mechanism of goat milk SCC and for the establishment of grading system of goat milk.

The effects of cholesterol on physicochemical characteristics of salidroside containing liposomes were investigated in present work. The results showed that the higher the cholesterol content is, the higher the encapsulating efficiency of liposomes until its mass is equal to that of lecithin. However, cholesterol content shows little effect on the salidroside loading. Experimental data indicated that the leakage percentage of no cholesterol-liposomes reach 10% and 15% at 4 ℃ and 30 ℃ respetively during one month period, in comparison with the liposomes incorporating cholesterol (1:5 and 1:2, W/W) with 6%, 5% and 12%, 10%, respectively. Liposomes incorporating cholesterol (1:1, W/W) resulted in the increasing leakage again. In conclusion, liposomes incorporating cholesterol (1:2, W/W) can show a better performance.

The characteristics of Fuzhuan tea are different from dark green tea because of the step of fungus growing. The variations of several main components contents of Fuzhuan tea during processing were tested. The results showed that the contents of all kinds of components decrease. The contents of catechins, flavones and polyphenols decrease separately 63.64%, 51.52% and 54.62%, the contents of amino acids and caffeine decrease 36.84% and 10.85% separately, and contents of soluble sugar and water extract have no significant changes. The components contents decrease the fastest during fungus growing. Eurotium Cristatum etc. fungus endow Fuzhuan tea with unique characteristics.

 Objective:To choose the optimum resin for separation and purification of mistletoe (Viscum album) flavonoids and to analyze influenceable factors of separation and purification process. Methods:Four macroporous resins including AB-8, NKA-9, NKA-II and D101 were used to separation of total flavonoids of mistletoe (Viscum album). During the adsorption and desorption process, with UV to assay total flavonoids, the different macroporous resins and their capacities were studied. Results:AB-8 resin possesses much higher adsorption and desorption capacity. The optimum conditions are:the feed solution pH 4, the flow rate 2 BV/h, 40% alcohol as eluant for desorption, the flow rate 1 BV/h and eluant volume 4 BV. An enriched total flavonoids extract with 43.56% purity can be separated from crude mistletoe extract (about 12.16% purity) in one run. Conclusion:It is feasible to separate and purify mistletoe flavonoids with AB-8 resin.

Effects of extraction conditions on properties and fatty acids composition of oil extracted from abdominal adipose tissue of silver carp by diluted alkaline hydrolysis extraction were studied. The results indicated that the extraction ratio and properties of oil from silver carp, such as iodic value, acid value, peroxide value and soapstock content are significantly affected by extraction conditions. The optimal extraction ratio of fish oil 60.5% is obtained by hydrolyzing cracked adipose tissue at 45 ℃ for 5 minutes in pH 9.0 NaOH solution (1:1, W/V) and precipitated in 1.0% NaCl solution for 5 minutes. The oil extracted from silver carp by the optimal conditions is comprised of 16 kinds of fatty acid, i.e. 16:0, 18:1n-9, DHA and EPA, in which ratio of n-3 to n-6 is 2.0 while the content of EPA and DHA are 15.0% and 10.1% respectively.

The dynamics of the gelation properties of low-methoxyl citrus pectin through rheological analysis were studied. The effects of concentration of pectin and pH value on the storage modulus and the structure development rate during cooling (SDR) were first studied. Then the fractal analysis of the pectin gel was performed. Two different model were used to estimate the fractal dimension(df) of the pectin gel and obtained same df value but indicated two different gelation regime.

Effects of different temperatures on zein film were evaluated for release of nisin into hydrochloric acid. By agar diffusion assay changes of nisin release from zein edible film with time and temperature were assayed. Results indicated that nisin release from zein edible film increases with increase of temperature from 15 ℃ to 50 ℃. The concentration of nisin release from zein edible film increases gradually and then decreases slowly at the same temperature. It was showed that the maximum nisin activity found migrating into water is 390 IU/ml at 50 ℃ after 36 h.

The molecular weight and components distribution of Cordyceps sinensis polysaccharides were studied by ethanol precipitation(step and stepwise) and DEAE-32 cellulose column chromatography respectively. The experimental results of stepwise ethanol precipitation showed that the yeild represents the increasing trend with increase of the ethanol concentration, their polysaccharides contents have significant changes, and at the ethanol concentration of 30% and 70%, polysaccharides contents are up to maximum. Molecular weights of endopolysaccharides and exopolysaccharides are pockety. During step ethanol precipitation the contents of the different components of Cordyceps sinensis polysaccharides were assayed. The results showed that endopolysaccharides and exopolysaccharides have the similar molecular weight and content;and also their acidic polysaccharides have the similar regulation by DEAE-32 cellulose column chromatography.

 The antioxidant effects of polyphenol from Rodiola rosea were studied. The scavenging capacities of polyphenol of Rodiola rosea on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and superoxide free radical were assayed. The results showed the polyphenol of Rodiola rosea has characteristics of scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, superoxide, hydroxyl free radical and definite antioxidant effects on oil.

To study the antibacterial activities of different solvents extracts of Lilium lancifo1ium Thunb, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and inhibitory circle of the extract were determined. The results showed that the antibacterial activities of the extracts were different against different microbes. This research is profitable for the further study and use of the Lilium lancifo1ium Thunb.

The essential oil from Rabdosia nervosa seeds was extracted by steam distillation. The components of the essential oil were separated and structurally identified by gas chromatlgraphy/mass spectrometry, the relative contents of the compo-nents were assayed by the peak-area normalization method with gas chromatography, and all components of the essential oil were calibrated with a standard mixture of homologous n-alkane series. 36 components were separated and accounted for 98.21% of the all peak area, among of them 34 components were identified. The major components of the essential oil were caryophyllen (16.55%), 3-hexen-l-ol (11.49%), 3-octen-3-ol(7.89 %), α-terpineol (7.18%) andα-Linalool (6.13 %), etc. The antimicrobial activities of essential oil from Rabdosia nervosa seeds were investigated. The results showed that the essential oil has antimicrobial activities of inhibiting the growth of experimental bacteria and inactivating them such as Escherichia coli (ATCC25922), Shigella flexneri 51065 and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC25925).

 Backward extraction of soybean protein by CAB/n-heptane/hexanol reverse micellar system from full-fat soybean powder was studied. The effects of three factors were investigated by the response surface method (RSM). The best technics of backward extraction was obtained.

The effects of heat-moisture treatment (HMT)on the properties and carboxymethylation reactivity of waxy corn starch were studied. Results indicated that after the heat-moisture treatment, the granule morphology of waxy corn starch does not change and the polarized light remains, but there is some crack on the surface. Heat-moisture treatment does not change the crystal type of waxy corn starch, but its gelatinized temperature and amylose percent increase after HMT. The carboxymethylation reactivity of waxy corn starch decrease after HMT.

Volatile flavor compounds in Trionyx sinesis meat and calipash were analyzed by headspace solid phase microextraction(HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS). A total of 113 volatile flavor compounds were identified:59 in greenhouse Trionyx sinensis meat and 34 in pond Trionyx sinensis meat while 60 in greenhouse Trionyx sinensis calipash and 50 in pond Trionyx sinensis calipash, which include 23 aromatic compounds, 23 aldehydes, 19 alcohols, 12 ketones,10 nitrogen or sulphur compounds, 10 hydrocarbons, 8 esters, 5 acids and 3 furan.

Toatl amino acid content (AA) and each single amino acid concentration were evaluated for non-enzymatic browning during storage of Dangshan pear juice concentrate. The decrease of total AA content was 0%, 31% and 70% respectively after 100 days of storage at 5 ℃, 37 ℃ and 50 ℃, and the decrease reaction kinitic model was exponential type. Aspartic acid is the main constituent of total AA. After 100 days of storage at 37 ℃ and 50 ℃, aspartic acid loss is about 67% and 73% of the total AA loss, but the concentration of proline increases. Toatl amino acid content is significantly correlated with browning index (A440) and 5-hydroxymethyl furfura(5-HMF), with titratable acidity increasing and pH no change.

To study softening mechanism and retaining crisp methods of Jew’s-ear canned food during the preservation, Qingchuan Jew’s-ear was selected as the main raw material. Firstly, Paraffin sections were applied to observe the changes of micro-structure during the softening process. Next, the contents of protein and polysaccharide of Jew’s-ear were assayed to analysis chemical changes during the softening process. Then, Jew’s-ears were respectively treated with sodium alginate, carrageenan, konjac glucomannan, gelatin, pectin and CaCl2 to choose the optimal ratios by assaying tensile strength and sensory evaluation. The results showed that the myceliums of Jew’s-ear become swelling, the distances during the myceliums become longer, and the myceliums at last ruptured. In the same time protein and polysaccharides in the Jew’s-ear dissolving softens Jew’s-ear entirely. Furthermore,CaCl2, sodium alginate. Carrageenan and pectin were confirmed to make Jew’s-ear crisper with the best ratio for retaining crisp as 0.5% sodium alginate, 0.6% CaCl2 and 0.5% Carrageenan.

Panax ginseng and Daucus carota plant tissues were co-cultured by suspension way, and the best medium for suspension co-culture was screened in this study. Meanwhile metabolites of Panax ginseng and Daucus carota and their co-culture plant tissues were assayed respectively. The results indicated the best medium for supension co-culture with Daucus carota and Daucus carota is MS, 2,4-D 2 mg/L, NAA 1 mg/L and KT 0.2 mg/L, after 25 d the polysaccharide content of co-culture reaches the highest level 0.203 mg/g, and the saponin content of co-culture is 1.85 mg/g, higher 3.35% than saponin of Panax ginseng culture.

Ten beef semitendinosus muscles from bulls of Chinese yellow cattle were used to determine fatty acids changes with beef cooked or microwave heated to different internal temperature (60 ℃, 70 ℃ or 80 ℃). The obtained results showed a great variation of the respective percentages of fatty acids in neutral lipid (NL), polar lipid (PL) or total lipid (TL). Generally, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of NC increased, while saturated fatty acid (SFA) did not change with beef cooking, and resulted in an increasing ratio of PUFA to SFA (P/S) in NL. However, in PL and TL PUFA content decreased and SFA content increased after beef cooking, which resulted in decreasing P/S ratio. But SFA increased with beef microwave heating in NL, PL and TL. Meanwhile PUFA also decreased in NL and TL, but not significantly decreased in PL. These changes resulted in P/S decreased in NL, PL and TL with beef microwave heating. M/S ratios unchanged with two heating treatments in NL, PL and TL. Value of n-6/n-3 PUFA increased significantly when beef internal temperature reached 80 ℃ in comparison with 60 ℃ or 70 ℃ despite of either cooking or microwave heating. Results suggested that beef with texture as morble should be treated with cooking but not microwave heating since P/S increased with cooking in NL and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) also reduced significantly in NL, PL and TL. Besides, beef should not be overcooked (80 ℃) since n-6/n-3, IA (index of atherogenicity) and IT (index of thrombogenicity) increased significantly at the internal high temperature (80 ℃), which caused great changes of fatty acids and was not beneficial for human health.

Phenolic acid, known as a kind of multipurpose bioactive compound, widely spreads throughout the plant kingdom. Citrus fruits may be the important resource of dietary phenolic acids. Eight phenolic acids in Satsuma mandarin during maturity were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with photodiode array (PDA) detector in this study, which were:protocatechuic, p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic, sinapic and chlorogenic. In this study phenolic acids were divided into four fractions:free, ester, glycoside and ester-bound. As a result, contents of phenolic acids in flesh decreased with maturity, while that in peel had the highest content at half ripe stage, and contents of phenolic acids in peel were much higher than that in flesh. Furthermore, there were more hydroxycinnamics than hydroxybenzoics both in peel and flesh, and contents of chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid were highest among the eight quantified phenolic acids. The data on composition and distribution of phenolic acid in citrus fruits can be potentially used for discriminating the adulteration of citrus juices;also they may be useful for food technologists and consumers. In addition, research on flavonoids and phenolic acids of citrus fruits and their antioxidant properties may also be valuable in selecting citrus varieties with high quality directed to reducing the risk of cardiovascular and other disease. The application prospect of composition and distribution of phenolic acids in citrus fruits are exciting.

The molecular structure features of SAPP and its conjugated with dextran were analyzed through the gel filtration chromatography(GPC), UV and IR-spectrums. The covalent attachment of polysaccharides to protein was confirmed. Through the GPC investigation, it showed that products obtained in liquid system have the same absorbing characteristics as UV and IR. GPC analysis results showed that the Mn and Mw were similar conjugates obtained in both 80% ethanol reacting system and dry-heating condition.

In this experiment the method of modified cups was utilized to determine the water vapor permeability of every coating at 25±2 ℃ and 90%±2% relative humidity, and their water vapor barrier properties were compared with CaCl2 as absorbent and cotton-cloth as coating carrier. The results indicated that the water barrier property of sodium alginate was the best in the polysaccharide-based coatings;the water vapor barrier property of gelatin was better than that of soy protein;water vapor barrier rate of lipid-based coatings increased as follows:lauric acid <palmic acid<stearic acid<wax<beeswax, water vapor barrier;and property of acetyl monoglyceride was better than that of monoglyceride. The addition of plasticizers, e.g. sorbite, glycerol and ethylene glycol may decrease water vapor barrier property. It was better for the lipid-based coatings used as film formers than as emulsifiers.

Starch is the main composition of lotus seed. Its structure and character can influence the process of lotus seed. So some properties of the Weishanhu Lake wild lotus seed starch were studied, including the amylose content, paste clarity, solubility, swelling power and the free-thaw stability. Concentration, temperature, time and share rate, etc. affecting viscosity prperties of the lotus seed were studied. This study can provide theoretical basis for processing of lotus seed products.

The purification of hawthorn total triterpenes with four commercial macroreticular resins were studied. The results showed that AB-8 is optimal resin for the purification of haw total triterpenes. The optimum conditions are as follows:with 70% ethanol as eluant, working solution pH 6, and series selecting AB-8 resin column for purification. Then, reasonable yield and high product purity can be obtained.

The extraction technology of honeybee pupa flavonoides by ultrasound and it’s antioxidation in vitro were studied in this research. The results showed that it costs short time to extract honeybee pupa flavones by ultrasound with a good effect. The optimum extraction technology is ultrasound intensity 34 W/cm2, extraction time 20 min, ratio of material to solvent 1:15 with methanol as the solvent. The extraction amount of honeybee pupa was 43.85 mg/100 g. The honeybee pupa flavonoids have distinct inhibition against O2· made by alkaline pyrogallic acid, ·OH produced by Fenton reaction, LO·and LOO· peroxidation reaction of PUFA of yolk LDL induced by Fe2+, and dosage-effect correlations exist.

Several kinds of heating methods were used to pre-gelatinize potatoes. The experiment results revealed the gelatinization effect of being cooked for 25 min was the best for potatoes. Orthogonal test method was employed to optimize the recipe of potato cakes. The test results showed that the milk powder content and the butter content highly significantly influenced the sensory index of prepared frozen potato cakes. The assay results demonstrated that the fat content of potato cake was 4.24%, whereas the fat content of fried potato cake was 11.18%. After one month frozen storage, the peroxide value of the fat in prepared frozen potato cake was 1.94%, whereas the peroxide value of the fat in prepared frozen potato cakes which had been fried was 7.79%.

This experiment studied the supercritical CO2 fluid extraction(SFE-CO2) technology of Carya kernel oil(CKO). The results showed the extraction rate was high when the grind degree was 0.9～0.4 mm(20～40 mesh), time longer than 2 h, pressure higher than 30 MPa and temperatures 35～45 ℃. On basis of single factor test, the orthogonal test was used in optimization of technological parameters. The feasible technological conditions were 2.5 h, 30 MPa, 0.6 mm(30 mesh)and 40 ℃. By the above conditions, the extraction rate could be 95.74%. The effects of extraction methods on CKO physicochemical properties were researched. Compared with the ether extraction and the aqueous extraction, the obtained oil by SFE-CO2 has the following several traits:the high iodine, the low acid value, the low sponification value and the low peroxide and so on. By means of gas chromatography (GC), 93.55% unsaturated fatty acid were determined in the oil, including oleic acid 68.01%, linoleic acid 23.21% and linolenic acid 2.11%.

This experiment mainly studied the use of glucose oxidase for production of low-alcohol dry red wine. The process reduces potential alcohol by converting a part of glucose to gluconic acid. The key factors affecting activity of glucose oxidase were temperature, pH, SO2 etc. Maximum glucose oxidase activity was observed during the first 0～24 h of treatment. The optimum temperature is 30～40 ℃, and the optimum pH is 4.0～5.0. The main fermentation conditions affecting on glucose converting were addition amount of yeast, addition amount and addition time of glucose oxidase, fermentation temperature and pH. Yeast and glucose oxidase as competitive inhibitors of glucose, by coorolinating their ratio high quality and low-alcohol dry red wine can be produced. Alcohol of wine treated by glucose oxidase is 7.62%(V/V) with decrease of pH, increase of titratable acidity and color becoming darker. Malolactic fermentation can decrease titratable acidity of the wine, and make wine more mature and its taste more harmonious.

 Chaenomeles lagenaria Koidz fruit vinegar was produced in this study using Chaenomeles lagenaria Koidz as raw material and AS 1.41 acetobacter as strain, and factors affecting on acetic acid fermentation processing such as fermentation temperature, inoculums amount, initial alcohol degree, initial total acidity and dissolved oxygen were studied. Results showed that optimum parameters are as follows 35 ℃, 11% inoculums amount, 4.7% alcohol degree, 1.8 g/100 ml initial total acidity (calculated as acetic acid)and 220 r/min. On these conditions the fermentation rate reaches 67.23%. Acetobacteria attains a logarithm growth in the processing of fermentation affter 6 days. Product has a golden color, lucidus, and Chaenomeles lagenaria Koidz original faint scent quality

The experiment is designed to study the technical condition of water soluble polysaccharide extraction from Clitocybe maxima. The experimental results showed that the optimum technological conditions are solid-liquid ratio 1:30, temperature 90 ℃, the total time 4 h and times of extraction 3. The extraction yield can be up to 13.2 %.

An ultrasonic method for the extraction of polysaccharide from Radix Rehmanniae Preparata was investigated and optimized. The effects of five variables on extraction efficiency of polysaccharide polyses were studied. The optimum extraction conditions were:the particle of dried Radix Rehmannia Preparata 40 mesh size;ultrasonic frequency 40 kHz;ratio of sample to solvent 1:56(m/V);extraction time 3.1 min and extraction temperature 64.5 ℃. The reproducibility of the extraction method was good.

【Abstract】 Hesperidin derived from citrus peel extraction was separated by ultrafiltration (UF) technology. The effects of transmembrane pressure (TMP), axial flow-rate, temperature, the volume concentration rate (VCR) of hesperidin extraction on ultrafiltration permeates flux and different cleaning agents on the recovery of membrane flux were investigated. The results showed that the optimum conditions are:the ultrafiltration membrane with 30000 molecule weight cutoff (MWCO) runing at TMP 0.25 MPa, temperature 30 ℃, axial flow-rate 80 L/h and VCR 3.4;the hesperidin with over 85% purity can be obtained after crystallization;the cleaning efficiency is best with 0.1% HCl and 0.1% NaOH.

 By uniform design, wiht ultrasonic time and ultrasonic power on the processing as factors, and the rate of salt osmosis and sensory evaluation as indexes, the ultrasonic processing conditions were decided. Then the curing temperature was chosen in succession. The best technology for ultrasonic processing low salt bacon was as follows:fresh meat treated with ultrasonic before curing, ultrasonic power 93 W, time 3 h and curing temperature 8 ℃ on conditions of frequency 28 kHz and appearance power 0～93 W. There were almost no differences between the ultrasonic groups and the control in appearance and texture, but the tenderness was slightly higher than the control.

To research the optimum fermentation conditions for alcohol production by residue from diosgenin processing, several important factors were analyzed in the orthogonal test of five factors and four levels. The content of alcohol was valued as an evaluation index using spectrophotometry. The results indicated that the linear range of calibration curve was 0.028%～0.24% (r=0.9998) after color reaction, and optimal fermentation conditions were determined as follows:the use level of α-amylase as 7 U/g, cellulase 110 U/g, glucoamylase 110 U/g, yeast 0.04 g/g, and 4 days fermentation time.

A solid adsorbent pollet was made from natural zeolite and chitosan to be used for clarification of fruit juices. 80 mesh natural zeolite was added in chitosan slurry of 90% degree of deacetylation to prepare adsorbent pellets with mass ratio 1:1.2. The optimal operation conditions are absorbent amount 8 g/L and agitation time 4 min at 45 ℃ with transparence 80%. The filtrate slurry can be used as feed additives without environmental pollution problem.

To opotimize the extraction process of sunflower meal,the sunflower meal was treated by cellulase and/or acidic protease, studying the enzyme dosage, treatment time how to influence the percentage of the amount of chologenic acid in extraction. The amount of chologenic acid in extraction obviously improve by the cellulase and acidic protease treatment. According to the orthogonal test to analyze the result of test, the optimal parameters were found. The optimum temperature of treatment is 50 ℃ and the optimum time is 1 h, the dosage of cellulase is 6 ml, the dosage of acidic protease is 1.5 ml, the percentage of amount of chlorgenic acid is up to 1.90%.

One of the genetic manipulation restriction factors in Lactobacillus strains is the efficient and reproducible transformation method. To optimize the conditions for electroporation of Lactobacillus plantarum B0080 cells, a shuttle vector for Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, pHY300PLK, were used. Factors including growth stage, plasmid concentration and composition of the recovery medium were investigated. Response surface methodology was employed to optimize the growth medium and pulse strength. Results showed that the optimal values for concentration of glycine and of sucrose and the pulse strength are 5.13% (W/V), 0.54 mol/L and 7.41 kV/cm, respectively. Best electroporation efficiency is 3.6×104 CFU/μg DNA obtained after incubation in 0.3 mol/L sucrose containing MRS broth for another 2 h. Several strains of Lactobacillus, such as L.amylovorus B0112 and L.acidophilus B0068, are transformed with different kinds of plasmids with the optimized processing.

The main purpose of this research is to construct a low alcohol producing strain according to the alcohol metabolic pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, so as to satisfy the people who prefer to drink low-alcohol beer. Hygromycin B resistant gene was used to screen mutants with adh I gene knocked out. After Hygromycin B resistant gene was amplified with primers L1 and L2 (the flanking fragments were complement with Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene), it was transformed into yeast HDY-01 by LiAc method and the alcohol dehydrogenase I (ADH I) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was deleted through homologous recombination. A transformant was obtained with low ADH I activity. The fermentation tests showed that the average alcohol content of the transformant is 1.8%(V/V), 65% lower than the origin one. The alcohol metabolic pathway in this transformant isi nterfered.

Objective:To express and purifyα-glucosidase gene from E.sakazakii. Methods:α-glucosidase gene was cloned from E.sakzakii genome DNA. Plasmid pET22b(+) containing α-glucosidase gene was constructed and transferred into competent Escherichia coli and α-glucosidase gene was overexpressed by the challenge of isopropylthio-β-D-glactoside(IPTG). The expression of α-glucosidase gene protein was one-step purified. Furthermore, the catalyse activity of α-glucosidase gene protein was preliminarily detected. Results:The recombinant Escherichia coli produced α-glucosidase gene protein in large quantities, accounting for 18% of total cell protein. The molecular weight of α-glucosidase gene protein was estimated to be 65 kD by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophresis (SDS-PAGE). It was found that imidazole at the concentration of 500 mmol/L could elute the α-glucosidase gene protein most efficiently and its purity higher than 90%. The α-glucosidase gene protein was preliminarily detected to have the activity of catalyse. Conclusions:The stable α-glucosidase gene overexpressing recombinant Escherichia coli can be constructed by the plasmid pET22b(+) containing α-glucosidase gene. The recombinant strain can produce α-glucosidase gene protein with catalyse activity and the product of which can be purified into higher activity.

In order to identify and protect home-made Koumiss, the diversity of lactic acid bacteria was investigated using appropriate starter cultures. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene was used to confirm the presence of the predominant groups indicated by phenotypic analysis and to determine the phylogenetic affiliation of representative strains. The prevalent lactic acid bacteria consisted of Lactobacillus plantarum(10%), Lactobacillus brevis(8%), Lactobacillus casei(7.8%), Enterococcus faecium (17%), Enterococcus faecalis(14%), Lactococcus lactis(19%), Lactobacillus acidlophilus(5%), Lactobacillus paracasei(2%), Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus(4%), Lactobacillus helveticus(4%), Enterococcus durans(4%), Leuconostoc mesenteroides(4%), Leuconostoc garlicum(1%) and Streptococcus thermophilus(1%).

By screening fungus producing naringin enzyme repeatedly 8 strains of superior debittering capability from 56 strains funguses were obtained. Results showed that No.4-4-1 laboratory’s strains was up to decomposition rate of 99% for naringin. No.4-4-1 strain’s conidiophore was single, tubbiness, and as bottle shape and ranging as spoke, and conidiophore peduncle was slightly bend as sickle. The hyphae were like cotton fibre in the culture medium. It was indentified as F.solani(Mart.) APP.et Wr.var.ninus Wr.according to the Fungal Identification Manual page 610.

Effects of separation pressure, temperature, pH and the ratio of E/s on enzymic activity and separation of ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) inhibitory peptides were investigated. The combination system of hydrolysis-membrane separation to separate ACE inhibitory peptides from hydrolysates was established. The results showed that the effects of separation parameters of membrane separation on enzymic activity and separation of ACE inhibitory peptides are prominent. The combination system of two-times hydrolysis-two-ranks membrane separation possesses the high yield of ACE inhibi-tory peptides as 5.73%, while IC50 (half inhibit concentration) as 0.088 mg/ml. The yields of ACE inhibitory peptides of the two combination system. Such as were one-time hydrolysis-two-ranks membrane separation and of one-time hydrolysis-one-rank membrane separation, are 3.19% and 2.31% respectively, while IC50 values are 0.081 mg/ml and 0.078 mg/ml, respectively.

 DNA was extracted from nine soybean processed foods such as bean meal, soy milk and tofu etc by CTAB methods. Based on the PCR amplification of soybean endogenous gene-Lectin, CaMV 35S promoter gene, Cp4-epsps gene were detected by qulitative PCR methods. Results showed that five soybean processed foods namely bean meal, soy milk, tofu, tofu piece and lobster sauce are genetically modified foods involved.

Lactoferrin (LF) shows antimicrobial activity on both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, especially the former. The antimicrobial effect improves with decrease of the iron saturation decreases. The change in pH values could affect the inhibition capability of Gram-positive bacteria but not of Gram-negative strains, while the optimum antibacterial effects are found to be pH 7.5～8.0. The bacteriostatic effects increase with higher concentration of bicarbonate, but decrease with addition of citrate and cation. Circular dichroism (CD) analysis of the secondary structure of LF showed that α-helix is transformed to β-sheet with increase of iron saturation, and the arrangement of molecular becomes better arranging in order and the structure of protein becomes more compact. DSC results indicated that the difference in the heat sensitivity between N-lobe and C-lobe is caused by the difference of the iron-binding capacity of the two lobes. The higher antibacterial activity with less iron-saturation is resulted from C-lobe.

A cellulase-decomposing bacterium SW3 was screened out from tea, and mutagenized with UV and NaNO2. The first isolation was conducted according to the method of distinct zone of clearing in cellulase-congo red agar medium. The second isolation was conducted according to the test of filter paper enzyme activity through liquid fermentation. SW355 is 62.9% higher than the original strain SW3, and it has a stable property in transmissibility.

 The elementary fermentation conditions was obtained through a series of single factor tests. Based on the analysis of these results, the optimal culture conditions were confirmed by orthogonal test. The results showed that the optimum conditions are culture temperature 28 ℃, original pH 7.0, the ratio of strain(+) to strain (-)1:1, inoculum size 6%, and culture time 156 ～162 h. On the optimum conditions, the yield of β-carotene increased by 117.3% compared with the original fermentation conditions, up to 772.47 mg/L, which pave the groundwork for future industrialization.

Objective:To fast detect and track antibacterial active components for endophytic fungi in Pseudolarix kaempferi Gord. with agar overlay 2D-TLC bioautography. Method:The metabolites of endophytes fungus was developed with 2D-TLC, and antibacterial active components was detected and tracked by bioautography of Bacillus subtilis model and TTC coloration. Result:The results showed that the development system screening was easy, and antiblastic spot was accurate and limpid. Optimization technology was acetidin:N-hexane(3:7)as low-pole solvent system, methanol:dichloromethane(1:9) as polar solvent system, 20% glycerol filter paper as moisturizer, 14 h age Bacillus subtilis as indicating strain seed on thin layer plate cultivated for 14～18 h, 1% TTC staining time 1～2 h, bacterial mix method suitable to 0.2%～0.6% agar semisolid bouillon culture-medium, bacterial spread method suitable to 1% agar semisolid bouillon culture-medium. Conclusion:Agar overlay 2D-TLC bioautography is a fast mothod for detecting and tracking of antibacterial active components, and it is especially suitable to complicated natural product.

Lact.1, Lact.2 and Lact.3 are three strains of lactic acid bacteria with wide spectrum, high antibacterial efficient and good fermented performance. They were selected from natural fermented pepper. The results of the orthogonal test showed that the best inoculation amount of three kinds of strains were 1%, 1%, 0.5% respectively, and the best salt amount was 10%. Comparing natural fermented pepper with inoculated fermented pepper, the fermentation cycle of inoculated fermented pepper was obviously shorter than that of natural fermented pepper, and the content of nitrate of natural fermented pepper was obviously higher than that of inoculated fermented pepper.

The best enzyme and its optimum conditions to enzymatically hydrolyze prawn heads were studied and the free amino acids were analyzed also in this study. The results showed that papain is the best enzyme and its optimum conditions are ratio of material to water 1:0.6, original pH 7.5 and E/S 775 U/g under 42 ℃ for 3 h. Under these conditions, the hydrolysis degree (DH) is up to 64.82%. To avoid the bitterness in the product, flavourzyme and papain are mixed up (1:1, E/S 775 U/g) with the processing conditions listed above. The product flavor is better than before while the DH is 58.01%. The amount of free amino acids increases greatly and the content of glutamic acid is the highest.

Objective:To purify copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu, Zn-SOD) from erythrocytes of chicken and to study some properties of purified Cu, Zn-SOD. Methods:Cu, Zn-SOD has been purified from erythrocytes of chicken by chloroform-ethanol fractionation, acetone precipitation, thermal denaturalization and DEAE-32 chromatography. Results:5.9 mg of dry powder enzyme was obtained, the purified specific activity of the enzyme was 10196.27 U/mg protein, the yield was 70.46%, and its purification time was 125.82. The investigation of physiochemical properties of the SOD showed that the ultraviolet absorption peak of the enzyme was found to be at 264 nm, which has two identical subunit, the molecular weight about 31000 D and the molecular weigh of subunit about 16500 D. The enzyme was found to have good stability at the pH range from 6 to 9 and good thermal stability at the 40 ℃ to 60 ℃ range over 30 mimutes incubation period. The Cu, Zn-SOD was not obviously inhibited by 2 mol/L SDS, but obviously inhibited by H2O2 and KCN. Conclusion:Cu, Zu-SOD is rich in the erythrocytes of chicken.

Fresh culture of Pediococcus acidilactici strain inoculated in MRS broth and cultivated under 37 ℃ for 17 h, the bacteriocin was extracted from the culture and purified by three steps:the pH mediated cell adsorption-desorption method, SP Sepharose Fast Flow ion-exchange chromatography and Sephadex G-50 gel filtration. The final yield of bacteriocin was 0. 19% and the specific activity was 5.17×104 AU/mg. The specific activity was increased by 34.54 fold. Tricine-SDS-PAGE showed that its molecular weight was about 4600 D.

 Using Diasporangium sp. A1.13 as original strain, the protoplast mutagenesis by UV, microwave and DES were carried on in order to enhance the arachidonic acid yield. The mutant MW40+DES20 II-4 was selected through low temperature (15 ℃) and aspirin (0.12 kg/ml) as inhibitors with the result of the AA content in total fatty acids increasing from 8.034% to 15.098%. Fermentation experiment was carried on 5 L fermentation equipment. Results showed that the biomass, arachidonic acid yield and fatty acid yield reaches 12.252 g/L, 4.307 g/L and 604.557 mg/L respectively increasing 24.96%, 56.39% and 193.924% than the initial strain. It is thought that it is an effective breeding means for fungus producing fatty acids through analysis the fatty acid component of the mutants.

The optimization of culture of Morchella costata (Vent.) Pers on liquid culture was studied. With dry weight of mycelium, inopolysaccharide(IPS) output and its yield. The results showed that the concentration of starch was 2%, the chorma of lobster sauce was 1%, the concentration of MgSO4·7H2O was 0.1% and the concentration of KH2PO4 was 0.05%, the initial pH of culture was 7.5, and the temperature was 28 ℃. The dry weight of mycelium reached 16.94 g/L, and the weight of inopolysaccharides(IPS) reached 0.984 g/L after culturing for 8 days.

A new analytical method with nitrogen-benzene floatation ternary complex spectrophotometry for determination of VC was developed. Its principle is that I3-can react with malachite green to form ternary complex, which is insoluble and instable in water, but can be dissolved steadily in organic solvent. The method exhibits high sensitivity (ε= 5.02×105 L/mol·cm) and good selectivity and excellent accuracy (RSD=3.4 %, n=10, m=10μg). It can be used to determine of VC in food (vegetable) with satisfactoryr esult.

The Head-space solid phase microextraction conditions for analysis octanoic acid and capric acid in beer were optimized by SAS software combined with Plackett-Burman design and the response surface analysis. The optimal conditions were as follows:extract temperature 51.32 ℃, extract time 42.23 min and salt dosage 0.51 g/ml. This method had a better duplication and a higher recovery. The relative standard deviations (RSD) of peak areas for fatty acids were less than 4%, the detection limits of octanoic acid and capric acid was 4.04 μg/L and 0.046 μg/L, respectively, and the working curve linear scope was 0.404～ 8080 mg/L and 0.046～920 mg/L, respectively, with correlation coefficient more than 0.999.

Listeria monocytogenes is a kind of food-borne pathogenic bacterium strain grown at low temperature and can cause zoonosis. The method is based on real time reverse-transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) amplification of mRNA to detect viable Listeria monocytogenes by specific hlyA gene. This method can overcome the false-positive caused by amplification of nonviable Listeria monocytogenes in the detection process. Both sensitivity and specification of this method were studied, and the artificially contaminated milk by Listeria monocytogenes was assayed. The results showed that the specific primers and probe do not cross-react with other food-borne pathogens. The sensitivity of detection Listeria monocytogenes is 3×102 CFU/ml after being cultivated 1 h and 30 CFU/ml after 3 h. The sensitivity of detection of artificially contaminated milk is 17 CFU/ml after being cultivated 6 h. So this method can satisfy the demandion of diagnosis and detection of Listeria monocytogenes.

A new method for the determination of organic acids in C.pinnatifida Bunge based on matrix solid phase dispersion was established. Organic acids were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with 0.01 mol/L NaH2PO4 buffer(pH 2.98) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 2.0 ml/min and detected at wavelength of 210 nm. The organic acids were separated on a ZORBAX Stable Bound (4.6 mm×50 mm, 1.8μm) column within 3 min. Limits of detections (S/N=3) were below 200μg/L. Mean recoveries ranged from 94% to 98%, and the relative standard deviations were below 3.0%. This method has been successfully applied to the determination of organic acids in C.pinnatifida Bunge with satisfactory results.

The colour reaction of p-ClTPPS4 with Pb(Ⅱ) was studied in this study. The results showed that complexation reaction can complete without heating, the apparent molar absorption coefficient is 2.51×105 L/mol·cm, linear range is 0～ 6μg/10ml, and the ability of anti-jamming is high. The proposed method has been applied for determination of Pb(Ⅱ) in food with satisfiedr esults.

Acetonitrile-sodium chloride, trichloromethane and acetone-dichloromethane were used to extract organophosphorous pesticides respectively. Pulsed-flame photometer detector (PFPD) was used to analyze the extraction rate of these three solvents. Flame ionization detector (FID) was used to analyze the content of impurity in the samples extracted by those three solvents. An optional extraction and analysis method has been identified according to the analysis results with FID and PFPD. The organophosphorous pesticides in vegetables were extracted by acetonitrile-sodium chloride analyzed with PFPD. The limit of detection(LOD) of the four pesticides (dichlorvos, acephate, phorate and dimethoate) in this method was respectively 2.2, 43.0, 5.0, 2.3 ng/ml, the rate of recoveries were all between 95%～120%, and the intra-day RSD and inter-day RSD were all below 9. 5%. This method is easy to perform and has a high sensitivity.

The color reaction of lead with 2-carboxyphenylazo-rodanine (CPAR) was studied. In the presence of pH4.0 buffer solution and emulsifier-OP medium, CPAR could react with lead(II) to form a stable 2:1 complex. This complex extracted by Waters Sep-Pak-C18 cartridge and eluted by DMF, its spectrophotometry determination results showed that the molar absorptivity is 6.75×104 L/mol·cm at 520 nm. Beer’s law was obeyed in range of 0.05～4 μg/ml. This method can be applied for the determination of lead in biological sample with satisfactory results.

A GC method for the determination of 9 acetanilide herbicides and atrazine, metribuzin residues in cereals and oil seeds was developed. Herbicide residues were extracted from rice and soybean samples with acetone-water mixture. Extracts were cleaned up with a Florisil SPE column and analyze by DB-35 capillary gas chromatography column. The recoveries obtained from rice and soybean samples spiked with standards are in the ranges of 70.5%～96.0%. Relative standard deviations(n=10) are below 6%. Correlation coefficients are above 0.9989. Limits of quantitative of all herbicides are 0.02 mg/kg. The method is accurate, sensetive and suitable for the determination of herbicide residues.

A pre-treatment method of nitrobenzene was studied by solid phase extraction in grain. According to characteristic of different kinds of grain, nitrobenzene in low fatty grain was directly extracted by n-hexane, and high fatty grain was extracted with acetonitrile in pre-treatment procedures, then extraction of acetonitrile was transferred into n-hexane by liquid extraction method. Aluminum oxide was used as main stuffing in solid phase extraction, and weaker polar impurity was washed with n-hexane and stronger polar particulate was washed with reagent of ethyl acetate-hexane (6+4) respectively. Elution of stronger polar reagent that 5 ml ethyl acetate was used because of concentration demand, and the effect was perfect. Concentration and purity of the determination method of nitrobenzene were isochronous and the loss problem was resolved in pre-treatment procedures of concentration. The pre-treatment method was also confirmed by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometry. A simple, available and economic pre-treatment method was established with the characteristics of low disturbance, convenience and high sensitivity in this study.

Objective:A new method of chemiluminescence for determining the peroxide value in the cooking oils is developed. It is a good method for assaying the peroxide value in the cooking oils. Methods:The method is based on that the peroxide can oxidize iodine ion and the reaction is coupled with the chemiluminescence system luminal-I2. Results:Detection limit of method is 0.0073 mg/L and RSD is lower than 4.50%(n=6). The determination range of the method is between 0～1.0 mg/L. The recovery of the method is between 91.5% and 97.3%. Conclusion:The method can be used to determine the peroxide value in the cooking oils with satisfied results.

The walnut septum was refluxed twice for two hours each with 100 ml 50% ethanol. With rutin as reference and boric citric acid was taken as developer, at 410 nm wavelength and the optimum conditions were determined by orthogonal design method. The flavone glycoside content in walnut benevolence is 0.15 mg/ml and recover rate 84%～114%.

The determination principle of sodium cyclamate in foods-gas chromatography was confirmed and discussed. GC-MS was used to identify resultants in four experiments. The first experiment was the national standard method in which sodium chloride was added to the reaction system after the reaction was over. The second was the national standard method in which sodium chloride was added to the reaction system as reagent. The third was headspace method in which there was not sodium chloride. The fourth was headspace method in which sodium chloride was added to reaction system as reagent. At last, the principle of reaction was concluded by comparison of the four experiments. There was no nitrous acid cyclohexyl ester to generate in the four experiments. When there was not Cl-in the reaction system, the primary resultants were cyclohexene, X and cyclohexenol. When Cl-existed, besides cyclohexene, X and cyclohexenol, there were various chlorocyclohexanes. Author believes that reaction is primary amine diazotization.

The in vitro antioxidative activities of different solvent extracts were compared by examining the decoloration of the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and the superoxide generated from autoxidation of pyrogallol. It is found that the antioxidative activities of n-butanol extract was most closed to ethanol extract, which means n-butanol is the best solvent to extract main functional components in ethanol extract. Then the performance of absorption and desorption for flavonoids from Semen Plantaginis with four types of macroreticular resins AB-8, D101, NKA-2, NKA-9 were determined, in order to select the better purification process of Semen Plantaginis flavonoids. The results showed that the AB-8 resin had the highest ratio of absorption and desorption and was the most suitable absorbent. The purify of flavonoids was raised from 4% to 30% after absorption and separation by this resin. It was determined by LC-MS chromatograms that the main components in the solution purified were several phenylethanoid glycosides such as Verbascoside, Isoverbascoside and Plantamajoside, an iridoid i.e. Geniposidic acid and two flavonoids i.e. Rhoifolin and Apigenin-7-O-glucoside.

Objective:To analyze significant error’s reasons of current K-B method for detecting antimicrobic activity of natural product, and introduce modified method. Method:The reasons for significant error were studied by adopting TTC chromogenic method, analyzing alcohol extract of natural antimicrobic component’s polarity and making sample appropriate diffusion before plate cultivated. Result:There were many semipolar, low-polar and nonpolar antimicrobic components in natural products, they diffused slowly in medium, it was possible for false negative and leaked screening by inhibition zone size judging only, but TTC method was better precise and reliable with the sum of indicator size without dyed by TTC and inhibition zone size. Conclusion:It wasn’s applied for current K-B method to detect antibacterial activity of organic solvent extracts until it was improved with TTC chromogenic method.

A method for the determination of vitamin B1 (VB1) in millet which is one of important grain in china by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed. After extracting by hydrochloric acid and taka diastase, the enzymatically treated sample can separated from fecula, fatty compound and protein and so on in millet completely. A VP-ODS C18 column was used for separation and elution was performed with methanol and sodium acetate (0.5 mol/L, pH4.5, 20:80). VB1 was detected by fluorescence detector quantificationally. The average recoveries were 91.59%～94.27% of high, middle and low three level (n=4)in this method. The relative standard deviations(RSD%) were 2.8%～5.9%(n=6). The detection limit (S/N=3) was 1.56 ng/ml.

To establish a method for identification and determination of illegal adding of chemical substance Sibutramine hydrochloride in the diet pills of traditional Chinese medicine for health care, TLC, HPLC-DAD and LC/MS/MS technology were employed to isolate and identify the Sibutramine hydrochloride. The content determination was made by HPLC. Among the 43 samples purchased from market, 9 samples contained Sibutramine hydrochloride. The method is specific, sensitive, convenient and the precision was satisfactory, and it can be used efficiently for control and surveillance of illegal adding of chemical substance Sibutramine hydrochloride in the diet pills of traditional chinese medicine for health care.

Objective:To establish an RP-HPLC method or the determination of the contents of five main flavones in health food. Methods:contents of daidzin, genistin, daidzein, alion, genistein in health food was measured by RP-HPLC [a column of Kromasil C18(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5μm), with mobile phase of methanol-water, eluted in gradient mode, flow rate 1.0 ml/min, detection wavelength of 260 nm, column temperature 30 ℃]. Results:The calibration curves showed good linearity in the range of 4.088～204.4(daidzin), 3.448～172.4(genistin), 3.208～160.4(daidzein), 3.528～176.4(alion), 4.784～239.2μg/ml (genistein), correlation coefficients were 0.9997, 0.9998, 0.9998, 0.9995, 0.9996. The average recoveries (n=9) were 100.1%, 97.4%, 100.9%, 99.5% and 100.8% respectively. The average contents (n=5) of the five components in health food were 156.81μg/ml, 168.42μg/ml, 41.98μg/ml, 39.84μg/ml, 36.55μg/ml, and RSD were 2.6%, 1.3%, 1.8%, 2.8% and 2.3%. Conclusion:An accurate and reproducible method can be used for the quality control of health food.

The amount ofThe amount of Na⁺、NH⁴⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、Zn²⁺ in fruits (apple, pear) and juice (sports water, green tea , pear juice, carrot juice and carrot and orange juice) were respectively separated and detected by non-suppressed ion chromatography. And pyridine-2,6-dicarbexylic was used as mobile phase to separated monovalent cations and pyridine-2,6-dicarbexylic-ethylenedi-amine-oxalic acid was used as mobile phase to separated divalent cations. The analysis results showed that the common cations linear relationship was good, with detection limits 0.011～0.195 mg/L and the relative standard deviation among 0.125%～ 1.65%. This method was of advantages of simple, fast and the results were accurate and reliable.

A simple and rapid method for determination of F-in brick tea by ion chromatography with conductivity detector was studied. The anions were tested on AS18(4 mm×250 mm) anion exchange column using multi-step gradient KOH as eluent. The flow rate of mobile phase was 1.0 ml/min. The correction coefficients were 0.9998 detection limits (3S/N) were found to be 0.01 mg/kg. Recoveries tested by the different lever addition were in the range of 95.0%～106.0%.

The lead, cadmium, arsenic and antimony released from glass containers are determined simultaneously with the ICP-AES. The recoveries of this method were ranged between 87.9%～121.1%. The RSDs were in range of 0.43%～1.99%. The detection limits were Pb 0.007μg/ml, Cd 0.0004μg/ml, As 0.02μg/ml, Sb 0.02μg/ml. It is a convenient and rapid method, which is suitable to be used to measure the release of lead, cadmium, arsenic and antimony from the glass container.

The cellular fatty acid compositions of 19 strains of foodborne pathogenic bacteria, were extracted with organic reagent, isolated through thin layer chromatography and determined by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The result indicated that the cellular fatty acid compositions of Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Vibrio and Shigella all contain tetradecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid and octadecenoic acid, the total content is around 90%, in which the hexadecanoic acid is the most, above 40%, next is the octadecenoic acid, around 30%. The difference of the fatty acid compositions is prominent among the four genus. Escherichia coli O157 is absent of tridecanoic acid and pentadecanoic acid, and Vibrio parahaem olyticus is lack of dodecanoic acid and tridecanoic acid, while Shigella contains unique cyclopentanetridecanoic acid. These characters could be the basis of classification and identification respectively. There are difference in the location of double bonds between the type strains and local strains, so they could be distinguished by these variation.

A method is described for simultaneous analysis of simazine, atrazine, acetochlor, alachlor, prometryne, pyridaben, quizalofop-ethyl residue in strawberry using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The herbicides in the sample was extracted with ethyl acetate.The extract was decanted into a flask through a filter paper, then the filtered solution was concentrated to dry. The dry sample was dissolved and added to 5 mL with acetone-n-hexane (30:70, V/V). It was cleaned up by Florisil, concentrated again. The sample was dissolved and adjusted to 1mL with acetone.The solution was used for GC-MS analysis. The calibration curve has good linear in the ranges of 0.05～1.00μg/ml, and the correlation coffient is 0.9964～0.9998 for herbicides, respectively. The recovery of the method is 77.4%～125.2%, and the detection limit is 0.01μg/g.

 This study compared the superoxide free radical (O·2) scavenging properties of chondroitin sulfate (ChS) with high purity obtained from pig laryngeal cartilage on its three chemically reduced or sulfonated desulfate derivatives. Before and after ChS being reacted with O·2its derivatives were characterized by IR spectrum, chemical and thermal analysis. The in vitro superoxide radical-scavenging mechanism was probed as ChS and its derivatives show O·2scavenging activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Both reduced ChS and desulfated ChS are significantly lower than ChS (p<0.01), but sulfated ChS is slightly higher than ChS (p>0.05). Both IR spectrum absorbance ascribed to the carboxyl group and sulfate group and thermal analysis curves of ChS before and after being reacted with O2·show great changes, with the contents of carboxyl group and sulfate group significantly decreased(p<0.01). The results showed that the O2· scavenging activity of ChS may be attributed to the carboxyl group and sulfate group.

The α-glucosidase activity, the oral glucose tolerance of normal and diabeteic mice, the contents of glycogen and insulin were respectively studied to find the hypoglycemic mechanism of saponins from Momordica charantia L. The results showed that the saponins have no α-glucosidase inhibition activity. But the saponins can lower the oral glucose tolerance of both normal and diabeteic mice and they also affect the glycogen of the normal and diabeteic mice. From these results we concluded that the hypoglycemic activity would stimulate the glycogen synthesizing. They significantly improve the oral glucose tolerance of both normal and diabeteic mice. This showed that the mechanism is a combination of recovering the β-cells activity in the islet and inhibiting glycogenic output of the mice.

The in vivo immunostimulation function of Bifidobacterium BBMN01 from macrobian were studied in this paper. Mice in the treatment group were perfused by the living bacteria BBMN01in different dose continuously for 3 weeks. The tests for delayed type hypersensitivity(DTH), the peritoneal macrophage phago-function for chicken red blood cells, total hemolytic complement (HC50), and lactic acid dehydrogenase(LDH ) were taken to demonstrated the effect of BBMN01 living bacteria on cell-mediated immune function, humoral immune function, macrophage phagocytosis function and natural killer cell’s activity of mice. In comparison with control group, the lymphocyte trasformation rate, phagocytosis of macrophage and the NK cell’s activity significantly increased in all those treatment group, and the HC50 value of the mice significantly increased in high and medium dose group.

Objective:To investigate the effects of emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) eggshell produced in China on sexual ability in the stressed mice and the sperm activity immature mice. Methods:A model of sexual deficiency in male mice stressed by a repeated electric stimulation was established, then mating ability of the male mice was examined. Emu eggshell (powder) was given to immature male mice for 21 days and sperm activity of male mice was detected. Results:Emu eggshell administration significantly shortened the latency time and increased mating frequency in stressed male mice. Sperm activity of immature male mice was increased after emu eggshell administration for 21 days. Conclusion:Emu eggshell produced in China could enhance sexual function in stressed male mice and promote the sperm activity in male mice to a certain extent.

To evaluated the antiobesity effects of anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice on rats with high fat diets-induced obesity. The rats were randomly divided into 4 goups which were fed control, anthocyanin-rich of black rice(AEBR), high fat (HF) or HF+ABER separately for twelve weeks, and then the rats’ blood and tissue samples were collected to analysis. The results showed that dietary ABER significantly prevented the obesity by feeding a high fat diet to rats and inhibited the development of white adiposity and liver weights, and triglyceride level in serum. Conclusion:ABER can ameliorate rat obesity induced by high fat probably through the mechanism of modulating lipid metabolism and accumulation.

The health protection with antioxidation and reducing blood lipid of Arctium lappa L. was studied. The rat experiments showed that serum lipid-lowering and antioxidative action of the Arctium lappa L. spent grains. Compared with the hyperlipidemic group, burdock-teas could significantly lower the cholesterol levels of rats, including the serum TC, TG, LDL-C and arteriosclerosis index(AI). It could also lower the liver weight, TC and TG. Arctium lappa L. also improved SOD activity, reduced MDA content in mice and enhanced GSH-Px activity in blood.

Antioxidant activity of different isoflavones from soybean and red clover was researched in this paper so to establish structures, which enhance the antioxidant actibity. Using alpha deoxyribose oxidation method, at concentrations of 1, 5, 10μg/ml;pyrogallol autoxidation method at concentrations of 10μg/ml and antioxidant activity to lard. Genistein showed the highest antioxidant activities but formononetin showed the lowest. Because different isoflavone contains different number of hydroxyl at different place.

Objective:Investigating the protective effects of water and ethanol extracts of natural Cordyceps sinensis and Cordyceps militaris and their fermentation preparations against free radical induced oxidative damage in human hepatoma cell line SMMC-7721. Method:The samples were tested through 5 assays:reducing cell growth suppression caused by H2O2;inhibition of free radical induced lipid peroxidation;inhibition of intracellular GSH decrease;inhibition of free radical induced DNA oxidative damage and decreasing intracellular ROS levels. Results:Natural and cultured Cordyceps sp. showed different antioxidant ability, and in most cases, their antioxidant activity was dose dependent. Among all 8 extracts, the aqueous fraction of natural C.militaris indicated the highest activity, the inhibition of cell growth decreased 90.4 %, lipid peroxidation levels decreased 51.3%, intracellular GSH increased 125 %, DNA oxidation damage decreased 54.9%, intracellular ROS levels decreased 54.8% compared with control group at 50μg/ml. Conclusion:Partial Cordyceps sp. and their fermentation preparations could be regarded as potent natural antioxidants, and the fermented process could affect the antioxidant ability of cultured Cordyceps sp much. The work also presumed that the antioxidant activity of samples might mainly derive from reducing intracellular ROS.

Effect of Monascus polysaccharides on immune function of the species of Kunming mice has been studied. The experiment included relative weights of spleen and thymus, delayed type hypersensitivity, plaque forming cell assay and macrophage function assay. Through the DTH experiment, the mice’s feet swollen degree has obvious changes, compared with the control team, after pouring the polysaccharides into stomach. The experiment illuminated that polysaccharides could improve the mice cellular immunity. In the experiment of carbon granule clearance rate, polysaccharides can improve abdominal cavity macrophage’s phagocytolytic ability, prompt the formation of periphery blood E-rose loop, increase the transformation rate of vivo lymphocyte and strengthen nonspecific immunity. The relative weight of thymus has obvious changes compared with the control team and the result of the plaque forming cell assay showed that polysaccharides can improve the function of humoral immunity and cell immunity.

The effect of Bifidobacterium BBMN01 on the mouse intestinal microflora, with 108 CFU/ml in the skim milk, was observed by detecting the amounts of Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp., Enterobacilli, Enterococcus and Clostridium perfringens in the feces of mice. The results showed that the effect on the intestinal flora, after administrating 14 days, is significant. But the counts of the five kinds of bacteria returned to the baseline value 7 days after the end of administration.

Objective:To study the effects of amylose levels in corn starch on intestinal fermentation of rats. Methods:42 female Wistar rats were stochastic divided into 7 groups, and fed respectively on diets containing 300g/kg cornstarch with 0, 26.8%, 53.8%, 61.6%,75.7%, 78.9%,85.8% for 3 weeks. Body weight gain, feed efficiency, starch digestion efficiency, the weight of cecal tissue and the amount of short chain fatty acids(SCFA)in cecal contents were determined. Results:the apparent digestion of starch in rats fed 61.6% AS, 75.7% AS, 78.9%AS and 85.8%AS diets were significantly lower than that fed 0% AS or 26.8% AS diets. High amylose cornstarch(HACS) significantly increased the contents weight in small intestine and cecum compared with 0%AS and 26.8% AS. The dry weight of cecal contents in 75.7%AS groups was the highest among all groups. The amounts of acetic, propionic and total SCFA in cecum were significantly higher in rats fed HACS diets than that fed 0%AS and 26.8%AS diets. The content of propionic in 53.8% AS group, the content of butyric and total SCFA in 61.6%AS groups and the contents of acetic, acetic and succinic in 75.7%AS group were the highest in all groups, while the amount of SCFA in 78.9% AS group was the lowest in HACS groups. Conclusion:HACS might reduce the digestion of starch, and increased the weight of intestinal indigested residues and the amount of SCFA in cecum, however, these effects did not correlated with amylose contents of cornstarch.

In this study, methyl violet assay, MDA determination and SDS-PAGE were used to investigate antioxidative activities of five natual products. The hydroxyl radical scavenging ability, protections against lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation were measured. The results showed that five natual products exhibited different antioxidative activities in different reactive systems. Alizarin red has the strongest effect in hydroxyl radical scavenging and protein oxidation protection. Resveratrol exhibit strongest inhibition to lipid peroxidation. The results also reflect the dissolve nature of compounds play a role in its antioxidation system.

 Aspongopus chinensis Dallas on the crude protein, crude fat, amino acid composition and content, the composition and content of fatty acids, VA, VE, VB1, VB2, trace elements Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb , Hg, As content and organochlorine pesticide residues in, and so were determined. The results showed that:Aspongopus chinensis Dallas contains 44.3% crude protein, 18 kinds of amino acid composition, the content is more amino acids serine 20.40%, The 15.52%, and lower levels of tryptophan and valine, respectively the 0.30% and 0.70%;With fat 53.0%, the oil contains cardamom acid (C14:0), 14-one acid (C14:1), palmitic acid (C16:0), soft resin oleic acid (C16:1), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), peanuts acid (C20:0), 22 acid (C22:0), erucic acid (C22:1), 22-second acid (C22:2) and 24 acid (C24:0), 12 kinds of fatty acid, including six kinds of unsaturated fatty acid, unsaturated fatty acid content of the total fat of 57.1 %;With VA 214.4 mg/kg, and VE, VB1, VB2 content less;containing Fe, Cu, Zn several trace elements and toxic elements Pb content of 4.0 mg/kg;organochlorine pesticide residues were only alpha-BHC the detection, content less. Application of E/N, and the CS and AAS method to evaluate their nutrition, E% 42.38%, E/N is 0.736, in line with FAO/WHO reference to the protein pattern.

This study analyzed and evaluated the nutritional components in Potentilla anserine. In this plant’s roots, protein is 9.45%, fat is 1.15%, fibre is 15.32%. Aspartic acid is 14.45% of total amino acids, and glutamic acid is 13.16%. Furthermore, many inorganic elements and vitamins are rich in Potentilla anserine roots. Selenium is 0.27 mg/100 g;germanium is 0.03 mg/100 g;ascorbic acid is 6.29 mg/100 g;folic acid is 1.26 mg/100 g.

 The strawberry variety" Fengxiang"was used to study the effects of cold shock treatment (CST) on the quality during storage. The results showed that the treatment of 0 ℃ ice and water mixture for 1 hour significantly delayed the after-ripening and fade of the fruit. As compared with control, the respiration rate and the increase of MDA was inhibited. CST also inhibited the decrease of titritable acid content, VC content, TSS content and anthocyanin content.

The effects of three-stage hypobaric storages (10～20 kPa for 3 d, 20～30 kPa for 1 week and 30～50 kPa for 3rd stage) on various physiologic indexes of green asparagus, such as respiratory intensity, ethylene emission, weight loss rate, defense enzyme activity, free radical content, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and cell membrance permeability, were studied as compared with the atmosphere cold storage. The results showed that three-stage hypobaric storage conditions significantly inhibited the respiratory intensity and ethylene emission, decrease the accumulation of free radicals and MDA, increase the activities of defense enzyme, inhibit the increase of cell membrance permeability and controll the weight loss rate. It was concluded that the three-stage hypobaric storages can obviously inhibit asparagus senescence with the result storage life of 50 days as compared with the storage life of only 25 days in atmospheric refrigeration conditions.

In this experiment, the plate count method was used to detect the inhibit effects of around 10 biological preservatives, such as gluconolactone, fumaric acid, glycine and others against the microorganisms of the fresh water fish. The results showed that each half inhibit concentration(IC50) is respectively:gluconolactone IC50 0.205%, lysozyme IC50 0.151%, protanmine IC50 0.305%, fumaric acid IC50 0.431%, sodium fumaric acid IC50 0.872%, the glycine IC50 0.172%, potassium sorbic IC50 0.497%, sorbic acid IC50 0.145%, nisin IC50 0.219%. For the sake of considering the cost with the inhibit effects, gluconolactone, glycine and fumaric acid are chosen as anti-microbial agents in processing fresh water fish.

Fish-balls packaged in controlled atmosphere with 100% N2, 50% CO2 + 50% N2, 75% CO2 + 25% N2, 100% CO2 and air packing as control were stored respectively at-1 ± 0.5℃ to study the effects of atmosphere composition on its sensory quality, aerobic bacterial count, total volatile basic nitrogen value (TVB-N), 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and pH value respectively. Results showed that higher CO2 concentration can inhibit microbial growth, decrease TVB-N value and extend shelf life of fish-ball effectively , while show less effect on the TBA and pH value. The composition of the microflora of fish-ball changes obviously during storage. After controlled freezing-point storage for 34 days, the bacteria in fish-ball of 75% CO2 + 25% N2 package were mostly Gram-negative strains whose preponderant bacterium is Aeromonas spp., while the gram-positive strains are dominant in air packing whose preponderant bacterium is Staphylococcus spp.

12 Chinese chestnut varieties collected from 9 main production areas in China were used to test the starch pasting properties and the amylose content to investigate the relationship between them, and to compare the differences of starch properties in different chestnut varieties pre-and post-storage. The results showed that the pasting properties of starch in different varieties of Chinese chestnut pre-and post-storage were different significantly. After storage, peak viscosity, through viscosity, breakdown and peak time reduced while setback increased markably by 58.5～861cp, the changes of final viscosity and pasting temperature depended on the varieties:the final viscosity of Xiaoziyouli, Yelicang, Niandiban, SQ022 and Qingzha and the pasting temperature of Dabanhong, Taili 1, Xiaoziyoli, SQ022 and Liuhezhongshu were increased, while others’ were reduced. Besides pasting temperature, the variation coefficients of characteristic values of RVA profile in different chestnut varieties were reduced after storage and the differences were decreased. Before storage, the amylose content in chestnuts were 17.21%～32.78% and increased by 0.18%～10.41% after storage. The amylose content has a positive correlation with peak viscosity, through viscosity, final viscosity and breakdown while has a negative correlation with setback, pasting temperature and peak time. The starch pasting properties have a close relationship with the amylose content and the differences in varieties were mainly determined by their inherited characteristic.

Researched the application of natural fresh-keeping agent of complex organic acid (OAA-7) on juicy peach. Results showed that the effect of juicy peach fruit storage treated by 300×10-6 OAA-7 followed by heat treatment(with the temperatures of 45±1℃, and relative humidity ranging from 90% to 95%) for 12 hours and cold storage (1.0±0.5℃) was wonderful. The weight losses of juicy peach fruits decreased during storage. Moreover, this treatment was beneficial to inhibit fruits decay, keep pulp firmness, prevent vitamin C from being oxidized effectively, and it was beneficial to delay the rise of reducing sugar content and soluble solids content. The treatment effectively improved the unchanged-fruit-rate of juicy peach.

The dietary supplements of carotenoids are a group of special foods additives and have an expected bright future in the market. Some concepts, including production technology, legal and market aspects, would be described properly. This article reviewed the current development of product, market, legislation and health function study in EC countries and USA.

As effective methods of quality security management, traceability system for meat food is increasing the attention of consumers, domestic and foreign agencies. This paper studied the information flow of quality security in different methods of production, analyzed the risk factors and characterization tokens of the quality security of meat food, summed up the models and rules of risk spreading, established a traceability network optimization model of the quality security for meat food, and determined the accuracy and width of traceability system.

As one of the abundant renewable natural resource which is inferior to cellulose, starch is readily available and inexpensive. It also can be degraded easily and turned into useful ramification by biochemical method. Every country attaches much importance to exploiture of starch resource for a long time. Especially many investigators and manufacturer have done works on natural starch denaturalization which is becoming the hot spot through physical, chemical and biological methods. In this paper, the process in studies on modified starch based on biological methods by carbohydrase is summarized. The kinds of carbohydrase, action patterns and preparations of the bio-modified starches (resistant starch, microporous starch, branched cyclodextrin, slowly digestible starch, starch film, starch esterification etc.) are introduced. The long-term potential development of bio-modified starch is prospected.

High-speed countercurrent chromatography(HSCCC) is a liquid-liquid separation chromatographic technique, which has been developed in recent twenty years. Having many advantages in isolation of natural products and no any solid support, it has been widely applicated. The principle and characteristics of HSCCC were introduced in this article, and also the progresses and applications of HSCCC in extracting bioactive ingredients from natural products was summarized in detail.

It is a hot research topic in enzyme engineering that bioactive peptides substance releasing from animal and plant protein by enzymatic methods. Immobilized enzyme technique is one of the core technologies of enzyme engineering, which is widely applied in the life science, bio-medicine products, food science, chemical and environmental science, and so on. The focus of immobilized enzyme technique is to develop new carrier materials and design simple, convenient, extremely efficient, mild conditions of the immobilized method. Based on our research, this paper mainly summarized the carrier materials such as chitosan and nanostructures, and technologies of immobilized enzyme such as oriented immobilization, and research advance in immobilization of protease and its development of bioactive components.

This article reviewed recent developments in the research of the molecular structure of anthocyanins and their properties, including the mechanism of anthocyanin interactions-copigmentation and their application. Furthermore, the methodology for measurement of anthocyanins stability and the expectations of their utilization were put forward.

In this paper, the application of heat treatment on control of postharvest diseases of fruits is discussed,which included the mode of heat treatment, the control effectiveness of heat treatment to postharvest diseases of fruits, the control mechanisms of heat treatment, the methods to enhance the control effectiveness, and so on.

The technique of extraction and determination of hormone residues in meat products in modern analysis was dissertated in this paper. Principles and applications of methods used in the extraction and determination were summarized, based on which the developmental direction were discussed.

The thermophilic, aciduric Alicyclobacillus spp. are becoming increasing concerns in the global academia and food industry. The structure, classification, isolation methods, morphology, biochemical and physiologic characteristics, growth condition of Alicyclobacillus spp. are introduced in this paper. And the analytic methods of cellular fatty acid, menaquinone, DNA composition, DNA hybridization, 16S rRNA/DNA sequencing and systematic phylogeny are also included here. The following study should be focused on:①the deveopment of new Alicyclobacillus species;②the functions of ω-alicyclic fatty acid and hopanoid in cell membrane;③study on quick detection methods of Alicyclobacillus spp.;④the metabolic dynamics of Alicyclobacillus spp. and quick detection methods based on the metabolites;⑤study on controlling technology of Alicyclobacillus spp.;⑥research on thermostable enzymes derived from Alicyclobacillus strains and its application.

 A good correlation has become evident between fiber consumption and the reduction of coronary heart-related diseases and diabetes incidences. However, the amount of fiber intake is commonly lower than recommended. Hence, the development of foods with high fiber content should be desirable. The cooked wheaten foods enriched with fiber were reviewed in this paper. The effects of addition of different fibers on dough rheology wre studied, for promoting the industrial development in this respect.

 Processing of Amygdalus communis L. yogurt and the effects of some factors such as adaptability of bacteria, choices of stabilizer-emulsifier, fermenting condition etc were studied in this research. The results showed that the optimal stabilizing conditions are CMC-Na 0.15%, SE 0.06%, GMS 0.06%, pectin 0.1%;lactose 3% can promote strain growth and enhance the quality of product;the optimal fermenting conditions are fermentation agent 3.5%, sucrose 7%, concentration of almond milk 9% fermenting time 5 h, and acid 90～100°T. The product is good in flavor, stability and nutrient.

The main raw materials are crab apple Malus pruni folin (Willd) Borkh and fresh ginger.They were mixed and fermented into sort of fruit wine. The process technology and factors affecting conditions of the crab apple ferment fruit wine were analyzed. After pressing crab apple juice fresh, about 60 kg H2SO3 were added as soon as possible. Then bentonite was added about 2.0 g/L to the crab apple juice at low temperature before it was fermented. During fermentation, the proportion of inoculant is 7%, ginger juice 5%, and the ferment temperature 20 ℃ for 18 d. The perfect metallurgical products mixed are:origin wine proportion 60%～70%, the proportion of fresh ginger juice 0～0.5%, and sugar about 80～110 g /L. The wine product is clear and transparent with light yellow color or golden. The wine is fragrant with the fruit’s fragrant and the ginger’s fragrant lasting long and smoothly. The wine taste is sweet and a little pungent. Its prominent feature is outstanding.