China is one of the four great ancient civilizations in the world. The ancient Chinese not only have built the brilliant culture, but also developed the great ancient plowing cooking culture. Begin with Emperor Yandi (Shen Nong), who is the first ancestor of the chinese nation, introduced the growth of grains, edible plants and medicine to the people by tasting hundreds of weeds, invented the farming culture which is the source of the chinese civilization. It is known to all that planting crops for food should be depend on cooking methods. So based on thousands of ancient ancestor's researches and practices, a great book Huangdi Neijing(Inner Canon of Yellow Emperor) was created on Yellow Emperor's honor. The main part of this book is about how to keep and control our health firstly by foods, secondly by herbs, then by the Chinese filiform needle. So this book is not only a classic literature for food science, but also a great book for modern food immunology research and dietetics.

The Fick's second law of diffusion was used to establish the kinetics equation of extracting triterpenoid parameters from Antrodia camphorata in submerged fermentation. The extraction process was analyzed to obtain kinetics parameters, such as K (rate constant), Ea (activation energy), y (yield), t1/2 (half life)and Ds (internal diffusion coefficient). The results showed that the kinetics on the extraction of triterpenoids match the first-order rate equation, and the rate-determining step for extraction is the diffusion of triterpenoids through particles. The method would be useful for the process design and the choice of operation condition to extract triterpenoids from Antrodia camphorata in subm erged fermentation.

The tea polysaccharids (TPS)-Ⅱ with antioxidant activity was isolated from the water extract of Liu'an roasted green tea by chromatography. The compositions of TPS-II were identified by electrophoresis and FPLC (fast protein liquid chromatography). The molecular weight of TPS-Ⅱ is 1.01×105 D, and its contents of total saccharide, uronic acid and protein are 85.3%, 28.0% and 2.8% respectively. GC analysis showed that TPS- Ⅱ is composed of L-Rha, L-Fuc, L-Ara, D-Xyl, DMan, D-Glc and D-Gal in molar ratio of 2.98:1.58:4.27:1.00:1.82:2.25:6.98. The IR spectrum of TPS-Ⅱ also presents the peak of polysaccharide absorption characteristics. Furthermore, β-elimination reaction demonstrated that the polysaccharide in TPS- Ⅱ is linked to peptide chains via non-O-glycosidic linkage.

Polysaccharides were extracted from Gastrodia elata B1 with water and precipitated by ethanol, purified through cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) complex method and Sepharose 6-fast flow chromatography. The structural characterization of Gastrodia elata B1 polysaccharides (GPS) was conducted by means of IR and NMR techniques. In simulated chemical reaction system, the scavenging effects of GPS on ·OH and O2· were investigated via Fenton reaction and pyrogallol autoxidation method repectively. Results showed that the optimal extraction technology conditions are as follows: extraction temperature 80 ℃, extraction times 2, solid-liquid ratio 1:40 and using 75% ethanol as precipitant. IR and 1H-NMR analysis indicated that GPS are composed of D-glucopyranose. The 13C-NMR results revealed that GPS are a (1→4) linked α-D-glucan, which is attached by glucosyl side chains at O-6 of the glucosyl residues of main chain. The IC50 of crude GPS and purified GPS to ·OH are 1.18 mg/ml and 1.62 mg/ml respectively, and those O2· are 0.81 mg/ml and 1.03 mg/ml respectively. In conclusion, GPS have a structure of (1→4) linked α-D-glucan with branching residues and certain capacity of scavenging free radicals.

Moisture absorption and moisture retention of royall jelly(RJ) extract and RJ residue were investigated under 8 different conditions of relative humidity respectively, and the variations of absorption and retention with time were also studied. The results showed that the moisture absorption of RJ extract is moderate and the moisture retention is perdurable especially in dry environment. Therefore, as moisture retentive agent, RJ extract would be well applied in the future.

Agar plate tests were conducted to test the inhibitory effects in-vitro of Chinese herb extracts such as pyrolin, Coptis chinensis Franch extract, Phellodendron chinense Schneid extract and Magnolia officinalis Rehd extract against Alternaria alternate in order to find the new type natural antisepic agent. Based on linear regression, it was calculated that the 50% of effective concentration (EC50) of these extracts are 0.22, 10.19, 10.35, 0.34 mg/ml respectively. According to EC50, five ratios were determined by six equal-part points of additive action line, and synergism was identified by co-toxicity factor method. The result showed that the extracts of Coptis chinensis Franch and Magnolia officinalis Rehd with the ratio of 25:2 are the best mixture for controlling A. alternate.

Essential oil was extracted from wild Phlomis umbrosa seeds by steam distillation. The chemical components of the essential oil were separated and structurally identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the relative contents of the components were determined through peak-area normalization method. The results showed that 56 components exist in essential oil, among which, the major components are α-linalool (13.38%), caryophyllene oxide (11.21%), 1-octen-3-ol (8.38%), phthalic acid, diisobutyl ester (8.22%) and linolenic acid, ethyl ester (6.21%), etc. The essential oil has obvious hydroxyl radical-scavenging effect, and inhibitory and inactivation effects against 8 standard bacteria, especially against Escherichia coli ATCC25922 and Pneumococcus 32201.

In this study, effects of metal ion, NaOH, light and H2O2 on stability of carotenoids from photosynthetic bacteria were investigated. It was found that K+, Na+, Mg2+, Al3+, Ca2+ and NaOH with low concentration (less than 0.01 mol/L) have little effects on the stability of carotenoids, while Fe3+ , Cu2+ and NaOH with high concentration(more than 0.5 mol/L)may lead to great loss of carotenoids. The carotenoids are sensitive to light and the damage effects of lights from different sources on stability of carotenoids decrease as following: natural light ＞ bulb light ＞ fluorescent light ＞ ultraviolet light. But the carotenoids are stable to H2O2, only a little carotenoids are decomposed when H2O2 exists.

The flavone glycosides of propolis were hydrolyzed by hydrochloric acid, and then the antioxidation of its hydrolystes was determined. The results indicated that the flavone glycosides of propolis can be hydrolyzed into flavone glycones effectively by hydrochloric acid. The hydrolysis conversion rate of rutin reaches 59.1%, and the contents of kaempferol and isorhamnetin are increased by 1 to 3 times. Moreover, the scavenging capacity to DPPH radicals and the antioxidant activity for lard oil of the hydrolysates are improved obviously.

In this study, inhibitory effects of phosphotungstate on activity of Chinese yam polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and some bacteria and fungi. The results showed that phosphotungstate can significantly inhibit PPO activity and the inhibitor concentration leading to 50% activity loss (IC50) is determined to be 1.68 mmol/L. The inhibition is presented as is a noncompetitive reversible reaction. This study will give a theoretical support for phosphotungstate used as food preservative agent.

The changes in microbe quantity and physico-chemical properties were studied during processing of cured silver carp through traditional method. Over the whole processing, moisture declines but NaCl content increases significantly. The growth of various microorganisms slows down, and the contents of non-protein nitrogen and free amino acids decrease during the curing. However, the microbe amount significantly increases in the former phase of drying, and the contents of non-protein nitrogen (NPN), free amino acids and TBA increase significantly over the whole phase of drying. The dominant microbial groups in cured fish were lactic acid bacteria, Micrococcus, Staphylococcus and yeast. Both curing and drying processes affect the composition of free amino acids in the muscle of silver carp. The contents of methionine, glutamic acid, valine, serine and threonine are higher in cured fish than those in raw muscle, and they may play an important role in flavor formation of cured silver carp.

The mixture of Lactobacillus plantarum with Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used to produce fermented beef sausage. The changes of microbflora and physico-chemical properties were analyzed. The results showed that compared with those of control group, the enteric bacilli number and nitrite content in experimental group decrease apparently, but the contents of free amino acids increase.

Polysaccharides were extracted from different teas with hot water and their contents were determined by sulfuric acid-phenol method, while polyphenols were extracted with alcohol and their contents were determined by ferrous tartrate method. Then the scavenging effects of tea polysaccharide and polyphenol on free radicals were examined by DPPH·, salicylic acid and pyrogallol methods respectively, and the antioxidant capabilities of 8 kinds of tea were comparatively studied. Results showed that the polysaccharides contents in different teas are from 2.19% up to 2.89% and their change order is as following: semifermented oolong tea ＞ black tea ＞ green tea. The polyphenol contents in different teas are from 1.71% up to 9.75% and their change order is as following: green tea ＞ semifermented oolong tea ＞ black tea. The order of antioxidant capability is black tea ＞ green tea ＞ semifermented oolong tea (DPPH· and salicylic acid methods) or black tea ＞ semifermented oolong tea ＞ green tea (pyrogallol method). Both tea polysaccharides and polyphenols are main antioxidants in different kinds of teas. The antioxidant capability of green tea mainly depends on polyphenols, while that of black tea mainly depends on polysaccharides. Furthermore, the antioxidant capabilities of both polysaccharides and polyphenols are proportional to their contents in various tea extracts except aqueous polysaccharide extract of oolong tea.

The retrogradation mechanism of lotus root starch was studied with X-diffraction and differential scanning calorimeter. Through measuring transparency and the sedimentation rate, blue values, enzyme hydrolyzability and recrystal properties of lotus root starch paste during storage, the lotus root starch retrogradation is proved to be a result of molecular agglomeration and weak recrystallization.

To obtain chemical constituents of whole Sorbus tianschanica L., the methods of water extraction, ethanol extraction and petroleum ether extraction were used. The results indicated that there are many kinds of chemical compositions in whole Sorbus tianschanica L, including amino acid, protein, carbohydrate, phenol, organic acid, flavonoid, alkaloid, cardiac glycosides, volatile oil and steroid.

Porcine plasma protein solution (4%, W/W) was hydrolyzed for 0.5 to 5 h with alcalase. Then antioxidant activities of hydrolysates were evaluated through the assay of reducing power and direct free radical scavenging activity using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometer. The results showed that the reducing power of protein hydrolysates increases with the increase of degree of hydrolysis (DH) (p ＜ 0.05), and the scavenging activities of the hydrolysates on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH·), hydroxyl radical (·OH) and superoxideanion radical (O2·) also increase with the increases of hydrolysis time and protein concentration (p ＜ 0.05). Although the intact porcine plasma protein shows an antioxidant effect, it is far less than hydrolyzed porcine plasma protein. In conclusion, the antioxidant activity of the alcalase-hydrolyzed porcine plasma protein is dependent on its DH and protein concentration, and it may be a potential antioxidant in food industry.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of pectin concentration, pH value and calcium addition amount on waterholding capacity and texture parameters such as hardness, adhesiveness, guminess and chewiness of low methoxyl pectin gel using response surface methodology. Results showed that the interaction between pectin concentration and calcium ion addition amount significantly affects gel properties, while pH value shows little influence. The water-holding capacity of pectin gel in this study is stable. Moreover, the optimum material proportion for preparing fat substitute is obtained by ridge trace analysis as following: pectin concentration 1.95%, calcium ion concentration 20 mmol/L and glucono-delta-lactone (GDL) addition amount 1%.

The mode of antibacterial action of clove extract against Listeria monocytogenes and E.coli was studied. Intracellular ATP content, K+ and Na+ efflux and cell lysis were measured and cell damage was visualized using fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. In conclusion, the cell death of Listeria monocytogenes and E.coli strains caused by of clove extract results from cell membrane damage.

The antioxidant activity of extracts from bulbil of Dioscorea opposita was assessed by determining their reducing abilities and scavenging abilities on hydroxyl radical (·OH), superoxide anion radical (O2·) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH·). The results showed that the extracts from bulbil of Dioscorea opposita have significant antioxidant activity in vitro.

Rheological properties of waxy corn flour and effects of different flour milling ways on them were studied, and rheological models were established. The results indicated that waxy corn flour paste is pseudoplastic fluid, and the shear stress and apparent viscosity are affected by shear rate, concentration and temperature, which have power function relationship each other. A special change in the shear stress or apparent viscosity depends on concentration, and 6% concentration is the inflection point．Furthermore, the flour paste milled by extrusion way shows the Newtonian fluid characteristics, while the wet-milling way is most beneficial to keep the gluing property.

Crushed“ Red Sun”kiwifrnit was treated with pectinase for 2 to 4 h at 50℃, and then centrifugalized and filtrated. The filtrate containing pigment was collected to investigate the physico-chemical properties and stability of pigment of“Red Sun”kiwifruit. The results showed that the pigment is easy to be dissolved in water and acid and unstable to heat and light, and has good resistance against ultraviolet light. It was also found that Mg2+ has positive effect on the color of pigment, but Pb2+ has negative effect, and other metal ions have no significant effects. Under acid condition, the pigment has resistance against reducer H2SO3, whereas preservative, such as potassium sorbate has no significant effect on its stability.

Four evaluation methods of antioxidants in vitro such as prussian blue spectrophotometry measure, 1,10- phenanthroline-Fe2+ oxidative assay, riboflavin photodegradation-NBT reduction method and DPPH· method were used to evaluate the antioxidant activities of distilled water, 80% ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of 27 plant samples. The results showed that all the extracts has strong antioxidant activity. However, their antioxidant activities show significant discrepancy, having close relations with extraction solvent, plant sample cultivars and activity assay methods.

Argopecten irradiams of Rizhao was cultivated in seawater with cadmium concentrations of 0.001, 0.0025, 0.005 and 0.01 mg/L and a control respectively, and the rule of accumulation and elimination of cadmium was studied. The experimental results showed that the cadmium accumulation in Argopecten irradiams increases with the increase of cadmium concentration in seawater and cultivation time. Furthermore, the cadmium accumulation in viscera is more serious than in muscle. After stopping the cultivation, the speed of cadmium elimination from the body has a positive relationship with the cadmium accumulation in the body. But after a certain time of metabolism, the cadmium remnant is still higher in the previous high accumulation body of scallops.

Physical properties and compositions of dietary fiber sources (DFS) from Apple-pear pomace by chemical method were studied. The results showed that the cellulose content of DFS prepared from apple-pear pomace is high, reaching 40%, and phenolic compound content is 0.37 to 0.58mg/g. The water-holding capacity and oil absorption are 3.96 to 6.75 g/g and 1.80 to 2.84 g/g, respectively, and the swellability is 3.05 to 5.17 ml/g. The water-holding capacity, oil absorption and swellability of DFS reduce with the particle size decreasing, but L value shows reverse result.

Methanol, ethanol and acetone were used to extract total flavonoids from powder and husks of different cultivars of buckwhent (tartary buckwheat and common buckwheat), respectively. The yield, spectral characteristics and DPPH free radicalscavenging activities of extracted total flavonoids were compared. The results indicated that the extraction rate by acetone is the highest, followed that by alcohol and methanol in turn. Except that the yield of total flavonoids extracted from tartary buckwheat powder is 2.99% ± 0.13%, all the yields of total flavonoids extracted from sweet buckwheat powder, sweet buckwheat husk and tartary buckwheat husk are about 1.10%. Ultraviolet scanning spectra of methanol and alcohol extracts are alike, showing typical characteristics of flavonoids, but they are not similar to the spectrum of acetone extract. According to chemical reaction characteristics, it was inferred that: (1) tartary buckwheat powder may contain flavonols; (2) tartary buckwheat husk may contain flavones; (3) and sweet buckwheat powder and its husk may contain flavanones. DPPH free-radical scavenging effects of extracts from powder or husks of different cultivars of buckwheat with different solvents are alike. The DPPH free radical scavenging rates decrease in the following order: acetone＞alcohol＞methanol.

The isolation and purification of extracts from Fructus Aurantii Immaturus by-products after alkaloid extraction were studied, and the antioxidant activities and antimicrobial effects of different extracts were also preliminarily explored. The results showed that the optimum separation conditions for limonin by macroporous resin are as follows: sample pH 7.5, mobile solventpH 6.0, and ethanol concentration 70% (V/V). Five fractions (FA1 to FA5) can be successively obtained by eluting Sephadex LH-20 column with 50% and 70% ethanol, and the content of limonin in FA4 is 9.96%. Moreover, the fractions FA1 to FA4 show certain scavenging effects on hydroxyl radical (·OH) and all the five fractions have antimicrobial effects against bacteria.

Preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) was used for the isolation and purification of usnic acid from Usnea longissima. Crude extract was firstly obtained by reflux extraction with petroleum ether at 60 to 90 ℃ for 4 h from dried Usnea longissima. Then hexane-acetonitrile-ethyl acetate-water (8:7:5:0.8, V/V) was used as the two-phase solvent system for purification. Finally the collected components were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the structure of main component was identified using 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. By this way, the 11.2 mg of usnic acid is obtained from 25 mg of the crude extract of dried Usnea longissima with the purity of 99%.

Cold water soluble cornstarch was prepared from original cornstarch by ethanol-medium alkaline catalysis. Atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to compare the microstructures of original and cold water soluble cornstarches. The transparency, solubility and coagulation of various starches were determined. Moreover, the conditions of reaction were optimized using orthogonal test. The experimental results showed that the prepared cold water soluble starch can be easily dissolved without significant residue.

This experiment studied on antimicrobial characteristics of flavone extract from Cydonia oblonga Mill with water or 70% ethanol. The results showed that flavone extracts could inhibit the growth of bacteria. Among the five bacteria tested, the best antibacterial effect was against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ethanol extracts had better antibacterial effects than water extracts. It is believed that Cydonia oblonga Mill could be developed into a new type of antimicrobial drugs in the future.

The fermentation process of col- active amylase production by LA7 was studied. Based on Logistic equation and Luedeking-Piret equation, the kinetic models for cell growth, cold active amylase production and substrate consumption were established, and the predictive values of models were compared with the experimental data. Results showed that they match well and the models are applicable in the cold-active amylase fermentation process.

The optimal conditions for taking off citrus fruit mesocarp using compound enzyme preparation in a self-made device were studied. And the struccture change of citrus fruit mesocarp after enzymatic treatment was observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results showed that the optimal enzymatic conditions are compound enzyme preparation amount 0.35% (g/L), electrical frequency 40 Hz, pH 4.5, temperature 40 ℃ and enzymatic hydrolysis time 50min. The mesocarp-taken off citrus fruit has a good appearance and is firmer and shinier than that obtained by the conventional acid-alkaline method.

In this study, the operation principle, structure and feature of simulated microgravity reactor were introduced mainly. Spirulinas platensis were cultured in phototrophic batches in three kinds of culture devices. The results showed that the simulated microgravity reactor (clinostat) for Spirulinas platensis culture is better than shake flask and fermenter light bioreactor, and its optimum conditions are as following: inoculation concentration 10%, illumination 4000 lx, 25 ℃ and culture time 9 days. By this way, the production of Spirulina platensis (dw) is 0.91 g/L, which is 2.41 times as much as that by large-scale culture and the Spirulina platensis trichomes cultured in the simulated microgravity reactor have good cell morphology.

Objective: To construct artificial immunogen and prepare specific antiserum of hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA). Method Immunogen HSYA-BSA and coating antigen HSYA-OVA were prepared by immediate coupling method, and the characterizations of artificial antigen were conducted in color change, ultraviolet and infrared radiation spectrum shift.The polyclonal antiserum was produced from two rabbits immunized with conjugates HSYA-BSA, and then the antiserum was assayed with indirect ELISA method. Results: The ideal coating antigen concentration is 4μg/ml, the available anterium dilution 1:200, and the ideal IgG-HRP dilution is 1:2000. The affinity studies showed that the real detection limit of ELISA for standards is 250 ng/ml with an I50 value of 1.5μg/ml. The linear regression equation is as following: y=－16.213lgx+102.47(r=0.9575), with the linear range from 0.25 to 2μg/ml. Conclusion: The artificial immunogen can be synthesized by immediate coupling method and the polyclonal anti-HSYA antibodies with specificity have been obtained.

The extraction conditions of geniposide in gardenia yellow waste liquid by aqueous two-phase extraction were studied. According to partition coefficient and volume ratio, ethanol-K2HPO4 system was chosen to separate geniposide. The optimum extraction conditions are as follows volume ratio of ethanol to gardenia yellow waste liquid 6:4, and addition amount of K2HPO4 log in 1.0ml of ethanol-gardenia yellow waste liquid. Under these conditions the partition coefficient is 4.56, the volume ratio is 6.38. The pH value of waste liquid and extraction temperature have little influence on partition coefficient and volume ratio. The enlarged experiment showed that the purity of geniposide reaches 62.12%, and the yield of geniposide reaches 96.32% by this system. The color value E1% (590 nm)of gardenia blue which is produced by the reaction between genipin from hydrolyz geniposide and arginine reaches 65.92.

An excellent strain, Candida shehatae TZ8-13, was attained by separating and purifying from initial Candida shehatae TZ1. Xylose, glucose and glucose-xylose mixtures ( at 60 g/L of total sugar) were fermented by the strain TZ13 for producing ethanol. The results indicated that xylose and glucose can be fermented efficiently by the strain TZ8-13. The ethanol yields are 21.6 g/L and 24.2 g/L respeetively when the concentrations of both xylose and glucose are 60 g/L, and the utilization rates of xylose and glucose are up to 97.81% (72 h) and 99.13% (36 h), respectively. The ethanol yield and utilization rates of xylose as sole carbon source of the screened strain TZ13 are increased by 55.38% and 19.54%, repectively, compared with the initial strain TZ1. Glucose as carbon source is prior to xylose. When the concentration ratio of glucose to xylose is 1, the ethanol yield is 22.8 g/L.

Through the ammonolysis method of phthalic anhydride (PA), the derivative of benzoic acid (BA) was used to synthesize the artificial antigen of BA in the present study. BA was linked to ovalbumin (OVA) to generate immunogenic antigen BA-OVA and also was linked to bovine serum albumin to generate coating antigen BA-BSA. Artificial antigen was detected and identified by UV and IR spectroscopies as well as SDS-polyacrylamide gels electrophoresis. BA-OVA was further used to immune BALB/c mice, and the generation of antibody was detected. The detection results showed that the artificial antigen of BA has been synthesized successfully. It was calculated that the ratio of BA to OVA is 174:1 based on their UV absorbance. The antibody is positive in serum of immuned mice detected by ELISA (The titration of antiserum is 1:3.2 × 105), which suggests that the antigen can induce the generation specific antibody of BA. The synthesis of BA artificial antigen makes it possible to establish monoclonal antibodies.

Free radical-scavenging ability and antioxidant activity of whey protein hydrolysates were examined in different systems, including reducing ability, inhibition of PV (peroxide value) and TBARS (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances), metal ion chelating activity and DPPH radical-scavenging activity. The results showed that the hydrolysates from 5% whey protein hydrolyzed by alkaline protease (Alcalase) at the amount of 2% for 5h have the strongest antioxidant activity, which is influenced by substrate concentration, hydrolysis time and protein solubility.

The metabolites, polypeptides of Lactobacillus acidophilus La-1 and La-2 were isolated respectively. It was found experimentally that both of the polypeptides have some antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus anthracis. SDS-PAGE analysis indicated that they have the same molecular weight of around 33 kD.

The active group carboxyl was introduced to ractopamine (RAC) and formed RAC semialdehyde (RAC-SA) which has hapten structure by chemical modification. The method of mixed anhydride (MA) was used to conjugate RAC-SA to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and obtain artificial antigen BSA-RAC identified by infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV) and SDS-PAGE. Balb/C mice were immunized with BSA-RAC and hybridoma lines that secrete monoclonal antibody against RAC (RAC mAb) were established through cell fusion and then screened using indirect ELISA. Blocking ELISA and the immunological traits of RAC mAb were identified. The results showed that BSA-RAC is synthesized successfully and its conjugation ratio between RAC and BSA is about 24.5:1. Three hybridoma lines of 3F10, 3H12 and 4D8 are screened out and the best one is 4D8 with indirect ELISA titers of 1:1.28×103 in supernatant and 1:6.4×105 in ascites. The isotype of the mAb is IgG1/κ and its affinity constant (Ka) is 1.65×1010L/mol. The mAb shows good sensitivity with an IC50 of 5.7 ng/m lto RAC, 22.3% cross-reactivity with dobutamine and little or no cross-reactivity with other compounds. Establishment of hybridoma lines that secrete RAC mAb makes it possible to develop immunoassay of RAC residues in animal food.

A rapid and simple method was developed for extracting malt-derived foam-active protein, and the foam-active protein was analyzed and quantified by means of Bradford method and SDS-PAGE. Four barley cultivars grown in different geographic regions were analyzed by these procedures. Based on the analysis results, the qualities of malt and beer foam were predicted. The prediction results accord with actual situation.

This study aimed to produce L-lactic acid from enzymatic hydrolysis solution of soybean straw by fermentation. Lactobacillus casei was selected out from four species of Lactobacillus for producing L-lactic acid because of its good performance and high reducing sugar utilization rate and L-lactic acid yield. And its fermentation characteristics were investigated. The results indicated that the optimum temperature, inoculation size and pH are 30℃, 10% and 5.5, repectively; With sugar concentration rising, the lactic acid yield produced by Lactobacillus casei increases correspondingly. After 24-h fermentation, the residual concentration of sugar in hydrolysis solution of soybean straw is close to zero. At that time, the L-lactic acid yield increases with the substrate concentration increasing. When the substrate concentration is up to 34.98 g/L, the production of L-lactic acid is not inhibited any more.

Objective: In order to purify and identify the major allergen of carp parvalbumin and develop detection technology for fish allergen. Method: Carp parvalbumin was purified by heat treatment, (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and DEAE-Sepharose chromatography. Dot-blotting and specific IgE screening kit were used to screen the fish allergenic patients' serum. SDS-PAGE and Western-blotting were used to further identify and analyze the characteristic of carp parvalbumin. Results: Western-blotting using mouse monoclonal antibody against frog parvalbumin showed that the purified protein is parvalbumin. The results of dotblotting revealed that one fish-allergic donator serum has IgE binding capacities with carp parvalbumin, which is further confirmed by Western-blotting.

The acid tolerance of four strains of genome-shuffled Lactobacillus casei rhamnosus (Lc-F31, Lc-F32, Lc-F33 and Lc-F34) was characterized. The results showed after 3 passagings the viable numbers of these strains of genome-shuffled Lactobacillus casei which were spreaded on YE agar plate at pH 3.8 and 4.0 are similar. The acid tolerance of strain Lc-F34 in MRS liquidmedium at pH 3.2 is more significant compared with the original strain. The strain Lc-F31, Lc-F32, Lc-F33 and Lc- F34 still have good genetic stability after 20 passaging. Free lactic acid has more significant effect on growth of Lc-F34 than HCl in the shake-flask fermentation culture (YE medium) at differernt pHs. The batch fermentation of strain Lc-F34 was carried out in 5-L fermenter containing 3-L YE medium at the fixed pH 5.0 throughout the process. It was found that after 60-h fermentation, the produced lactate concentration of strain Lc-F34 is up to 87.6 g/L with the cell dry weight of 6.34 g/L.

The hydrolysis of milk protein by different enzymes was studied by with DH, nitrogen soluble index (NSI) and peptide content as indexes. The results showed that milk protein can be hydrolyzed well enough by alkalizyme, prozyme A and Protamex. Moreover, the bitterness of the hydrolysate by prozyme B or pepsin is weaker than that of hydrolysate by other enzymes.

Effects of trehalose on thermal stability of nisin solution at pH 1.0 to 5.0 were studied. The results showed that pH value has a remarkable effect on the thermal stability of nisin which is the strongest at pH 3.0. Trehalose is beneficial to the thermal stability of nisin at pH 1.0 to 5.0. Therefore, trehalose can be used as a protective agent for nisin solution during autoclaving process.

Twelve strains of Lactobacilli were isolated with selective culture medium from self-made yoghurt by herdsman in Gannan pasturing area. Through inoculation and culture, 5 strains of A, B, C, D and E with special flavor, good texture and stable inheritable character were screened out, among which, four were cocci and one was bacillus. Then their fermentation performances were studied and sensory evaluation of their fermented yoghurt was conducted. The results revealed that the quality of yoghurt fermented by these five strains of Lactobacilli is excellent, especially Bacillis C and Coccus A are mostly suitable for singlefermentation.

Effects of glucose addition amount, organic nitrogen source kind, proteose peptone addition amount, inorganic nitrogen source kind, (NH4)2SO4 addition amount, Tween type and Tween 80 addition amount in medium on production of extracellular glucose oxidase by Aspergillus niger Z-25 fermentation were studied in single factor tests, respectively. Then the addition amounts of glucose, (NH4)2SO4, proteose peptone and Tween 80 were optimized through orthogonal test. Results showed that the optimal addition amounts are as follows: glucose 10%, (NH4)2SO4 0.5%, Tween 80 3% and proteose peptone 1.5%. By optimization, the activity of produced glucose oxidase is increased by 1.42 times.

The changes of microbial flora in Daqu after spaceship carrying were studied. Results showed that Actinomyces number decreases significantly, and acetic acid bacteria, yeast and Lactobacillus decrease a little after spaceship carrying, but Aspergillus number is more than before. These changes are very beneficial to the formation of salt-free solids and quality improvement α of brewing products.

Aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus TO has strong carcinogenesis. Aspergillus niger mutant, resulted from original Aspergillus niger infiltrated with N+ ion beams at dose of 90×2.6×1013 N+/cm2, was selected to suppress growth of Aspergillus flavus TO and favored to be applied in control of a secondly possible contamination in Aspergillus flavus-contaminated raw materials in ferment industry. Based on such experiments as cultivation of Aspergillus flavus TO and N+-infiltrated Aspergillus niger strains together, and cultivation of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus TO strains alone and together, the results showed that Aspergillus flavus TO strains are inhibited by both Aspergillus niger and N+-infiltrated Aspergillus niger strains, and the inhibition in the former is slight but that in the latter is almost complete. In addition, grey and slim mycelia in Aspergillus flavus TO strains are also shown in the cultivation together with N+-infiltrated Aspergillus niger strains. Moreover, extracts from media were also examined by aflatoxin fluorescence analysis. Relatively obvious signals are observed in the Aspergillus flavus TO group, faint signals in the Aspergillus niger group, but no signals in the N+-infiltrated Aspergillus niger strain group. In conclusion, the original Aspergillus niger strain exerts slight inhibition against Aspergillus flavus TO growth and makes the decline in synthesis of aflatoxin and related pigments, while the Aspergillus niger mutant strain shows significant inhibition against the growth of Aspergillus flavus TO strain compared with the control. Therefore, the Aspergillus niger mutant strain has the potential be introduced to alcohol industry to prevent from Aspergillus flavus TO contamination and ensure safety in the ferment ation process.

Nutrients and microbial diversity were analyzed and compared among samples of two traditional and two commercial soybean pastes. Results showed that traditional soybean pastes have richer fragrance and more delicious flavor than commercial soybean pastes by sensory evaluation. All of soybean pastes have abundant nutrients and flavor matters. The traditional soybean pastes have obviously higher concentration than commercial soybean pastes in the important flavor compounds such as lactic acid and amino-acid nitrogen. Content of water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) in commercial soybean pastes is half of dry matter, which exceeds twice of WSC in traditional soybean pastes. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis indicated that Shandong soybean paste, Yanji soybean paste and Tianyuan commercial soybean paste have similar profiles. Uncultured bacteria, Lactococcus lactis and Bacillus licheniformis are predominant species in these three soybean pastes, while Lactococcus lactis and Bacillus pumilus are predominant species in Longfei soybean paste.

Lactase from mung bean was immobilized onto chitosan surface by using glutaraldehyde as the cross-linking reagent. The results showed that: (1) the immobilized lactase is stable at 4 to 55 ℃; its optimum temperature and pH are 60 ℃ and 3.5, respectively; (2) its Km [ONPGal] is 0.04%, which is 0.12 times as much as that (0.33%) of free papain; (3) its operation half-life is 30 d, which is longer than that of the free lactase. Furthermore, when this chitosan-immobilized lactase is used in the plug-flow reactor to hydrolyze lactose, the hydrolysis rate is up to more than 60%.

This study optimized the method of modified CTAB from fruit fleshes such as papaya, ect. The results showed that the optimum amount of lyophilized fruit powder is 0.10 g and the best proportion of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) added into extraction buffer is 1.0%. Furthermore, by this method, the effects of polyphenolics and polysaccharides in fleshes are effectively removed, the concentration of isolated genomic DNAs is high, and the value of A260/A280 is between 1.80 and 2.00. Compared to SDS method and DNA extraction kit, this modified CTAB method is better. Using DNAs isolated from papaya, cantaloupe, banana and pear as templates, endogenous rbcL genes are amplified through PCR reaction and objective bands of about 433 bp are obtained.

Crude polysaccharide was extracted from whole viscera of Ruditapes philippinarum through enzymolysis, centrifugation for removing protein, ethyl alcohol precipitation and drying. Then inhibitory effects of different concentrations of the polysaccharide against micronucleus formation induced by mitomycin C (MMC) in Vicia faba root tip cells were examined. The results showed that 50, 100 and150 μg/ml of polysaccharide can significantly inhibit micronucleus formation induced by MMC. Furthermore, with the increase of polysaccharide concentration, the inhibitory effect is stronger and the rate of micronucleus is lower.

Using two different kinds of liquid culture medium with milk powder or not, Cordyceps militari L. was cultured in shaking flasks for several days, and then transferred to still culture and radiated by blue light. As a consequence, a great deal of mycelia was reproduced on the surface of motionless medium and exposed to the blue light directly. It was proved that the contents of endocellular and extracellular polysaccharide are influenced by blue light. When the mycelia of Cordyceps militari L. on the surface of medium without no milk powder is exposed to blue light, the contents of extracellular and endocellular polysaccharides produced by Cordyceps militari L. are lower than those produced by the strain in dark. When milk powder is added to liquid culture medium, blue light also resulted in a decrease of endocellular polysaccharide in the mycelia of Cordyceps militari L., but an increase of extracellular polysaccharide of Cordyceps militari L. compared to the control in dark.

This study aimed to optimize the conditions of nutrition and cultivation of ethionine-resistant mutant E31. The results showed the best nutrition conditions are 11% glucose, 0.8% urea, 0.08% MgSO4·7H2O, 3 μg /100ml biotin, the best cultivation conditions are pH 6,fermentation temperature 33℃, inoculation size 8% and fermentation time 84 h, After the opimization, the yield of methionine is 2.086 g/L, 0.607g/L higher than that before the optimization.

In this study, Mucor mucedo MHC-7 was cultured in fermentor for producing sufu. During the fermentation, the change of enzyme activity and chemical composition of sufu were investigated. The results showed that: the best fermentation time of MHC-7 in fermentor is 30 h; the activity peak time of protease, α-amylase, α-galactosidase, glutaminase, cellulase, lipase, glucoamylase and pectolase in soybean billet is 48, 36, 48, 48, 66, 36,30 and 72 h; except α-galactosidase activity increasing, the activities of the other enzymes decrease; and the contents of crude protein, crude fat and reducing sugar decline with fermentation time extending, but the contents of amino nitrogen, free fatty acids and total acid increase unceasingly. In conclusion, α-galactosidase activity ≥ 86.3 U/g, total acid content ≥ 1.0%, amino nitrogen content ≥ 0.45%, sugar content ≤ 1.1% and viscosity ≤ 2 × 105 mPa·s can be taken as the signs of maturity of sufu.

This study aimed at the relative bioavailability assessment of lutein esters with that of free lutein as reference in vivo. Free lutein and its esters were introduced into male SD rats by gastric administration, and then the accumulation of them in serum was assessed using C18-HPLC. It was calculated that the relative bioavailability of lutein esters is 18.55%. This result is helpful to assess the application possibility of lutein esters in foods.

To investigate the modulation effects of supercritical CO2 extracts of hop, β-acids and hexahydro-β-acids on blood glucose level in diabetic mice, an animal model with alloxan-induced diabetic mellitus was established, and the symptom change of diabetes mellitus was observed before and after a 7-day gastric perfusion therapy with supercritical CO2 extracts of hop, β- acids, hexahydro-β-acids and glybenzoylamide (a control group). The results suggested that the fasting blood glucose level and oral glucose tolerance are reduced after therapy, especially the blood glucose level in mice treated with the high dose of β-acids and supercritical CO2 extracts of hop is similar to that of normal mice (p ＞ 0.05). Moreover, the single factor orthogonal comparison showed that the blood glucose level is significantly different between normal and model groups or between model contrast and model therapy groups (p ＜ 0.01). Among therapy groups, supercritical CO2 extracts of hop, β-acids and hexahydro-β-acids have similar effect to glibenclamide (p＞0.05), and their therapy effects on mouse blood glucose level are positively related to their doses.

The potential hepatoprotective effects of five polyphenols, such as tea polyphenol, gallic acid, quercetin, kaempferol, apigenin and α-tocopherol (as a control) against oxidation damages of human hepatocyte induced by hydrogen peroxide or carbon tetrachloride were evaluated. The results showed that pre-treatment of hepatocytes with polyphenols at concentrations of 5, 10 and 20 mg/L for 1 h not only improve cell viability and the content of GSH, but also reduce LDH leakage and the formation of MDA in cells. The hepatoprotective effects of polyphenol compounds decrease in the following order: gallic acid > quercetin > tea polyphenol > apigenin > α-tocopherol > kaempferol. The protective mechanism may be associated with the high free radicalscavenging activity of polyphenlos.

40 rats were divided into 4 groups (n=10) as control group, spontaneous hypertension rat (SHR) group, low dose dietary fiber-treated group (5%), and high dose dietary fiber-treated group (10%). After 8 weeks of treatment, the endotheliumdependent vasorelaxation in isolated aortic rings, systolic pressure of tail artery and content of plasma nitric oxide (NO) were determined. The protein expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) was measured by using Western blot. It was found that Undaria pinnatifida dietary fiber treatment can significantly decrease systolic pressure of tail artery, and improve endothelial function accompanied with plasma NO level increasing via the unregulation of expression of eNOS protein. All theses indicates that Undaria pinnatifida soluble dietary fiber in SHR rats could decrease blood pressure. The improvement of endothelial function by increasing NO production may cause this result.

Objective：To observe the effects of Sonid Bactrian camel fresh milk on tumor growth and immune function in tumorbearing mice. Methods: Different doses of Fresh camel milk was administered to H22. Abearing mice by gavage. Tumor weight and immune indexes of administered mice were determined to evaluate the effects of fresh camel milk. Results: The Sonid Bactrian camel fresh milk shows inhibitory activity on H22 tumor growth. It can significantly increase the comparative weight of immune organs, improve the phagocytic function of macrophages, and enhance amount of small intestine Payer's patches, intestinal CD3 and sIgA in H22-bearing mice. Conclusion: Sonid Bactrian camel fresh milk can inhibit the H22 tumor growth and enhance both the specific and non-specific immune functions in H22-bearing mice.

Being the preponderant microorganism in refrigerated raw milk, psychrophilic bacteria increase very swiftly and produce some cellular enzymes with high thermal stability such as lipases and proteases. After treated at high temperature, these enzymes are still active and continue to decompose the fat and protein in raw milk so that the quality of dairy products decreases. Therefore, recently more and more researchers focus the attention on the rapid and exact detection of psychrophilic bacteria in raw milk. This paper discussed many detection methods and compared their advantages and disadvantages.

The food poisoning caused by biological toxin has aroused much attention of all governments and the general consumer. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a method that combines the high efficiency of enzyme in catalyzing with the specific immune reaction between antigen and antibody. This paper reviewed ELISA application that focused on the concentration linear range, sensitivity and recovery in analysis of biotoxins (microbial, animal and plant toxins)in foodstuffs in recently years. The purpose was to promote the application of this technology in food safety examination.

Gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) is an efficient tool to select and evaluate odor-active compounds from a complicated mixture. The development, principle and four analytical methods of intensity as well as its applications in food flavor were introduced in this paper.

Cereal β-D-glucans belong to one kind of main bioactive polysaccharides in the cell walls of oat, barley and wheat. This article summarized the research progress of the extraction technology and structure as well as solution, gel and thermodynamic properties of cereal β-D-glucans.

Some physiological functions of plant saponins and their hypoglycemic mechanism have been studied in recent years. This article summarized the research status on these. It was suggested that the study on relationship between saponin functions and mechanism is necessary to find out the therapeutic effects of saponin on the syndrome of diabetes mellitus through modern molecular biotechnology.

The progress of research on galactomannan gum from Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Reichb.f in recent years was reviewed, mainly including the physicochemical characteristics, the technology of extraction and refinement, the biological activity and the application in food, medical and cosmetic industries.