Various macroporous adsorption resins were used for the isolation of antihypertensive peptides from grass carp protein hydrolysate with the hydrolysis degree of 34.52% and the stability of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of the peptides was analyzed. Among 8 types of macroporous adsorption resin tested, DA201-C had the best adsorption capability. The peptide fraction eluted by 75% ethanol displayed the highest ACE inhibitory activity with the IC50 of 1.52 mg/ml. After isolation, the ash content was decreased from 9.47% to 2.34%, while the contents of peptide and protein were increased from 72.81% to 81.26% and 80.24% to 92.42%, respectively. Pepsin, pancreatin, neutral and low acidic pH, heating at temperatures below 55 ℃ and concentrations of NaCl solution below 1000 mmol/L all had slight effects on the ACE inhibitory activity of the peptides.

Alfalfa leaves were bleached and beaten and added to a melted gel mixture of gelatin, konjac colloid and sucrose ester to produce alfalfa gel. The effects of amounts of gelatin, konjac colloid and sucrose ester and interactions among them on textual properties of alfalfa gel such as hardness, adhesiveness, cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness were analyzed using response surface methodology (RSM). The mathematical models for the textual properties as a function of amounts of gelatin, konjac colloid and sucrose ester were established and their validity was verified. The optimal amounts of gelatin, konjac colloid and sucrose ester were determined as follows: 3.00%, 3.00%, and 2.93%, respectively and the hardness, the adhesiveness, the cohesiveness, the gumminess and the chewiness of alfalfa gel produced using the above formula were 4477 g, －6456 g, 0.3127, 1408 g, and 1388 g, respectively.

Compounds having DPPH radical scavenging activity were extracted from lotus seeds using ethanol. On the basis of single-factor experiments, the effects of extraction time, ethanol concentration and temperature and interactions among them on DPPH radical scavenging activity of ethanol extract from lotus seeds using a three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken experimental design combining with response surface modeling (RSM) and a quadratic polynomial regression model describing the relationship of DPPH radical scavenging activity with the three variables was established. The optimum extraction conditions were determined as follows: ethanol concentration 100% and temperature 78 ℃ for an extraction duration of 6.0 h. Under the optimized conditions, the actual value of DPPH free radical scavenging activity was 76.17%, close to the predicted.

High pressure microwave-assisted extraction (HPME) was applied to extract procyanidins from grape seeds. The effects of ethanol concentration, material/liquid ratio, microwave power, extraction time and pressure on yield of procyanidins were investigated by single-factor method. Subsequently, a three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken experimental design combining with response surface modeling (RSM) was employed for maximizing the yield of procyanidins. A maximum yield of procyanidins of 4.195% was obtained by extraction for 120 s at a microwave power of 900 W and 0.8 MPa using 74% ethanol as the extraction solvent. HPME had many advantages over other extraction techniques, including time saving and high extraction efficiency.

Ultrasound pretreatment was applied to the subtilisin-catalyzed hydrolysis of Pinctada martensii muscle. The effects of four ultrasound treatment parameters such as working mode. Power, temperature and treatment time on degree of hydrolysis (DH) of Pinctada martensii muscle were investigated by single-factor method. Subsequently, response surface methodology (RSM) based on a three-level, three-variable Box-Behnken experimental design was employed to evaluate the interactive effects of three crucial variables including power, temperature and treatment time. A mathematical model for DH as a function of the three variables was established. The optimum ultrasound treatment parameters for the subtilisin-catalyzed hydrolysis of Pinctada martensii muscle were determined as follows: power 160 W and temperature 50 ℃ for an ultrasound treatment duration of 17 min. Under the conditions, the actual DH after 1 h hydrolysis was 31%, and the average peptide chain length was 3.2 bp. The relative error between the predicted and the actual values was only 0.5%.

Active carbon, sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide and D315 macroporous anion exchange resin were separately used for the decolorization of crude polysaccharide from corn silks. All four methods displayed decolorization effects on crude corn silk polysaccharide in terms of decolorization efficiency, retention rate of polysaccharide and antibacterial activity. Decolorization using sodium hypochlorite or hydrogen peroxide led to low retention rate of polysaccharide and decrease of antibacterial activity. The decolorization efficiencies by active carbon and macroporous anion exchange resin decolorization methods were 87.9% and 83.4%, and the retention rates of polysaccharide were 81.5% and 76.6%, respectively. Both active carbon and D315 resin exhibited better decolorization capability than sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide. Nevertheless, active carbon residue in polysaccharide solution was difficult to remove, which had a disadvantage effect on polysaccharide quality. In general, resin decolorization method is the best choice.

The antioxidant peptides derived from peanut meal hydrolysate prepared by bienzyme hydrolysis (first trypsin and then flavourzyme) were separated by ultra-filtration technology. The peanut meal hydrolysate was filtrated through 1μm microfiltration membrane prior to ultrafiltration. The effects of operating pressure, temperature, pH and concentration of filtrate on ultra-filtration flux of 3 kD MWCO membrane were investigated by single-factor method. Subsequently, an orthogonal array design involving 9 experiments of the four variables at three levels was employed for maximizing the ultra-filtration flux. A maximum ultra-filtration flux of 45.18 ml/m2·min was obtained by 20 min ultrafiltration at 0.08 MPa and 25 ℃ with the concentration of filtrate of 2%. The antioxidant effects of peanut peptides with different molecular weight were investigated. The peanut peptides with molecular weight below 3 kD exhibited stronger antioxidant activity than others. After 7 d storage, the POV of soybean oil with the 0.10% addition of 3 kD molecular-weight peanut peptide was 9.15 meq/kg, indicating the peptide has good antioxidant activity.

Ultrafine soybean dregs powder which has unique health function and good processing quality was added to flour to produce a new type of Chinese traditional steamed bread. Orthogonal array deign was employed to optimize the formulation and processing conditions. The optimum formula for producing the new type Chinese traditional steamed bread consisted of plain flour 100 g, ultra tiny soybean dregs powder 13 g, soybean lecithin 0.6 g, whole egg liquid 10 g, yeast powder 2 g, sugar 15 g, and water 65 g, and the optimal processing conditions were determined as follows: fermentation time 30 min, proofing time 10 min, and steaming time 15 min.

Dried ripe gardenia fruits (Fructus Gardeniae) were used as the main raw material to produce a gardenia beverage by gardenia fruit leaching with water and flavor blending. Orthogonal array design was applied to optimize leaching conditions of gardenia fruits and blending formula of gardenia beverage for maximizing flavonoids content in water leach liquor of gardenia fruits and sensory score of finished beverage respectively. The best conditions for leaching gardenia fruits were: ratio of solid to liquid (m/V) 1:50, and temperature 50 ℃ for a leaching duration of 8 h and the effect of temperature on leaching of gardenia fruits was extremely significant (P ＜ 0.01). The optimal gardenia beverage formula consisted of water liquor of gardenia fruits/ water 1:4, sucrose 5%, and citric acid 0.02%.

The structure of apigenin was modified by sulfonation reaction with concentrated H2SO4, and water-soluble sodium apigenin sulfonate was obtained. Its structure was characterized by IR, MS and 1H -NMR spectroscopic techniques. The best reaction conditions for producing water-soluble sodium apigenin sulfonate were: ratio of apigenin to concentrated sulfuric acid 1:6 (g/ml), and temperature 15 ℃ for a reaction duration of 60 min. Under the conditions, and the yellow acicular crystals of sodium apigenin sulfonate were obtained with the yield of 83.5%.

Acetone extraction followed by n-butanol purification was applied for preparing high-purity lutein esters from marigold oil. The extraction and the purification conditions were optimized using L9(33) orthogonal array design. The optimal extraction conditions were as follows: with a ratio of material to liquid of 1:3 (m/V) stirring at 50 ℃ for 30 min for the dissolution of marigold oil in acetone, and then cooling for 3 h, and the optimal conditions of n-butanol treatment for purification with a ratio of material to liquid of 1:3.5(m/m) stirring for the dissolution of crude lutein esters concentrate in n-butanol, and then cooling for 4 h. After ethanol washing and vacuum drying, lutein esters with over 85% purity were obtained.

Ultra high pressure treatment was used to assist the ethanol extraction of glycyrrhizic acid from Glycyrrhiza uralensis roots at normal temperature. The effects of extraction time, ethanol concentration, pressure and liquid/solid ratio on extraction yield of glycyrrhizic acid were analyzed using single-factor experiments. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on a three-level, three-variable central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was employed to optimize three crucial variables except extraction time. The optimum extraction conditions were determined as follows: ethanol concentration 49.50%, liquid/solid ratio 13:1, extraction pressure 382 MPa for an extraction duration of 15 min. Under the optimized conditions, a extraction yield of glycyrrhizic acid of 14.61％ was predicted, and the average value of 5 repeated experiments was14.67 %, with a relative standard deviation of 0.29 %.

Instant burdock root powder was made from fresh burdock roots using a wet processing procedure consisting of the following steps: cleaning, peeling, slicing, color protection, beating, high sheared homogenization, enzymolysis, blending, and spray drying. The effects of different processing conditions on qualities of product were evaluated. A mixture of 0.05% vitamin C and 0.05% citric acid displayed better color protection on burdock root slices than each of them. Beating, high shear homogenization, and enzymolysis resulted in the increase of soluble solid content by 50.57%, 42.08% and 25.06%, respectively. Subsequently, the instant burdock powder product was obtained through blending with the addition of maltodextrin, high shear homogenization and spray drying. Compared with the product produced using the traditional dry processing procedure, the vitamin C content in this product was increased by 37.78% and the dissolution percentage by 5.03% to 97.16%, while the average length of fiber was decreased from 0.25 mm to 0.14 mm. The dissolvability of this product was quite well, and there was no obvious precipitate after poured with boiling water.

Garlic polysaccharide was otained from garlic bulbs via defatting with n-hexane, extraction with hot water, protein removal by Sevag method, and ethanol precipitation. The extraction conditions were optimized by response surface methodology and the structure of the polysaccharide was analyzed using TLC and IR spectroscopy. The optimal extraction conditions were as follows: with a material/water ratio of 1:30, once extraction at 75.3 ℃ for 2.25 h. Under these conditions, the actual value of extraction yield was 61.45%, in close agreement with the predicted. Structural analysis demonstrated that garlic polysaccharide belonged to the class of heteropolysaccharides, which was mainly composed of fructose.

Volatile oil was obtained from crushed, peeled garlic cloves by the following steps: soaking in hot water, ultrasonic treatment and steam distillation. Single-factor experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of four crucial factors, such as soaking temperature and time, material/water ratio, and distillation time on extraction yield of volatile oil. Subsequently, the four factors were optimized using an orthogonal array design involving 9 experiments. The most important affecting factor was distillation time, followed in turn by material/water ratio, and soaking temperature and time. A maximum extraction yield of volatile oil of 0.35% was obtained under the optimized conditions: soaking for 4 h at 35 ℃ with a material/water ratio of 1:3.5 prior to 2 h steam distillation. In general, the method is simple and practicable.

Ultra-high pressure technology was applied to the extraction of effective components from tea for the purpose of improving their dissolution and keeping natural quality of tea at the same time. The effects of ultra-high pressure treatment on extraction rate of tea polyphenols and DPPH radical scavenging activity of 50% ethanol extract of tea were studied. A maximum extraction rate of tea polyphenols of 19.43% was obtained under the optimized conditions: extraction pressure, 500 MPa; pressure holding time, 10 min; and extraction solvent, 50% ethanol solution. High pressure and long treatment time both were effective for the dissolution of tea polyphenols. Moreover, the DPPH radical scavenging activity went up significantly, with the prolongation of pressure holding time at the initial stage, and then it tended to stable when the holding time was over 5 min. In the experimental range, the DPPH radical scavenging activity tended to increase progressively, with the increase of treatment pressure.

Objective: To compare the effects of normal and superfine comminution on leaching of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng. Method: The contents of ginseosides in Panax ginseng powders of different particle sizes (1－12 mm, 0.5－1 mm, 200－500 nm, 200 nm, and 20－80 nm) were determined using RP-HPLC method developed. Results: The determined value of content of ginseosides in 0.5－1 μm particle-size Panax ginseng powder was notably higher than those of others. Conclusion: Superfine comminution can effectively promote the leaching of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng.

Crude water-soluble polysaccharides were isolated from Herba Moslae by hot water extraction and ethanol precipitation. After protein and pigment removal, the refined polysaccharides were separated by DEAE-52 cellulose anionexchange chromatography, and two fractions Ⅰand Ⅱ were obtained. The main fraction Ⅱ was further purified by Sephacryl S-300 gel chromatography and a polysaccharide named HMPⅡ was obtained. The purity of HMPⅡ was determined to be 93.55% by high performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC).

The microwave-assisted extraction of polysaccharide from dried burdock root powder below 40 mesh was separately performed under normal atmospheric and closed high pressures. One-factor-at-a-time and L9(34) orthogonal array methods were employed for optimizing two extraction procedures of polysaccharide from burdock roots. Maximum polysaccharide yields of 28.84% and 31.97% were obtained by extraction for 100 s at 250 W microwave power and normal pressure with a material/water ratio of 1:25 and by extraction for 160 s at 90 W microwave power and 0.4 MPa pressure with a material/water ratio of 1:35, respectively, both of which were higher than the yield of 24.18% by hot water reflux extraction for 6 h. All these results indicate that microwave-assisted extraction is a simple and rapid method, and microwave extraction combined with high pressure technology is more efficient.

Tea saponin (TS) was extracted from tea seed meal by alcohol extraction-acetone precipitation method and vanillinconcentrated sulfuric acid method was chosen to determine the content of TS. On the basis of single factor experiments, the extraction procedure was optimized using response surface methodology, and a mathematical regression model was established for predicting extraction yield of TS at different levels of ratio of liquid to solid, extraction temperature, extraction time. The optimal extraction conditions obtained from this model were as follows: using 80% alcohol as the extraction solvent, extraction at 85.7 ℃ for 3.3 h with a ratio of liquid to solid of 7.25:1. Under these conditions, the actual value of extraction yield of TS amounted to (9.48 ± 0.05)% (n = 3), which was in close agreement of the predicted.

Choerospondias axillaris fruit pulp was added with 6-fold mass of water and then hydrolyzed using a mixture of pectinase and cellulase. The hydrolysis procedure was optimized to obtain maximum soluble solids, VC and total sugar contents in the hydrolysate by one-factor-at-a-time and L9(33) orthogonal array methods. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: with an enzyme dose of 2400 mg/L, hydrolysis at 50 ℃ for 4 h. There were 13.12% of soluble solids, 0.51 mg/100 ml of VC and 8.49% of total sugar in the hyrolysate of Choerospondias axillaris fruit pulp prepared under the optimized conditions.

Acid-soluble collagens (ASC) and pepsin-soluble collagens (PSC) were extracted from scale of grass carp at a temperature below their denaturation temperatures. The physico-chemical properties of ASC and PSC were analyzed systematically. The results showed that the denaturation temperatures of ASC and PSC were 30 － 35 and 28 － 35℃, respectively; the dissolubility, the emulsify capacity and the emulsifying stability of PSC all were better than those of ASC, while the latter had better solution viscosity, water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, foaming capacity and foam stability than the former.

Two-step enzymolysis using papain and protamex followed by protein removal using NaOH solution was adopted to prepare melanin from black-bone silky fowl meat. The effects of various NaOH solution treatment conditions on protein removal rate were studied by single-factor method. Subsequently, different doses (500, 250 and 100 mg/kg bw) of the melanin were administered by gavage to mouse models of oxidative injury induced by D-galactose to evaluate its antioxidant activity in vivo. The results showed that the optimal conditions for protein removal were as follows: ratio of material to liquid 1:10, pH 10.0, temperature 60 ℃, treatment time 1.5 h, and treatment number 4 times; a significant increase of GSH-Px activity and decrease of MDA content in blood and liver were found in melanin-treated groups in comparison with the model control group, indicating that melanin from black-bone silky fowl meat has significantly antioxidant activity.

Vacuum drying was applied to dry bleached shellac instead of normal temperature drying which has an outstanding disadvantage of low production efficiency dry. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on a three-level, two-variable central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was employed to evaluate the interactive effects of vacuum drying temperature and pressure on color index of bleached shellac and required drying time and two mathematical models were established for them as a function of vacuum drying temperature and pressure. The observed responses were in close agreement with the predicted values. This demonstrated the reliability of the two models in describing the vacuum drying of bleached shellac. The 8.48 h drying at 30 ℃ and 30 kPa resulted in a color index of bleached shellac of 1.0, and the bleached shellac product reached the first grade of the Chinese national standard; after drying at 50 ℃ and 30 kPa for 7.20 h, a product with a color index of 1.4 was obtained, which reached the second grade.

Corn starch was pretreated with hydrolyzed and hydrolyzed with medium-temperature and high-temperature resistant α-amylases to prepare dextrin. The ultrasound treatment conditions were as follows: power 50 W, total treatment time 5－15 min, working time 2－5 s, and intermissive time 20 s. On the basis of the pretreatment, dextrin with different DE values could be obtained by adjusting hydrolysis time or enzyme dose. SEM observation revealed that the surface of starch granules was eroded by ultrasonic treatment and they were broken to different degrees; High-intensity ultrasound notably increased the degradation of amylopectin, which made the molecular weight distribution of dextrin more uniform and reduced the proportion of large molecules.

The hot water extraction procedure of Herba Moslae polysaccharides was studied. On the basis of single-factor experiments, a three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken design combining with response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize three crucial extraction conditions for maximizing yield of polysaccharides from Herba Moslae. A regression model was established for yield of polysaccharides as a function of the three extraction conditions. The analysis for this model by SAS V8.0 software indicated that the optimal extraction temperature, time and ratio of water to material were 87.0 ℃, 4.0 h and 15.4:1 (ml/g), respectively. Under these conditions, the predicted value of yield of polysaccharides from Herba moslae was 3.38%, in basic agreement with the actual value of 3.41%.

Tannins which are easy to enter pomegranate juice during fruit squeezing not only cause astringency, but may influence color and clarity as well. So, removing tannins from pomegranate juice is essential to improve its quality. Gelatin was used to remove tannins from pomegranate juice in this study. The effects of various conditions on removal tannins were discussed. The removal procedure was as follows: after the pH was adjusted to 4.5, the mixture of 100 ml of pomegranate juice and 12 ml of 1% gelatin was stirred for 40 min and prefiltrated and filtrated through a microporous membrane with 0.22 μm pore size. Tannins could be removed effectively by this procedure and a clear, flavorful pomegranate juice was obtained.

Six solvents were separately used to extract total flavonoids from seeds of Osmanthus fragrans Lour. Among of them, absolute ethanol exhibited the high extraction efficiency. The ethanol extraction procedure of total flavonoids was optimized by single-factor and L9(34) orthogonal array methods. The optimum extraction conditions were determined as follows: ethanol concentration 60%, solid/liquid ratio 1:50, and temperature 90 ℃ for an extraction duration of 5 h. Under these conditions, a maximum yield of total flavonoids of 3.96% was obtained.

To solve the problems brought by organic or basic solvents in the modification process of shellac, this study used supersaturation method to prepare a weakly acidic, well-dispersed aqueous dispersion of bleached shellac. A three-variable, three-level Box-Behnken experimental design combining with response surface modeling (RSM) was employed for minimizing average particle size of bleached shellac dispersion. A regression model was proposed for the average particle size as a function of three crucial process parameters. A minimum average particle size of 20.34μm was obtained under the optimized conditions: rotational speed of dispersion machine 11054 r/min, dropping speed of shellac, and alcohol concentration 6.42%. Granularity analysis using a laser granularity analyzer indicated that the size of 99.99% particles was distributed uniformly, less than or equal to 0.6 μm. Optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations revealed that bleached shellac existed in globular particles in the dispersion and could form smooth resin membrane.

Alkali-soluble proteins extracted from rapeseed meal were fractionated into soluble and insoluble proteins by acid precipitation. The soluble protein was concentrated by ultrafiltration and dialyzed to remove anti-nutrients (such as glucosinolate and phytic acid) and inorganic salts. The distribution of glucosinolate and phytic acid in various rapeseed protein products and the effects of membrane separation and dialysis conditions on contents of glucosinolate and phytic acid in the soluble protein were studied, and the antioxidant activity of the soluble protein was evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging assay. The yield of the precipitated protein was low. So it was necessary to recover the soluble protein. The glucosinolate in rapeseed meal was extracted together with alkali-soluble proteins and was mainly contained in the soluble protein fraction. The content of glucosinolate in the soluble protein could be significantly reduced by membrane separation. The soluble protein, after membrane separation at CF 4 and DV 3, had a glucosinolate content as low as 0.11 mg/g and had certain DPPH free radical scavenging activity. Phytic acid in rapeseed meal could not be effectively extracted with alkali and mainly remained in the residue. It was difficult to separate phytic acid from the soluble protein by membrane separation.

Total polyphenols in Punica granatum L. leaves were extracted using supercritical CO2 fluid with the addition of absolute ethanol as a cosolvent. In order to maximize yield of total polyphenols, four crucial extraction parameters such as ratio of material to liquid, and extraction pressure, temperature and time were optimized by single-factor and orthogonal array methods. A maximum yield of total polyphenols at 42.61% purity was obtained by the 120 min extraction at 25 MPa and 60 ℃ with a ratio of material to liquid of 1:2.5.

Supercritical CO2 fluid was used to extract rice bran oil. The effects of five major extraction parameters such as extraction pressure, extraction temperature, extraction time, granularity of material and amount of modifier (absolute ethanol) on yield of rice bran oil and recovery of linoleic acid (LA) were evaluated using a L16(45 ) orthogonal array design in which the interactive effects among the parameters were neglected temporarily, and qualitative and quantitative analysis linoleic acid in rice bran oil were carried out by gas chromatography (GC). A total amount of 17.53 g oil was obtained from 100 g rice bran with an extraction recovery of LA of 87.24% by the 100 min extraction at 35 MPa and 40 ℃ with a granularity of material of 0.450 mm and 8% addition of absolute ethanol. The major fatty acids in rice bran oil were oleic acid (OA) accounting for 41.52% and LA 40.81%. The product had pure flavor and orange color, and is homogeneous and rich in LA and therefore it can be used as functional oil.

An aqueous two-phase system consisting of polyethylene glycol and phosphate was applied to extract cold-adapted α -amylase from fermentation culture supernatant of Pseudoalteromonas arctic GS230. The effects of phase composition, molecular weight of PEG and pH on enzyme partitioning and selective enrichment were studied, and the extraction procedure established was verified by linear scale-up experiments. A maximum purification fold of 4.8 and enzyme activity recovery of 87% were obtained when an aqueous 15% PEG-15% phosphate system at pH 5.0 was used for the extraction.

Ginger oleoresin was extracted from dried ginger powder using supercritical CO2 fluid with the addition of absolute ethanol as a colsolvent. The effects of extraction pressure, extraction temperature, extraction time, particle size of material and amount of absolute ethanol on extraction yields of ginger oleoresin and gingerols were investigated by single factor and orthogonal array methods. The optimum conditions for ginger oleoresin extraction were determined as the follows: particle size of dried material, below 120 mesh; extraction pressure, 35 MPa; extraction temperature, 35 ℃, and extraction time 2.5 h. Under these conditions, the extraction yield of ginger oleoresin and gingerols reached 6.08% and 2.78%, respectively. Ginger oleoresin could effectively scavenge DPPH free radicals in a significant dose-dependent manner. GC-MS analysis indicated that there were 76 compounds identified in ginger oleoresin, of which 16 ones might belong to the gingerol family and the relative content was 33.95%. These results suggest that ginger oleoresin is rich in antioxidant components as gingerols.

Supercritical CO2 fluid was used to extract volatile flavor compounds from an artificially oxidized mutton fat (peroxide value, 197 mmol oxygen/ kg fat; and acid value, 3.90 mg KOH/kg fat). The influences of extraction temperature, pressure and time on appearance and odor characteristics and yield of extract were evaluated. The optimal technological parameters were determined as follows: extraction vessel at 20 MPa and 45 ℃, separation vessel I at 4.8 MPa and 20 ℃, separation vessel II at 4.8 MPa and 20 ℃, CO2 flow rate 45 L/h, and extraction duration 1 h. Correlation analysis between GC-MS and GC-O analytical results with retention time revealed that the characteristic odor of oxidized mutton fat was due to aldehydes and carboxylic acids, of which 6 short-chain fatty aldehydes including (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-2-heptenal, (E)-2-octenal, decanal, (E)-2-decenal and (E, E)- 2, 4-decadienal, and three short-chain fatty acids including heptanoic acid, nonanoic acid and decanoic acid, were considered as key odorants contributing to odor of oxidized mutton fat.

Polysaccharides in Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. (pineapple) peel, a byproduct from the extraction of pineapple juice, were extracted using hot water. On the basis of single factor experiments, three crucial extraction parameters such as material/ water ratio and extraction time and temperature were optimized for maximizing yield of polysaccharides from pineapple peel using a three-variable, five-level quadratic rotation combination experimental design. Subsequently, the in vitro antioxidant activities of the polysaccharides from pineapple peel were evaluated by superoxide anion radical, hydroxyl radical and ABTS radical scavenging assays. A maximum amount of 23.72 mg of polysaccharides was obtained from 1 g of pineapple peel by the optimal extraction for 5 h using 70 ℃ hot water at a material/water ratio of 1:25 (m/V). The polysaccharides from pineapple peel had a certain degree of antioxidant activities in vitro: scavenge hydroxyl radicals and ABTS radicals in a dose-dependant manner with the IC50s of 1.76 and 2.49 mg/ml, respectively.

Ultrasonic and microwave techniques were separately used to assist the extraction of cordycepin from fermented mycelia of Cordyceps militaris with ethanol. On the basis of single factor experiments, ultrasonic-assisted and microwave-assisted extraction procedures were optimized for maximizing yield of cordycepin using L9(34) orthogonal array design. The results showed that the assisting effect of microwave was better than that of ultrasonic, and a maximum yield of cordycepin was obtained under the following extraction conditions: microwave power, 500 W; extraction solvent, a mixture of water and absolute ethanol (1:3, V/V) at pH 7.0; and extraction time 3 min.

Cross-linked carboxymethyl corn starch was prepared from carboxymethyl starch with epichlorohydrin as a crosslinking agent in ethanol-water medium. A four-variable, five-level quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design was employed for maximizing apparent viscosity of modified corn starch, and a regression equation describing the relationship of it with four variables was established. The physico-chemical properties of cross-linked carboxymethyl corn starch paste including transparency, expansion, freeze thawing stability, adsorptivity and rheological properties were studied. A maximum apparent viscosity of cross-linked carboxymethyl corn starch of 10.51 Pa·s was obtained under the following conditions: epichlorohydrin amount 0.23%, reaction temperature 53.2 ℃, reaction time 64.6 min, and pH 10, which was increase by 214.67% and 88.35%, respectively, compared with native corn starch and carboxymethyl starch. Cross-linked carboxymethyl starch had significantly higher apparent viscosity, transparency, expansion, thermostability, adsorptivity and freeze thawing stability than native corn starch and carboxymethyl starch and its paste belonged to pseudoplastic fluid and displayed shear thinning characteristics. Under normal temperature, the rheological model obeyed the following law: τ= 105.6γ0.3599 (τ, viscosity; and γ, shearing velocity), R2 = 0.9882, and the adsorption kinetic model was in accordance with Freundlich adsorption isotherm: Q = 0.4152C0.9894 (Q, adsorption capacity; and C, Pb2+ concentration), R2 = 0.9846.

Arctiin, as a precursor of arctigenin which is one of the main functional components in Fructus Arctii, was extracted with ethanol in a microwave field and separated from the extraction liquid with macroporous resin adsorption chromatography. The microwave-assisted extraction procedure of arctiin was optimized using L9(34) orthogonal array design, and the effects of adsorption and desorption conditions on separation of arctiin were discussed. A maximum extraction yield of arctiin of 9.02% was obtained by the 80 s extraction in an 250 W microwave field with a liquid/material ratio of 20:1 (ml/g). Among four types of macroporous resin tested, HPD-700 possessed the best adsorption and desorption performance. The optimum technological parameters for separating arctiin were determined as follows: sample concentration 3.26 mg/ml, flow rate of sample 1 ml/min, and flow rate of 70% ethanol used as an eluant 1 ml/min.

Crude Sargassum fusiformis polysaccharides (SEPS) were obtained by ultrasonic-assisted hot water extraction and purified by adding H2O2 or active carbon to remove color followed by adding trichloroacetic acid to remove protein. The ultrasonicassisted hot water extraction procedure was optimized using L16(45) orthogonal array design and the decolorization effects by H2O2 and active carbon were compared. In addition, the scavenging activity of SEPS against hydroxyl radicals generated by Fenton system was evaluated. A maximum yield of SEPS of 6.60 % was obtained under the following conditions: solid/liquid ratio 1:40, ultrasonic treatment 20 min, and temperature 100 ℃ for a water bath extraction duration of 150 min. There was a good linear relationship between hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and concentration of purified SEPS in the range of 0.05－0.50 mg/ml, with a coefficient of 0.9959, and the hydroxyl radical scavenging rate at 0.50 g/L reached 42.2%.

A mixture of crushed Ziziphus jujuba cv. Huizao fruits and water was homogenized and treated by microwave and ultrasonic to extract cyclic adenodsine monophosphate. The effects of homogenization speed and time, material/water ratio, ultrasonic treatment temperature and time, and microwave power and treatment time on yield of cyclic adenodsine monophosphate were investigated by single factor method. Subsequently, response surface methodology (RSM) based on a three-level, four-variable central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was employed for evaluating the interactive effects among other four variables except homogenization speed and time and ultrasonic treatment temperature, and a quadratic regression model was developed for predicting the yield of cyclic adenodsine monophosphate under various extraction conditions. The optimal extraction conditions were as follows: with a material/water ratio 0.07 g/ml, 97 s microwave treatment at 450 W followed by 28 min ultrasonic treatment at 60 ℃. Under these conditions, the yield of cyclic adenodsine monophosphate was 64.33 μg/g.

Crude inulin was obtained from dried burdock root powder by water extraction followed by ethanol precipitation and deproteinized by combination of papain hydrolysis and Sevag method or each of them. On the basis of single factor experiments in which the effects of material/liquid ratio, extraction time, temperature and extraction times on yield of inulin were studied, an orthogonal array design involving 9 experiments of other three factors except extraction temperature was adopted to maximize yield of inulin. The twice extraction using 10-fold volume of water for 120 min at 80 ℃ gave a maximum yield of inulin of 63.36%. The combination papain hydrolysis and Sevag method exhibited higher protein removal efficiency (90.83％) than each of them.

Total flavonoids in corn silk were extracted with ethanol and analyzed for their DPPH scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity. The effects of ethanol concentration, extraction time, material/liquid ratio and extraction temperature were evaluated for optimizing the extraction procedure of total flavonoids. A maximum yield of total flavonoids of 1.67% was obtained by the 2 h extraction using 40% ethanol at 80 ℃. The total flavonoids from corn silk had marked antioxidant activities: the scavenging rate against DPPH free radicals was as high as 77.18% and the FRAP value reached 691.04 μmol/L.

The effects of various filtration materials used in the purification of sodium erythorbate on product quality were investigated. The results indicated that when ceramic membrane was used for the filtration of active carbon in crude product solution instead of filtration cloth, the product quality was significantly improved, and the purification yield was increase at the same time. Under the following operation conditions: pressure 0.15 MPa, temperature 80 ℃, surface flow rate 2 m/s, and concentration fold 15, the average membrane flux was as high as 490 L/(m2·h). When the membrane flux ranged from 350 to 390 L/(m2 ·h) and other conditions were the same as above, a 20-fold concentration was obtained, which could fulfill the need of industrial production of sodium erythorbate.

The ultrafiltration method for preliminary separation and purification of antioxidant peptides from kidney bean protein hydrolysates (KBPHs) prepared by Alcalase-catalyzed hydrolysis was introduced. The effects of main parameters on membrane flux and different cleaning agents on recovery of membrane flux were investigated. The molecular weight distribution, the amino acid composition and the antioxidant activity of KBPHs before and after ultrafiltration were analyzed and compared. Modified PES plate-form ultrafiltration membrane exhibited purifying effect on antioxidant bioactive peptides from KBPHs in contrast with other three membranes. The optimal conditions of ultrafiltration were: KBPHs concentration 2.5%, pH 6.5, pressure 0.25 MPa, and temperature 25 ℃. Fractions of high relative molecular mass were effectively removed from KBPHs and the contents of fractions of relative molecular mass ranging from 2000 to 1000 and below 1000 were increased from 11.38% to 32.83%, and from 12.64% to 45.91%, respectively after ultrafiltration. Additionally, the antioxidant activity of KBPHs was increased as well.

Microporous cassava starch was prepared by combined hydrolysis with glucoamylase andα-amylase. The effects of hydrolysis time and temperature, pH, substrate concentration, enzyme dosage and glucoamylase/α-amylase ratio on hydrolysis percentage and oil adsorption capacity of microporous cassava starch prepared were analyzed. On the basis of this, an orthogonal array design involving 18 tests was employed to optimize the six parameters for maximizing oil adsorption capacity. A maximum oil adsorption capacity was obtained by 7 h hydrolysis of native cassava starch at 60 ℃ and pH 6.0 using a mixture of glucoamylase and α-amylase (1:4, m/m) at the dosage of 2.5%. The oil adsorption capacity (52%) of microporous cassava starch was 4.52 times higher than that (11.5%) of native cassava starch.

The production process of superfine powder of vacuum freeze-dried Chaenomeles sinensis (Thouin) Koehne fruits was studied and the product obtained was analyzed for nutrients and sensory qualities. The optimal material granularity and thickness for vacuum freeze drying were 0.95 cm3 and 15－20 mm, respectively. A maximum freeze drying percentage was obtained under the following sublimation-drying conditions: vacuum degree 40 Pa, heating plate temperature 60 ℃, material temperature －40 ℃, and condensing temperature －35 ℃. The best secondary-drying conditions were: vacuum degree 20 Pa, heating plate temperature 85 ℃, material temperature 40 ℃, and condensing temperature －35 ℃. The freeze-dried material was firstly crushed to 60－80 mesh using a plant pulverizer and then micro-grinded to over 1000 mesh using a fluidized bed jet mill at pressures over 12 MPa and temperatures below 35 ℃ and a finished product was obtained. The product displayed good rehydration, dissolubility and activity, and the color, smell and taste as well as nutrients of raw material remained complete. Thus, it has a promising prospect in deep processing.

The stability of food emulsion is a critical characteristic impacting it usefulness. Owing to the fact that emulsion turbidity is a function of particle concentration and size, the stability of emulsion can be determined by measuring the change in turbidity. The stabilities of three emulsions such as reconstructed full cream milk, soybean oil emulsion and cocoa butter substitute emulsion were evaluated by measuring changes in mean particle size, turbidity and h/H value with temperature and concentration of various metal ions in the emulsions and the three evaluation methods were compared. The changing trends of turbidity and mean particle size of all the three emulsions were basically identical, suggesting that turbidity measurement is a convenient and reliable approach to predicting stability of emulsions.

A HPLC method was established to determine polyphenolic compounds in Flammulina velutipe fruitbody. The chromatographic separation was achieved on an Agilent Zorbax SB-C18 (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm) analytical column using a mobile phase consisting of a mixture of A: acetonitrile and B: 0.4% acetic acid (0–40 min: 5% A and 95% B; 40–45 min: 25% A and 75% B; 45–50 min: 35% A and 65% B) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and 30 ℃ column temperature , and the analytes were detected using a VWD detector at 280 nm wavelength. Rutin and quercetin both were found in fresh Flammulina velutipe fruitbody, while quercetin, together with syringic acid was detected in dried samples.

A rapid analytical method for direct injection determination of trace lead in red grape wine was proposed using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS). Red grape wine was diffused in 0.15 mol/L HNO3 and injected into the GF with the addition of NH4H2PO4 as a matrix modifier and ashed at 700 ℃ and atomized at 1800 ℃ for the analysis under the protection of argon. The recovery of lead in spiked red wine was 98.00% with a relative standard deviation of 3.004%. This method is rapid and accurate without complex sample pretreatment.

A HPLC-ELSD method was established for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of glucose, fructose, sucrose, GF2, GF3, and GF4. The chromatographic separation was achieved on an amino column using a mobile phase composed of a mixture of acetonitrile and water at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min by gradient elution. The ELSD drift tube temperature was set at 85 ℃ and the carrying gas was air. Under the above conditions, all glucose, fructose, sucrose, GF2, GF3 and GF4 could be well separated, and the spiked recoveries were 97.62%–99.55% with a RSD less than 3% (n = 5). This method is accurate, rapid, simple and reproducible, and thus it is suitable for the determination of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and oligosaccharides.

The contents of water, total sugar, protein, crude fats, pectin, anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins in C. burmannii fruits were measured by drying method, anthrone colorimetry, Kjeldahl nitrogen determination, Soxlet’s extraction, salting-out, colorimetry and n-butyl alcohol-hydrochloric acid spectrometry, respectively. The total water contents in fresh whole fruits, pulp and stone were 52.29%, 64.69% and 30.99%, respectively. The mass percentages of pulp and stone in fresh fruits were 64.06% and 35.88%, respectively. Dried pulp contained 19.08% of total sugar, 5.49% of protein, 23.91% of crude fat, 1.16% of pectin, 1.27% of proanthocyanidins, and 1.62% of anthocyanins, while dried stone 5.12% of total sugar, 9.27% of protein, 61.15% of crude fat, 10.46% of pectin, and 3.47% of procyanidins. The above data indicate that C. burmannii fruits are rich in numerous biologically active, naturally occurring components. Thus, they have great potential for comprehensive utilization .

A new method for the rapid determination of melamine in milk products by high performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) with diode array detection was established. Samples were extracted with 100 mmol/L acetic acid. The chromatographic separation was carried out in an uncoated fused-silica capillary [20 cm (effective length) ×50 μm] using 150 mmol/L NaH2PO3 as a separation buffer. Melamine was detected at 235 nm and quantified by peak-area external standard method. The effects of buffer concentration, running pH and sample pretreatment conditions on HPCE detection of melamine were investigated. The LOD and LOQ of the method were 0.06 (S/N = 3) and 0.2 mg/L (S/N = 10), respectively. The linear range was from 0.2 to 200 mg/L with a correlation coefficient of 0.9998. The average spiked recoveries of five replicates at two levels (1.0 and 10 mg/L) were 93.0% and 84.3%, respectively. The analysis could be completed within 6 min (2 min for rinsing plus 4 min for separation). The HPCE method is time- and solvent-saving, and environment-friendly, and has a good accuracy. Therefore, it can be used for the routine determination of melamine in milk products.

A HPLC method was presented for the rapid determination of aspartame and its metabolite in commercial beverages. The analytes were separated on a ZORBAX SB-C18 column using a mobile phase composed of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid and acetonitrile (85:15, V/V) and detected using a DAD detector at 210 wavelength. The limits of detection of phenylalanine and aspartame by the method were 0.8 and 2.4 ng, respectively. There was a good linear relationship between concentration and peak area, and the correlation coefficients were 0.9998 and 0.9994, respectively. The spiked recoveries were 96.3% and 98.5%, respectively, with a RSD less than 2%. The method is simple, rapid and highly sensitive.

The volatile compounds of Thlaspi arvense L. were isolated with steam distillation, and identified by capillary GCMS method and quantified by area normalization method. The binding forms of selenium in Thlaspi arvense L. was analyzed using microwave digestion and atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS). A total of 18 volatile components were identified and determined, accounting for 92.47% of the total peak area, of which, the main volatile compound was delphinic acid, followed in turn by 3-methylvaleric acid, 5-bromothiophene-2-carboxamide, 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole, methyl formate, and formic hydrazide. In addition, an amount of several elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur and halogens was also found in Thlaspi arvense L. Organic selenium was found to be the main form of selenium in Thlaspi arvense L.. Among the forms of organic selenium, protein-bound selenium constituted a major fraction, and selenium was also found to be bound to other substances such as nonprotein substances, polysaccharides, volatile compounds and nucleic acids.

A method for the determination of melamine in animal-derived foods by ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) was established. Egg samples were extracted with a mixture of 1% trichloroacetic acid and acetonitrile (3:1, V/V) and cleaned up using a PCX-SPE column, and the chromatographic separation was achieved on a CR column filled with a mixture of SCX and C18 (1:4, m/m). Melamine in rabbit meat samples was extracted with acetonitrile and injected without clean up into a PAK SCX UG80 column for the chromatographic separation. The detection was performed at UV wavelength of 236 nm. For the analysis using CR column, the calibration curve was linear in the range of 1.00－5.00 mg/L. The average recoveries of melamine in eggs spiked at three levels (1.00, 2.00 and 5.00 mg/kg) were 89.24%－91.06%, with a relative standard deviation less than 6.00%. For the analysis using PAK SCX UG80 column, the calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.4－4 mg/L. The average recoveries in rabbit meat spiked at three levels (2.00, 5.00 and 10.00 mg/kg) were 82.65%－86.54%, with a relative standard deviation less than 7.50%. This method is simple, and its sensitivity, accuracy and prevision all can meet the analytical requirements for melamine.

This study aimed to establish a new method using thiourea and EDTA titration for the determination of trace copper in vegetables. Samples were dry-digested, and KBr was then added to one portion of the digestion solution (pH 5－6) to mask Hg2+, and the total metal ions were tested by titration with standard EDTA solution using pyridylazo naphthol as an indicator. Subsequently, other metal ions except Cu2+ masked by thiourea in another portion were titrated with standard EDTA solution. Finally, the amount of copper was calculated by the volume difference of EDTA solution expended in titration of the two portions. The relative standard deviation was less than 2.50% and the spiked recovery was 96.8%－100.4%. This method has many advantages including simple and fast operation and little interference.

Objective: To optimize Soxhlet and combined microwave and ultrasonic extraction procedures of alkaloid from Senecio cannabifolius Less using methanol as an extraction solvent and to develop two methods using UV spectrophotometry and HPLC for the determination of alkaloid in Senecio cannabifolius Less. Methods: Orthogonal array design was employed to maximize yields of alkaloid by the two extraction methods and the optimized extraction procedures were applied to determine alkaloid content in Senecio cannabifolius Less by the two analytical methods. Results: A maximum yield of alkaloid was obtained by the 5 h Soxhlet extraction at 100 ℃ with a ratio of material to liquid of 1:30, and the optimal conditions for the improved combined microwave and ultrasonic extraction using a CW-2000A ultrasonic-microwave cooperative extractor were: power 120 W, extraction time 180 s, and material/liquid ratio 1:30. For the determination by UV spectrophotometry, the average recovery of alkaloid at three spiked levels was 92.49% (n = 3) and the precision RSD was 3.15% (n = 6), and the contents of alkaloid in Senecio cannabifolius Less extracted by Soxhlet and combined microwave and ultrasonic methods were 0.05212% and 0.03573%, respectively; for the determination by HPLC, the average recovery of alkaloid at three spiked levels was 89.60% (n = 3) and the precision RSD was 3.75%, and the contents of alkaloid extracted by the two methods were 0.04234% and 0.02750%, respectively. Conclusion: UV spectrophotometry and HPLC methods both are accurate and feasible for the determination of alkaloid content in Senecio cannabifolius Less.

Oil was obtained from seeds of Lindera thomsonii Allen by Soxhlet extraction method, and the yield of crude oil was 72.47%. After petroleum ether extraction, saponification and methyl esterification, total fatty acid methyl esters obtained were analyzed by GC-MS. In all, twenty peaks were separated and sixteen of them were identified, which accounted for 99.74% of total fatty acids. Most of the compounds were straight-chain fatty acids, of which, the percentages of n-decanoic acid and dodecanoic acid were 27.49% and 63.24%, respectively.

Based on the structural characteristics of bonding atom and the connectivity with the adjacent atoms, an approved atomic valence δi was proposed. Furthermore, on the basis of adjacency matrix, a novel connectivity index mJ was constructed from δi . With 0J, 1J and electrotopological state index (En), quantitative structure-retention relationships (QSRR) between structure and retention time of 51 volatile components of natural hawthorn perfume were studied. The best QSRR model was constructed, and the estimated values were in good agreement with the observed. Jackknifed method and cross-validation procedure indicated that the model possessed good predictability and robustness.

Abstract：This study aimed to develop a new and sensitive immunosorbent biobarcode assay the detection of semicarbazide (SEM), a metabolite of nitrofurazone based on the conjugation of Anti-CPSEM-Au-ssSHDNA. Ascetic monoclonal antibody against CPSEM purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and ssSHDNA were conjugated to Au nanoparticles with a diameter of 20 nm prepared by controlled reduction of gold chloride with sodium citrate. Then a novel immunosorbent bio-barcode assay, an integration of PCR and idc-ELISA, which can transform enzyme signal into DNA signal, could be developed based on the conjugation of Anti-CPSEM-Au-ssSHDNA. An anti-CPSEM-Au-ssSHDNA complex was successfully prepared, and the immunosorbent bio-barcode DNA detection assay, which could detect 8 pg /ml semicarbazide, was primarily developed.

Solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyze volatile compounds in fresh and cured golden thread meat by NIST MS spectral library searching and alignment of spectral data. A total of 58 and 68 kinds of volatile compounds were identified in fresh and cured golden thread meat respectively, which consisted of carbonyl compounds and alcohols, accounting for 58.11% and 72.60% before and after curing, respectively. 3-Methyl-1-butanol, 1-penten-3-ol, 1-octen-3-ol, 2-butanone and 3-methyl-butanoic acid made main contribution to characteristic aroma of golden thread meat, while methyl ketone, short chain unsaturated aldehyde and sulfur compounds were the main compositions affecting the flavor of cured fish meat. Cured golden thread meat had faint scent, and its quality was better than that of fresh meat.

A GC-MS method was developed for the determination of residues of 6 β -agonists such as clorprenaline, tulobuterol, penbutolol, propranolol, fenoterol, and ractopamine in prepared frozen foods. Minced beef cutlet samples were hydrolyzed by β-glucuronidase in sodium acetate buffer, and the centrifugation supernatant was then subjected to protein precipitation using perchloric acid, extraction using ethyl acetate, and clean up using an MCX column, followed by derivatization with bis (trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA). The analysis was conducted with metoprolol as an internal standard in selected ion monitoring mode. The spiked recoveries of the 6β-agonists ranged 80.1%－94.5%, with a RSD from 4.3% to 11.2%, and their LODs all were 5 μg/kg.

The Staphylococcus aureus colloidal gold marked specific monoclonal antibody test plates co-developed by Tianjin University of Commerce and Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products were used in the investigation of positive rate of Staphylococcus aureus in 240 samples of raw milk collected from individual raising households in central south and northeast China. Staphylococcus aureus was not detected in the raw milk samples collected from central south China including Huan, Hubei and Henan provinces, but the microbial pollution status in raw milk was not optimistic because the positive rates of Staphylococcus aureus were 10%, 30% and 100% respectively in the samples collected from Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces. The investigation prove that the Staphylococcus aureus colloidal gold marked specific monoclonal antibody test plates are fast, convenient and accurate examination products. Therefore, it is worth popularizing in raw milk market.

A new method was established for the determination of mixed policosanols by capillary gas chromatography (GC). Following extraction with chloroform, chromatographic separation and quantification were achieved on an SE-30 (30 m × 0.32 mm, 0.25 μm) capillary column using hexacosane as internal standard and N2 as carry gas with a flow rate of 1.7 ml/min in shunting model with a shunting ratio of 1:10 under the following conditions: air pressure 0.24 MPa, hydrogen pressure 0.11 MPa, injection port temperature 300 ℃, detection temperature of FID detector 300 ℃, constant column temperature 290 ℃, and injection volume 0.2 μl. The average spiked recovery of hexacosanol was 98.85% (n = 5), with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1.02%. Within 8 h, both test sample, a mixture of 4 policosanols and instrument performance showed good stability. This method has good repeatability and high precision, and therefore can be used to determinate policosanols.

We investigated the optimum reaction conditions of Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetry for the determination of total polyphenos in 60% ethanol extract of ethanol mulberry fruits using gallic acid as a reference. When ratio of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent to 12% sodium carbonate solution (V/V) was 1:2, reaction temperature 20 ℃, and reaction time 2 h, the content of total polyphenols had a good linear relationship with absorbance at 760 nm. The average spiked recovery was 97.63%, with a RSD of 4.5%. This method can give a simple, fast, sensitive, and stable determination of total popyphenols in mulberry fruits.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) quantitative detection model of sesame oil adulterated with rapeseed oil was established by partial least squares (PLS). Mixed samples of sesame and rapeseed oil with different proportions were scanned using a Thermo-Nicolet Protege-460 FT-IR spectrometer and their near infrared diffuse reflectance spectra were collected in 4200–10000 cm-1 region. The reliability of the model established was verified by cross-validation and external test. The results showed that the optimum wavelength range was 4500–8745 cm-1 and the optimum spectra pre-treatment way was multiplicative signal correction (MSC)/first derivative/Norris derivative filter (3, 5). The predictive correlation coefficient of the PLS model was 0.9983, and the root mean square error (RMSEC) was 0.976. Meanwhile, the model was applied to predict the unknown samples, and it was found that in the addition range of 10%– 70% of rapeseed oil, the predicted values were accurate and reliable. Therefore, this PLS model based on NIRS can be used for rapid detection of rapeseed oil adulterated in sesame oil.

A rapid method using ion selective electrode was established for the determination of trace fluorine in soybean. The procedure was based on extraction of test portions with 1.0 mol/L HCl solution in an ultrasonic field and addition of standard fluorine solution followed by direct reading of fluorine concentration. The average fluorine contents in two samples of soybean tested were 3.42 and 3.050 μg/g respectively, with a RSD less than 3.0% (n = 5), and the relative error was －1.25% in comparison with the determination results of the standard solution. This method is simple, fast and practicable, and can meet the requirements for in situ determination of large quantities of complex matrix samples without plotting and complex calculation.

Using carminic acid produced by Sigma company as a reference substance, HPLC and spectrophotometric methods were applied to quantify carminic acid in cochineal. Two linear equations were made respectively for peak area measured by HPLC and absorbance at 494 nm measured by spectrophotometry as follows: Y = 7.8260X, R2 = 0.9988 and Y = 0.0137X, R2 = 0.9997, in the concentration range of 9.5—95.0 μg/ml. Using the two methods for quantitative analysis of 10 commercial or self-prepared cochineal samples, all results measured by spectrophotometry were slightly higher than those by HPLC, but there was no statistical difference between them. In conclusion, both the two methods can be used for quantitative analysis of carminic acid in cochineal samples.

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of tea polyphenols in green tea, jasmine tea, Kuding tea, and ginseng tea was carried out by HPLC-UV/MS. There were 5 catechins in green tea and 7 catechins in jasmine tea identified, but no catechins were identified in Kuding tea and ginseng tea. The total content of catechins was 2% in green tea and 4% in jasmine tea, respectively.

Anthocyanin from flower petals of rose was assayed by single pH method at pH 1.0 and pH differential method at pH 1.0 and pH 4.5. Anthocyanin concentrate was obtained from dried flower petals of rose by extraction with 60% acidic ethanol solution, low-temperature vacuum concentration, and purification by sequential extraction with acetone and ether followed by AB-8 macroporous resin adsorption prior to determination. For reducing measurement error by the pH differential method, the anthocyanin concentrate should not be diluted to absorbance values at 518 nm below 0.2, and a big error was found at an absorbance value of 0.27. When determined using the single pH method, and the anthocyanin concentration should be controlled in the range from 3.5 to 13.8 mg/L. Single pH method was easily affected by the solvent concentration, and thus the determination by this method should be carried out using the same solvent.

The chemical structures of momordica saponins were analyzed by HPLC-MS. Momordica saponins were extracted and injected into a reverse-phase C18 column for clean-up prior to HPLC-MS analysis. There were 8 momordica saponins identified, including momordicoside L, momordica saponin F2 or I, and 7-β,25-trihydroxy-cucurbitane-5, (23E)-diene-19-aldehyde or momordica saponinⅠ.

To establish a multiplex PCR method for the simultaneous detection of pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp, and Shigella flexneri) in soybean products, FTA filter was used to directly extract the template DNAs from soybean products. On the basis of nuc gene of Staphylococcus aureus, phoP gene of Salmonella spp, ipaH gene of Shigella flexneri, three pairs of specific primers were designed for the multiplex PCR detection, and the reaction conditions were optimized. The results showed that three targeted genes of 280, 409, and 326 bp could be specifically amplified using the three pairs of primers. Without bacterial enrichment, the sensitivities of the multiplex PCR for detecting Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp, and Shigella flexneri were 101, 101, and 102 CFU/ml, respectively, and the detection could be finished within 4 h. This multiplex PCR method is accurate, fast and effective, thereby providing a new approach for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp, and Shigella flexneri in soybean products.

A HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous determination of cAMP and cGMP in commerical jujube juice concentrate. Both concentrations of cAMP and cGMP exhibited a good linear relationship with peak area in the range of 0－50 mg/L. The limits of detection (LOD) of the method to them were both 0.1 mg/kg. The spiked recoveries at three levels (1, 10 and 20 mg/L) ranged from 82.2% to 99.3%, with a RSD between 2.1% and 10.9%. The method is suitable for the effective determination of cAMP and cGMP in jujube juice concentrate.

A rapid multi-residue method based on accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) combined with dispersive solid-phase extraction (DSPE) followed by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection (GC-ECD) was developed for the determination of 14 organochlorine pyrethroid pesticides in Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. leaves. The average fortified recoveries of the pesticides at three levels of 10, 20 and 50 ng ranged from 76.8% to 118.9%, with a RSD between 2.6% and 13.9%. The quantitative detection limit of this method was 10 ng/g. In the concentration range of 2－100 ng/ml, most of the pesticides displayed a good linearity with peak area, with a correlation coefficient (R) higher than 0.998. The combination of ASE and DSPE gives a highly effective pretreatment for the rapid GC-ECD detection of multi-residue of organochlorine pyrethroid pesticides in Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. leaves.

Microbial volatile metabolites (MVOCs) of three Pseudomonas species isolated from pork during pure culture fermentation in tryptic soy broth (TSB) were analyzed for chemical composition using headspace solid-phase micro extraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS) and odor fingerprint using electronic nose (E-nose) for laying a theoretical basis for the rapid and non-destructive detection of microorganisms in foods using odor fingerprint technique. E-nose could clearly distinguish the three Pseudomonas species through principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant function analysis (DFA). HS-SPME/GC-MS analysis indicated that the MVOCs of Pseudomonas aeruginosa consisted of 2-butanone, dibromochloromethane, isovaleric acid, 2-methylbutanoic acid, 2-methyl-5-(methylthio)furan, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3,5- dimethyloctane, 6-methyl-5-heptene-2-one, 2-ethylhexanol, dodecane, 2,6,10-trimethyldodecane, (1E)-1-ethylidene-1H-indene, and 1,5-dimethylnaphthalene, and Pseudomonas putida 2-pentanone, methylthioacetate, butyl acetate, S-methyl butanethioate, 1-cycloundecene, pentylcyclopropane, 3-propionylpyridine, and 3-phenylfuran. The combination of E-nose and HS-SPME/GCMS provides a rapid and non-destructive detection method of Pseudomonas spp. and other microorganisms in foods.

Oil in black sesame and white sesame seeds was obtained by Soxhlet extraction and esterfied with methanol solution of potassium hydroxide for analyzing fatty acid composition by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). There were 21 and20 fatty acids identified in black sesame and white sesame seed oil, of which, unsaturated fatty acids accounted for 71.30% and 73.58%, respectively.

Electronic nose was used for analyzing flavor of different matrix dairy products: milk, cream, and dairy flavoring. The principal goal of this study was to obtain the most suitable parameters of electronic nose for analyzing these dairy products. To do this, testing errors caused by the instrument should be decreased to be the least. Different influencing factors during the measuring process were studied by single factor method. Then principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to find out the most suitable parameters. The optimal analytical parameters for milk were inject volume 2500 μl, incubation time 900 s, incubation temperature 60 ℃, and sample injection amount 1 ml, for cream, 2500 μl, 900 s, 60 ℃, and 5 g, and for dairy flavoring, 500 μl, 300 s, 60 ℃, and 3 ml.

Agarose was dry ashed and the ash was separately diluted with ultrapure water and 1.0 mol/L hydrochloric acid to volume for measuring sulfate group content by ion chromatography (IC) and barium sulfate turbidimetry (BST). The IC method exhibited a good linear relationship in the SO42- concentration range of 1.0－15.0 mg/L, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9996, the RSD of 6 repetitions was 1.40%, indicating a high precision, and the recoveries in at two spiked levels were from 86.33% to 97.40%; As for the BST method, the linear range was 6.0－30.0 mg/L and the correlation coefficient was 0.9991, the RSD of 6 repetitions was 3.51%, and the recoveries in at two spiked levels were from 84.17% to 96.67%.These results show that both IC and BST can provide an accurate determination of sulfate group in agarose.

The purpose of this study was to develop a solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of benzoic acid and sobic acid in meat products. The procedure was based on extraction of test portions with hot water in an ultrasonic filed, 5 min high-speed centrifugation, dilution to 25 ml, clean-up using a C18 SPE cartridge to remove macromolecular substances like protein, and filtration through 0.45 μm membrane followed by HPLC analysis of the extracts. In the range of 20－100 mg/L, concentrations of benzoic acid and sorbic acid both displayed a good linear relationship with HPLC peak area (r＞0.9986), and the precision RSDs of the method for determining them were 3.02% and 3.05%, respectively. The recoveries at three spiked levels were between 101.79% and 105.28%. The method is simple, rapid and easy to operate, and has high sensitivity and wide linear range.

Volatile oil of Shaoxing black dried pickle was obtained by simultaneous distillation-extraction (SDE) and analyzed for chemical constituents by GC-MS. The SDE procedure was optimized for maximizing yield of volatile oil by single factor and orthogonal array methods. A maximum yield of volatile oil of 0.23% was obtained by the 9 h extraction of 50 g of raw material with the addition proportion of water of 1:8 (m/V) using 100 ml of ethyl ether as extraction solvent. Twenty-eight volatile constituents were identified, of which the major ones were benzeneacetaldehyde, acetic acid, allyl isothiocyanate, dimethyl trisulfide, 3-methyl-butanal, 2-acetylpyrrole, 2-methyl-butanal, hexadecanoic acid, furfural, and dihydroactinidiolide.

Indirect competitive ELISA was adopted to develop a rapid and specific assay capable of detecting kanamycin. The optimal working conditions were as follows: coating buffer, 0.01 mol/L PBS solution at pH 7.4; confining buffer, 0.05 mol/L carbonate-bicarbonate buffer containing 0.1% casein solution; antibody dilution buffer, PBST buffer containing 4% polyethylene glycol 6000 at pH 8.5; dilution of secondary antibody, 1:3000; and standard dilution buffer, the same to coating buffer. The IC50 of kanamycin was 9.9 ng/ml, the detection limit 1.0 ng/ml, and the linear detection range 1－200 ng/ml.

Yak milk samples were freeze dried in a vacuum chamber and digested using microwave, and the digestion solution was directly injected into inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for quantitative determination of trace elements by external standard method. The relative standard deviations of precision of this method were between 1.80% and 4.50%, and the spiked recoveries ranged from 95.61% to 102.90%. Yak milk contained a variety of trace elements which exist in the human body, and the average contents of the trace elements in yak milk were (calculated on dry matter basis): Cu 0.340, Zn 50.6, Fe 16.12, Mn 0.843, Mo 0.170, Co 0.023, Ni 0.522, Ti 0.001, V 0.105, Li 0.056, Be 0.003, Bi 0.029, Pb 0.305, and Cd 0.014μg/g, respectively.

According to the conservative sequence of16S rDNA from Bifidobacterium genus, two pairs of specific primers were developed, named BifS11 and BifS12, for molecular biological identification of strains of the genus Bifidobacterium by PCR. The combination of ultrasonic treatment and proteinase K-catalyzed hydrolysis resulted in higher purity of genomic DNA than other three methods, and high specificity PCR assays were achieved using the two pairs of primers. The PCR array is rapid and reliable, can provide an efficient detection of Bifidobacterium in foods and probiotics.

To investigate the inhibition effects of some inhibitors such as glutathione, L-cysteine, VC and NaF, (-)-epicatechin was used as the substrate of polyphenol oxidase in this study. Glutathione and L-cysteine showed strong inhibition effects even at low concentration (0.1 mmol/L). VC could delay the enzymatic oxidation but almost had no inhibition effect on reaction speed at concentrates less than 0.2 mmol/L., NaF displayed only a little inhibition effect at high concentration (3 mmol/L), which was weaker than those of GSH and L- cysteine. Meanwhile, the study showed that the inhibitors, which could inhibit the enzymatic oxidation of (-)-epicatechin, also could inhibit the enzymatic oxidation of polyphenol extract from litchi pericarp.

The effects of different packaging and storage conditions on storage characteristics of roast chicken were investigated. The results showed that low-temperature storage and vacuum packaging could effectively inhibit the growth and propagation of microorganism, reduce the AV value, POV value and TVB-N value, delay the changes of sensory quality, and decrease the degree of rancidity and oxidation during storage.

Konjac glucomannan and chitosan were compounded to make a preservative coating agent for green pepper based on the fact that a film can be formed from them under proper conditions. The preservation effects of proportions of chitosan and konjac glucomannan, amount of added calcium and other factors on fresh green peppers were investigated by single-factor experiments and orthogonal array design. The optimal formula of the coating agent consisted of chitosan 1.5%, konjac glucomannan 0.4%, calcium chloride 2.0%, and glycerin 1% at pH 5.4. When compared with the control samples, the weight loss rate of coated green peppers declined significantly during storage at room temperature, and the hardness and the contents of chlorophyll, soluble solid, organic acid and vitamin C went up, indicating that the coating agent was conducive to prolonging the preservation period of green peppers.

Tomatoes at mature green stage were treated with different concentrations (0.25, 0.5, and 0.9 μl/L) of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), and the hardness and the content of total soluble solids (TTS), VC, chlorophyll, and titratable acid were then measured to evaluate the fresh-keeping effects of 1-MCP on tomatoes. The results showed that in a certain range, the fresh-keeping effects of 1-MCP increased with the increase of 1-MCP concentration: significantly lowered the decrease of hardness, inhibited the increase of respiratory rate, reduced the decomposition and transformation of VC, and blocked the degradation of chlorophyll and the decline of titratable acid content. However, the effects of 1-MCP were not obvious on TTS. After 1-MCP treatments, the reddening speed became slowly and the rotting rate was clearly lower than the control group. Moreover, it was indicated that the best concentration of 1-MCP used for fresh-keeping of tomato was between 0.5 and 0.9 μl/L.

In order to find out appropriate sterilization agents and methods which could be used to improve the fresh tilapia fillet quality, several kinds of bactericides were compared in this study. The effects of food grade hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), sodium chloride (NaClO), chlorine dioxide (ClO2), chitosan and ozone (O3) water on total number of bacteria, color and sensory quality were compared. The optimal treatment with 1 g/L H2O2 was achieved by 5 min immersion, while the treatment with 100 mg/L NaClO only cost 2 min. When treated with 150 mg/L ClO2 for 10 min, the bacterial number of the fillet was reduced by 90.7%. A period of 5 min was found to be enough for the treatment with 2 g/L chitosan, and the optimal treatment procedure with 5 mg/L ozone water was 10 min immersion. However, compared with ozone water, all of H2O2, NaClO, ClO2 and chitosan had worse influences on sensory quality (color and odor) of tilapia fillet. Therefore, the 10 min treatment with 5 mg/L ozone water was selected. The ozone water treatment not only effectively reduces bacterial number but also has little influence on tilapia fillet quality, so it is an ideal bactericide for tilapia fillet processing.

Coating agents made by adding different amounts of nano SiOx into 8% bleached shellac were used for the preservation of ponkan at room temperature, and their preservation effectiveness was evaluated according to quality changes of ponkan during storage. The addition of nano SiOx improved the gas permeability and water holding ability of the films formed from it and shellac. The complex films were effective on inhibiting the respiration of ponkan, reducing the loss of water and the rot of fruit, and keeping the quality of fruit. Especially, the addition of 0.2% nano SiOx displayed the best effects on the ponkan preservation. After 60 d storage for at room temperature, the water loss of and rot rate of the treated samples were lower by 56.5% and 73.23% than those of the control samples (P ＜ 0.01), while the contents of VC, soluble solid and titratable acid higher by 1.5 times (P ＜ 0.01), 31.5% (P ＜ 0.05) and 23.53% (P ＜ 0.01), respectively.

The changes in some chemical parameters related to color stability of different quality groups of pork during refrigerated storage were measured. Three quality groups of PSE (pale, soft, exudative), RFN (red, firm, not exudative) and DFD (dark, firm, dry) chilled pork were sampled at 24 h post mortem or after ageing for 4 days post mortem, packaged in polyethylene foam trays (oxygen transmission rate, 5000 ml /(m2 ·24 h)) and stored in dark environment at( 2 ± 1)℃ for 6 days. Metmyoglobin (MetMb) reductase activity, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and pH were measured at intervals of 24 h; and some enzymological characteristics of MetMb reductase were also examined. MetMb reductase activity and TBARS were significantly affected by pork quality groups (PSE, RFN and DFD), ageing and storage time. The MetMb reductase activity of DFD chilled pork was significantly higher than those of PSE and RFN chilled pork during refrigerated storage. Ageing and refrigerated storage both reduced the MetMb reductase activities of RFN and PSE chilled pork and increased the TBARS. The optimum temperature and pH for MetMb reductase from pork were 30 ℃ and 6.4, respectively. At 30 ℃, the decrease in pH could reduce the activity of the enzyme; at 2 ℃, however, MetMb reductase activity was decreasing only when pH ＜ 5.7. Therefore, increasing the final pH of pork could adjust its MetMb reductase activity and reduce lipid oxidative substances, which is critical to extending color display shelf life of pork.

In order to study the relationships between microbial growth and quality of pork and to establish the models forecasting growth of microorganisms, the main microorganisms causing the spoilage of chilled pork were isolated and identified using basic medium and a variety of selective media in this study. During 4 ℃ storage, chilled pork was analyzed for pH value, muscle color, water activity, water holding capacity, tenderness, and numbers of the main spoilage microorganisms. The experiments were done at intervals of 2 d from the first day until the eleventh day. The pH at first declined and then rose. The redness a * of chromatic aberration kept descending, the b * increased after the first drop, and the L * had a integrated change with the drop of a*, the increase of b* and the increase of water-holding capacity. Little change was found in the water activity. The water holding capacity was be found to gradually decline. The tenderness exhibited a trend of first increase and then decrease. The logarithmized total number of microorganisms and individual numbers of the main spoilage microorganisms could be simulated on a few fitted equations with storage time as an independent variable. The equations were different from each other, but all of them were consistent with the theoretical ones. Temperature and pH affected the growth of microorganisms, while other factors did not. There was a positive correlation between the logarithm of total number of microorganisms and the meat quality, pH value, and cooking loss, with a significant difference (P < 0.05), while the logarithm of total number of microorganisms was negatively correlated with the redness a* of chromatic aberration (P <0.05).

By examining the changes of physiological indicators (crude fiber, weight loss, total acid, VC and gas content) and sensory attributes during storage, the effects of gas composition of modified atmosphere, storage temperature and chitosan coating treatment on physiological quality and appearance of narrowleaf cattail. Then, based on this, an optimal modified atmosphere packaging (MAP)-chitosan coating process was proposed for preserving narrowleaf cattail. The contents of VC and total acid decreased while the weight loss and the content of crude fiber changed reversely during 20 d storage. When packaging under modified atmosphere consisting of 5% O2:10% CO2:85% N2 were used together with treatment with 1% chitosan coating, the weight loss and the respiration could be inhibited, and the contents of crude fiber and of VC were maintained at low and high levels, respectively, during low temperature (4 ℃) storage. Under the above conditions, narrowleaf cattail could be stored for up to 30 days.

In order to develop rice resources and increase the economic benefits of grain production, rice broth and Kefir were respectively obtained from glutinous rice and milk fermentation, and they were then blended into a new style of rice-milk beverage, with the supplement of other ingredients. The optimum formula determined by orthogonal array design consisted of Kefir 20% (V/V), rice broth 15% (V/V), sucrose 3% (m/V), aspartame 0.05% (m/V), citric acid 0.06% (m/V), and complex stabilizer 0.50% (m/V). The finished product has not only a special mixed flavor of Kefir and rice wine but also good health functions.

Paphia undulate meat was hydrolyzed into amino acid hydrolysate using papain, pineapple protease and neutral protease. The optimum papain hydrolysis procedure determined by orthogonal array design was as follows: using enzyme amount of 6000 U/g and a solid/liquid ratio of 1:10, hydrolysis at 50 ℃ and pH 6.5 for 4 h. Under these conditions, the degree of hydrolysis was 35.84%. Then the papain hydrolysates were continuously hydrolyzed in turn by 5000 U/g of pineapple protease and 1000 U/g of neutral protease for 4 h, and the final degree of hydrolysis reached 50.36%. The final hydrolysate had plenty of free amino acids (about 923.0 mg/100 ml, without the caculation of tryptophan), among which the essential amino acid accounted for 33.0%. A functional oral liquid which has special flavor and rich nutrition for good health could be obtained by blending the compound enzymatic hydrolysate of Paphia undulate meat and other auxiliary ingredients.

Several crucial steps in the processing of dried grass carp fish slice, including fish skin removal by hot water immersion, fishy odor elimination, curing, drying and frying were optimized. The results showed that the optimum processing conditions were as follows: immersing whole grass carp fish in hot water (80－85 ℃) for 10－15 s for removing fish skin, and in 8% salt solvent (g/100 ml) at the ratio of material/solvent of 1:4 and 30 ℃for 15 min for fishy odor elimination; the best curing formula consisting of ( per 1 kg of fish): 50 g of salt, 30 g of sugar, 30 g of soy sauce, and 20 g of five-spice powder, drying at 50 ℃ for 4 h, and finally frying at 170 ℃ for 15 s. Under these conditions, a product of good luster, delicious taste, pleasing flavor and good chewing qualities was obtained.

A compound solid beverage was developed by embedding formulated blueberry-carrot juice using β-cyclodextrin. The formulation and the embedding conditions were optimized. Results showed that the optimal formula of the beverage consisted of (m/V) a mixture of blueberry and carrot juices (1:1, V/V) 12%, sugar 11%, citric acid 0.20%, and pectin 0.15%, and the optimal embedding conditions were: with a β-cyclodextrin amount of 3.2% embedding for 6 h at 30 ℃.

Lily, which is rich in alkaloid and mineral substances, can be used for both food and drug. Using lily and grape as the main raw materials, a fermented lily wine with health functions was produced via wine yeast fermentation. The optimum technological parameters for the highest sensory score determined by orthogonal array design were as follows: fermenting at 23 ℃ for 9 days with a 20% addition of lily juice, and then adding 40 mg/L chitosan for clarification. As a result, the produced lily wine had high quality and clarity.

In this study, the fermentation characteristics of Lactobacillus acidophilus were improved by the addition of Str. thermophilus to develop a functional micrecological yogurt. The fermentation procedure was optimized by orthogonal array design, and the yogurt product produced was analyzed for edible safety, sensory quality and antibacterial activity as well as storability. A homogeneously clotted, exquisite, non-foam, nice-smelled, and resilient product was obtained by 6 h fermentation at 41 ℃ with 9% inoculation size of mixed Lactobacillus acidophilus and Str. thermophilus. The product had good edible safety for mice and displayed certain antimicrobial effects on some pathogenic bacteria.

Rhodiola sachalinensis was taken as the raw material to prepare Rhodiola chewing tablets in this study. The formulation of Rhodiola chewing tablets was optimized by orthogonal array design and the product quality was analyzed by TLC qualitification and HPLC quantification. The optimal formula of the tablets consisted of Rhodiola sachalinensis extract 30%, sucrose 30%, dextrin 30%, citric acid 1.5%, and mannitol 8.5%. The salidroside content of the tablets was determined to be 156.99 μg/g. This formula was reasonable, and the identification and determination methods could be used for the quality control.

Geminated brown rice was used to make a new type of bread in this study. The formulation of the bread was optimized for maximizing sensory score by single factor and orthogonal array design methods. The results showed that germinated brown rice flour had the most significant effect on the sensory score of the bread, followed in turn by water, salt and yeast, and the optimum formula was as follows: germinated brown rice flour 10%, water 55%, salt 1.0%, and yeast 1.3%.

Low-sugar preserved yacon fruit was processed from fresh yacon fruit through the following procedures: bleaching, color fixing, hardening, sugaring and drying. These procedures were optimized by comparative experiments or orthogonal array design. The optimal processing technology of low-sugar preserved yacon fruit was determined as follows: fresh yacon fruits were cut into slices of 0.5 cm thickness, and the slices were then bleached in boiling water for 4 min and immediately cooled; following color fixing and hardening by soaking for 2 h in a solution containing salt 1.0%, citric acid 0.5%, and calcium chloride 1.5%, sugaring with a 15% fructose syrup containing sucrose 30%, CMC-Na 0.8% and citric acid 0.4% was done at 80 ℃ in an ultrasonic field, followed by sugar-dipping for 2 h at room temperature; finally, variable low temperuture airblast drying was done in the following program of 50 ℃ for 5 h → 65 ℃ for 3 h→ 50 ℃ for 5 h. The finished product was good in color, flavor, taste and appearance.